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  • Counselor Ethics and Responsibilities Essay Paper

    Counselor Ethics and Responsibilities Essay Paper

    Introduction

    According to the American Counseling Association (2014), “The primary responsibility of counselors is to respect the dignity and promote the welfare of clients” (p.4). In order to uphold this responsibility, counselors must “respect and safeguard the client’s right to privacy and confidentiality” (ACA, 2014, p.4). Counselors are expected to explore and make an effort to understand the various cultural backgrounds of their clients (ACA, 2014, p.4). In addition, it is important for counselor to be aware of “their own cultural identities and how these affect their values and beliefs about the counseling process” (ACA, 2014, p.4).This summary will focus on my personal values, as a counselor and how I plan to incorporate principles of ethical practice in order to maintain clients’ rights. Counselor Ethics and Responsibilities Essay Paper. The responsibilities to warn and protect will also be explored as well as the role of client record keeping.

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    Counselor Values

               
    Abortion has been and will always be a world-wide issue in which I strongly disagree. I feel that there are thousands of women that struggle with child-bearing and they would give anything for an opportunity to love and raise an unwanted child. We have all made unwise decisions and I understand that some women feel that abortion is the only option due to their financial, relationship, and socioeconomic statuses. However, if pregnancy is a result of the unwise decisions made, I do not feel that the unborn child should have to suffer. I do believe that no sin is greater than the other but I do not believe that God gave women the gift of bearing children just for it to be abused. After witnessing several women struggle with fertility issues, I have gained a sincere passion for adoption. Counselor Ethics and Responsibilities Essay Paper. Although some women feel that it would be even harder to give up a child once they have went through all the pain and labor, I strongly believe that it would be the best option as opposed to abortion.

    Extramarital affairs is another common issue in today’s society. I do not feel that it is morally appropriate for spouses to have affairs outside of their marriages. A sacred vow was made before God and many family and friends. It is impossible for marriages to be perfect and spouses will not always agree with one another. However, a commitment was made to love, honor, and protect until death separates that two. As a child, I watched my mother put up with infidelity from my step-father. I was my mother’s self-esteem slowly deteriorate and she began to blame herself for his behavior. I felt that my step-father should have been an adult and effectively communicated his concerns and issues with my mother. I know that all things happen for a reason and sometimes God places specific people in our lives only for a season. Nonetheless, I feel that the cheating spouse should have enough respect for his/her mate to honestly admit that he/she is not happy so that a decision can be made of whether or not to work on or terminate the marriage.

    As a counselor, it is important for me to be aware of my “own values, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors” and I must “avoid imposing” them on my clients (ACA, 2014, p.5). If I had a 19 year-old client that asked me to help her change her parents’ attitudes about her desire to have an abortion, I would first explain to her that I am not in an appropriate position to attempt to change he parents’ thoughts and beliefs. Counselor Ethics and Responsibilities Essay Paper. I would be willing to offer neutral support in a group session with my client and her parents but I would refrain from forcing my beliefs on either of them. Although I strongly disagree with abortions, I will not discriminate against or treat my client disrespectfully.

    If I were counseling a couple where both spouses were having affairs and enjoyed not being monogamous, I would most likely consider referring one of the clients to a different counselor. The American Counseling Association (2014) suggests that a counselor appropriately adjusts or withdraws from a role if “it becomes apparent that the counselor may have to perform potentially conflicting roles” (p.6). In this specific situation, I feel that each spouse should engage in individual counseling sessions in order to focus on the factors that resulted in the marital strain as well as the reason why each of them have a desire to have sexual relations with other people. In order to provide effective and adequate counseling to this couple, I feel that it would be best for them to have their own individual counselor. Counselor Ethics and Responsibilities Essay Paper. This will allow me to protect my client’s privacy as well as minimize or avoid any harm that could arise (ACA, 2014, p.4).

    Client Rights

               
    Counselors must have the responsibility of maintaining clients’ rights. This can be done by following the principles of ethical practice. “These principals are the foundation for ethical behavior and decision making” (ACA, 2014, p.3). Autonomy refers to “the right to control the direction of one’s life” (ACA, 2014, p.3). As a counselor, I must allow my clients to be in control of their own lives and their treatment process. Counselor Ethics and Responsibilities Essay Paper. I will offer support and guidance as each of my clients work towards achieving the goals that they have set for themselves without imposing my thoughts or beliefs on them. Nonmaleficence refers to “avoiding actions that cause harm” (ACA, 2014, p.3). As a counselor, I am aware that my thoughts and opinions can cause more harm than help which is why I will refrain from doing so. I will not discriminate against any of my clients and I am aware that I must terminate the counseling relationship if it is causing harm to the client (ACA, 2014, p.6). Beneficence refers to “working for the good of the individual and society by promoting mental health and well-being” (ACA, 2014, p.3). As a counselor, I will be very involved in my community and will devote some of my time to volunteering and educating those who are unaware of mental health issues and its effects. The American Counseling Association (2014) states that “counselors are encouraged to contribute to society by devoting a portion of their professional activities for little or no financial return” (p.4). I will also keep my clients’ best interest at heart. I understand that I must empower them to independently obtain and maintain a successful life.

    Justice refers to “treating individuals equitably and fostering fairness and equality” (ACA, 2014, p.3). According to the American Psychological Association (2010), Counselors “must exercise reasonable judgment and take precautions to ensure that their potential biases, the boundaries of their competence, and the limitations of their expertise do not lead to or condone unjust practices” (p.3-4). Counselor Ethics and Responsibilities Essay Paper. In order to show justice within my practice, I will treat each client with the utmost respect and I will provide equal and quality services to each of them despite our differences in values and beliefs. I will only practice within the scope of my expertise and will respond appropriately if faced with a case that is beyond my level of competence (NAADAC, 2011). Fidelity refers to “honoring commitments and keeping promises, including fulfilling one’s responsibilities of trust in professional relationships” (ACA, 2014, p.3). Counselors must establish relationships of trust with their clients (APA, 2010, p.3). In order to gain their trust, I will “uphold professional standards of conduct, clarify my professional roles and obligations, accept appropriate responsibility for my behavior, and seek to manage conflicts of interest that could lead to exploitation or harm (APA, 2010, p.3).

    All counselors “must uphold the same ethical standards” about confidentiality and clients’ rights “even though each state imposes different legal limits” on the counselor’s ability to do so. “The first step in protecting the rights of clients is the informed consent document” (Callanan, Corey, Corey, & Corey, 2015, p.154). Callanan et al. (2015), stated that “informed consent involves the right of clients to be informed about their therapy and to make autonomous decisions pertaining to it” (p.154). Informed consent “is integral to the formation of a balanced and healthy therapeutic relationship” (Fisher & Oransky, 2008, p.576). In addition, it “emphasizes the patient’s role in making treatment decision, increasing a sense of ownership over the process” (Fisher & Oransky, 2008, p.576). Counselor Ethics and Responsibilities Essay Paper. The informed consent process allows counselors to meet the ethical requirements to “disclose to clients the risks, benefits, and alternatives to treatment” (Callanan et. al., 2015, p.155).

    Counselors are responsible for discussing information about fees, payment options and plans (APA, 2008, p.582).  Clients should be informed “of the percentage of therapy costs covered by their health insurance and any limitations their health plan may put on the number of sessions it will cover” (APA, 2008, p.582). According to Callanan et. al, (2015), “Informed consent form should state that the managed care company may request a client’s diagnosis, results on any tests given, a wide range of clinical information, treatment plans, and perhaps even the entire clinical record of a client” (p.157). Counselor Ethics and Responsibilities Essay Paper. Clients have a right to privacy and confidentiality and counselors may only disclose information with “appropriate consent or with sound or ethical justification” (ACA, 2014, p.7). Counselors providing services “must include in their informed consent procedure requirements of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA)” (APA, 2008, p.584). “HIPAA regulations cover any clinical practice or healthcare provider that electronically creates or receives protected health information (PHI) from insurance companies” (APA, 2008, p.584). Each client must receive a Notice of Privacy Practices, “which includes a document detailing patients’ rights to access and amend their PHI, restrict uses and disclosures, and to receive an accounting of disclosures made by the provider to others during the past 6 years” (APA, 2008, p.584). All credentialing boards require counselors to incorporate informed consent into their practice. Counselor Ethics and Responsibilities Essay Paper. This allows the boards to ensure that counselors are displaying and maintaining ethical conduct in order to provide competent and quality services.

    Responsibility to Warn and Protect

               
    The duty to warn refers to circumstances that requires counselors to make an effort to contact the identified victim that a client has threatened to seriously harm or notify the law enforcement of the threat (Callanan et al., 2015, p.223). The duty to protect refers to situations where counselors have “a legal obligation to protect an identified third party who is being threatened” (Callanan et al., 2015, p.223). The duty to warn requires disclosure of confidential information to the individual being threatened; the duty to protect provides alternatives in order to maintain the client’s confidentiality (Callanan et al., p.223). Counselors must keep in mind that the utilizing the duty to warn can cause inappropriate breaches of confidentiality that could negatively affect the therapeutic relationship. Counselor Ethics and Responsibilities Essay Paper. In addition, an individual’s safety is not guaranteed (Callanan et al., 2015, p.223). In order to determine my responsibilities to warn and protect, I would thoroughly access the severity of the situation presented. I would also consider the client’s mental state at that particular time. It is important for me to find out if my client has a thought out plan to implement. If I feel that my client is very capable of harming someone or themselves, I would first reach out to my supervisor for further instructions. Counselor Ethics and Responsibilities Essay Paper.

     

    Client Record-Keeping

               
    Counselors have an important responsibility of keeping adequate records on their clients. Adequate records allow counselors to provide high-quality and effective services for clients. It also allows a client to maintain continuity of care if he/she is transferred from one counselor to another. Counselors are protected by quality documentation because it indicates that adequate care was provided. From a legal perspective, accurate and detailed records can provide exceptional support and defense against certain malpractice or liability claims (Callanan et al., 2015, p.166). Counselor Ethics and Responsibilities Essay Paper.

    Conclusion

    In conclusion, counselors have important responsibilities in their therapeutic relationships with their clients. They must conduct themselves in an ethical and legal manner. Counselors must keep in mind that “client welfare and trust in the profession depend on a high level of professional conduct” (ACA, 2014, p.19). Counselors are entitled to their values and beliefs but they must respect those of their clients even if they differ (Shallcross, 2010). Counselors must “respect the dignity and worth of all people, and the rights of individuals to privacy, confidentiality, and self-determination” (APA, 2010, p.4). By doing this, counselors are able to provide quality care to their clients and have a powerful impact on their lives. Counselor Ethics and Responsibilities Essay Paper.
     

    References

    American Counseling Association. (2014). 
    2014 ACA code of ethics
     [PDF Document]. Retrieved

    on May 31, 2016 from http://www.counseling.org/docs/ethics/2014-aca-code-of-

    ethics.pdf?sfvrsn=4

    American Psychological Association. (2010).
    Ethical principles of psychologists and code of

                Conduct
    [PDF Document]. Retrieved on May 31, 2016 from https://www.apa.org/ethics/

    code/principles.pdf

    Callanan, P., Corey, C., Corey, G., Corey, M.S. (2015). 
    Issues and ethics in the helping

    professions
    (9
    th
     ed.). Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning.

    Fisher, C.B., & Oransky, M. (2008). Informed consent to psychotherapy: Protecting the dignity

    and respecting the autonomy of patients.
    Journal of Clinical Psychology, 64
    (5), 576-588.

    doi:10.1002/jclp.20472. Retrieved on May 31, 2016 from http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.lope

    s.idm.oclc.org/ehost/detail/detail?sid=88e8647f-26e5-45de-a9c5-2b0ec1f1d757%40sessi

    onmgr106&vid=0&hid=111&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRI#d

    b=a9h&AN=31735126 Counselor Ethics and Responsibilities Essay Paper

    Fisher, M. A. (2008). Protecting confidentiality rights: The need for an ethical practice model.

                American Psychologist, 63
    (1), 1-13. doi:10.1037/0003-006X.63.1.1. Retrieved on May

    31, 2016 from http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/ehost/detail/detail?sid=3971

    b742-0d62-4c2e-aa10-a6cab9180407%40sessionmgr4004&vid=0&hid=4203&bdata=Jn

    NpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#db=pdh&AN=2007-19520-001

    National Association of Alcohol and Drug Abuse Counselors. (2011). 
    Ethical standards of

    alcoholism and

    drug abuse counselors 
    [PDF Document]. Retrieved on May 31, 2016

    from http://www.naadac.orgassets/1959/naadac_code_of_ethics_brochure.pdf

     

    Shallcross, L. (2010). Putting clients ahead of personal values. Retrieved on May 31, 2016, from

     

     

    Putting clients ahead of personal values

     

    Access and review the “Counselor Ethics and Responsibilities   Assignment Guidelines.” Complete the paper according to the   assignment guidelines.

    Include at least six scholarly resources in addition to the textbook   in your paper.

    Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA   Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.

    This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to   beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for   successful completion.

    You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin. Please refer   to the directions in the Student Success Center.

    This assignment meets the following CACREP Standards:

    2.F.1.b. The multiple professional roles and functions of     counselors across specialty areas, and their relationships with     human service and integrated behavioral health care systems,     including interagency and interorganizational collaboration and consultation.

    2.F.1.c. Counselors’ roles and responsibilities as members     of interdisciplinary community outreach and emergency management     response teams.

    2.F.1.d. The role and process of the professional counselor     advocating on behalf of the profession.

    2.F.1.e. Advocacy processes needed to address institutional and     social barriers that impede access, equity, and success for clients.

    2.F.1.l.
     
    Self-care strategies appropriate to the     counselor role.

    5.C.2.a. Roles and settings of clinical mental health counselors.

    This assignment meets the following NASAC Standards:

    15) Understand the variety of insurance and health maintenance     options available, and appreciate the importance of helping clients     access those benefits.

    Below is textbook (must use for a reference) Attached is a sample assignment of how it should look please do not use.

    The template for the assignment and the expectation. 

    textbook; https://viewer.gcu.edu/UWUHRK Counselor Ethics and Responsibilities Essay Paper.

  • Capstone Project Change Proposal – Improving a Fall Prevention Program in a Clinical Environment

    Capstone Project Change Proposal – Improving a Fall Prevention Program in a Clinical Environment
    .

    Improving a Fall Prevention Program in a Clinical Environment

    Falls are very important and preventing these falls are the most important goal and plan for every patient’s safety that encounters healthcare settings.  There are many ways in preventing falls such as new trainings, new bed alarm tones and even hourly rounding. Daily improving to bedside reporting is another suggestion this field of study. Failing to increase measures in implementing change can lead to death and or longer hospitalization stays.  Detecting problems early and adjusting to change will help with improvement of falls. Patients will build confidence and a trusting relationship that will help secure a solid foundation for the healthcare setting.

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    Background

    University of Louisville Hospital is a Level Trauma 1 Center in the state and nearby surrounding states.  Admissions records over 3,000 patients a year and half of them are from outside of the county. Decreasing patients falls is the most important.  In order to promote this proposition we need to set up teams that are willing to work together and communicate. University of Louisville hospital has had a total of 45 falls this year from January thru May.  According to research, falls have been around for over 50 plus years.  Incident reports are avoided when these happen the best thing is adverse events. Capstone Project Change Proposal – Improving a Fall Prevention Program in a Clinical Environment. Healthcare facilities need to make sure they understand the interventions and not focus on the quantity of falls which is very important. Inpatient fall rates range from 1.7 to 25 falls per 1,000 patient days, depending on the care area, with geropsychiatric patients having the highest risk (NCBI, 2007).  Falls inpatient has increased in some facilities. The facility that I am employed at fall cases have decreased through interventions and hourly rounding.  Falls may never be fixed but we can all work together to decrease the chances and give the proper teachings.

     

    Problem Statement

               
    According to research falls have been around for over 50 plus years.  Incident reports are avoided when these happen the best thing is adverse events. Falls in hospital are associated with excess financial and opportunity costs (Oxford Academic, 2008).  The majority of falls in healthcare facilities are patients over 70 years of age and the youth between 18-39 years of age. Falls inpatient has increased in some facilities and this is why interventions are needed. Falls can be very costly towards everyone’s pockets and also their health.  Prolonged hospital and even injuries such as fractures and death can occur if proper precautions are not in place. Liabilities can also occur which can cost the hospital more funds than actually receiving to improve better care.   Consequently, various hospitals falls, prevention programs have been implemented in the last decades (BMC Health Services Research, 2006). Capstone Project Change Proposal – Improving a Fall Prevention Program in a Clinical Environment. Fall cases have decrease over time at the facility that I am employed at and this was all through hourly rounding and building a rapport with you patients.  We as a team can always help fix the issues at hand, falls may never be completely solved but they can be decreased through teamwork and dedication. Falls may never be fixed but we can all work together to decrease the chances and survival rates through proper teachings and statistical facts.

     
    Change Proposal

               
    In order to promote safety and prevent falls within all healthcare facilities the plan of care that promotes, reassurance, full assessment and communication. The purpose to change fall prevention strategies in our facility is to decrease falls and provide advance care through evidence based research. The proper education and research will introduce more expected outcomes. There will be some challenges and barriers that may interfere with this intervention.  There will be multiple ways that this research will be used in order to be successful.  Encouraging engagement and participation will affect the quality improvement process such as implementing small scale demonstrations which are less difficult to manage. Capstone Project Change Proposal – Improving a Fall Prevention Program in a Clinical Environment. Small-scale demonstrations or small tests of change also allow you to refine the new processes, demonstrate their impact on practices and outcomes, and build increased support by stakeholders (AHRQ, 2017). It is important to understand that many changes will be made along the way and learning from these experiences will help with adding change to any obstacles that take place.

     

    PICOT

    PICOT is used to help people clarify answers for any problems they may encounter. This will be used in research and evidence based practices that can be used and implemented on a daily basis. The P in PICOT stands for the population or specific cohort that is included in the study.  The I in PICOT stand for the interventions that are used for in treatments during this study.  The C in PICOT stands for the comparison in the study of research. The O in PICOT stands for the objectives in the research study. The T stands for the time frame which is not always included in the Capstone Project Change Proposal – Improving a Fall Prevention Program in a Clinical Environment study.

    The inpatient population such as the sick and elderly (P) for the study of prevention in falls in an inpatient setting. The intervention (I) for this study and intervention of falls is the revision of the post debriefing forms and training for bedside report along with hourly rounding. The comparison (C) in this study is to reduce the risk for falls such as hourly rounding and improved training for staff. The outcome (O) for this study is to reduce falls in an inpatient facility. The time frame (T) in this study would be decreasing of falls over a three to six month period.

     

    Literature Search

               
    Falls can be related to intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Intrinsic factors are disorders, mental problems anything that is preventable through health. Extrinsic factors are made up of environmental things such as spills, rugs, and cluttered areas. All falls are important and it’s even more important to understand the causes.  Morse falls scale is very important and our hospital uses this scale for every patient that is admitted to the hospital. Medical errors are another way falls can occur.  Nurses or even ancillary staff may forget to give a patient a call light and patient may have to use the restroom and attempt to get up and fall. Making sure that the patient has worked with physical therapy and communication has been documented and transcribed accurately. Identifying those at risk allows targeted assessment and intervention such as a review of medications and environmental modifications (BMC Medicine, 2004). Capstone Project Change Proposal – Improving a Fall Prevention Program in a Clinical Environment.

    Falls can be very costly towards everyone’s pockets and also their health.  Prolonged hospital and even injuries such as fractures and death can occur if proper precautions are not in place. Liabilities can also occur which can cost the hospital more funds than actually receiving to improve better care.   Consequently, various hospitals falls, prevention programs have been implemented in the last decades (BMC Health Services Research, 2006).  Coming up with reasoning to why a person fall is the leading answer to the problem.  Every patient is different and their reasons are going to be different as well so making sure that the proper assessment is given then falls should be prevented.

     

    Literature Evaluation

    Information that was collected from journals and articles to help promote fall preventions in an inpatient facility has been very beneficial. There are so many issues that can relate to falls such as bad lightening, shoes are not flat, irregular eye exams and even clothing that’s  not fitting appropriately can help with falls.  Understanding the causes of falls is very important and factual. The older population tends to have a higher risk for falls then that of the youth population. Falls also occur often among older people in hospital and the sickly ill patients. Our hospital uses the Morse Falls scale to assess every patient that is admitted into our doors which is part of a detail assessment of the patient.  Medical errors are another way falls can occur which is caused by either shortage of nurses, work overload or even lack of education.  Nurses or even ancillary staff may have times where they may not give the patient a call light and then the patient may attempt to get up and fall which can lead to death or even broken bones.  It’s also relevant that patients have worked with ancillary staff such as physical therapy and other therapies that play a role in activities of daily living. Communication is very important and vital information that has to be documented and transcribed accurately; if not, then many errors can occur. There are many suggestions such as bed alarming sounds changing and a new call light sound becoming more distinct giving that familiar sound to focus on the patient. Orienting the patient through assessments every 2-4 hours throughout shift depending on level of consciousness will help with fall preventions. Fall rates will decrease in our inpatient medical surgical and progressive care units. Focusing on post fall forms will help after the revision take place and orienting all staff new and old will help with the these goals of safety and reliability. Capstone Project Change Proposal – Improving a Fall Prevention Program in a Clinical Environment. Coming up with reasoning to why a person fall is the leading answer to the problem.  Every patient is different and their reasons are going to be different as well so making sure that the proper assessment is given then falls should be prevented.

    Patient engagement is another suggestion if it’s going to prevent falls in the future.  Introducing safety huddles have been suggested to reduce fall in hospitals which helps with communication and knowing each patient. Intentional rounding will help with patients that are at higher risk of falling. Falls inpatient has increased in some facilities. The facility that I am employed at fall cases have decreased through interventions and hourly rounding.  Falls may never be fixed but we can all work together to decrease the chances and give the proper teachings.  Falls seem to be one of the most major problems in older adults.  In the United States one in three people aged 65 or more living in the community fall at least once a year (BMJ, 2006).  Research and clinical programs in hospital fall prevention should pay more attention to study design and the nature of interventions (Wiley Online Library, 2015).  Research will be very beneficial to the hospital and the elderly population. Collecting all information on the patient will help with eliminating falls. Capstone Project Change Proposal – Improving a Fall Prevention Program in a Clinical Environment.
     

    Nursing Theory

    Nursing theories are very important when implementing evidence base practices.    There will be two change theories that will be factored in this healthcare setting. Model and role model theory has it’s concept from Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development. Erickson’s theory helps nurses care for their patients by recognizing each individual’s uniqueness, and focusing on the individual patient’s needs (Nursing Theory, 2016).
     
     It is also a self-care method of nursing, which means it is based on the patient’s perceptions of the environment, and adapts based on individual stressors for that patient (Nursing Theory, 2016). Understanding the patient in order to maintain safety measures will help reach goals and also allow the patient to feel secure.

               
    Next theory that can help with the improvement of this research will be the novice to expert theory.  Patricia Benner developed a concept known as “From Novice to Expert.” This concept explains that nurses develop skills and an understanding of patient care over time from a combination of a strong educational foundation and personal experiences (Nursing Theory, 2016).  She was based off of clinical experience through learning the patient over time. This Theory had five levels novice, advance beginners, competent, proficient, and expert. Different levels of skills will show the changes that need to take place in the healthcare facilities (Nursing Theory, 2016).  Both theories are both beneficial in learning the patient’s cognitive skills and also building a confidence in each individual allowing them to heal and be safe. Changes are instilled in both theories and depending on the changes in the future. Capstone Project Change Proposal – Improving a Fall Prevention Program in a Clinical Environment.

     
    Implementation

               
    Medicines have side effects understanding these effects and communicating with your doctor along with the nurse the feelings that you are experiencing will help prevent any cases of falls.  Nurse need to make sure that the call light is in reach and they give the proper teaching of what medicine they are giving their patient along with an understanding.  Routine rounding is very important in the hospital which can be shared amongst the nurse and nursing assistant.  Blood pressure medications are one of the most serious falls because of the dizziness that it can cause.  Making sure the patient has proper footwear can also prevent falls, non skid socks and even slippers will help. Making sure the patient has a bed alarm under the patients and patients are aware of the call light being in reach. Capstone Project Change Proposal – Improving a Fall Prevention Program in a Clinical Environment.

    Collecting all information on the patient will help with eliminating falls.  We as nurses need to make sure that patients with the need for assistance devices need to be close to the nurse station and teachings on falls every hour when rounding. Patient that are on many prescriptions need to understand that side effects can really cause falls and that’s not good. Bring the entire team together and communicate will help with fall preventions. Making sure that a checklist is in place will help with less falls and more awareness. The Morse falls scale will help with understanding the risk of falls per patient.  Making sure you understand the goal and also include everyone in the plan with an open mind will help with the benefits of the research project. Educational presentations would be presented to the healthcare and ancillary staff. This would be to help staff get a clearer perspective and also more education on fall preventions. A revision of the post fall briefing form adding more detail information will be applied to help with teamwork.

     

    Potential Barriers

               
    Changes brought to the surface will be one of the most difficult challenges on the units at work. This will have a big impact on the implementation strategies.  Lacking structural guidelines and trainings can prevent falls from decreasing. Communication lacking between therapist and staff on each individualized patient can also prevent a change from occurring. Considering time is another barrier that can occur with falls and patient’s timing, how often they’re getting up and the time they’re falling. Physicians will not look at this situation as important as diagnosis which is another barrier that can prevent changes to occur. Interference of parents and visitors can also be a hindrance of growth within the plan of care of the patient. Some older people considered using assistive devices, such as walking frames, as a stigma, because they believe that using such aids is a sign of weakness and reflects a change in one’s self image (BMJ Open, 2015). One HCP perceived that older people normalized falls and consider them to be part of the normal ageing process. He felt that older people disregarded falls because they believed they were inevitable in old age (BMJ Open, 2015). Capstone Project Change Proposal – Improving a Fall Prevention Program in a Clinical Environment. Living situations outside of the facility is another barrier that can occur which the design of the house and the inadequate space for assistive devices.  Admitting weaknesses and balance issues is another difficult task to get through, patients tend to be in denial of any issues they may be having. We as nurses and healthcare staff need to make sure that we have the knowledge and skills in managing falls in order to deliver a safe environment.

     
     

    References

    O., D., P., A., G., L., . . . G. (2008, October 01). Systematic review and meta-analysis of studies

    using the STRATIFY tool for prediction of falls in hospital patients: How well does it work? | Age and Ageing | Oxford Academic. Retrieved from
    https://academic.oup.com/ageing/article/37/6/621/40889

    Section 4: Ways to Approach the Quality Improvement Process. (2015, November 16). Retrieved from https://www.ahrq.gov/cahps/quality-improvement/improvement-guide/4-approach-qi-process/index.html Capstone Project Change Proposal – Improving a Fall Prevention Program in a Clinical Environment.

    Bühler, H., Geest, S. D., & Milisen, K. (2006, June 07). Falls and consequent injuries in

    hospitalized patients: Effects of an interdisciplinary falls prevention program. Retrieved from
    https://bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6963-6-69

     

    Papaioannou, A., Parkinson, W., Cook, R., Ferko, N., Coker, E., & Adachi, J. D. (2004, January

    21). Prediction of falls using a risk assessment tool in the acute care setting. Retrieved from
    https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7015-2-1

     

    Oliver, D. (2007, January 11). Strategies to prevent falls and fractures in hospitals and care

    homes and effect of cognitive impairment: Systematic review and meta-analyses. Retrieved from
    https://www.bmj.com/content/334/7584/82

     

    Oliver, D., Hopper, A., & Seed, P. (2015, April 27). Do Hospital Fall Prevention Programs

    Work? A Systematic Review. Retrieved from
    https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2000.tb03883.x

     

    “Patricia Benner Novice to Expert – Nursing Theorist.” 
    Biographies of Nursing Theorists and Their Work – Nursing Theory
    , 2016, nursing-theory.org/nursing-theorists/Patricia-Benner.php.

     

    “Helen Erickson – Nursing Theorist.” 
    Environmental Theory – Nursing Theory
    , 2016,
    www.nursing-theory.org/nursing-theorists/Helen-C-Erickson.php
    .

     

    Loganathan, Annaletchumy, et al. “Barriers Faced by Healthcare Professionals When Managing Falls in Older People in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: a Qualitative Study.” 
    BMJ Open
    , British Medical Journal Publishing Group, 1 Nov. 2015, bmjopen.bmj.com/content/5/11/e008460. Capstone Project Change Proposal – Improving a Fall Prevention Program in a Clinical Environment.

    Professional Capstone and Practicum

    Details This is a writing-intensive course. The

    professional capstone practicum project offers

    students the opportunity to propose a resolution

    to an issue or problem significant to nursing

    practice within a clinical environment. Students

    identify, design, and propose an evidence-based

    solution within a health care organization with

    guidance from faculty and a preceptor in the

    field. The proposal must reflect synthesis and

    integration of course content and professional

    practice. Development of the capstone project

    is guided by the baccalaureate program student

    learning outcomes. Practice immersion hours: 100.

    Prerequisites: NRS-430V, NRS-429VN, NRS-434VN,

    NRS-427VN, NRS-433V, PHI-413V, NRS-451VN,

    NRS-410V, and NRS-440VN.

    Credit Hours 6.0

    PreRequisites NRS-430V, NRS-429VN, NRS-434VN, NRS-427VN,

    NRS-433V, PHI-413V, NRS-451VN, NRS-410V, and

    NRS-440VN

    coRequisites None

    Course Add-Ons Additional Material

    Other

    Optional: Publication Manual of the American

    Psychological Association

    For additional information, the following is

    recommended: Current version of the Publication

    Manual of the American Psychological Association.

    GCU has made APA templates and other resources

    available within the Student Success Center as

    well as in the GCU Library. However, be aware that

    a more complete APA Manual can be purchased at

    your own expense. To order the APA manual, please

    visit the American Psychological Association.

    http://apa.org

    Other

    The Practice Immersion Experience

    Review the "The Practice Immersion

    Experience" resource to familiarize yourself

    with the requirements for course assignments

    and programmatic course components required to

    successfully complete this course and the RN-toBSN program of study.

    Electronic Resource

    Guidelines for Undergraduate Field Experiences

    Review the Guidelines for Undergraduate Field

    Experiences resource in the Student Success

    Center. This material contains important

    information for your clinical experience,

    including evaluation guidelines, the Clinical Site

    Visit Application, and the Clinical Hour Tracking

    Sheet for BSN Students Capstone Project Change Proposal – Improving a Fall Prevention Program in a Clinical Environment.

    Electronic Resource

    Nursing and Health Sciences Research Guides

    View "Nursing and Health Sciences Research

    Guides," located on the Grand Canyon

    University website. This is a discipline-specific

    research guide to assist you with your research.

    In particular, seek out the "Evidence-Based

    Practice (EBP)" tab in the LibGuide for

    highly specific information pertinent to the

    capstone project.

    http://libguides.gcu.edu/Nursing

    Electronic Resource

    Evaluating Websites

    View "Evaluating Websites," located on

    the Grand Canyon University website. This tutorial

    will explain how to evaluate websites for content

    that you can trust.

    http://tutorials.gcumedia.com/

    evaluatingWebTutorial/interactiveIndex.html

    Other

    Practice Immersion Clinical Tools

    The attached document contains all three

    required Practice Immersion Clinical Tools. The

    "Practice Immersion Clinical Evaluation

    Tool – Student" will be completed by the

    student’s Course Mentor and the faculty at the

    course conclusion. The "Practice Immersion

    Clinical Evaluation Tool – Mentor" will be

    completed by the student and submitted to the

    course faculty at the course conclusion. The

    "Practice Immersion Clinical Evaluation Tool

    – Agency" will be completed by students and

    validated by faculty in regards to the clinical

    site, and will also be submitted to course faculty

    at the course conclusion.

    Electronic Resource

    Qualified Mentor/Preceptor Summary Form

    Review the "Qualified Mentor/Preceptor

    Summary Form" resource, located in the

    Student Success Center. Use the "Qualified

    Mentor/Preceptor Summary Form" as part of the

    Topic 1 Course Mentor Identification and Approval

    Process assignment requirements.

    Other

    Field Experience Site Information Form

    Use the "Field Experience Site Information

    Form" as part of the Topic 1 Course Mentor

    Identification and Approval Process assignment

    requirements.

    Other

    Practicum Hours Requirements for Washington

    Registered Nurses

    If you are a registered nurse in Washington, your

    practicum experience must include a minimum of 50

    hours in a community health setting.

    Other

    NRS-490 Course Objectives

    During this course, the student will: Work

    constructively with patients, communities,

    organizational leadership, and other change

    agents to improve practice within health care

    settings. Apply Healthy People 2020 principles

    in nursing practice. Synthesize nursing knowledge

    and concepts into an evidence-based change

    proposal for an issue or problem relevant to

    nursing practice and population health outcomes.

    Identify resources required to implement a

    clinical change in nursing practice. Communicate

    information and strategies to stakeholders in

    order to implement and sustain an evidence-based

    change proposal. Determine reliable methods to

    measure the effectiveness of an evidence-based

    change proposal project in achieving the intended

    outcomes.

    Topics

    Topic 1: Change Proposal Subject

    and Purpose Identification 1

    Duration: 7 days

    Description:

    The first step in developing an evidence-based practice change

    proposal is to identify an issue or problem to address. In this topic,

    students will learn what resources are required and what skills they

    will need to employ in order to create and deliver a robust capstone

    practicum proposal.

    Objectives:

    1. Identify problems, issues, and opportunities to improve patient

    care, patient outcomes, and organizational procedures within a

    clinical practice setting.

    2. Examine a health care clinical problem or an organization issue and

    its implications to nursing practice.

    3. Determine evidence-based solutions that address patient-care or

    clinical practice quality problems or issues.

    4. Analyze health care clinical problems and organizational issues

    utilizing the PICO(T) process

    5. Demonstrate values consistent with the role of a nursing

    professional through fundamental knowledge and advanced skills.

    Topic Material:

    Other

    6. Individual Success Plan

    Review this resource to familiarize yourself with the requirements for

    the Individual Success Plan (ISP) assignment in this topic.

    Website

    7. Optional: GCU Library Webinar Sign Up

    For additional information, the following is recommended: Review

    the webinar information offered by the GCU Library. From the

    "Webinars & Workshops: Webinar Calendar" page, select

    the "Category" tab and scroll down to the Nursing and Health

    Sciences selection. Webinar participation is optional.

    Electronic Resource

    8. Guidelines for Undergraduate Field Experiences

    Review the Guidelines for Undergraduate Field Experiences resource

    in the Student Success Center. This material contains important

    information for your clinical experience, including evaluation

    guidelines, the Clinical Site Visit Application, and the Clinical Hour

    Tracking Sheet for BSN Students.

    Electronic Resource

    9. Qualified Mentor/Preceptor Summary Form

    Review the "Qualified Mentor/Preceptor Summary Form"

    resource, located in the Student Success Center. Use the

    "Qualified Mentor/Preceptor Summary Form" as part of the

    Topic 1 Course Mentor Identification and Approval Process assignment

    requirements.

    Other

    10. Field Experience Site Information Form

    Use the "Field Experience Site Information Form" as part

    of the Topic 1 Professional Capstone and Practicum Documentation

    assignment requirements.

    Other

    11. Practicum Hours Requirements for Washington Registered Nurses

    If you are a registered nurse in Washington, your practicum experience

    must include a minimum of 50 hours in a community health setting.

    Other

    12. Scholarly Activity Summary

    You may use the "Scholarly Activity Summary" resource to

    help guide the preparation of the Scholarly Activities assignment, due

    in Topic 10.

    Electronic Resource

    13. Adopting Evidence-Based Practice in Clinical Decision making: Nurses’ Perceptions, Knowledge, and Barriers

    Read “Adopting Evidence-Based Practice in Clinical Decision making:

    Nurses’ Perceptions, Knowledge, and Barriers,” by Majid, Schubert,

    Luyt, Zhang, Theng, Chang, and Mokhtar, from the Journal of the Medial

    Library Association (2011).

    Electronic Resource

    14. Nurses, Information Use, and Clinical Decision Making – the Real World Potential for Evidence-Based Decisions in

    Nursing

    Read “Nurses, Information Use, and Clinical Decision Making – the Real

    World Potential for Evidence-Based Decisions in Nursing,” by Thompson,

    Cullum, McCaughan, Sheldon, and Raynor, from the BMJ website (2004).

    Electronic Resource

    15. Evidence-Based Practice or Practice-Based Evidence: What’s in a Name?

    Read "Evidence-Based Practice or Practice-Based Evidence: What’s

    in a Name?" by McKeon and McKeon, from International Journal of

    Athletic Therapy & Training (2015).

    Electronic Resource

    16. Nurses, Information Use, and Clinical Decision Making – the Real World Potential for Evidence-Based Decisions in

    Nursing

    Read "Nurses, Information Use, and Clinical Decision Making – the

    Real World Potential for Evidence-Based Decisions in Nursing,"

    by Thompson, Cullum, McCaughan, Sheldon, and Raynor, from the BMJ

    Journals website (2004).

    Gradable Items Details Points Possible

    Assignment Professional Capstone and Practicum

    Documentation

    The Professional Capstone and Practicum

    course requires students to

    select a course mentor. This mentor is

    not a preceptor, but an

    individual who will guide students as

    they work to complete the

    practice immersion hour requirements

    for this course. Students are not

    required to "shadow" their

    mentor.

    The course mentor should be someone who

    can provide professional

    development knowledge and guidance and

    who possesses a genuine

    interest in working with students to

    further their academic goals.

    Selection, approval, and retention of a

    course mentor must be

    completed as soon as possible at the

    start of this course, as this

    individual will be working with the

    student on each assignment that

    10.0

    Gradable Items Details Points Possible

    incorporates practice immersion hours.

    Working with a course mentor is

    mandatory.

    Once a course mentor has agreed to

    serve in the role, you must

    complete and submit the following

    required documentation so that

    practice experiences can begin in a

    timely manner:

    Field Experience Site Information Form

    Qualified

    Mentor/Preceptor Summary Form Mentor’s

    license,

    certification, and resume/curriculum

    vitae

    The student is responsible for

    obtaining all signatures for the

    paperwork submission. Course faculty

    will approve all sites and

    mentors according to student learning

    needs and specific course objectives.

    Do not initiate new work on practiceimmersion-hour-based course

    assignments until your course

    instructor has approved your course

    mentor.

    Once a course mentor is approved,

    students should contact the mentor

    within 1 week of receiving the approval

    notification. Students are

    encouraged to make an appointment to

    meet with their mentor in person

    and arrange to review the NRS-490

    course objectives and the Individual

    Success Plan (ISP).

    For more specific information on the

    course mentor process and roles

    and responsibilities, refer to Section

    Three of the Guidelines for

    Undergraduate Field Experiences

    resource.

    Assignment Individual Success Plan (ISP)

    Planning is the key to successful

    completion of this course and your

    overall program of study. The

    Individual Success Plan (ISP)

    assignment

    requires early collaboration with the

    course faculty and your course

    mentor. You will need to establish a

    plan for successful completion of

    25.0

    Gradable Items Details Points Possible

    (1) deliverables associated with weekly

    course objectives, (2),

    required practice immersion hours, and

    (3) deliverables associated

    with your capstone project.

    Access the "Individual Success

    Plan" resource in the Topic

    Materials. Read the information in the

    resource, including student

    expectations and instructions for

    completing the ISP document.

    Use the "Individual Success

    Plan" to develop a personal

    plan for completing your practice hours

    and how topic objectives will

    be met. Include the number of hours you

    plan to set aside to meet your goals.

    A combination of 100 supervised

    clinical hours in community health

    and leadership areas will be obtained

    through the application of the

    objectives listed in the Guidelines for

    Undergraduate Field

    Experiences manual.

    Practicum immersion experiences are

    required in a community health

    setting. Community-based settings

    should encourage community

    integration and involvement; expand

    accessibility of services and

    supports; promote personal preference,

    strengths, dignity; and empower

    people to participate in the economic

    mainstream.

    According to HealthyPeople.gov,

    educational and community-based

    programs and strategies are designed to

    reach people outside of

    traditional health care settings. These

    settings may include schools,

    worksites, health care facilities, and

    communities. Community health

    and leadership practice immersion can

    occur in the same site and in

    conjunction with the evidence-based

    project in the NRS-490 course.

    If you are a registered nurse in

    Washington, your practicum

    experience must include a minimum of 50

    hours in a community health setting.

    Gradable Items Details Points Possible

    Students should apply concepts from

    prior courses to critically

    examine and improve their current

    practice. Students should also

    integrate scholarly readings to develop

    case reports that demonstrate

    increasingly complex and proficient

    practice.

    Consider the challenges you expect to

    encounter as you continue the

    practice hour and competency

    requirements throughout this course.

    How

    might you overcome these challenges?

    You can renegotiate these deliverables

    with your faculty and mentor

    throughout this course and update your

    ISP accordingly.

    Once your ISP has been developed and

    accepted by your course

    faculty, you will have your course

    mentor sign it at the beginning of,

    and upon completion of, each assignment

    that incorporates practice

    immersion hours. You will track all

    course practice immersion hours in

    the ISP.

    APA format is not required, but solid

    academic writing is expected.

    You are not required to submit this

    assignment to Turnitin.

    Assignment Professional Capstone and Practicum

    Reflective Journal and Scholarly

    Activities

    Throughout the course, students will

    engage in weekly reflection and

    scholarly activities. These assignments

    are presented in Topic 1 to

    allow students to plan ahead, and

    incorporate the deliverables into

    the Individual Success Plan if they so

    choose.

    The weekly reflective journals and

    scholarly activities will not be

    submitted in LoudCloud each week; a

    final, culminating submission will

    be due in Topic 10. No submission is

    required until Topic 10.

    Professional Capstone and Practicum

    Reflective Journal

    0.0

    Gradable Items Details Points Possible

    Students are required to maintain

    weekly reflective narratives

    throughout the course to combine into a

    final, course-long reflective

    journal that integrates leadership and

    inquiry into current practice

    as it applies to the Professional

    Capstone and Practicum course. This

    course-long journal assignment will be

    due in Topic 10.

    In each week’s entry, you should

    reflect on the personal knowledge

    and skills gained throughout the

    Professional Capstone and Practicum

    course. Your entry should address a

    variable combination of the

    following, dependent on the specific

    practice immersion clinical

    experiences you encountered that week:

    New practice approaches

    Intraprofessional

    collaboration Health care delivery and

    clinical systems

    Ethical considerations in health care

    Population health

    concerns The role of technology in

    improving health care

    outcomes Health policy Leadership and

    economic

    models Health disparities

    In the Topic 10 submission, each of the

    areas should be addressed in

    one or more of the weekly entries.

    This reflection journal also allows

    students to outline what they

    have discovered about their

    professional practice, personal

    strengths

    and weaknesses that surfaced,

    additional resources and abilities that

    could be introduced to a given

    situation to influence optimal

    outcomes, and finally, how they met

    competencies and course objectives.

    Scholarly Activities

    Throughout the RN-to-BSN program,

    students are required to

    participate in scholarly activities

    outside of clinical practice or

    Gradable Items Details Points Possible

    professional practice. Examples of

    scholarly activities include

    attending conferences, seminars,

    journal club, grand rounds, morbidity

    and mortality meetings,

    interdisciplinary committees, quality

    improvement committees, and any other

    opportunities available at your

    site, within your community, or

    nationally.

    You are required to post one scholarly

    activity while you are in the

    BSN program, which should be documented

    by the end of this course. In

    addition to this submission, you are

    required to be involved and

    contribute to interdisciplinary

    initiatives on a regular basis.

    In Topic 10, you will submit a summary

    report of your scholarly

    activity. You may use the

    "Scholarly Activity Summary"

    resource to help guide this assignment.

    Discussion

    Question

    Topic 1 DQ 1

    Identify two GCU Library scholarly

    databases that will help you find

    the best research articles to support

    your EBP proposal. Discuss why

    these two databases are better than

    Google Scholar or a general

    Internet search.

    5.0

    Discussion

    Question

    Topic 1 DQ 2

    The Institute of Medicine has stated a

    goal that 90% of practice be

    evidence-based by 2020. According to

    HealthyPeople.gov, the United

    States is currently at approximately

    15%. Discuss two barriers that

    might hold nursing practice from

    achieving this goal, and suggest ways

    in which identified barriers may be

    addressed.

    5.0

    Participation 15.0

    Topic 2: Change Proposal Subject

    and Purpose Identification 2

    Duration: 7 days

    Description:

    The first step in developing an evidence-based practice change

    proposal is to identify an issue or problem to address. In this topic,

    students will learn what resources are required and what skills they

    will need to employ in order to create and deliver a robust Capstone

    practicum proposal.

    Objectives:

    1. Identify problems, issues, and opportunities to improve patient

    care, patient outcomes, and organizational procedures within a

    clinical practice setting.

    2. Examine a health care clinical problem or an organization issue and

    its implications to nursing practice.

    3. Determine evidence-based solutions that address patient-care or

    clinical practice quality problems or issues.

    4. Analyze health care clinical problems and organizational issues

    utilizing the PICO(T) process

    5. Demonstrate values consistent with the role of a nursing

    professional through fundamental knowledge and advanced skills.

    Topic Material:

    Other

    6. Capstone Project: Developing a Question

    Review "Capstone Project: Developing a Question" to assist

    you in developing a Capstone Project appropriate to the course and the

    RN-to-BSN overall program of study.

    Other

    7. Project Topic Checklist

    Access the “Project Topic Checklist” resource to complete an

    assignment in this topic.

    Website

    8. Optional: GCU Library Webinar Sign Up

    For additional information, the following is recommended: Review

    the webinar information offered by the GCU Library. From the

    "Webinars & Workshops: Webinar Calendar" page, select

    the "Category" tab and scroll down to the Nursing and Health

    Sciences selection. Webinar participation is optional.

    Electronic Resource

    9. Adopting Evidence-Based Practice in Clinical Decision making: Nurses’ Perceptions, Knowledge, and Barriers

    Read “Adopting Evidence-Based Practice in Clinical Decision making:

    Nurses’ Perceptions, Knowledge, and Barriers,” by Majid, Schubert,

    Luyt, Zhang, Theng, Chang, and Mokhtar, from the Journal of the Medial

    Library Association (2011).

    Electronic Resource

    10. Nurses, Information Use, and Clinical Decision Making – the Real World Potential for Evidence-Based Decisions in

    Nursing

    Read “Nurses, Information Use, and Clinical Decision Making – the Real

    World Potential for Evidence-Based Decisions in Nursing,” by Thompson,

    Cullum, McCaughan, Sheldon, and Raynor, from the BMJ website (2004).

    Gradable Items Details Points Possible

    Assignment Capstone Project Topic Selection and

    Approval

    In collaboration with your approved

    course mentor, you will identify

    a specific evidence-based practice

    proposal topic for the capstone

    project. Consider the clinical

    environment in which you are currently

    working or have recently worked. The

    capstone project topic can be a

    clinical practice problem, an

    organizational issue, a quality

    improvement suggestion, a leadership

    initiative, or an educational

    need appropriate to your area of

    interest as well as your practice

    immersion (practicum) setting. Examples

    of the integration of

    community health, leadership, and an

    EBP can be found on the

    "Educational and Community-Based

    Programs" page of the Healthy

    People 2020 website.

    Write a 500-750 word description of

    your proposed capstone project

    topic. Make sure to include the

    following:

    The problem, issue, suggestion,

    initiative, or educational

    need that will be the focus of the

    project The setting or

    context in which the problem, issue,

    suggestion, initiative, or

    educational need can be observed. A

    description providing a

    high level of detail regarding the

    problem, issue, suggestion,

    initiative, or educational need. Impact

    of the problem,

    issue, suggestion, initiative, or

    educational need on the work

    environment, the quality of care

    provided by staff, and patient

    outcomes. Significance of the problem,

    issue, suggestion,

    initiative, or educational need and its

    implications to

    nursing. A proposed solution to the

    identified project

    topic

    50.0

    Gradable Items Details Points Possible

    You are required to retrieve and assess

    a minimum of 8 peer-reviewed

    articles. Plan your time accordingly to

    complete this assignment.

    Prepare this assignment according to

    the guidelines found in the APA

    Style Guide, located in the Student

    Success Center. An abstract is not

    required.

    You are required to submit this

    assignment to Turnitin. Please refer

    to the directions in the Student

    Success Center.

    Assignment Topic 2 Practice Hours Completion

    Statement NRS-490

    Students will track their practice

    hours throughout the course via

    the Practice Hours Completion Statement

    provided in this assignment.

    Complete the following statement

    in a Word document and submit the

    attachment:

    Practice Hours Completion Statement

    NRS-490

    I, (INSERT NAME), verify that I have

    completed (NUMBER OF)

    practice hours in association with the

    goals and objectives for this

    course. I also verify that all required

    course approvals are in

    place from my faculty and practice

    mentor.

    0.0

    Discussion

    Question

    Topic 2 DQ 1

    During your practicum, determine what

    clinical problem or issue the

    organization is facing. Discuss two

    implications for nursing.

    5.0

    Discussion

    Question

    Topic 2 DQ 2

    What is the main issue for your

    organization in addressing a solution

    to evidence-based nursing practice?

    Discuss what might be the first

    step in addressing and resolving this

    issue.

    5.0

    Participation 15.0

    Topic 3: Evidence-Based Practice

    Proposal Development Plan 1

    Duration: 7 days

    Description:

    The next step in developing an evidence-based practice proposal is to

    search the literature for support and evaluate the level of evidence.

    In this topic, students will learn what resources are required and

    what skills they will need to employ in order to create and deliver a

    Capstone Project proposal with a high level of evidence.

    Objectives:

    1. Evaluate evidence-based research and other appropriate resources to

    inform the development of a change plan.

    2. Identify strategies for logistical implementation of proposed

    solutions.

    3. Demonstrate the ability to evaluate levels of evidence into a

    concise format.

    4. Integrate evidence, clinical judgment, interprofessional

    perspectives, and patient preferences in planning, implementing,

    and evaluating outcomes of care.

    Topic Material:

    Electronic Resource

    3. Science of Improvement: Steps in the PDSA Cycle

    Read “Science of Improvement: Steps in the PDSA Cycle,” located on the

    Institute for Healthcare Improvement website.

    Website

    8. Change Theory

    Explore this website: Change Theory.

    Website

    9. Nursing Theory

    Explore this website: Nursing Theory. This website provides

    information on leading nursing theories.

    Website

    10. Nursing Theories

    Explore this website: Nursing Theories. This website provides

    information on leading nursing theories.

    Electronic Resource

    11. Asking Focused Questions

    Read “Asking Focused Questions” on the Centre for Evidence-Based

    Medicine website.

    Electronic Resource

    13. Formulating a Researchable Question: A Critical Step for Facilitating Good Clinical Research

    Read “Formulating a Researchable Question: A Critical Step for

    Facilitating Good Clinical Research,” by Aslam and Emmanuel, from the

    National Center for Biotechnology Information website (2010).

    Electronic Resource

    14. Research Questions, Hypotheses and Objectives

    Read “Research Questions, Hypotheses and Objectives, by Farrugia,

    Petrisor, Farrokhyar, and Bhandari, from the National Center for

    Biotechnology Information website (2010).

    Gradable Items Details Points Possible

    Assignment PICOT Statement Paper

    Review the Topic Materials and the work

    completed in NRS-433V to

    formulate a PICOT statement for your

    capstone project.

    A PICOT starts with a designated

    patient population in a particular

    clinical area and identifies clinical

    problems or issues that arise

    from clinical care. The intervention

    should be an independent,

    specified nursing change intervention.

    The intervention cannot require

    a provider prescription. Include a

    comparison to a patient population

    not currently receiving the

    intervention, and specify the timeframe

    needed to implement the change process.

    Formulate a PICOT statement using the

    PICOT format provided in the

    assigned readings. The PICOT statement

    will provide a framework for

    your capstone project.

    In a paper of 500-750 words, clearly

    identify the clinical problem

    and how it can result in a positive

    patient outcome.

    Make sure to address the following on

    the PICOT statement:

    Evidence-Based Solution Nursing

    Intervention

    Patient Care Health Care Agency Nursing

    Practice

    Prepare this assignment according to

    the guidelines found in the APA

    Style Guide, located in the Student

    Success Center. An abstract is not

    required.

    This assignment uses a rubric. Please

    review the rubric prior to

    beginning the assignment to become

    familiar with the expectations for

    successful completion.

    You are required to submit this

    assignment to Turnitin. Please refer

    to the directions in the Student

    Success Center.

    75.0

    Gradable Items Details Points Possible

    Assignment Topic 3 Practice Hours Completion

    Statement NRS-490

    Students will track their practice

    hours throughout the course via

    the Practice Hours Completion Statement

    provided in this assignment.

    Complete the following statement

    in a Word document and submit the

    attachment:

    Practice Hours Completion Statement

    NRS-490

    I, (INSERT NAME), verify that I have

    completed (NUMBER OF)

    practice hours in association with the

    goals and objectives for this

    course. I also verify that all required

    course approvals are in

    place from my faculty and practice

    mentor.

    0.0

    Discussion

    Question

    Topic 3 DQ 2

    Name two different methods for

    evaluating evidence. Compare and

    contrast these two methods.

    5.0

    Discussion

    Question

    Topic 3 DQ 1

    Submit a summary of six of your

    articles on the discussion board.

    Discuss one strength and one weakness

    to each of these six articles on

    why the article may or may not provide

    sufficient evidence for your

    practice change.

    5.0

    Participation 15.0

    Topic 4: Evidence-Based Practice

    Proposal Development Plan 2

    Duration: 7 days

    Description:

    The next step in developing an evidence-based practice proposal is to

    search the literature for support and evaluate the level of evidence.

    In this topic, students will learn what resources are required and

    what skills they will need to employ in order to create and deliver a

    Capstone Project proposal with a high level of evidence.

    Objectives:

    1. Evaluate evidence-based research and other appropriate resources to

    inform the development of a change plan.

    2. Identify strategies for logistical implementation of proposed

    solutions.

    3. Demonstrate the ability to evaluate levels of evidence into a

    concise format.

    4. Integrate evidence, clinical judgment, interprofessional

    perspectives, and patient preferences in planning, implementing,

    and evaluating outcomes of care.

    Topic Material:

    Electronic Resource

    3. Science of Improvement: Steps in the PDSA Cycle

    Review “Science of Improvement: Steps in the PDSA Cycle,” located on

    the Institute for Healthcare Improvement website.

    Website

    8. Change Theory

    Explore this website: Change Theory.

    Website

    9. Nursing Theory

    Explore this website: Nursing Theory. This website provides

    information on leading nursing theories.

    Website

    10. Nursing Theories

    Explore this website: Nursing Theories. This website provides

    information on leading nursing theories.

    Electronic Resource

    11. Asking Focused Questions

    Review “Asking Focused Questions” on the Centre for Evidence-Based

    Medicine website.

    Other

    12. Literature Evaluation Table

    Review the "Literature Evaluation Table" resourced to assist

    you in completing the Literature Evaluation Table assignment.

    Electronic Resource

    14. Formulating a Researchable Question: A Critical Step for Facilitating Good Clinical Research

    Read “Formulating a Researchable Question: A Critical Step for

    Facilitating Good Clinical Research,” by Aslam and Emmanuel, from the

    National Center for Biotechnology Information website (2010).

    Electronic Resource

    15. Research Questions, Hypotheses and Objectives

    Read “Research Questions, Hypotheses and Objectives, by Farrugia,

    Petrisor, Farrokhyar, and Bhandari, from the National Center for

    Biotechnology Information website (2010).

    Gradable Items Details Points Possible

    Assignment Literature Evaluation Table

    In nursing practice, accurate

    identification and application of

    75.0

    Gradable Items Details Points Possible

    research is essential to achieving

    successful outcomes. Being able to

    articulate the information and

    successfully summarize relevant

    peer-reviewed articles in a scholarly

    fashion helps to support the

    student’s ability and confidence to

    further develop and synthesize the

    progressively more complex assignments

    that constitute the components

    of the course change proposal capstone

    project.

    For this assignment, the student will

    provide a synopsis of eight

    peer-reviewed articles from nursing

    journals using an evaluation table

    that determines the level and strength

    of evidence for each of the

    eight articles. The articles should be

    current within the last 5 years

    and closely relate to the PICOT

    statement developed earlier in this

    course. The articles may include

    quantitative research, descriptive

    analyses, longitudinal studies, or

    meta-analysis articles. A

    systematic review may be used to

    provide background information for

    the purpose or problem identified in

    the proposed capstone project.

    Use the "Literature Evaluation

    Table" resource to complete

    this assignment.

    While APA style is not required for the

    body of this assignment,

    solid academic writing is expected, and

    in-text citations and

    references should be presented using

    APA documentation guidelines,

    which can be found in the APA Style

    Guide, located in the Student

    Success Center.

    This assignment uses a rubric. Please

    review the rubric prior to

    beginning the assignment to become

    familiar with the expectations for

    successful completion.

    You are not required to submit this

    assignment to Turnitin.

    Assignment Topic 4 Practice Hours Completion

    Statement NRS-490

    0.0

    Gradable Items Details Points Possible

    Students will track their practice

    hours throughout the course via

    the Practice Hours Completion Statement

    provided in this assignment.

    Complete the following statement

    in a Word document and submit the

    attachment:

    Practice Hours Completion Statement

    NRS-490

    I, (INSERT NAME), verify that I have

    completed (NUMBER OF)

    practice hours in association with the

    goals and objectives for this

    course. I also verify that all required

    course approvals are in

    place from my faculty and practice

    mentor.

    Discussion

    Question

    Topic 4 DQ 2

    Compare and contrast two change

    theories, and determine which theory

    makes the most sense for implementing

    your specific EBP project. Why?

    Has your mentor used either theory, and

    to what result?

    5.0

    Discussion

    Question

    Topic 4 DQ 1

    Why is understanding the health care

    system at the local level

    important to consider when planning an

    EBP implementation? Conduct

    research and solicit anecdotal evidence

    from your course mentor that

    you will take into consideration for

    your own change project.

    5.0

    Participation 15.0

    Topic 5: Evidence-Based Practice

    Proposal Project Development and

    Implementation Plan 1

    Duration: 7 days

    Description:

    Students need to be able to process and formulate an evidence-based

    and financially feasible solution to a clinical problem or issue.

    Working through the element of plan development requires them to

    assess and address the challenges, barriers, and other facets of

    change proposal implementation in the real world. The content in

    this topic will enable students to better understand the cultural

    environment(s) surrounding a change project and lead them through

    the steps of how to go about successful implementation of a strategic

    plan. A change or nursing theory must be used to support rational for

    proposed implementation plan.

    Objectives:

    1. Identify objectives, strategy, and measurable outcomes of the

    evidence-based practice proposal.

    2. List steps needed to implement each strategy in a change proposal.

    3. Outline the resources needed to develop and implement a change

    proposal.

    4. Describe methods for obtaining necessary support from key

    stakeholders.

    5. Develop a plan to evaluate the effectiveness of the change proposal

    project.

    6. Evaluate the role of information sources and technologies impacting

    the delivery of care within an adequate environment of care.

    7. Develop appropriate change plans that promote health and prevent

    disease.

    Topic Material:

    Gradable Items Details Points Possible

    Assignment Topic 5 Practice Hours Completion

    Statement NRS-490

    Students will track their practice

    hours throughout the course via

    the Practice Hours Completion Statement

    provided in this assignment.

    Complete the following statement

    in a Word document and submit the

    attachment:

    Practice Hours Completion Statement

    NRS-490

    I, (INSERT NAME), verify that I have

    completed (NUMBER OF)

    practice hours in association with the

    goals and objectives for this

    course. I also verify that all required

    course approvals are in

    place from my faculty and practice

    mentor.

    0.0

    Discussion

    Question

    Topic 5 DQ 1

    Stakeholder support is necessary for a

    successful change proposal

    project implementation. Consider your

    internal stakeholders, such as

    the facility, unit or health care

    setting where the change process is

    situated, and your external

    stakeholders, like an individual or

    group

    5.0

    Gradable Items Details Points Possible

    outside the health care setting. Why is

    their support necessary to the

    success of your project, and how you

    will go about securing that support?

    Discussion

    Question

    Topic 5 DQ 2

    Technology is integral to successful

    implementation in many projects,

    through either support or integration

    or both. Name at least one

    technology that could improve the

    implementation process and the

    outcomes of your EBP project. Do you

    plan to use this technology? If

    not, what are the barriers that prevent

    its use?

    5.0

    Participation 15.0

    Topic 6: Evidence-Based Practice

    Proposal Project Development and

    Implementation Plan 2

    Duration: 7 days

    Description:

    Students need to be able to process and formulate an evidence-based

    and financially feasible solution to a clinical problem or issue.

    Working through the element of plan development requires them to

    assess and address the challenges, barriers, and other facets of

    change proposal implementation in the real world. The content in

    this topic will enable students to better understand the cultural

    environment(s) surrounding a change project and lead them through

    the steps of how to go about successful implementation of a strategic

    plan. A change or nursing theory must be used to support rational for

    proposed implementation plan.

    Objectives:

    1. Identify objectives, strategy, and measurable outcomes of the

    evidence-based practice proposal.

    2. List steps needed to implement each strategy in a change proposal.

    3. Outline the resources needed to develop and implement a change

    proposal.

    4. Describe methods for obtaining necessary support from key

    stakeholders.

    5. Develop a plan to evaluate the effectiveness of the change proposal

    project.

    6. Evaluate the role of information sources and technologies impacting

    the delivery of care within an adequate environment of care.

    7. Develop appropriate change plans that promote health and prevent

    disease.

    Topic Material:

    Gradable Items Details Points Possible

    Assignment Literature Review

    While the implementation plan prepares

    students to apply their

    research to the problem or issue they

    have identified for their

    capstone change proposal project, the

    literature review enables

    students to map out and move into the

    active planning and development

    stages of the project.

    A literature review analyzes how

    current research supports the

    PICOT, as well as identifies what is

    known and what is not known in

    the evidence. Students will use the

    information from the earlier PICOT

    Statement Paper and Literature

    Evaluation Table assignments to develop

    a 750-1,000 word review that includes

    the following sections:

    Title page Introduction section A

    comparison

    of research questions A comparison of

    sample

    populations A comparison of the

    limitations of the study

    A conclusion section, incorporating

    recommendations for further

    research

    Prepare this assignment according to

    the guidelines found in the APA

    Style Guide, located in the Student

    Success Center. An abstract is not

    required.

    This assignment uses a rubric. Please

    review the rubric prior to

    beginning the assignment to become

    familiar with the expectations for

    successful completion.

    You are required to submit this

    assignment to Turnitin. Please refer

    to the directions in the Student

    Success Center.

    100.0

    Assignment Topic 6 Practice Hours Completion

    Statement NRS-490

    Students will track their practice

    hours throughout the course via

    the Practice Hours Completion Statement

    provided in this assignment.

    0.0

    Gradable Items Details Points Possible

    Complete the following statement

    in a Word document and submit the

    attachment:

    Practice Hours Completion Statement

    NRS-490

    I, (INSERT NAME), verify that I have

    completed (NUMBER OF)

    practice hours in association with the

    goals and objectives for this

    course. I also verify that all required

    course approvals are in

    place from my faculty and practice

    mentor.

    Discussion

    Question

    Topic 6 DQ 1

    After discussion with your mentor, name

    one financial aspect, one

    quality aspect, and one clinical aspect

    that need to be taken into

    account for developing the evidencebased practice project. Explain

    how your proposal will directly and

    indirectly impact each of the aspects.

    5.0

    Discussion

    Question

    Topic 6 DQ 2

    Now that you have completed a series of

    assignments that have led you

    into the active project planning and

    development stage for your

    project, briefly describe your proposed

    solution to address the

    problem, issue, suggestion, initiative,

    or educational need and how it

    has changed since you first envisioned

    it. What led to your current

    perspective and direction?

    5.0

    Participation 15.0

    Topic 7: Change Proposal Project

    Evaluation and Dissemination Plan 1

    Duration: 7 days

    Description:

    Students need to learn how to evaluate the outcomes. Did they prove

    what they set out to prove and learn how to develop data to support

    it? Was there significance in the change as compared to the status

    prior to implementation? The content in this topic requires them

    to formulate information and to communicate it in an understandable

    and professional manner; adding synthesis of new knowledge to the

    profession

    Objectives:

    1. Identify methods to evaluate a proposed solution.

    2. Describe variables and outcomes to be assessed pre- and postproject implementation.

    3. Utilize appropriate tools such as basic statistics to evaluate

    project outcomes.

    4. Summarize plans for disseminating evidence.

    5. Use communication and collaboration skills to deliver high-quality,

    evidence-based, patient-centered care.

    Topic Material:

    Gradable Items Details Points Possible

    Assignment Topic 7 Practice Hours Completion

    Statement NRS-490

    Students will track their practice

    hours throughout the course via

    the Practice Hours Completion Statement

    provided in this assignment.

    Complete the following statement

    in a Word document and submit the

    attachment:

    Practice Hours Completion Statement

    NRS-490

    I, (INSERT NAME), verify that I have

    completed (NUMBER OF)

    practice hours in association with the

    goals and objectives for this

    course. I also verify that all required

    course approvals are in

    place from my faculty and practice

    mentor.

    0.0

    Discussion

    Question

    Topic 7 DQ 1

    Describe one internal and one external

    method for the dissemination

    of your EBP project results. For

    example, an internal method may be

    the hospital board, and an external

    method may be a professional

    nursing organization. Discuss why it is

    important to report your

    results to both of these groups. How

    will your communication

    strategies change for each group?

    5.0

    Discussion

    Question

    Topic 7 DQ 2

    In order to evaluate an evidence-based

    practice project, it is

    important to be able to determine the

    effectiveness of your change.

    Discuss one way you will be able to

    evaluate whether your project made

    5.0

    Gradable Items Details Points Possible

    a difference in practice.

    Participation 15.0

    Topic 8: Change Proposal Project

    Evaluation and Dissemination Plan 2

    Duration: 7 days

    Description:

    Students need to learn how to evaluate the outcomes. Did they prove

    what they set out to prove and learn how to develop data to support

    it? Was there significance in the change as compared to the status

    prior to implementation? The content in this topic requires them

    to formulate information and to communicate it in an understandable

    and professional manner; adding synthesis of new knowledge to the

    profession

    Objectives:

    1. Identify methods to evaluate a proposed solution.

    2. Describe variables and outcomes to be assessed pre- and postproject implementation.

    3. Utilize appropriate tools such as basic statistics to evaluate

    project outcomes.

    4. Summarize plans for disseminating evidence.

    5. Use communication and collaboration skills to deliver high-quality,

    evidence-based, patient-centered care.

    Topic Material:

    Gradable Items Details Points Possible

    Assignment Topic 8 Practice Hours Completion

    Statement NRS-490

    Students will track their practice

    hours throughout the course via

    the Practice Hours Completion Statement

    provided in this assignment.

    Complete the following statement

    in a Word document and submit the

    attachment:

    Practice Hours Completion Statement

    NRS-490

    I, (INSERT NAME), verify that I have

    completed (NUMBER OF)

    practice hours in association with the

    goals and objectives for this

    course. I also verify that all required

    course approvals are in

    place from my faculty and practice

    mentor.

    0.0

    Gradable Items Details Points Possible

    Discussion

    Question

    Topic 8 DQ 2

    Not all EBP projects result in

    statistically significant results.

    Define clinical significance, and

    explain the difference between

    clinical and statistical significance.

    How can you use clinical

    significance to support positive

    outcomes in your project?

    5.0

    Discussion

    Question

    Topic 8 DQ 1

    Based on how you will evaluate your EBP

    project, which independent

    and dependent variables do you need to

    collect? Why?

    5.0

    Participation 15.0

    Topic 9: Evidence-Based Practice

    Proposal Project 1

    Duration: 7 days

    Description:

    Content in this topic will enable students to pull together the

    assignment and discussion/reflective components they have been working

    on throughout the course and result in the production of the evidencebased practice proposal Capstone Project utilizing a professional

    format and product through a presentation.

    Objectives:

    1. Produce a comprehensive and professional change initiative

    presentation.

    2. Integrate acquired knowledge and skills into professional practice.

    3. Examine the implementation of evidence-based research in nursing

    practice.

    4. Analyze research findings for the enhancement of evidence-based

    practice in the clinical setting.

    5. Apply leadership concepts, skills, and decision making in

    the provision of high-quality nursing care in a collaborative

    interprofessional setting.

    6. Analyze the impact of organizational and environmental factors on

    health care delivery and practice.

    7. Demonstrate leadership and communication skills to effectively

    implement change initiatives for nursing practice.

    Topic Material:

    Website

    2. The Cochrane Collaboration Website

    Explore The Cochrane Collaboration website. In particular, familiarize

    yourself with information for “Practitioners, Providers and

    Policymakers,” which offers numerous resources on evidence-based care.

    Electronic Resource

    5. Presenters’ Corner

    View "Presenters’ Corner" on the Western Institute of

    Nursing website.

    Other

    6. Practice Immersion Clinical Tools

    The attached document contains all three required Practice Immersion

    Clinical Tools. The “Practice Immersion Clinical Evaluation Tool

    – Student” will be completed by the student’s Course Mentor and

    the faculty at the course conclusion. The “Practice Immersion

    Clinical Evaluation Tool – Mentor” will be completed by the student

    and submitted to the course faculty at the course conclusion. The

    “Practice Immersion Clinical Evaluation Tool – Agency” will be

    completed by both faculty and student in regards to the clinical site,

    and will also be submitted to course faculty at the course conclusion.

    Gradable Items Details Points Possible

    Assignment Benchmark – Capstone Project Change

    Proposal

    In this assignment, students will pull

    together the change proposal

    project components they have been

    working on throughout the course to

    create a proposal inclusive of sections

    for each content focus area in

    the course. At the conclusion of this

    project, the student will be

    able to apply evidence-based research

    steps and processes required as

    the foundation to address a clinically

    oriented problem or issue in

    future practice.

    Students will develop a 1,250-1,500

    word paper that includes the

    following information as it applies to

    the problem, issue, suggestion,

    initiative, or educational need

    profiled in the capstone change

    proposal:

    Background Problem statement Purpose of

    the

    change proposal PICOT Literature search

    strategy

    employed Evaluation of the literature

    Applicable

    change or nursing theory utilized

    Proposed implementation

    plan with outcome measures

    Identification of potential

    barriers to plan implementation, and a

    discussion of how these could

    be overcome Appendix section, if

    tables, graphs, surveys,

    300.0

    Gradable Items Details Points Possible

    educational materials, etc. are created

    Review the feedback from your

    instructor on the Topic 3 assignment,

    PICOT Statement Paper, and Topic 6

    assignment, Literature Review. Use

    the feedback to make appropriate

    revisions to the portfolio components

    before submitting.

    Prepare this assignment according to

    the guidelines found in the APA

    Style Guide, located in the Student

    Success Center. An abstract is not

    required.

    This assignment uses a rubric. Please

    review the rubric prior to

    beginning the assignment to become

    familiar with the expectations for

    successful completion.

    You are required to submit this

    assignment to Turnitin. Please refer

    to the directions in the Student

    Success Center.

    Assignment Topic 9 Practice Hours Completion

    Statement NRS-490

    Students will track their practice

    hours throughout the course via

    the Practice Hours Completion Statement

    provided in this assignment.

    Complete the following statement

    in a Word document and submit the

    attachment:

    Practice Hours Completion Statement

    NRS-490

    I, (INSERT NAME), verify that I have

    completed (NUMBER OF)

    practice hours in association with the

    goals and objectives for this

    course. I also verify that all required

    course approvals are in

    place from my faculty and practice

    mentor.

    0.0

    Discussion

    Question

    Topic 9 DQ 2

    Sustaining change can be difficult, as

    there are many variables that

    can affect implementation. One critical

    component of EBP is to ensure

    that practice change is part of an

    organization’s culture so it will

    5.0

    Gradable Items Details Points Possible

    continue to impact outcomes over time.

    Name two potential barriers

    that may prevent your EBP change

    proposal from continuing to obtain

    the same desired results 6 months to a

    year from now, and your

    strategies for overcoming these

    barriers.

    Discussion

    Question

    Topic 9 DQ 1

    Discuss one personal strength and one

    weakness you have regarding

    professional presentations. Name one

    method for improvement for each

    of these, and discuss why it is

    important for you to work on these

    skills if you want to present your

    findings in a more formal setting.

    5.0

    Participation 15.0

    Topic 10: Evidence-Based Practice

    Proposal Project 2

    Duration: 7 days

    Description:

    Content in this topic will enable students to pull together the

    assignment and discussion/reflective components they have been working

    on throughout the course and result in the production of the evidencebased practice proposal Capstone Project utilizing a professional

    format and product through a presentation.

    Objectives:

    1. Produce a comprehensive and professional change initiative

    presentation.

    2. Integrate acquired knowledge and skills into professional practice.

    3. Examine the implementation of evidence-based research in nursing

    practice.

    4. Analyze research findings for the enhancement of evidence-based

    practice in the clinical setting.

    5. Apply leadership concepts, skills, and decision making in

    the provision of high-quality nursing care in a collaborative

    interprofessional setting.

    6. Analyze the impact of organizational and environmental factors on

    health care delivery and practice.

    7. Demonstrate leadership and communication skills to effectively

    implement change initiatives for nursing practice.

    Topic Material:

    Website

    2. The Cochrane Collaboration Website

    Explore The Cochrane Collaboration website. In particular, familiarize

    yourself with information for “Practitioners, Providers and

    Policymakers,” which offers numerous resources on evidence-based care.

    Electronic Resource

    5. Presenters’ Corner

    View "Presenters’ Corner" on the Western Institute of

    Nursing website.

    Other

    6. Practice Immersion Clinical Tools

    The attached document contains all three required Practice Immersion

    Clinical Tools. The "Practice Immersion Clinical Evaluation Tool

    – Student" will be completed by the student’s Course Mentor and

    the faculty at the course conclusion. The "Practice Immersion

    Clinical Evaluation Tool – Mentor" will be completed by the

    student and submitted to the course faculty at the course conclusion.

    The "Practice Immersion Clinical Evaluation Tool – Agency"

    will be completed by both faculty and student in regards to the

    clinical site, and will also be submitted to course faculty at the

    course conclusion.

    Other

    7. Scholarly Activity Summary

    You may use the "Scholarly Activity Summary" resource to

    help guide the preparation of the Scholarly Activities assignment.

    Gradable Items Details Points Possible

    Assignment Benchmark – Professional Capstone and

    Practicum Reflective Journal

    Students are required to maintain

    weekly reflective narratives

    throughout the course to combine into

    one course-long reflective

    journal that integrates leadership and

    inquiry into current practice

    as it applies to the Professional

    Capstone and Practicum course.

    In your journal, you will reflect on

    the personal knowledge and

    skills gained throughout this course.

    The journal should address a

    variable combination of the following,

    depending on your specific

    practice immersion clinical

    experiences:

    New practice approaches

    Intraprofessional

    collaboration Health care delivery and

    clinical systems

    Ethical considerations in health care

    Population health

    concerns The role of technology in

    improving health care

    outcomes Health policy Leadership and

    economic

    100.0

    Gradable Items Details Points Possible

    models Health disparities

    Students will outline what they have

    discovered about their

    professional practice, personal

    strengths and weaknesses that

    surfaced, additional resources and

    abilities that could be introduced

    to a given situation to influence

    optimal outcomes, and finally, how

    the student met the competencies

    aligned to this course.

    While APA style is not required for the

    body of this assignment,

    solid academic writing is expected, and

    in-text citations and

    references should be presented using

    APA documentation guidelines,

    which can be found in the APA Style

    Guide, located in the Student

    Success Center.

    This assignment uses a rubric. Please

    review the rubric prior to

    beginning the assignment to become

    familiar with the expectations for

    successful completion.

    You are required to submit this

    assignment to Turnitin. Please refer

    to the directions in the Student

    Success Center.

    Assignment Scholarly Activities

    Throughout the RN-to-BSN program,

    students are required to

    participate in scholarly activities

    outside of clinical practice or

    professional practice. Examples of

    scholarly activities include

    attending conferences, seminars,

    journal club, grand rounds, morbidity

    and mortality meetings,

    interdisciplinary committees, quality

    improvement committees, and any other

    opportunities available at your

    site, within your community, or

    nationally.

    You are required to post one scholarly

    activity while you are in the

    BSN program, which should be documented

    by the end of this course. In

    addition to this submission, you are

    required to be involved and

    10.0

    Gradable Items Details Points Possible

    contribute to interdisciplinary

    initiatives on a regular basis.

    Submit, as the assignment, a summary

    report of the scholarly

    activity, including who, what, where,

    when and any relevant take-home

    points. Include the appropriate program

    competencies associated with

    the scholarly activity as well as

    future professional goals related to

    this activity. You may use the

    "Scholarly Activity Summary"

    resource to help guide this assignment.

    While APA format is not required for

    the body of this assignment,

    solid academic writing is expected, and

    in-text citations and

    references should be presented using

    APA documentation guidelines,

    which can be found in the APA Style

    Guide, located in the Student

    Success Center.

    You are not required to submit this

    assignment to Turnitin.

    Assignment Practice Hours Documentation

    LoudCloud will be used to document and

    follow the status of your

    practice immersion hours throughout

    this course. Students must be able

    to document a minimum of 100 practice

    hours in association with this

    course to fulfill the total required

    practice hours in the RN-to-BSN

    program. Please review the Practice

    Hours Portfolio Required Elements

    below, then review the Guidelines for

    Undergraduate Field

    Experiences resource for details on

    what may or may not qualify

    as practice hours.

    Practice Hours Portfolio Required

    Elements

    The Practice Hours Portfolio will

    include all of the following elements:

    Individual Success Plan signed off by

    course mentor.

    Comprehensive clinical log of hours

    applied to program learning

    5.0

    Gradable Items Details Points Possible

    outcomes. Student evaluations (final).

    Course mentor

    evaluations (final). Faculty approvals

    of the Individual

    Success Plan and documented practice

    immersion hours. (Student is

    responsible for obtaining approvals.)

    Course mentor’s approval of the

    Individual Success Plan and

    documented practice immersion hours.

    (Student is responsible for

    obtaining approvals.)

    Assignment Practice Immersion Clinical Evaluation

    Tools Submission

    Submit the completed "Practice

    Immersion Clinical Evaluation

    Tool" to your course faculty by

    the end of the course, as it is

    required to successfully pass the

    course.

    0.0

    Assignment Topic 10 Practice Hours Completion

    Statement NRS-490

    Students will track their practice

    hours throughout the course via

    the Practice Hours Completion Statement

    provided in this assignment.

    Complete the following statement

    in a Word document and submit the

    attachment:

    Practice Hours Completion Statement

    NRS-490

    I, (INSERT NAME), verify that I have

    completed (NUMBER OF)

    practice hours in association with the

    goals and objectives for this

    course. I also verify that all required

    course approvals are in

    place from my faculty and practice

    mentor.

    0.0

    Discussion

    Question

    Topic 10 DQ 2

    Discuss why EBP is an essential

    component of the practice of a

    BSN-prepared RN. Identify two ways in

    which you will continue to

    integrate evidence into your practice

    and encourage it within your

    work environment. What obstacles could

    challenge this plan, and what

    5.0

    Gradable Items Details Points Possible

    steps will you take to minimize their

    impact?

    Discussion

    Question

    Topic 10 DQ 1

    Dissemination of EBP and research, such

    as presenting results at a

    conference or writing an article for a

    journal, is an important part

    of professional practice. Identify one

    professional journal and one

    nursing or health care conference where

    you might present your

    project. Discuss why each of your

    choices is the best option for you

    to disseminate your new knowledge.

    5.0

    Participation 15.0

    Grade Scale

    Letter

    Grade

    GPA Value Minimum Maximum Interpretation

    of Level of

    Performance

    A 4.0 95.0 100.0 Superior;

    outstanding

    scholarship

    A- 3.7 92.0 94.99 Superior;

    outstanding

    scholarship

    B+ 3.3 90.0 91.99 Superior;

    outstanding

    scholarship

    B 3.0 87.0 89.99 Above average; good

    work

    B- 2.7 84.0 86.99 Average standard

    performance

    C+ 2.3 80.0 83.99 Average standard

    performance

    C 2.0 76.0 79.99

    D 1.0 72.0 75.99 Below standard

    F 0.0 0.0 71.99 Failure

    I 0.0 0.0 Course work is

    incomplete

    W 0.0 0.0 Authorized

    withdrawal; no

    credit

    – 0.0 0.0

    – 0.0 0.0

    Policies

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    For student policies, please refer to the University Policy Handbook Capstone Project Change Proposal – Improving a Fall Prevention Program in a Clinical Environment

  • Chronic and acute asthma exacerbation pathophysiological mechanisms essay assignment example

    Chronic and acute asthma exacerbation pathophysiological mechanisms essay assignment example

    Complications of asthma can be sudden. Consider the case of Bradley Wilson, a young boy who had several medical conditions. He appeared in good health when he went to school, returned home, and ate dinner. However, when he later went outside to play, he came back inside wheezing. An ambulance took him to the hospital where he was pronounced dead (Briscoe, 2012). In another case, 10-year-old Dynasty Reese, who had mild asthma, woke up in the middle of the night and ran to her grandfather’s bedroom to tell him she couldn’t breathe. By the time paramedics arrived, she had passed out and was pronounced dead at the hospital (Glissman, 2012). These situations continue to outline the importance of recognizing symptoms of asthma and providing immediate treatment, as well as distinguishing minor symptoms from serious, life-threatening symptoms. Since these symptoms and attacks are often induced by a trigger, as an advanced practice nurse, you must be able to help patients identify their triggers and recommend appropriate treatment options Chronic and acute asthma exacerbation pathophysiological mechanisms essay assignment example. For this reason, you need to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic asthma and acute asthma exacerbation.

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    To Prepare

    Review “Asthma” in Chapter 27 of the Huether and McCance text. Identify the pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic asthma and acute asthma exacerbation. Consider how these disorders are similar and different.

    Select a patient factor different from the one you selected in this week’s Discussion: genetics, gender, ethnicity, age, or behavior. Think about how the factor you selected might impact the pathophysiology of both disorders. Reflect on how you would diagnose and prescribe treatment of these disorders for a patient based on the factor you selected.

    Review the “Mind maps—Dementia, Endocarditis, and Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)” media in the Week 2 Learning Resources. Use the examples in the media as a guide to construct two mind maps—one for chronic asthma and one for acute asthma exacerbation. Consider the epidemiology and clinical presentation of both chronic asthma and acute asthma exacerbation. Chronic and acute asthma exacerbation pathophysiological mechanisms essay assignment example.

    To Complete

    Write a 2- to 3-page paper that addresses the following:

    Describe the pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic asthma and acute asthma exacerbation. Be sure to explain the changes in the arterial blood gas patterns during an exacerbation.

    Explain how the factor you selected might impact the pathophysiology of both disorders. Describe how you would diagnose and prescribe treatment for a patient based on the factor you selected.

    Construct two mind maps—one for chronic asthma and one for acute asthma exacerbation. Include the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical presentation, as well as the diagnosis and treatment you explained in your Chronic and acute asthma exacerbation pathophysiological mechanisms essay assignment example paper.

    tThe paper must have a title page, introduction, summary and reference page. The reference shuold be within the last 5 years.

    Asthma

    Introduction

    Asthma is a respiratory condition characterized by the airways being obstructed. This is resultant of mucus blocking it, swelling or narrowing that causes shortness of breath, triggers wheezing and coughing, and results in breathing difficult. Although the condition would typically present as a nuisance, it can also present as a serious health condition that interferes with daily activities. The most distressing aspect of the condition is that it cannot be cured. Rather, medical intervention entails management using control strategies to un-obstruct the airway (Copstead-Kirkhorn & Banasik, 2014) Chronic and acute asthma exacerbation pathophysiological mechanisms essay assignment example. The present paper discusses the pathophysiology, factors affecting presentation and management of chronic and acute forms of asthma.

    Discussion

    Describe the pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic asthma and acute asthma exacerbation

    Chronic asthma is resultant of increasing sensitivity to viral infection, vitiated lung development, type 2 inflammation, and bacterial colonization. This occurs through the immunological cells that promote hyper-responsiveness bronchial mucosa inflammation of the airways. The immunological cells include neutrophils, basophils, T helper cells, B lymphocytes, lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and mast cell eosinophils. Although chronic asthma reports incidence of hypoxemia, these incidence are fewer than those reported for acute asthma (Lehne, 2015). On the other hand, acute asthma results when the individual inhales antigens that are then bound to mast cells. The bound cells de-granulate to release inflammatory mediators. The mediators include leukotrienes, platelet activating factor, interleukins, bradykinins, histamine, and prostaglandins. These mediators activate the smooth muscles along the airway to experience bronchospasm (Gielen et al., 2015). In addition, the mediators cause edema by increasing the airway capillaries permeability. Even as these occur, goblet cells in the airways increase secretion of mucus causing the air to constrict and obstruct. These are physiological responses from outside stimulation that ensue when dendritic cells detect antigens then send a signal to the Th2 cells to release interleukins that stimulate B cells to produce IgE. In addition, the interleukins stimulate production of eosinophils that present large amounts of proteins to damage the respiratory epithelium so that the breathing activity is hindered. With regards to arterial blood gases, acute asthma is linked with hypoxemia, an abnormally low level of arterial blood oxygen or described as oxygen deficiency in the arterial blood (Huether & McCance, 2017; Marieb & Hoehn, 2012).

    Explain how the factor you selected might impact the pathophysiology of both disorders

    Allergens has been identified as a factor that that influences asthma pathophysiology, to be more precise behavior that exposes an individual to allergens and lung irritants to include working in the fiberglass industry. In fact, approximately 60% of asthma cases are caused by allergens to result in allergic asthma, a condition that begins when the allergens and irritants gain entry into the body. The entry occurs via touch, injection, inhalation and swallowing, with the allergen causing a reaction once the body’s immune system identifies its presence. The reaction is described as an allergic reaction that is characterized by itchiness, sneezing, and watery eyes occurring immediately. Overtime, a late response occurs that is characterized by bronchoconstriction and inflammation Chronic and acute asthma exacerbation pathophysiological mechanisms essay assignment example. A more in-depth analysis shows that once the allergens come into contact with the immune system, the allergic reaction would occur with the mast cells being triggered to produce histamine leukotrienes that result in fast bronchospasm. Other than producing histamine leukotrienes, the triggered mast cells would also produce chemotactic factors that include cytokines, which recruit and activate inflammatory cells resulting in symptomatic neural and vascular effects. The symptomatic effects include chronic inflammation and asthmatic response (Macera, Shaffer, R. & Shaffer, P., 2013).

    Describe how you would diagnose and prescribe treatment for a patient based on the factor you selected

    Behavior that exposes an individual to allergens and irritants have been identified as a factor that influence asthma occurrence, particularly the occurrence of allergic asthma. To diagnose incidence of asthma, four approaches would be used. The first approach relies on interviews with the patient and symptoms presentation to note whether the patient engages in behavior that includes being in an environment with allergens and irritants Chronic and acute asthma exacerbation pathophysiological mechanisms essay assignment example. In this case, the patient would report airway obstruction that makes breathing a difficult process. The airway obstruction can either be partial or episodic to be accompanied by hyper-responsive in direct correlation to the allergen. The second approach relies on physically examining the patient, spirometry and reviewing medical history in details to identify signs of the airways being obstructed. The third approach relies on comprehensive medical tests to include pulmonary function test, methacholine bronchoprovocation, allergies and inflammation biomarkers. The final diagnostic approach evaluates the patient’s clinical history to determine how the symptoms changed over time. Wheezing, respiratory distress history, breathing difficulties when carrying out physically tiring activities, and worsening breathing difficulty in night time (McCance et al., 2013). Once the diagnosis has determined that the patient suffers from asthma that obstructs the airways and makes breathing difficult, then the next step is treatment. Treating allergic asthma focuses on using anti-inflammatory medication in the less severe cases since the obstruction in the airway is resultant of inflammation from an allergic reaction. Chronic and acute asthma exacerbation pathophysiological mechanisms essay assignment example. More severe cases require the use of SABA, ICS, LABA, and corticosteroids to ease respiratory distress (Copstead-Kirkhorn & Banasik, 2014).

    Mind maps

    Figure 1. Mind map for chronic asthma

    Figure 2. Mind map for acute asthma

     

    Conclusion

    Asthma is a respiratory condition that presents as obstructed airways that result in breathlessness, wheezing and coughing. It can either present as chronic or acute asthma. Chronic asthma occurs as increased sensitivity to vitiated ling development, type 2 inflammation, bacterial colonization, and viral infection cause airway obstruction to make breathing difficult. Acute asthma is caused by antigens gaining entry into the body and binding to the mast cells that de-granulate and release inflammatory mediators that result in edema and bronchospasms. Overall, it is determined that allergens have an effect on the pathophysiology of asthma. The result is that patients present with watery eyes, itchiness, sneezing and bronchospasm. Diagnosing the condition checks for symptoms presentation, physical exam, comprehensive medical tests, and clinical history. Once the treatment is confirmed, treatment would entail the use of anti-inflammatory medication, SABA, ICS, LABA, and corticosteroids. Chronic and acute asthma exacerbation pathophysiological mechanisms essay assignment example.

    References

    Copstead-Kirkhorn, L. & Banasik, J. (2014).
    Pathophysiology
    (5
    th
    ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier Health Sciences.

    Gielen, S., Backer, G., Piepoli, M. & Wood, D. (2015).
    The esc textbook of preventive cardiology: clinical practice
    . Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Huether, S. & McCance, K. (2017).
    Understanding pathophysiology
    (6
    th
    ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.

    Lehne, R. A. (2015).
    Pharmacology for nursing care
    (9
    th
    ed.). St. Louis, MO: Saunders/Elsevier.

    Macera, C., Shaffer, R. & Shaffer, P. (2013).
    Introduction to Epidemiology: Distribution and determinants of disease in humans
    . Clifton Park, NY: Delmar.

    Marieb, E. & Hoehn, K. (2012).
    Human anatomy and physiology
    . San Francisco, CA: Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Company.

    McCance, K. L., Huether, S. E., Brashers, V.L. & Rote, N. S. (2013).
    Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children
    (7
    th
    ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier. Chronic and acute asthma exacerbation pathophysiological mechanisms essay assignment example.

  • Abdominal assessment case study Example

    Assesment 1: Assessing the Abdomen

    A woman went to the emergency room for severe abdominal cramping. She was diagnosed with diverticulitis; however, as a precaution, the doctor ordered a CAT scan. The CAT scan revealed a growth on the pancreas, which turned out to be pancreatic cancer—the real cause of the cramping.

    Because of a high potential for misdiagnosis, determining the precise cause of abdominal pain can be time-consuming and challenging. By analyzing case studies of abnormal abdominal findings, nurses can prepare themselves to better diagnose conditions in the abdomen.

    In this assignment, you will analyze a SOAP note case study that describes abnormal findings in patients seen in a clinical setting. You will consider what history should be collected from the patients, as well as which physical exams and diagnostic tests should be conducted. You will also formulate a differential diagnosis with several possible conditions.

    Abdominal Assessment

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    SUBJECTIVE:

    • CC: “My stomach hurts, I have diarrhea, and nothing seems to help.”

    • HPI: JR, 47 yo WM, complains of having generalized abdominal pain that started 3 days ago. He has not taken any medications because he did not know what to take. He states the pain is a 5/10 today but has been as much as 9/10 when it first started. He has been able to eat, with some nausea afterwards.

    • PMH: HTN, Diabetes, hx of GI bleed 4 years ago

    • Medications: Lisinopril 10mg, Amlodipine 5 mg, Metformin 1000mg, Lantus 10 units qhs

    • Allergies: NKDA

    • FH: No hx of colon cancer, Father hx DMT2, HTN, Mother hx HTN, Hyperlipidemia, GERD

    • Social: Denies tobacco use; occasional etoh, married, 3 children (1 girl, 2 boys)

    OBJECTIVE:

    • VS: Temp 99.8; BP 160/86; RR 16; P 92; HT 5’10”; WT 248lbs

    • Heart: RRR, no murmurs

    • Lungs: CTA, chest wall symmetrical

    • Skin: Intact without lesions, no urticaria

    • Abd: soft, hyperctive bowel sounds, pos pain in the LLQ

    • Diagnostics: None

    ASSESSMENT:

    • Left lower quadrant pain

    • Gastroenteritis

    • PLAN: This section is not required for the assignments in this course (NURS 6512) but will be required for future courses.

    To prepare:

    With regard to the SOAP note case study provided:

    • Review this week’s Learning Resources, and consider the insights they provide about the case study.

    • Consider what history would be necessary to collect from the patient in the case study.

    • Consider what physical exams and diagnostic tests would be appropriate to gather more information about the patient’s condition. How would the results be used to make a diagnosis?

    • Identify at least five possible conditions that may be considered in a differential diagnosis for the patient.

    To complete:

    1. Analyze the subjective portion of the note. List additional information that should be included in the documentation.

    2. Analyze the objective portion of the note. List additional information that should be included in the documentation.

    3. Is the assessment supported by the subjective and objective information? Why or Why not?

    4. What diagnostic tests would be appropriate for this case and how would the results be used to make a diagnosis?

    5. Would you reject/accept the current diagnosis? Why or why not? Identify three possible conditions that may be considered as a differential diagnosis for this patient. Explain your reasoning using at least 3 different references from current evidence based literature.

    By Day 7

    Additional Information that should be Included in the Documentation of Subjective Data

    Subjective data is the information that is given to a healthcare provider from the point of view of a patient. Therefore, it includes the concerns, feelings, and perceptions that are obtained through interviews. In the scenario given, the chief complaint of the patient was that of generalized abdominal pain. Apart from asking about the intensity of the pain on a scale of 0-10, it is important to include information on the quality of the pain, whether or not it is migratory or localized, increase or decrease in severity, where it originates from and radiates to. Besides, it should be included whether the pain was of sudden or gradual onset. The patient should also be asked to explain what she was doing when the pain started. The importance of determining any aggravating or relieving factors for the pain cannot be underestimated. As supported by Oberstein & Olive (2013), this information is essential in narrowing down to some of the most probable diagnoses.

    Although the patient reported about diarrhea, additional information on bowel and urinary habits should be included. This includes the duration and an approximate number of episodes of diarrhea in a day, relieving and aggravating factors, other associated symptoms for diarrhea. Information on the urinary habits such as urine incontinence, hesitancy, dysuria, urgency, and increased frequency should also be included. Still on bowel and urinary habits, information on odor, color, and discomfort after or during a bowel movement should be included. Patients with pancreatic cancer often experience darkening of urine and stool lightening (Vincent, Herman & Goggins, 2011). Potential associated symptoms of abdominal pain such as vomiting and nausea should be established.

    It is clear that the patient had a history of GI bleeding 4 years ago. Therefore, information on the absence or presence of blood in vomitus or stool should be included noting the color and smell. Since she is hypertensive and diabetic on medications, information on medication adherence should be included. It is also mandatory to include information on the occupation of the patient as this would help to determine possibilities of abdominal injury.

    Additional Information that Should Be Included in the Documentation of Objective Data

    Following the chief complaint of generalized abdominal pain, this patient needed a detailed physical and abdominal examination. Therefore information on the patient’s general appearance should be included which may be; sick-looking, in severe pain, lethargic, noting the patient’s mental status, gait, and nutritional status. Patients with pancreatic cancer are often cachectic and malnourished.  Information on jaundice, pallor and skin pigmentation should be included. Anemia, jaundice and skin excoriation are characteristic findings in patients with pancreatic cancer (Halbrook & Lyssiotis, 2017). Jaundice may be associated with a non-tender, distended palpable gallbladder that is elicited using the Courvoisier sign, skin excoriation due to pruritus, acholic stool, and darkening of the urine.

    Additional information would include may be obtained from inspection, percussion, palpation, and auscultation of the abdomen. On inspection, information on abdominal distension is necessary. In patients with pancreatic cancer, abdominal distension often acutely which is more painful. Information on the presence or absence of scars is also necessary. The presence of scars on the abdomen is an indicator for previous surgeries which would add on already available information to get a more accurate diagnosis (Ryan, Hong & Bardeesy, 2014).  Besides, information on the presence or absence of visible distended veins on inspection should be included.

    On palpation, information on whether the abdomen is soft, rigid, fluid-filled, tender, non-tender guarding or with rebound tenderness should be included. In guarding, patients tighten the muscles of the abdomen. Rigidity is highly suggestive of digestive juices, blood or bowel substances in the peritoneal cavity. Masses are suggestive of an aneurysm, tumors or a bowel that is obstructed. In patients with pancreatic cancer, characteristic findings include: a palpable intra-abdominal mass, peri-umbilical mass called Sister Mary Joseph node, ascites and non-tender palpable gallbladder (Oberstein & Olive, 2013).  Information on the abdominal areas where there is increased tenderness on palpation is necessary in narrowing down to specific causes that relate to the clients clinical presentation that would guide the diagnostic, laboratory or radiological imaging studies to be conducted for the patient.

    Whether the Assessment Is Supported by the Subjective and Objective Information

    The assessment that is provided in this case denotes the presence of left lower quadrant pain and gastroenteritis. This assessment is fully supported by both the subjective and objective data. In the subjective data, the patient reported symptoms of diarrhea although without vomiting which is a major characteristic finding in gastroenteritis (Oberstein & Olive, 2013).  Patients with Pancreatic cancer experience diarrhea due to the inability of the pancreas to release adequate pancreatic enzymes that help in the digestion of food. Therefore, the levels of pancreatic enzymes which are naturally produced are highly insufficient for digestion, resulting to malabsorption and thereafter diarrhea (Oberstein & Olive, 2013).

    The other assessment was that of pain in the left lower quadrant which is partially supported by the symptom of generalized abdominal in the subjective data and fully supported with pos pain the left lower quadrant on abdominal examination in the objective data. The abdominal organs in the left iliac fossa include the ileum, rectum, left ureter and some parts of the colon. Since the patient reported no symptoms of diarrhea, the left lower quadrant pain was as a result of gastroenteritis in this case (Ryan, Hong & Bardeesy, 2014).

    Most Appropriate Diagnostic Tests for This Case and How Results Would Be Used in Making A Diagnosis

    In this case, some of the most appropriate diagnostic tests that would be used to make a diagnosis include: a complete blood count and a liver function test. It would also be necessary to perform a tumor markers test. A complete blood count would reveal a normochromic anemia and thrombocytosis which are major findings in patients with pancreatic cancer. A liver function test would indicate high levels of bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, serum amylase and lipase which are an indicator for obstructive jaundice (Hallet, et al., 2015). The most commendable tumor marker test, in this case, would be the carbohydrate antigen 19-9whereby, in the case of pancreatic cancer, would be elevated to the levels of 100U/ml from the normal range of 33-37U/ML (Ryan, Hong & Bardeesy, 2014). The highly recommended imaging study for this case is the use of CT scan rather than MRI. An abdominal CT scan is able to image the entire pelvis and abdomen. The appearance of lower-density lesions  on CT scan will support the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.

    Whether I Would Accept/Reject the Current Diagnosis

    The current diagnosis for the patient in this case is pancreatic cancer as confirmed by the CAT scan. Clinically, patients with pancreatic cancer present with signs and symptoms of gradual onset of pain in the upper abdomen which radiates to the back, yellow coloration of the skin and sclera, diarrhea, unintended weight loss, and loss of appetite (Vincent, Herman & Goggins, 2011).  Weight loss occurs as a result of the inability of the body to digest food due to a hindrance in the production of pancreatic juices for digestion of food or malabsorption that generally lead to diarrhea with stools that are greasy. The tumor also contributes to the difficulty to eat or causes discomfort after feeds (Halbrook & Lyssiotis, 2017).  With regards to jaundice, the bile duct may be blocked leading to yellow coloration of the skin, sclera, dark colored urine and pale stools. The pancreas is located in the upper quadrant of the abdomen thus, patients with pancreatic cancer will often report on upper abdominal pain as a result of the tumor pressing on the abdominal nerves (Halbrook & Lyssiotis, 2017).

    In this case, the examination of the skin and abdomen revealed no significant findings such as rigidity to suggest a mass, skin changes such as yellow pigmentation to suggests obstruction, pruritus, or pallor. To add on, the patient has no medical, social or familial history that increases his risk to pancreatic cancer.  However, the patient presented with generalized abdominal pain, diarrhea and she reported that she was able to eat although with some minimal nausea afterwards. Besides, the pain was localized in the lower quadrant of the abdomen and this can be attributed to the fact that the patient was as a result of gastroenteritis. Therefore, I would accept the current diagnosis.

    Possible Differential Diagnoses

    Potential differential diagnoses, in this case, include: an abdominal aortic aneurysm, pancreatic lymphoma, intestinal ischemia, and gastric lymphoma. Cancer and Women’s and Men’s Health Essay Example.

     

    References

    Hallet, J., Law, C. H. L., Cukier, M., Saskin, R., Liu, N., & Singh, S. (2015). Exploring the rising

    incidence of neuroendocrine tumors: a population‐based analysis of epidemiology, metastatic presentation, and outcomes. 
    Cancer
    , 
    121
    (4), 589-597.

    Halbrook, C. J., & Lyssiotis, C. A. (2017). Employing metabolism to improve the diagnosis and

    treatment of pancreatic cancer. 
    Cancer Cell
    , 
    31
    (1), 5-19.

    Oberstein E P., & Olive O. P. K., (2013).
    Pancreatic cancer: why is it so hard to treat?

    Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology 6(4):321-327.

    Ryan, D. P., Hong, T. S., & Bardeesy, N. (2014). Pancreatic adenocarcinoma. 
    New England

    Journal of Medicine
    , 
    371
    (11), 1039-1049. Cancer and Women’s and Men’s Health Essay Example

    Vincent A., Herman, J., & Goggins M., (2011).
    Pancreatic cancer.
    Lancet. 378(9791):607-620

  • Cancer and Women’s and Men’s Health Essay Example

    Cancer and Women’s and Men’s Health Essay Example

    Assignment:

    Cancer and Women’s and Men’s Health

    The American Cancer Society estimates that by the end of 2012, more than 226,000 women will be diagnosed with breast cancer and more than 241,000 men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer (American Cancer Society, 2012a; American Cancer Society 2012b). With such prevalence of women’s and men’s cancers, patient education and preventive services are essential. In clinical settings, advanced practice nurses must assist physicians in educating patients on risk factors, preventive services, and for patients diagnosed with cancer, on potential drug treatments. The clinical implications of women’s and men’s cancer greatly depend on early detection, which is primarily achieved through preventive services. In this Cancer and Women’s and Men’s Health Essay Example Assignment, you consider the short-term and long-term implications of cancer and drug treatments associated with women’s and men’s health, as well as appropriate preventive services.

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    To prepare:

    • Select a type of cancer associated with women’s or men’s health such as breast, cervical, or ovarian cancer in women and prostate cancer in men.

    • Locate and review articles examining the type of cancer you selected.

    • Review the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force article in the Learning Resources. Think about available preventive services that providers might recommend for patients at risk of this type of cancer.

    • Select two of the following factors: genetics, gender, ethnicity, age, or behavior. Reflect on how these factors might impact decisions related to preventive services. Cancer and Women’s and Men’s Health Essay Example.

    • Consider drug treatment options for patients diagnosed with the type of cancer you selected including short-term and long-term implications of the treatments.

    By Day 7

    Write a 2- to 3- page paper that addresses the following:

    • Describe available preventive services that providers might recommend for patients at risk of the type of cancer you selected.

    • Explain how the factors you selected might impact decisions related to preventive services.

    • Describe drug treatment options for patients diagnosed with the type of cancer you selected. Explain the short-term and long-term implications of these treatments.

    Reminder: The School of Nursing requires that all papers submitted include a title page, introduction, summary, and references. The Sample Paper provided at the Walden Writing Center provides an example of those required elements (available at http://writingcenter.waldenu.edu/57.htm). All papers submitted must use this formatting. Cancer and Women’s and Men’s Health Essay Example.

    Prostate cancer and men’s health

    Introduction

    Prostate cancer is a type of cancer that affects the prostate gland in men. A normal prostate gland is a small organ that is walnut shaped and responsible for producing seminal fluids that transport and nourish sperms. In fact, it is one of the most common types of cancers among men with an 11.11% prevalence rate. It rarely presents among persons less than 40 years of age and has a 60% incidence rate among males older than 64 years of age. Once the prostate gland develops cancer, it will present malignant cells that are confined to the gland as a tumor that could either grow slowly or aggressively Cancer and Women’s and Men’s Health Essay Example. Aggressive growth of the tumor is an indication that it could spread to other body organs (Seyfield, 2012).

    Preventive services for prostate cancer

    There are a range of medically recommended approaches that can be applied in the prevention of prostate cancer. Although there is no sure way of preventing prostate cancer, these approaches can act as strategies for meaningfully reducing the cancer risk. The first approach involves ingesting a healthy diet that is high in vegetables and fruits while low in fats. Some of the fatty foods that should be avoided include cheese, milk, oils, nuts and meats. Even though the specific association between fatty diets and increased risk of prostate cancer development, medical studies show that the link between higher risk of prostate cancer and high amounts of fats in the diet is statistically significant. The implication is that men should eat foods that have low fat content, limit foods rich in fats, and reduce the amount of fat they eat. In addition, it is important to replace animal fats with plant fats. That is because animal fats are linked with higher risk of prostate cancer. Also, the diet should be rich in vegetables and fruits since they contain healthy nutrients and vitamins that improve immunity, reduce the risk of prostate cancer, and reduces the opportunities for eating high-fat foods. Eating fatty fish (such as herring, tuna and salmon) is encouraged since they contain omega-3 and -6 fatty acids. These fatty acids reduce the risk of prostate cancer occurrence (Palmieri, Bird & Simcock, 2013). The second approach involves maintaining a healthy weight through eating the required number of calories. Cancer and Women’s and Men’s Health Essay Example. That is because a BMI figure that exceeds 29 increases prostate cancer risk. The third approach is to exercise regularly to help in loosing and maintaining a healthy weight to reduce the risk of prostate cancer. The final approach is to have regular forums with medical personnel who would determine the risk for prostate cancer (based on demographics such as age and ethnicity) and present alternative risk reduction options that could include medication (Palmieri, Bird & Simcock, 2013) Cancer and Women’s and Men’s Health Essay Example.

    Risk factors for prostate cancer

    There are four risk factors that are noted when offering preventive services for prostate cancer. The first risk factor is obesity with BMI exceeding 29. The second risk factor is family history whereby past incidence of the condition occurring is an indication of a possibility that it could occur in future generations. In addition, the presence of BRCA1 or BRCA2 in matrilineal inheritance along with breast cancer among the female members of the family is an indication that there is a higher risk of the male members of the family developing prostate cancer Cancer and Women’s and Men’s Health Essay Example. The third risk factor is ethnicity whereby it is determined that persons of Black/African descent have a higher risk of developing prostate cancer when compared to men of other ethnicities. The final risk factor is age whereby higher incidences of the condition is noted among older men when compared to their younger counterparts. To be more precise, 60% incidence rate is reported among males older than 64 years of age (Weinberg, 2014). In this respect, obesity, family history, ethnicity and age are four risk factors that influence the risk for prostate cancer thus impacting preventive services decisions.

    Drug treatment options for prostate cancer

    The specific drug treatment for addressing the condition is dependent on the cancer prognosis, progression, spread and the patient’s health, as well as the potential side effects and benefits of the drug treatment. There are two main groups of drugs available for prostate cancer treatment. The first group is chemotherapy that focuses on killing rapidly growing cells. Drugs in this category include dacarbazine, cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, chlorambucil, carmustine, carboplatin, busulfan and altretamine Cancer and Women’s and Men’s Health Essay Example. Although chemotherapy can kill the fast growing cancer cells, chemotherapy has a negative side effect in the form of being non-selective and affecting health cells thus negatively affecting other organs and body systems (Palmieri, Bird & Simcock, 2013). The second group is hormone therapy that influences testosterone hormone levels in the body. That is because the hormone helps the cancer cells to grow so that halting testosterone supply in the body is expected to halt the growth of cancer cells and could even cause them to die out. Cancer and Women’s and Men’s Health Essay Example. Hormone therapy can either be presented to stop testosterone production or block the cancer cells from receiving the hormone. Medication that stop the hormone production are presented as luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists, and they include abiraterone, ketoconazole, histrelin, triptorelin, goserelin and leuprolide. Medical that prevent the cancer cells from accessing testosterone hormone are anti-androgens and they include enzalutamide, nilutamide and bicalutamide. Cancer and Women’s and Men’s Health Essay Example. It is important to note that although hormone therapy can shrink or slow down the growth of cancer cells, they could present undesirable side effects that include weight gain, reduced sex drive, bone mass loss, hot flashes and erectile dysfunction (Palmieri, Bird & Simcock, 2013).

    Summary

    One must accept that prostate cancer is a source of concern among men where an 11.11% incidence rate is reported. In addition, one must acknowledge that there are preventive services that can be applied to facilitate management. The preventive services include eating a healthy diet that is high in vegetables and fruits while low in fats, eating the required calories and maintaining a healthy weight, and regular forums with medical personnel. Also, prostate cancer has risk factors that include BMI exceeding 29, family history of cancer, ethnicity and age. Although prostate cancer paints a grim prognosis, drug treatment can be applied to include chemotherapy that kills the cancer cells but could also kill healthy cells, and hormone therapy that influences the growth of cancer cells but could also present undesirable side effects that include weight gain, reduced sex drive, bone mass loss, hot flashes and erectile dysfunction Cancer and Women’s and Men’s Health Essay Example.

    References

    Palmieri, C., Bird, E. & Simcock, R. (2013).
    ABC of cancer care
    . Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

    Seyfield, T. (2012).
    Cancer as a metabolic disease: on the origin, management, and prevention of cancer
    . Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

    Weinberg, R. (2014).
    The biology of cancer
    (2
    nd
    ed.). New York, NY: Garland Science, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Cancer and Women’s and Men’s Health Essay Example.

  • Assessing the Genitalia and Rectum Essay Assignment Example

    Assessing the Genitalia and Rectum Essay Assignment Example

    Assessing the Genitalia and Rectum

    Patients are frequently uncomfortable discussing with health care professional’s issues that involve the genitalia and rectum; however, gathering an adequate history and properly conducting a physical exam are vital. Examining case studies of genital and rectal abnormalities can help prepare advanced practice nurses to accurately assess patients with problems in these areas.

    In this assignment, you will consider case studies that describe abnormal findings in patients seen in a clinical setting.

    In this assignment, you will analyze a SOAP note case study that describes abnormal findings in patients seen in a clinical setting. You will consider what history should be collected from the patients, as well as which physical exams and diagnostic tests should be conducted. You will also formulate a differential diagnosis with several possible conditions.

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    GENITALIA ASSESSMENT

    Subjective:

    • CC: “I have bumps on my bottom that I want to have checked out.”

    • HPI: AB, a 21-year-old WF college student reports to your clinic with external bumps on her genital area. She states the bumps are painless and feel rough. She states she is sexually active and has had more than one partner over the past year. Her initial sexual contact occurred at age 18. She reports no abnormal vaginal discharge. She is unsure how long the bumps have been there but noticed them about a week ago. Her last Pap smear exam was 3 years ago, and no dysplasia was found; the exam results were normal. She reports one sexually transmitted infection (chlamydia) about 2 years ago. She completed the treatment for chlamydia as prescribed. Assessing the Genitalia and Rectum Essay Assignment Example.

    • PMH: Asthma

    • Medications: Symbicort 160/4.5mcg

    • Allergies: NKDA

    • FH: No hx of breast or cervical cancer, Father hx HTN, Mother hx HTN, GERD

    • Social: Denies tobacco use; occasional etoh, married, 3 children (1 girl, 2 boys)

    Objective:

    • VS: Temp 98.6; BP 120/86; RR 16; P 92; HT 5’10”; WT 169lbs

    • Heart: RRR, no murmurs

    • Lungs: CTA, chest wall symmetrical

    • Genital: Normal female hair pattern distribution; no masses or swelling. Urethral meatus intact without erythema or discharge. Perineum intact with a healed episiotomy scar present. Vaginal mucosa pink and moist with rugae present, pos for firm, round, small, painless ulcer noted on external labia

    • Abd: soft, normoactive bowel sounds, neg rebound, neg murphy’s, neg McBurney

    • Diagnostics: HSV specimen obtained

    Assessment:

    • Chancre

    • PLAN: This section is not required for the assignments in this course (NURS 6512) but will be required for future courses.

    To prepare:

    With regard to the SOAP note case study provided:

    • Review this week’s Learning Resources, and consider the insights they provide about the case study.

    • Consider what history would be necessary to collect from the patient in the case study.

    • Consider what physical exams and diagnostic tests would be appropriate to gather more information about the patient’s condition. How would the results be used to make a diagnosis?

    • Identify at least five possible conditions that may be considered in a differential diagnosis for the patient. Assessing the Genitalia and Rectum Essay Assignment Example.

    To complete:

    Refer to Chapter 5 of the Sullivan text. Analyze the SOAP note case study. Using evidence based resources, answer the following questions and support your answers using current evidence from the literature.

    • Analyze the subjective portion of the note. List additional information that should be included in the documentation.

    • Analyze the objective portion of the note. List additional information that should be included in the documentation.

    • Is the assessment supported by the subjective and objective information? Why or Why not?

    • Would diagnostics be appropriate for this case and how would the results be used to make a diagnosis?

    • Would you reject/accept the current diagnosis? Why or why not? Identify three possible conditions that may be considered as a differential diagnosis for this patient. Explain your reasoning using at least 3 different references from current evidence based literature. Assessing the Genitalia and Rectum Essay Assignment Example.

    Introduction

    For clients who present with genitourinary symptoms, it is necessary that a focused and comprehensive history is taken followed by a thorough examination.  Genitourinary problems are likely to trigger issues in other systems of the body. Similarly, difficulties that may arise in the various systems are likely to affect the quality of life and overall well-being of a client. Clinical nursing skills should possibly result in a list of the potential differential diagnoses and the definite diagnosis. With this approach, it is certain that a clinician will focus on the most appropriate tests that can confirm the diagnosis. This paper is an extensive discussion of the additional subjective and objective data that should be included in the assessment of clients presenting with genitourinary problems. A description of the use of diagnostics in making a diagnosis and possible differential diagnoses will also be provided. Assessing the Genitalia and Rectum Essay Assignment Example.

    Additional Subjective Data to Include in the documentation.

    The client will be asked to provide more information about additional symptoms associated with the bumps as I examine them to determine the color, pattern, size, and shape. The client will also be asked whether the bumps have appeared for the first time or they have also been there in the past, exact period and any previous medications used to manage them. It would also be necessary to ascertain and document if the client has noticed the bumps somewhere else in the body other than the genitals. According to Dains, Baumann & Scheibel (2016), general symptoms of a patient may relate to other systems within the body and produced by pathologies in the genitourinary tract. Information on associated symptoms such as a skin rash, recent weight loss, loss of hair, a fever, sores on the anus, dysuria, fatigue, and muscle aches should be documented alongside their relieving and aggravating factors is vital. The client will also be asked about the use of douches, fragrant and soaps and to rate the extent at which they are a bother to her general life on a scale of 0-10. Assessing the Genitalia and Rectum Essay Assignment Example.

    Under the past medical and surgical history, past histories of genital herpes and other STIs apart from chlamydia should be documented. She will also be asked about the medications that were prescribed for chlamydia and by whom. The client should reveal if she has any skin conditions, psoriasis or eczema. The client’s full course of immunization, the age of asthma diagnosis and progress with its management should also be documented (Dains, Baumann & Scheibel, 2016). Previous female surgeries are also a vital part of the documentation.

    It is also necessary that the client’s gynecological history is taken. Gynecological history includes the menstrual history where frequency, duration, volume, date of last menstrual period, contraception use and HIV is documented. The menstrual history will help to eliminate any possibilities of a pregnancy before further assessments and management (Jensen, 2018).  Still, on gynecological history, information about post-coital-bleeding, dyspareunia, and vulval itching should also be included. Post-coital bleeding and dyspareunia are symptoms of sexually transmitted illnesses. Assessing the Genitalia and Rectum Essay Assignment Example.

    The client should also be asked if she performs self-breast exams. On the sexual history, it would be necessary to document the client’s preferences of her sexual practices and if she has unprotected sex, anal sex, the specific number of sexual partners, how often she has sex and if she knows the status of her sexual partners.  Her last sexual episode/encounter should be documented as this will help to approximate the duration it took for symptoms to present and possibly the definitive diagnosis.

    The client is evidently married and a mother to 1 girl and 2 boys. Therefore, it would be essential to take her obstetric history. An obstetrics history provides a clinician with vital clues to the client’s health risks.  Previous congenital malformations which may result from STIs may indicate a predisposition to other STIs (Jensen, 2018). The client’s occupational history is very significant. An occupation that predisposes one to sexual encounters increases their risk for sexually transmitted illnesses which should be comprehensively addressed in the management to prevent STI risks in the future. Assessing the Genitalia and Rectum Essay Assignment Example.

    Additional Objective Data to Include In the documentation.

    It would be necessary to document the overall cleanliness, grooming, affect and stature of the client. On the HEENT exam, the throat should be assessed for redness, drainage, edema, enlarged tonsils, cold sores, lesions, and oral thrush to check for the systemic infection with HSV or other viruses. The documentation of the neck exam should include nodal tenderness, enlarged cervical nodes, jugular venous distension and goiters (Seidel, et al., 2015).  In the Chest exam, the client should be assessed for non-labored breathing, enlargement of axillary nodes, discharge, and tenderness over the nipples. Chest retractions and nasal flaring should be assessed and documented. Assessing the Genitalia and Rectum Essay Assignment Example.

    In the CVS assessment, documentation about any pedal or general body edema and peripheral pulses should be included. In the genito-urinary exam, it would be mandatory to inspect the cervix and do a pap smear. The cervix will also be assessed for motion tenderness and general cervical tenderness. During this exam, signs of vaginal bleeding and foul-smelling vaginal discharge will be noted and documented. Palpation and documentation for inguinal tenderness and lymphadenopathy, whether the ulcer is the only one, indurated and its color should also be included (Seidel, et al., 2015). A rectal exam to ascertain any lesions, hemorrhoids, masses, and trauma will be necessary. A detailed skin exam to assess for pink color, warmth, and dryness will be included. Other areas with redness, lesions, and scarring, discoloration and patches will be examined and documented. Assessing the Genitalia and Rectum Essay Assignment Example.

    Whether the Assessment Is Supported By Subjective and Objective Data

    The assessment concluded that the client had a Chancre. A chancre often presents in veneral disease and it usually develops over the genital area.  More specifically, in females, chancres can also present over the vagina, anus or the vulva and take between 3 weeks to 3 months to present after infection. The chancre is often a painless ulcer, highly infectious and forms in the primary stage of syphilis which is a sexually transmitted illness (Dains, Baumann & Scheibel, 2016). Similarly, according to the subjective data, the client reportedly noticed a painless and rough lump over her genital area and reported no vaginal discharge. The client also agreed that she was sexually active and had had more than one partner in a year which increases her risk of a sexually transmitted infection. Based on the objective data, it was ascertained that the client had a round, small painless ulcer on the external labia. However, the abdominal examination and other examinations were normal. It is also due to the painless ulcer that an HSV specimen was taken for diagnostics. Therefore, the assessment of a chancre is correctly supported by both the objective and subjective data. Assessing the Genitalia and Rectum Essay Assignment Example.

    The relevance of Diagnostics and Its Use to Make a Diagnosis

    The diagnostics, in this case, was a HSV specimen which was taken for viral culture. In most cases, the results of a culture take between 1 to 7 days. Polymerase Chain Reaction can also be done to test for herpes simplex antibodies to confirm the diagnosis of herpes simplex (Dains, Baumann & Scheibel, 2016). Possibly, a tzanck smear can be done using the base of the vesicle which is also definitive for herpes simplex. In the findings, multinucleated giant cells may be found in case the samples would be taken from a herpes lesion that is intact. According to Dains, Baumann & Scheibel (2016), a serology test in the forms of VDRL, RPR or a non-treponemal pallidum test would be done to rule out syphilis. To rule out Chlamydia and Gonorrhea, rapid Nucleic Acid Amplification tests would be the most recommended (Tao, et al., 2017).

    View on the Current Diagnosis

    Primary syphilis often presents with a chancre which is a form of ulcer lesion that develops at the inoculation site.  It often starts off a papule and gradually develops into a painless, firm, indurated ulcer (Wolujewicz & Bates, 2016). Most clients cannot be aware as it presents no symptoms and the ulcer often heals on itself within 3-6 weeks. The ulcerative lesions usually appear exactly 2 weeks following exposure. Syphilis can be confirmed through serology as it is also supported by the subjective and objective data. Assessing the Genitalia and Rectum Essay Assignment Example.

    Possible Differential Diagnoses

    The most potential differential diagnoses, in this case, include syphilis, herpes simplex II and acute contact dermatitis. Basing on the fact that the client had multiple sexual partners within a year, she is at a potential risk of syphilis whose diagnosis can be confirmed with a serological test. To add on, by the lesion being located on the labia, it allows for contact directly with a syphilis sore (Wolujewicz & Bates, 2016). Besides, the patient reported that the ulcer was painless with no itchiness or burning prior to the eruption, this is an indication of syphilis. The client’s subjective and objective data also supports syphilis as a potential differential diagnosis but not without further history taking and diagnostics. To ascertain the possibilities of syphilis, extensive data & information on the lesion borders, clarity of its base and how central it is would be vital.

    The likelihood of Herpes progenitalis also referred to as Herpes Simplex II is high.  However, the presence of a single ulcer limits this possibility since superficial vesicles can either be eroded or not. Depending on the client’s description of the ulcer, it was firm. In herpes simplex II, while primary infections are extensive, recurrent infections are often localized yet patchy with several lesions (Dains, Baumann & Scheibel, 2016). Besides, the lesions are not only painful but can result in a burning sensation with urination. Assessing the Genitalia and Rectum Essay Assignment Example.

    Although the differential diagnosis of acute contact dermatitis is unlikely since the client presents with no history of topical allergens, it is possible. The history of the client’s recent activities in terms of contact with caustic chemicals and garden work may support this differential. However, if the sore could be contact related the erythema regions would be large. Assessing the Genitalia and Rectum Essay Assignment Example.

    References

    Dains, J. E., Baumann, L. C., & Scheibel, P., (2016).  Advanced health assessment and clinical diagnosis in primary care (5th ed.).
    St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby.

    Jensen, S. (2018). Nursing health assessment: A best practice approach.
    Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

    Seidel, H.M., Ball, J. S., Dains, J. E., Flynn, J. A., Solomon, B. S., & Stewart, R. W. (2015). Seidels’s guide to physical examination (8th ed.). 
    St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby.

    Tao, G., Hoover, K. W., Nye, M. B., Peters, P. J., Gift, T. L., & Body, B. A. (2017). Infrequent testing of women for rectal chlamydia and gonorrhea in the United States. 
    Clinical Infectious Diseases
    , 66(4), 570-575.

    Wolujewicz, A., & Bates, C. (2016). Syphilis on the face in primary care: a rare sign of an increasingly common problem. 
    The British Journal of General Practice, 66(648), e528–e530
    . Assessing the Genitalia and Rectum Essay Assignment Example.

  • Assessing and Treating Pediatric Clients With Mood Disorders Essay Example

    Assessing and Treating Pediatric Clients With Mood Disorders Essay Example

    Therapy for Pediatric Clients with Mood Disorders

    An African American Child Suffering From Depression

    BACKGROUND INFORMATION

    The client is an 8-year-old African American male who arrives at the ER with his mother. He is exhibiting signs of depression.

    • Client complained of feeling “sad”

    • Mother reports that teacher said child is withdrawn from peers in class

    • Mother notes decreased appetite and occasional periods of irritation

    • Client reached all developmental landmarks at appropriate ages

    • Physical exam unremarkable

    • Laboratory studies WNL

    • Child referred to psychiatry for evaluation

    • Client seen by Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner

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    MENTAL STATUS EXAM

    Alert & oriented X 3, speech clear, coherent, goal directed, spontaneous. Self-reported mood is “sad”. Affect somewhat blunted, but child smiled appropriately at various points throughout the clinical interview. He denies visual or auditory hallucinations. No delusional or paranoid thought processes noted. Judgment and insight appear to be age-appropriate. He is not endorsing active suicidal ideation but does admit that he often thinks about himself being dead and what it would be like to be dead. Assessing and Treating Pediatric Clients With Mood Disorders Essay Example.

    The PMHNP administers the Children’s Depression Rating Scale, obtaining a score of 30 (indicating significant depression)

    RESOURCES

    § Poznanski, E., & Mokros, H. (1996). Child Depression Rating Scale–Revised. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.

    Decision Point One

    Select what the PMHNP should do:

    Begin Zoloft 25 mg orally daily Begin Zoloft 25 mg orally daily

    Begin P

    Begin Paxil 10 mg orally daily

    axil 10 mg orally daily

    Begin Wellbutrin 75 mg orally BID Begin Wellbutrin 75 mg orally BID

    Examine Case Study: An African American Child Suffering From Depression. You will be asked to make three decisions concerning the medication to prescribe to this client. Be sure to consider factors that might impact the client’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes.

    • At each decision point stop to complete the following:

    o Decision #1

     Which decision did you select? Assessing and Treating Pediatric Clients With Mood Disorders Essay Example.

     Why did you select this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.

     What were you hoping to achieve by making this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.

     Explain any difference between what you expected to achieve with Decision #1 and the results of the decision. Why were they different?

    o Decision #2

     Why did you select this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.

     What were you hoping to achieve by making this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.

     Explain any difference between what you expected to achieve with Decision #2 and the results of the decision. Why were they different? Assessing and Treating Pediatric Clients With Mood Disorders Essay Example.

    o Decision #3

     Why did you select this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.

     What were you hoping to achieve by making this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.

     Explain any difference between what you expected to achieve with Decision #3 and the results of the decision. Why were they different?

    • Also include how ethical considerations might impact your treatment plan and communication with clients.

    Note: Support your rationale with a minimum of three academic resources. While you may use the course text to support your rationale, it will not count toward the resource requirement.

    The references should be within 5 years.

    Clinical Scenario

    This assignment involves a client who is 8 years old who is an African American male who presents at the Emergency Room with his mother. The client was exhibiting signs of depression and had complaints of feeling sad. The mother reportedly informed that the teacher had examined that the child was withdrawn from peers in class. Assessing and Treating Pediatric Clients With Mood Disorders Essay Example The mother had also noted that the child had a decreased appetite with occasional irritation periods despite reports that he had reached all landmarks of development at the appropriate ages. The physical examination was unremarkable while the laboratory studies WNL.

    The mental status exam revealed that the client was alert and oriented X3, his speech was clear, coherent spontaneous and goal oriented. The client self-reported a sad mood and had an affect which was somewhat blunted. The client denied visual and auditory hallucinations and no delusional or paranoid processes of thought were noted Assessing and Treating Pediatric Clients With Mood Disorders Essay Example. The client also appeared to have an appropriate, did not endorse active suicidal ideation but admitted that he often thought about being dead and what it would feel like to be dead. In administering the Children’s Depression Rating Scale, a score of 30 was obtained, indicating the client had significant depression

    Decision Point One

               
    The primary mental nurse practitioner should begin Zoloft 25 mg orally daily. Zoloft is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used as a first line drug for the management of major depressive disorder and other mental health disorders. It works by increasing the amount of serotonin in the brain to improve symptoms of anxiety and depression (Cummings, Caporino & Kendall, 2014).  Similarly, the client, in this case, had been diagnosed with major depression which required relevant medications.

    With this medication, I was hopeful that the symptoms the client experienced a sad mood, a blunted affect and irritations would be done away with. Instead, he would have a happy mood, an increased appetite, a fluent affect and no thoughts about being dead. Zoloft helps to improve sleep, mood, appetite and the level of energy such that, the overall interest of an individual in daily life is restored (Cox, et al., 2014). It also influences a significant reduction in anxiety and thoughts that are unwanted.

    Instead, the client returned to the clinic in four weeks, stating that, although he improved in terms of mood, appetite and other life’s aspects, he had frequent suicidal thoughts that negatively influenced his life in general. Despite being the first line of treatment for depression in children, Zoloft is known to increase suicidal behavior and thoughts in children, adolescents and even young adults (Cooper, et al., 2014).  This risk increases within the first few months of treatment or in case of dosage changes Assessing and Treating Pediatric Clients With Mood Disorders Essay Example. It is for this reason that it has a black box warning from the Food and Drug Administration to alert healthcare providers and patients on how dangerous some of the side effects of drugs may change. For patients already having suicidal behavior and thoughts, administering Zoloft is likely to worsen the situation as it is in this case (Cooper, et al., 2014). This means that to reduce these side effects, the dosage can be reduced. However, the effects of suicidal thoughts and behavior would still be existent. Therefore, the best option would be to stop the Zoloft 25 mg orally daily.

    Decision 2

    The second decision would be to begin praxis 10mg orally daily. Praxil is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is indicated for the management of depression. It functions by influencing chemical balance in the brain which is associated with anxiety and depression disorders (Walkup, 2017). Similarly, the client, in this case, had been diagnosed with depression and had experienced intense symptoms of mood changes, reduced appetite, and feelings similar to suicidal thoughts and behavior. Praxil has the ability of increased appetite, mood, level of energy and sleep and helps to reduce unwanted thoughts Assessing and Treating Pediatric Clients With Mood Disorders Essay Example. With this decision, it was certain that by administering praxil 10mg orally daily, the client would have no more negative symptoms of behavior, mood or emotions. Besides, it was expected that he would not experience any suicidal thoughts.

    After two weeks, the client returned to the clinic accompanied by his mother with complaints of losing weight for the last two weeks when therapy was started. Praxil inhibits growth among pediatric patients such that, periodic monitoring of weight and height is needed and clients are urged to take medications with food (Bachmann et al., 2016).  An alternative option would be to reduce the dosage to 5mg orally daily. However, with this dosage therapeutic outcomes cannot be achieved. Similarly, the dosage for the client, in this case, cannot be increased. Increasing the dosage will influence clinical worsening and unusual behavioral changes. Assessing and Treating Pediatric Clients With Mood Disorders Essay Example.

    The Food and Drug Administration warns that high doses of praxil beyond the recommended guidelines increases the risk of suicidal behavior and thoughts in children especially during the first weeks of treatment. It is even worse among children with depressive symptoms who present with a history of suicidal ideation before treatment requiring that, children are closely monitored during the course of treatment for strange behaviors and worsening of depression (Cooper, et al., 2014). The best decision would, therefore, be to discontinue the medication by rapidly tapering the dosage since abrupt discontinuation of praxil has also proven to cause adverse symptoms.

    Decision 3

    At this point, the best decision would be to start Wellbutrin 75 mg orally BID. Wellbutrin has been noted to be a better antidepressant among children as compared to tricyclic’s as it also has a totally different mechanism of action as compared to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. It has also been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for managing depression. Assessing and Treating Pediatric Clients With Mood Disorders Essay Example. It works as a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor, increasing the amount of norepinephrine produced by the body (Bachmann, et al., 2016).  This helps to balance inactive and dull moods which are as a result of depression. Therefore, by administering this drug, it was expected that the client’s symptoms of a sad mood, irritation and appetite loss will gradually reduce and eventually resolve.  Similarly, it was certain that the client’s symptoms of suicidal thoughts will gradually resolve and that he will fully regain his health status after treatment (Bachmann, et al., 2016).

    After two weeks, the client returned with complaints of weight loss and a suppressed appetite but no reports of seizures. Wellbutrin is known to cause loss of appetite as well as low blood sugars. This increased risk for seizures is associated with hypoglycemia. The dosage cannot be increased or reduced in this case. Increasing the dosage will result in more advanced adverse side effects and reducing the dosage will hinder the achievement of therapeutic outcomes (Walkup, 2017).  The best option would be maintaining the dosage at 75mg orally daily and adhering to dietary recommendations of eating mid-morning, midafternoon and bedtime snacks. Similarly, the child’s weight will have to be monitored closely. These effects are only expected to be more intense during the first few weeks of treatment, after which they will gradually decline Assessing and Treating Pediatric Clients With Mood Disorders Essay Example.

    How Ethical Considerations Might Impact Treatment Plan and Communication with Clients

               
    Working which children and adolescents can pose significant challenges for mental health providers. Major ethical considerations for this population are confidentiality and patient autonomy and require varied approaches that are highly dependent on a child’s and family’s characteristics to address (Coyne et al., 2014). Irrespective of age, children have the right to confidentiality and mental health providers are required to disclose information to parents or other people with the child’s informed consent. Similarly, children have a right to be part of decision making regarding their treatment. By observing these ethical considerations, it is certain that the therapeutic relationship between the client and mental health practitioner will be long term and promote the development of trust (Coyne et al., 2014).  This increases the chances of treatment success and reduces the likelihood of resistance. With regards to communication, a therapeutic relationship that is built on trust promotes a safe and conducive environment where the client and mental health provider can openly and freely communicate to achieve more specific and targeted health outcomes(Coyne et al., 2014). Assessing and Treating Pediatric Clients With Mood Disorders Essay Example.

    References

    Bachmann, C. J., Aagaard, L., Burcu, M., Glaeske, G., Kalverdijk, L. J., Petersen, I., & Hoffmann, F. (2016). Trends and patterns of antidepressant use in children and adolescents from five western countries, 2005–2012. 
    European Neuropsychopharmacology
    , 
    26
    (3), 411-419.

    Cummings, C. M., Caporino, N. E., & Kendall, P. C. (2014). Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents: 20 years after. 
    Psychological Bulletin
    , 
    140
    (3), 816.

    Cox, G. R., Callahan, P., Churchill, R., Hunot, V., Merry, S. N., Parker, A., & Hetrick, S. E. (2014). Psychological therapies versus antidepressant medication, alone and in combination for depression in children and adolescents. 
    Cochrane database of systematic reviews
    , (11).

    Cooper, W. O., Callahan, S. T., Shintani, A., Fuchs, D. C., Shelton, R. C., Dudley, J. A.,  & Ray, W. A. (2014). Antidepressants and suicide attempts in children. 
    Pediatrics
    , peds-2013. Assessing and Treating Pediatric Clients With Mood Disorders Essay Example.

    Coyne, I., Amory, A., Kiernan, G., & Gibson, F. (2014). Children’s participation in shared decision-making: Children, adolescents, parents and healthcare professionals’ perspectives and experiences. 
    European Journal of Oncology Nursing
    , 
    18
    (3), 273-280.

    Walkup, J. T. (2017). Antidepressant efficacy for depression in children and adolescents: industry-and NIMH-funded studies. 
    American Journal of Psychiatry
    , 
    174
    (5), 430-437. Assessing and Treating Pediatric Clients With Mood Disorders Essay Example.

  • Assessing and Treating Clients with With Bipolar Disorder Essay

    Assessing and Treating Clients with With Bipolar Disorder Essay

    Bipolar Therapy

    Client of Korean Descent/Ancestry

    BACKGROUND INFORMATION

    The client is a 26-year-old woman of Korean descent who presents to her first appointment following a 21-day hospitalization for onset of acute mania. She was diagnosed with bipolar I disorder.

    Upon arrival in your office, she is quite “busy,” playing with things on your desk and shifting from side to side in her chair. She informs you that “they said I was bipolar, I don’t believe that, do you? I just like to talk, and dance, and sing. Did I tell you that I liked to cook?”

    She weights 110 lbs. and is 5’ 5”

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    SUBJECTIVE

    Patient reports “fantastic” mood. Reports that she sleeps about 5 hours/night to which she adds “I hate sleep, it’s no fun.”

    You reviewed her hospital records and find that she has been medically worked up by a physician who reported her to be in overall good health. Assessing and Treating Clients with With Bipolar Disorder Essay. Lab studies were all within normal limits. You find that the patient had genetic testing in the hospital (specifically GeneSight testing) as none of the medications that they were treating her with seemed to work.

    Genetic testing reveals that she is positive for CYP2D6*10 allele.

    Patient confesses that she stopped taking her lithium (which was prescribed in the hospital) since she was discharged two weeks ago.

    MENTAL STATUS EXAM

    The patient is alert, oriented to person, place, time, and event. She is dressed quite oddly- wearing what appears to be an evening gown to her appointment. Speech is rapid, pressured, tangential. Self-reported mood is euthymic. Affect broad. Patient denies visual or auditory hallucinations, no overt delusional or paranoid thought processes readily apparent. Judgment is grossly intact, but insight is clearly impaired. She is currently denying suicidal or homicidal ideation.

    The Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) score is 22

    RESOURCES

    § Chen, R., Wang, H., Shi, J., Shen, K., & Hu, P. (2015). Cytochrome P450 2D6 genotype affects the pharmacokinetics of controlled-release paroxetine in healthy Chinese subjects: comparison of traditional phenotype and activity score systems. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 71(7), 835-841. doi:10.1007/s00228-015-1855-6 Assessing and Treating Clients with With Bipolar Disorder Essay.

    Decision Point One

    Select what the PMHNP should do:

    Begin Lithium 300 mg orally BID

    Begin Risperdal 1 mg orally BID

    Begin Seroquel XR 100 mg orally at HS

    To prepare for this Assignment:

    • Review this week’s Learning Resources. Consider how to assess and treat clients requiring bipolar therapy.

    The Assignment

    Examine Case Study: An Asian American Woman With Bipolar Disorder. You will be asked to make three decisions concerning the medication to prescribe to this client. Be sure to consider factors that might impact the client’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes.

    At each decision point stop to complete the following:

    • Decision #1

    o Which decision did you select?

    o Why did you select this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.

    o What were you hoping to achieve by making this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources. Assessing and Treating Clients with With Bipolar Disorder Essay.

    o Explain any difference between what you expected to achieve with Decision #1 and the results of the decision. Why were they different?

    • Decision #2

    o Why did you select this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.

    o What were you hoping to achieve by making this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.

    o Explain any difference between what you expected to achieve with Decision #2 and the results of the decision. Why were they different?

    • Decision #3

    o Why did you select this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.

    o What were you hoping to achieve by making this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.

    o Explain any difference between what you expected to achieve with Decision #3 and the results of the decision. Why were they different?

    Also include how ethical considerations might impact your treatment plan and communication with clients.

    Decision #1

    Selected Decision

    The first decision is to start Risperdal 1mg orally BID

    Reason For Selecting This Decision

    Risperdal, originally referred to as risperidone, is a typical antipsychotic that has proven to be highly effective in the management of bipolar disorders.  It does so by trying to influence a rebalance in serotonin and dopamine thus resulting in good conduct. Since the patient was having bipolar confusion, Risperdal happens to be the best alternative also considering that it is readily accessible (Culpepper, 2014).  In the past treatment therapy, the patient happened to default lithium. Therefore, it wouldn’t be a smart option to start lithium 300mg since the chances of the patient not adhering to treatment are high. Similarly, Seroquel XR could be a good alternative. However, its side effects of constipation and weight addition might contribute to non-compliance thus not achieving the therapeutic goals (John & Antai-Otong, 2016).  This leaves Risperdal as the best option in this case. Assessing and Treating Clients with With Bipolar Disorder Essay.

    Expected Outcomes

    Within four weeks on treatment, the patient is expected to show immense progress. The current manifestations of bipolar disorder that she experiences are also expected to diminish to an extent that the patient has a peaceful state of mind. The patient should be restful and be able to conduct her activities of daily life with little or no difficulty (John & Antai-Otong, 2016) Risperdal is the best choice to influence mental action and improve the patient’s capacity to be of rational sound mind in the way she addresses issues. It is also expected that the patient’s self-destructive practices and tension would diminish and will respond to her environment and social interactions positively (Fang, et al., 2017).

     
    Difference between Expected Outcomes and Actual Outcomes

    After four weeks, the client returned to the clinic accompanied by her mother looking very lethargic and sedated. They, however, agreed that the patient’s self-destructive practices had significantly diminished. The client’s mother explained that the client had been lethargic for about a week after the last visit. Assessing and Treating Clients with With Bipolar Disorder Essay. It should be noted that one of the side effects of Risperdal is sedation (John & Antai-Otong, 2016) Similarly, based on the fact that the client is reportedly positive for CYP2D6*10 allele, it is probable that she might be having a slow rate of clearance of Risperdal from her systems leading to higher levels than normal of Risperdal in blood (Chen et al., 2015). Assessing and Treating Clients with With Bipolar Disorder Essay.

    Decision #2

    Selected Decision

    Based on the client’s presentation and the initial decision, the second best decision, in this case, would be reducing Risperdal to 1mg HS.

    Reason for Selecting This Decision

    Based on the patient’s progress during the second visit, it was evident that Risperdal was effective in attaining therapeutic goals of treatment. However, the unwanted side effects were the major concerns. It is therefore wise to decrease the dosing to deal with the side effects rather than change to another drug.  Decreasing the dosage to one mg HS would be the best alternative that will help to reduce the significant impact of the side effects (Culpepper, 2014). Assessing and Treating Clients with With Bipolar Disorder Essay. Changing the drug to lithium will possibly result in non-compliance since the client has already developed some demeanor towards it. Besides, the patient may turn out to generally have a negative attitude towards all medicines which may be prescribed by the mental health practitioner. Giving the patient support to adapt to an alternate dosage of the same medication will also improve their dedication, trust, and understanding to collaborate in achieving the treatment goals (John & Antai-Otong, 2016).

    Expected Outcomes

    As earlier stated, Risperdal has proven to be effective in managing the symptoms of bipolar disorder by influencing a balance in serotonin and dopamine to help address a patient’s self-destructive behaviors. Based on the fact that the client is positive for CYP2D6*10 allele, the initial dosage could have resulted in an accumulation of Risperdal which is slowly being cleared (John & Antai-Otong, 2016). Assessing and Treating Clients with With Bipolar Disorder Essay. Reducing the dosage to one mg HS will definitely reduce the amount of Risperdal accumulated in the body and subsequent side effects of lethargy and sedation. By adjusting this dosage, it is expected that the patient will record some positive progress in terms of reduced self-destructive behaviors, ease in performing activities of daily life and thinking patterns (Fang, et al., 2017). It is also expected that the client will have minimal episodes of lethargy and sedation.

    Difference between Expected Outcomes and Actual Outcomes

    After four weeks, the client returned to the clinic accompanied by her mother. She was less sedated, less lethargic and showed a lot of improvement in symptoms. The young mania rating scale had also reduced from 22 to 16, an illustration that there was more than a 25% reduction in symptoms. These outcomes were actually foreseen and were the reason the dosage of Risperdal was reduced to one mg HS (John & Antai-Otong, 2016) Risperdal is a powerful choice for bipolar disorder; its side effects are easily manageable and help in the achievement of therapeutic goals for bipolar patients more easily Assessing and Treating Clients with With Bipolar Disorder Essay.

    Decision #3

    Selected Decision

    My third decision would be to continue at the same dosage of 1 mg HS.

    Reason for Selecting This Decision

    From the initial visit, it was evident that the client has good progress in terms of reducing self-destructive behaviors and management of the drugs side effects. Maintaining this dosage and reassessing the client after four weeks will contribute to the achievement of the treatment goals for both the client and the attending mental health practitioner. The initial dosage of 1 mg BID had turned out to be detrimental to the patient’s health (Fang, et al., 2017). Therefore, going back to it would prompt similar side effects.  Besides, changing to Latuda is not recommendable in this case since Latuda is FDA approved for bipolar I depression which differs from the patient’s presentation that we are trying to manage. Besides, Latuda is costly and most health insurance companies would decline to pay for it until other drugs have been attempted and proven to fail (John & Antai-Otong, 2016). Assessing and Treating Clients with With Bipolar Disorder Essay.

    Expected Outcomes

    It is expected that, within four weeks, the patient will record immense progress by reducing self-destructive behaviors. Besides, she will report very minimal or no side effects from Risperdal. She will have a good state of mind, conduct, and good thinking patterns. Risperdal is FDA approved for managing bipolar symptoms and has proven to be highly effective with manageable side effects (John & Antai-Otong, 2016)

    Difference between Expected Outcomes and Actual Outcomes

    As initially expected, the patient has some significant progress and very minimal side effects of lethargy and sedation. The reassessment proved that Risperdal had adequately helped to achieve the necessary treatment goals in the entire course of treatment. Given the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of Risperdal, these are certainly the outcomes that ought to be expected. Since the client is for positive for CYP2D6*10 allele, Risperdal could be clearing at a slower rate resulting to higher than normal levels in the blood (Fang, et al., 2017).

    However, the effect, in this case, may not be significant as compared to the initial point.

    How Ethical Considerations Might Impact the Treatment Plan and Communication With Clients

               
    The major ethical considerations that ought to be considered in managing clients with bipolar disorder are beneficence, nonmaleficence, and autonomy. Despite the fact that clients need treatment to live near-normal lives, the risks of the choice of medications used should balance with the corresponding benefits. Alternatively, a mental healthcare provider should consider giving the patient some of the best available options for management to maximize the benefits of treatment (Ratheesh et al., 2017).  The impairment or insight and judgment that is always characterized by mania and mood episodes may render a patient as not able to provide informed consent nor incapable of making rational decisions regarding their treatment. Besides, a number of clinical presentations such as delusional thinking and irritability could probably be a threat in damaging the therapeutic alliance that exists between a client and a mental healthcare provider. It should also be noted that, due to the relapsing-remitting nature of bipolar disorder, there are instances where a patient might feel well and question the need to continue with treatment (Ratheesh et al., 2017).  This places the treatment goals laid by the mental healthcare provider in conflict with the patient’s autonomy to make decisions. Assessing and Treating Clients with With Bipolar Disorder Essay.

    References

    Chen, R., Wang, H., Shi, J., Shen, K., & Hu, P. (2015). Cytochrome P450 2D6 genotype affects the pharmacokinetics of controlled-release paroxetine in healthy Chinese subjects: comparison of traditional phenotype and activity score systems.
    European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
    , 71(7), 835-841.

    Culpepper, L. (2014). The diagnosis and treatment of bipolar disorder: decision-making in primary care. 
    The primary care companion for CNS disorders
    , 
    16
    (3).

    Fang, F., Wang, Z., Wu, R., Calabrese, J. R., & Gao, K. (2017). Is there a ‘weight neutral’second-generation antipsychotic for bipolar disorder?. 
    Expert review of Neurotherapeutics
    , 
    17
    (4), 407-418.

    John, R. L., & Antai-Otong, D. (2016). Contemporary Treatment Approaches to Major Depression and Bipolar Disorders. 
    Nursing Clinics
    , 
    51
    (2), 335-351.

    Ratheesh, A., Cotton, S. M., Davey, C. G., Adams, S., Bechdolf, A., Macneil, C., & McGorry, P. D. (2017). Ethical considerations in preventive interventions for bipolar disorder. 
    Early intervention in psychiatry
    , 
    11
    (2), 104-112. Assessing and Treating Clients with With Bipolar Disorder Essay.

  • Assessing and Treating Clients With Anxiety Disorders Sample Essay

    Assessing and Treating Clients With Anxiety Disorders Sample Essay

    Generalized Anxiety Disorder

    Middle-Aged White Male With Anxiety

    BACKGROUND INFORMATION

    The client is a 46-year-old white male who works as a welder at a local steel fabrication factory. He presents today after being referred by his PCP after a trip to the emergency room in which he felt he was having a heart attack. He stated that he felt chest tightness, shortness of breath, and feeling of impending doom. He does have some mild hypertension (which is treated with low sodium diet) and is about 15 lbs. overweight. He had his tonsils removed when he was 8 years old, but his medical history since that time has been unremarkable. Myocardial infarction was ruled out in the ER and his EKG was normal. Remainder of physical exam was WNL.

    He admits that he still has problems with tightness in the chest and episodes of shortness of breath- he now terms these “anxiety attacks.” He will also report occasional feelings of impending doom, and the need to “run” or “escape” from wherever he is at.

    In your office, he confesses to occasional use of ETOH to combat worries about work. He admits to consuming about 3-4 beers/night. Although he is single, he is attempting to care for aging parents in his home. He reports that the management at his place of employment is harsh, and he fears for his job. You administer the HAM-A, which yields a score of 26.

    Client has never been on any type of psychotropic medication.

    ORDER A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HERE

    MENTAL STATUS EXAM

    The client is alert, oriented to person, place, time, and event. He is appropriately dressed. Speech is clear, coherent, and goal-directed. Client’s self-reported mood is “bleh” and he does endorse feeling “nervous”. Affect is somewhat blunted, but does brighten several times throughout the clinical interview. Affect broad. Client denies visual or auditory hallucinations, no overt delusional or paranoid thought processes readily apparent. Judgment is grossly intact, as is insight. He denies suicidal or homicidal ideation.

    The PMHNP administers the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) which yields a score of 26.

    Diagnosis: Generalized anxiety disorder. Assessing and Treating Clients With Anxiety Disorders Sample Essay.

    RESOURCES

    § Hamilton, M. (1959). Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale. Psyctests, doi:10.1037/t02824-0

    Decision Point One

    Select what the PMHNP should do:

    Begin Zoloft 50 mg po daily

    Begin Zoloft 50 mg po daily

    Begin Imipramine 25 mg po BID

    Begin Imipramine 25 mg po BID

    Begin Buspirone 10 mg po BID

    Begin Buspirone 10 mg po BID

    The Assignment

    Examine Case Study: A Middle-Aged Caucasian Man With Anxiety. You will be asked to make three decisions concerning the medication to prescribe to this client. Be sure to consider factors that might impact the client’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes.

    At each decision point stop to complete the following:

    • Decision #1

    o Which decision did you select?

    o Why did you select this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.

    o What were you hoping to achieve by making this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.

    o Explain any difference between what you expected to achieve with Decision #1 and the results of the decision. Why were they different?

    • Decision #2

    o Why did you select this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.

    o What were you hoping to achieve by making this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.

    o Explain any difference between what you expected to achieve with Decision #2 and the results of the decision. Why were they different?

    • Decision #3

    o Why did you select this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.

    o What were you hoping to achieve by making this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.

    o Explain any difference between what you expected to achieve with Decision #3 and the results of the decision. Why were they different? Assessing and Treating Clients With Anxiety Disorders Sample Essay.

    Also include how ethical considerations might impact your treatment plan and communication with clients.

    Below is a simple paper for reference.

    Week 2 Assignment: Assessing and Treating Pediatric Clients with Mood Disorders

    Depression is considered an affective disorder due to its effect on the internal emotions and external mood seen by others (Stahl, 2013). Symptoms of depression include generalized sadness which can lead to feelings of guilt, fatigue, anxiety, poor concentration, changes in sleep pattern, increased or poor appetite and social isolation among many others. It is theorized that the cause of depression is due to a deficiency of monoamine neurotransmitters which are responsible for the amount of norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine in the brain (Stahl, 2013). When treating a patient with depression, medications generally target this deficiency in hopes to provide relief from the symptoms the client is experiencing.

    Case Study Information

    The case study presented this week consists of an 8-year-old African American male presenting to the emergency department with mom due to increased feelings of sadness, withdrawn behavior in school, decreased appetite and occasional agitated behaviors (Laureate Education, 2016e). While the physical examination and laboratory studies were within normal limits, the mental status exam proved to be normal with reported “sad” mood, blunted affect but appropriately smiled at times and endorses thoughts of passive suicidal ideation (Laureate Education, 2016e). The client scored a 30 on the Children’s Depression Rating Scale, indicating significant depression (Laureate Education, 2016e).

    The purpose of this assignment is to consider the 8-year-old client and information and make three decisions concerning medications to prescribe to the client. Each decision offers multiple options to choose from. The decision will be chosen based on evidence consisting of recent academic resources and research studies along with a rational for why the other two options were not chosen. Assessing and Treating Clients With Anxiety Disorders Sample Essay. Each outcome will be discussed based on if it was expected or not and what the next step will be. Lastly, ethical considerations will be discussed and how they may impact the treatment plan for the client and the communication with the client and his family.

    Decision One

    The first decision point the Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner (PMHNP) must choose which medication the client will start. The medications to choose from include Zoloft (sertraline) 25 mg by mouth daily, Paxil (paroxetine) 10 mg by mouth daily, and Wellbutrin (bupropion) 75 mg by mouth twice daily (Laureate Education, 2016e). As the PMHNP caring for this client, Zoloft 25 mg daily would be the first choice of therapy for this patient. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are known to be the first line of treatment for children with depression (DeFilippis & Wagner, 2014). While sertraline and paroxetine are both SSRIs, sertraline is FDA approved when treating children whereas paroxetine has been found to be affective when treating children with depression, it is not specifically approved by the FDA at this point in time (Stahl, 2014b). Sertraline is approved by the FDA for use in children with depression beginning at the age of six (Stahl, 2013). Additionally, paroxetine is not recommended in use for children due to its short half-life which can lead to withdrawal when the medication is stopped abruptly (Nathan & Gorman, 2015).

    The safety and efficacy of bupropion have not been established thus far but it some research that has been done suggests that this medication is effective for treatment of a client with both attention deficit disorder and depression, something that the client in this case study does not exhibit (Stahl, 2014b). Research has also shown that often the placebo effect alone on prescription medications can play a part in reduction of depressive symptoms in both children and adults (DeFilippis & Wagner, 2014). Assessing and Treating Clients With Anxiety Disorders Sample Essay.

    As a new prescriber, I would most likely make a cautious decision when treating a child for the first time. Due to the fact that sertraline is FDA approved in the treatment of depression in children, I would most likely go with that medication as a primary action for prescribing for this client. The goal of this treatment is to alleviate depressive symptoms in the client while minimizing the risk for side effects of the medication.

    When the client returned to the clinic four weeks after starting on Zoloft 25 mg daily, there was no change in the depressive symptoms at all (Laureate Education, 2016e). I am surprised that there was absolutely no change given the fact that the effects can be either medicinal or placebo, with changes seen as early as a week into the medication trial (Nathan & Gorman, 2015). As with all medications, there is always the chance that the client does not see an improvement in symptoms.

    Decision Two

    After the initial trial of Zoloft 25 mg yielded no change in the client’s symptoms, the treatment options are to increase the dose to 37.5 mg daily, increase the dose to 50 mg daily or to change the medication completely to Prozac 10 mg daily (Laureate Education, 2016e). Because the patient has not exhibited any adverse reactions to the medication, there is no need to change the medication at this time. As for titrating the sertraline, it can be titrated in increments of 25 mg with the maximum dosage not to exceed 200 mg daily (Southammakosane & Schmitz, 2015). Once the medication is started and tolerated, research supports titrating the medication up to minimize depressive symptoms (Cheung et al., 2018). Paroxetine, in general, was not recommended for treatment of pediatric depression based on research by Nathan & Gorman (2015) and this will not be considered for this client.

    Based on this research, the decision was made to increase the Zoloft dose to 50 mg daily for the client. Again, the goals of treatment are to find a medication that reduces depressive symptoms in this pediatric patient while minimizing adverse effects. Once that goal is accomplished, long term goals for the client would be medication compliance and absence of relapse in depressive symptoms and suicidality.

    The client returned to the clinic in four weeks with a decrease in depressive symptoms by 50% and is tolerating the medication well (Laureate Education, 2016e). While I anticipated the patient to have a reduction in depressive symptoms with the increase in dose, I had hoped the low dose would be effective for this patient. Assessing and Treating Clients With Anxiety Disorders Sample Essay. I am pleasantly surprised that the patient is not exhibiting any side effects from the medication.

    Decision Three

    The increase in the Zoloft dose to 50 mg yielded decreased depressive symptoms and no side effects (Laureate Education, 2016e). The next decision for the client involves maintaining the current dose, increasing the dose by 25 mg again to achieve a total dose of 75 mg daily or changing the medication to a SNRI (Laureate Education, 2016e). When discussing the medication with the client and parent, it would be important to discuss medication adherence to assure the client is taking the medication as directed. If this is the case, I would likely recommend increasing the dose to 75 mg due to the fact that the medication can be titrated up in 25 mg increments with the maximum prescribed dose of Zoloft being no more than 200 mg by mouth each day (Southammakosane & Schmitz, 2015). If the patient had seen no response and had reached the upper limit of Zoloft already, I would consider changing the medication, but it appears as though there is some desired effect from the medication without adverse reactions, which is the goal of treatment.

    Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI’s) such as duloxetine, venlafaxine and desvenlafaxine are considered second-line or third-line treatments for children with depression (Koechlin et al., 2018). Additionally, some research shows that there is significant cost benefit as well as safety in using SSRI’s over SNRI’s (Locher et al., 2107). In this case, I would continue with the SSRI medication I have been utilizing for this patient, which is a first line medication until I have exhausted my dosage options.

    With increasing the dose of the Zoloft to 75 mg daily, I am hopeful that the medication will have an increased effect, perhaps 75-100% effective with little to no side effects. The response to the decision was that the client had a sufficient response to the medication with associated symptom reduction (Laureate Education, 2016e). It was recommended to either continue the Zoloft at 50 mg daily considering there was a response to the medication and evaluate again in four weeks to see if the medication continues to work or to increase it to 75 mg daily considering it was not complete remission of depressive symptoms (Laureate Education, 2016e).

    While an increased dose may yield potential adverse effects, it can also give the necessary response of decreased depressive symptoms. This could be an opportunity to discuss the medication and symptoms with both the client and his parents to make them apart of the decision making. Although the client is only 8-years-old, he is capable of discussing his feelings as well as his response to the medication. Family can offer additional feedback from an external source about the client’s symptoms (Stahl, 2013). Should the patient not be able to tolerate the medication increase, the dose can be decreased as well. As I anticipated with the third decision, there is no reason to change the medication to an SNRI at this time considering the client is tolerating the Zoloft dose and exhibiting a response to it.

    Conclusion

    While there is not one correct answer when treating a child with depression, beginning drug therapy with a SSRI and titrating up slowly and as indicated has proved to be effective for my 8-year-old client with depression. When combined with therapy, such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) treatment is enhanced and side effects of medications are diminished (Giles & Martini, 2016). Along with follow up for medication management, this client and his mom should also be educated on potential side effects including potential increase in suicidality. Should this happen, the client should be encouraged to reach out to a parent or adult he trusts and seek an appointment immediately.

    Ethically, when treating clients with medications, benefit of treatment must outweigh potential harm (Merry et al., 2017). When discussing the treatment plan with the client and family, we must remain transparent and educate them on the pros and cons of the medications and also the potential for a placebo effect from taking an antidepressant medication. Information should be provided based on educational level and should be basic enough for an 8-year-old to understand and also complex enough for the parent to gauge an understanding of the medication their child is taking.

    This assignment was an opportunity to examine different medication therapy for a child with depression and make changes as needed to help alleviate the client’s symptoms. Although there is not one clear answer when diagnosing and treating patients, it is important we treat each patient individually and based upon their needs and responses to medications prescribed.

    References

    Cheung, A. H., Zuckerbrot, R. A., Jensen, P. S., Laraque, D., Stein, R. E., & GLAD-PC

    STEERING GROUP. (2018). Guidelines for adolescent depression in primary care (GLAD-PC): Part II. Treatment and ongoing management. Pediatrics, 141(3), e20174082.

    DeFilippis, M., & Wagner, K. D. (2014). Management of treatment-resistant depression in

    children and adolescents. Pediatric Drugs, 16(5), 353-361

    Giles, L. L., & Martini, D. R. (2016). Challenges and promises of pediatric

    psychopharmacology. Academic pediatrics, 16(6), 508-518.

    Koechlin, H., Kossowsky, J., Gaab, J., & Locher, C. (2018). How to address the placebo

    response in the prescription SSRIs and SNRIs in children and adolescents.

    Laureate Education (2016e). Case study: An African American child suffering from depression

    [Interactive media file]. Baltimore, MD: Author. Assessing and Treating Clients With Anxiety Disorders Sample Essay.

    Locher, C., Koechlin, H., Zion, S. R., Werner, C., Pine, D. S., Kirsch, I. & Kossowsky, J. (2017).

    Efficacy and Safety of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors, and Placebo for Common Psychiatric Disorders Among Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, 74(10), 1011–1020. http://doi.org/10.1001/ jamapsychiatry.2017.2432

    Merry, S. N., Hetrick, S. E., & Stasiak, K. (2017). Effectiveness and Safety of Antidepressants

    for Children and Adolescents: Implications for Clinical Practice. JAMA psychiatry, 74(10), 985-986.

    Nathan, P. E., & Gorman, J. M. (Eds.). (2015). A guide to treatments that work. Oxford

    University Press.

    —————————— ————–

    Assessing and Treating Clients with Anxiety Disorder

    Introduction

    Anxiety disorders refer to a syndrome of mental disorders typified by substantial feelings of fear and anxiety.  The anxiety and fears may cause physical symptoms like shakiness and rapid heart rate. Various forms of anxiety disorders include panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder, among other disorders (Locke et al, 2015).  The focus of this assignment is on a 46-year-old male who presented with symptoms of anxiety disorder that included breath shortness, chest tightness as well as a feeling of impending doom. Results of ER and ECK were normal which ruled out myocardial infarction. (HAM-A) scale yielded a score of 26 and a diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) was made. Following the diagnosis, three decisions will be made about the treatment regimen for the client. After making each decision, a rationale supported by clinical evidence and patient data will be provided. Moreover, after making each decision, factors likely to impact the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes for the client will be considered when making decisions. Finally, ethical considerations likely to impact the client’s treatment plan will be discussed.

    Decision Point One

    The first choice for the client would be to begin Zoloft 50 mg orally daily. This decision was selected because Zoloft is selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and SSRIs are the recommended first-line treatments for anxiety disorders. SSRIs work by increasing the amount of serotonin within the brain; serotonin is a brain chemical that is very important for mood regulation (Locher et al, 2017). Accordingly, SSRIs such as Zoloft work by hindering serotonin reuptake in the brain and therefore increases the level of serotonin in the brain; availability of serotonin thus helps in regulating moods and hence improves anxiety symptoms. In addition, evidence shows that Zoloft is effective in improving anxiety symptoms manifest in GAD; this is because anxiety depletes serotonin in the brain and this is addressed by an SSRI such as Zoloft which replaces the depleted serotonin in the brain (Patel et al, 2018).

    Imipramine (Tofranil) at 25 mg BID and Buspirone (Buspar) 10 mg orally twice daily choices were not selected because as aforementioned evidence recommends SSRIs as the first-line medications in the treatment of anxiety disorders Assessing and Treating Clients With Anxiety Disorders Sample Essay. Moreover, these two medications are not well tolerated as Zoloft and also have numerous side effects when compared to Zoloft.

    By selecting the decision to begin Zoloft 50 mg orally daily, it was expected that symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder manifested by the client would gradually clear away. It was also expected that the HAM-A score for the client would significantly reduce indicating an improvement of the anxiety symptoms. This is because evidence shows that Zoloft as an SSRI is effective in the treatment of GAD symptoms (Patel et al, 2018). In addition, it was hoped that the client would have minimal side effects and tolerate the medication because evidence shows that SSRIs have minimal side effects are well tolerated (Clevenger et al, 2018)

    There was no significant difference between the actual outcome of the decision and the expected results because when the client came for review the anxiety symptoms had significantly reduced and manifested by the client not having symptoms such as shortness of breath or chest tightness. Moreover, the client reported that he had stopped worrying about his job and also the HAM-A score dropped from 28 to 18 which shows that the client was responding to treatment, although partially.

    Decision Point Two

    The chosen second decision is to increase the client’s Zoloft dose to 75 mg orally daily. This decision was selected because the client’s HAM-A score dropped from 28 to 18 which indicated a partial response to treatment which shows that the client is responding to the treatment. Therefore, the increase of the dose from 50 mg to 75mg will further increase the availability of serotonin within the brain and thus further improve the anxiety symptoms for the client.  Evidence supports the gradual increase of the SSRIs dosage if the clients are not satisfactorily responsive to the treatment (Jakubovski et al, 2016). This decision was also based on the fact that the client seems to be tolerating Zoloft medication well and without any side effect.

    The option to increase Zoloft to 100mg was not chosen because dosage increase and titration are supposed to be gradual to ensure the client continues to tolerate the medication well with minimal side effects.  On the other hand, the option to have the client continue with the same dose and have him reassessed after four weeks was not selected because the client’s response is partial and therefore it is essential to increase the dosage to ensure complete response to the medication (Jakubovski et al, 2016). Assessing and Treating Clients With Anxiety Disorders Sample Essay.

    By choosing this decision, the expectation was that the anxiety symptoms would continue reducing and this would be indicated by a significantly reduced HAM-A score. There was no noticeable difference between the actual decision and the expected decision because on coming to the clinic the client’s anxiety symptoms had further reduced as indicated by the further reduction of the HAM-A score.

    Decision Point Three

    For the third decision, the chosen decision is to have the client maintain the current dose of Zoloft 75 mg orally daily. This decision was chosen because with the current decision the client is showing improvement of the anxiety symptoms as indicated by the subjective data and the HAM-A score; the client reported that he was no longer experiencing the symptoms and also the HAM-A score indicated significant reduction with the current dose. This means that the client is responding to the current medication and dose adequately. Assessing and Treating Clients With Anxiety Disorders Sample Essay. In addition, with the current dose, the client is not experiencing any side effects and he is tolerating the medication very well. Evidence and clinical guidelines recommend titration of medications according to the response of the client; in this case, the client is responding very well and hence there is no need to titrate medication any further (Jakobsen et al, 2017).

    The option to either augment the current treatment with Buspar or the option of increasing the current dose of Zoloft to 100mg was not chosen since the client is showing a satisfactory response to the current dose of Zoloft 75 mg.

    By selecting this decision, the expectation is that the client will show a complete response to the treatment where the client will report complete clearance of the symptoms and the HAM-A score will significantly reduce.

    Impact of Ethical Considerations on the Treatment Plan

    For this client, the ethical considerations will encompass informed consent, confidentiality, and autonomy. First, it is essential to seek informed consent from the client to ensure that the client has full information about the recommended treatment before he consents to the treatment (Millum, 2013). Secondly, the confidentiality of the client should be respected. This means that any information and the client’s treatment regimen should not be disclosed to any other party without the consent of the client. Lastly, the client’s autonomy should be respected where the client should not be forced or coerced to have any treatment; he should decide to accept or refuse the treatment. Any decision the client makes about the treatment should be respected (Millum, 2013).

     

    Conclusion

    The selected first decision is to begin Zoloft 50 mg orally daily. The rationale for selecting this decision is because SSRIs such as Zoloft are the first treatment choice for anxiety disorders and evidence shows that the medication is effective in treating anxiety symptoms. There was significant improvement with this decision. The second decision was to increase the dose to the Zoloft dose to 75 mg orally daily. This decision was made because the client was showing partial response as indicated by the HAM-A score and hence increasing the dose would facilitate a satisfactory response. The third decision is to maintain the current dose because the client is showing a satisfactory response to the treatment as indicated by the reduced HAM-A score and reduced symptoms as per the subjective data. Finally, the ethical considerations that should be considered include autonomy, confidentiality, and informed consent.

     

     

    References

    Clevenger S, Devvrat M, Dang J, Vanle B & William I. (2018). The role of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in preventing relapse of major depressive disorder.
    Ther Adv Psychopharmacology
    . 8(1): 49–58. Assessing and Treating Clients With Anxiety Disorders Sample Essay.

    Jakubovski E, Anjali V, Freemantle N, Taylr M & Bloch M. (2016). Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Dose-Response Relationship of Selective-Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors in Major Depressive Disorder.
    Am J Psychiatry
    . 173(2): 174–183.

    Jakobsen J, Kumar K, Timm A, Gluud C, Ebert E et al. (2017). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors versus placebo in patients with major depressive disorder. A systematic review with meta-analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis.
    BMC Psychiatry
    . 17(58).

    Locke A, Faafp M, Krist N & Shultz C. (2015). Diagnosis and Management of Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Panic Disorder in Adults.
    Am Fam Physician.
      1;91(9),617-624.

    Locher, C., Koechlin, H., Zion, S. R., Werner, C., Pine, D. S., Kirsch, I. & Kossowsky, J. (2017).

    Efficacy and Safety of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors, and Placebo for Common Psychiatric Disorders Among Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
    JAMA Psychiatry
    . 74(10), 1011–1020.

    Millum J. (2013). Introduction: Case Studies in the Ethics of Mental Health Research.
    J Nerv Ment Dis
    . 200(3), 230–235.

    Patel D, Feucht C, Brown K & Ramsay J. (2018). Pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: a review for practitioners.
    Transl Pediatr
    . 7(1): 23–35. Assessing and Treating Clients With Anxiety Disorders Sample Essay.

  • Assessing and Treating Clients With Psychosis and Schizophrenia Sample Essay

    Assessing and Treating Clients With Psychosis and Schizophrenia Sample Essay

    Delusional Disorders

    Pakistani Female With Delusional Thought Processes

    BACKGROUND

    The client is a 34-year-old Pakistani female who moved to the United States in her late teens/early 20s. She is currently in an “arranged” marriage (her husband was selected for her since she was 9 years old). She presents to your office today following a 21 day hospitalization for what was diagnosed as “brief psychotic disorder.” She was given this diagnosis as her symptoms have persisted for less than 1 month.

    Prior to admission, she was reporting visions of Allah, and over the course of a week, she believed that she was the prophet Mohammad. She believed that she would deliver the world from sin. Her husband became concerned about her behavior to the point that he was afraid of leaving their 4 children with her. One evening, she was “out of control” which resulted in his calling the police and her subsequent admission to an inpatient psych unit. Assessing and Treating Clients With Psychosis and Schizophrenia Sample Essay.

    BUY A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HERE

    During today’s assessment, she appears quite calm, and insists that the entire incident was “blown out of proportion.” She denies that she believed herself to be the prophet Mohammad and states that her husband was just out to get her because he never loved her and wanted an “American wife” instead of her. She tells you that she knows this because the television is telling her so.

    She currently weighs 140 lbs, and is 5’ 5”

    SUBJECTIVE

    Client reports that her mood is “good.” She denies auditory/visual hallucinations, but believes that the television does talk to her. She believes that Allah sends her messages through the TV. At times throughout the clinical interview, she becomes hostile towards the PMHNP, but then calms down.

    You reviewed her hospital records and find that she has been medically worked up by a physician who reported her to be in overall good health Assessing and Treating Clients With Psychosis and Schizophrenia Sample Essay. Lab studies were all within normal limits.

    Client admits that she stopped taking her Risperdal about a week after she got out of the hospital because she thinks her husband is going to poison her so that he can marry an American woman.

    MENTAL STATUS EXAM

    The client is alert, oriented to person, place, time, and event. She is dressed appropriately for the weather and time of year. She demonstrates no noteworthy mannerisms, gestures, or tics. Her speech is slow and at times, interrupted by periods of silence. Self-reported mood is euthymic. Affect constricted. Although the client denies visual or auditory hallucinations, she appears to be “listening” to something. Delusional and paranoid thought processes as described, above. Insight and judgment are impaired. She is currently denying suicidal or homicidal ideation. Assessing and Treating Clients With Psychosis and Schizophrenia Sample Essay.

    The PMHNP administers the PANSS which reveals the following scores:

    -40 for the positive symptoms scale

    -20 for the negative symptom scale

    -60 for general psychopathology scale

    Diagnosis: Schizophrenia, paranoid type

    RESOURCES

    § Kay, S. R., Fiszbein, A., & Opler, L. A. (1987). The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 13(2), 261-276.

    § Clozapine REMS. (2015). Clozapine REMS: The single shared system for clozapine. Retrieved from https://www.clozapinerems.com/CpmgClozapineUI/rems/pdf/resources/Clozapine_REMS_A_Guide_for_Healthcare_Providers.pdf

    § Paz, Z., Nalls, M. & Ziv, E. (2011). The genetics of benign neutropenia. Israel Medical Association Journal. 13. 625-629.

    Decision Point One

    Select what the PMHNP should do:

    Start Zyprexa 10 mg orally at BEDTIME

    Start Zyprexa 10 mg orally at BEDTIME

    Start Invega Sustenna 234 mg intramuscular X1 followed by 156 mg intramuscular on day 4 and monthly thereafter

    Start Invega Sustenna 234 mg intramuscular X1 followed by 156 mg intramuscular on day 4 and monthly thereafter

    Start Abilify 10 mg orally at BEDTIME

    Start Abilify 10 mg orally at BEDTIME

    Examine Case Study: Pakistani Woman with Delusional Thought Processes. You will be asked to make three decisions concerning the medication to prescribe to this client. Assessing and Treating Clients With Psychosis and Schizophrenia Sample Essay. Be sure to consider factors that might impact the client’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes.

    At each decision point stop to complete the following:

    • Decision #1

    o Which decision did you select?

    o Why did you select this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.

    o What were you hoping to achieve by making this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.

    o Explain any difference between what you expected to achieve with Decision #1 and the results of the decision. Why were they different?

    • Decision #2

    o Why did you select this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.

    o What were you hoping to achieve by making this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.

    o Explain any difference between what you expected to achieve with Decision #2 and the results of the decision. Why were they different? Assessing and Treating Clients With Psychosis and Schizophrenia Sample Essay.

    • Decision #3

    o Why did you select this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.

    o What were you hoping to achieve by making this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.

    o Explain any difference between what you expected to achieve with Decision #3 and the results of the decision. Why were they different?

    Also include how ethical considerations might impact your treatment plan and communication with clients.

    Note: Support your rationale with a minimum of three academic resources. While you may use the course text to support your rationale, it will not count toward the resource requirement.

    Below is a simple paper for reference.

    “Bipolar” refers to a mental condition characterized by a sudden shift in the energy and the moods of the patient. The condition may also result in the occurrence of manic phases along with slight depression. The condition is quite difficult to diagnose being that one may exhibit depression-like symptoms and/or manic phases. Symptoms associated with bipolar disorder are common, often symptoms of other disorders Assessing and Treating Clients With Psychosis and Schizophrenia Sample Essay. Cases of misdiagnosis for this condition is also common. This, in turn, results in wrong medication prescribed to the patient. Under such circumstance, the condition of the patient might become more complicated, and worst-case scenario, some might lose their lives (Stahl, 2013). It is therefore important to thoroughly assess the symptoms exhibited by a client before making a diagnosis. This is in a bid to eliminate any case of misdiagnosis. This paper will provide three medical decisions that can be taken in the treatment of a patient diagnosed with Bipolar disorder.

    Background

    The client that I assessed this week is a 26-year-old Korean female. The client has been hospitalized for 21 days as a result of manic phases that she experienced. During the assessment process, the client would fiddle with things. She weighed 110lbs while standing 5’5”. She explains how she only sleeps for five hours since “sleeping is not fun.” Her medical history indicated that she is of good health and the results from the lab evaluation indicated that her vital signs are within normal limits. A gene test of the client indicated that she is positive for CYP2D6*10 allele, which means any medication offered to her would not yield the desired results. She reports that she stopped taking the medications that she was prescribed within hospital (Laureate Education, 2016f). The client is alert and oriented to the events taking place around her. However, she is dressed inappropriately and her speaking rapidly. Assessing and Treating Clients With Psychosis and Schizophrenia Sample Essay. She reports her mood as unbothered and affects as broad. She denies any form of hallucination or paranoia. Her judgment is intact while her insight is slightly affected. Nonetheless, she denies suicidal ideations.

    Decision #1

    Selected Decision

    The first decision is to start Risperdal 1mg orally BID

    Reason For Selecting This Decision

    Risperdal, originally referred to as risperidone, is a typical antipsychotic that has proven to be highly effective in the management of bipolar disorders. It does so by trying to influence a rebalance in serotonin and dopamine thus resulting in good conduct. Since the patient was having bipolar confusion, Risperdal happens to be the best alternative also considering that it is readily accessible (Culpepper, 2014). In the past treatment therapy, the patient happened to default lithium. Therefore, it wouldn’t be a smart option to start lithium 300mg since the chances of the patient not adhering to treatment are high. Assessing and Treating Clients With Psychosis and Schizophrenia Sample Essay. Also, Lithium has a lot of side effects and the patient will be subjected to monitoring therapeutic range periodical to avoid toxic range, which means the patient have to go to a lab and have her blood drawn periodical. Similarly, Seroquel XR could be a good alternative, but it’s mostly used for acute Schizophrenia and Schizophrenia maintenance. However, its side effects of increase diabetes, dyslipidemia, constipation and weight addition might contribute to non-compliance thus not achieving the therapeutic goals (John & Antai-Otong, 2016). This leaves Risperdal as the best option in this case.

    Expected Outcomes

    Within four weeks on treatment, the patient is expected to show immense progress. The current manifestations of bipolar disorder that she experiences are also expected to diminish to an extent that the patient has a peaceful state of mind. The patient should be restful and be able to conduct her activities of daily life with little or no difficulty (John & Antai-Otong, 2016) Risperdal is the best choice to influence mental action and improve the patient’s capacity to be of rational sound mind in the way she addresses issues. It is also expected that the patient’s self-destructive practices and tension would diminish and will respond to her environment and social interactions positively (Fang, et al., 2017).

    Difference between Expected Outcomes and Actual Outcomes

    After four weeks, the client returned to the clinic accompanied by her mother looking very lethargic and sedated. They, however, agreed that the patient’s self-destructive practices had significantly diminished. The client’s mother explained that the client had been lethargic for about a week after the last visit. Assessing and Treating Clients With Psychosis and Schizophrenia Sample Essay. It should be noted that one of the side effects of Risperdal is sedation (John & Antai-Otong, 2016) Similarly, based on the fact that the client is reportedly positive for CYP2D6*10 allele, it is probable that she might be having a slow rate of clearance of Risperdal from her systems leading to higher levels than normal of Risperdal in blood (Chen et al., 2015).

    Decision #2

    Selected Decision

    Based on the client’s presentation and the initial decision, the second-best decision, in this case, would be reducing Risperdal to 1mg HS.

    Reason for Selecting This Decision

    Based on the patient’s progress during the second visit, it was evident that Risperdal was effective in attaining therapeutic goals of treatment. However, the unwanted side effects were the major concerns. It is therefore wise to decrease the dosing to deal with the side effects rather than change to another drug. Decreasing the dosage to one mg HS would be the best alternative that will help to reduce the significant impact of the side effects (Culpepper, 2014). Changing the drug to lithium will possibly result in non-compliance since the client has already developed some demeanor towards it. Besides, the patient may turn out to generally have a negative attitude towards all medicines which may be prescribed by the mental health practitioner. Giving the patient support to adapt to an alternate dosage of the same medication will also improve their dedication, trust, and understanding to collaborate in achieving the treatment goals (John & Antai-Otong, 2016).

    Expected Outcomes

    As earlier stated, Risperdal has proven to be effective in managing the symptoms of bipolar disorder by influencing a balance in serotonin and dopamine to help address a patient’s self-destructive behaviors. Based on the fact that the client is positive for CYP2D6*10 allele, the initial dosage could have resulted in an accumulation of Risperdal which is slowly being cleared (John & Antai-Otong, 2016). Reducing the dosage to one mg HS will definitely reduce the amount of Risperdal accumulated in the body and subsequent side effects of lethargy and sedation. By adjusting this dosage, it is expected that the patient will record some positive progress in terms of reduced self-destructive behaviors, ease in performing activities of daily life and thinking patterns (Fang, et al., 2017). It is also expected that the client will have minimal episodes of lethargy and sedation.

    Difference between Expected Outcomes and Actual Outcomes

    After four weeks, the client returned to the clinic accompanied by her mother. She was less sedated, less lethargic and showed a lot of improvement in symptoms. The young mania rating scale had also reduced from 22 to 16, an illustration that there was more than a 25% reduction in symptoms. These outcomes were actually foreseen and were the reason the dosage of Risperdal was reduced to one mg HS (John & Antai-Otong, 2016) Risperdal is a powerful choice for bipolar disorder; its side effects are easily manageable and help in the achievement of therapeutic goals for bipolar patients more easily.

    Decision #3

    Selected Decision

    My third decision would be to continue at the same dosage of 1 mg HS.

    Reason for Selecting This Decision

    From the initial visit, it was evident that the client has good progress in terms of reducing self-destructive behaviors and management of the drugs side effects. Maintaining this dosage and reassessing the client after four weeks will contribute to the achievement of the treatment goals for both the client and the attending mental health practitioner. The initial dosage of 1 mg BID had turned out to be detrimental to the patient’s health (Fang, et al., 2017). Therefore, going back to it would prompt similar side effects. Assessing and Treating Clients With Psychosis and Schizophrenia Sample Essay. Besides, changing to Seroquel is not recommendable in this case since Seroquel is FDA approved for bipolar II depression and schizophrenia which differs from the patient’s presentation that we are trying to manage.

    Expected Outcomes

    It is expected that, within four weeks, the patient will record immense progress by reducing self-destructive behaviors. Besides, she will report very minimal or no side effects from Risperdal. She will have a good state of mind, conduct, and good thinking patterns. Risperdal is FDA approved for managing bipolar symptoms and has proven to be highly effective with manageable side effects (John & Antai-Otong, 2016)

    Difference between Expected Outcomes and Actual Outcomes

    As initially expected, the patient has some significant progress and very minimal side effects of lethargy and sedation. The reassessment proved that Risperdal had adequately helped to achieve the necessary treatment goals in the entire course of treatment. Given the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of Risperdal, these are certainly the outcomes that ought to be expected. Since the client is for positive for CYP2D6*10 allele, Risperdal could be clearing at a slower rate resulting to higher than normal levels in the blood (Fang, et al., 2017).

    However, the effect, in this case, may not be significant as compared to the initial point.

    How Ethical Considerations Might Impact the Treatment Plan and Communication with Clients

    The major ethical considerations that ought to be considered in managing clients with bipolar disorder are beneficence, nonmaleficence, and autonomy. Despite the fact that clients need treatment to live near-normal lives, the risks of the choice of medications used should balance with the corresponding benefits. Alternatively, a mental healthcare provider should consider giving the patient some of the best available options for management to maximize the benefits of treatment (Ratheesh et al., 2017). The impairment or insight and judgment that is always characterized by mania and mood episodes may render a patient as not able to provide informed consent nor incapable of making rational decisions regarding their treatment. Assessing and Treating Clients With Psychosis and Schizophrenia Sample Essay. Besides, a number of clinical presentations such as delusional thinking and irritability could probably be a threat in damaging the therapeutic alliance that exists between a client and a mental healthcare provider. It should also be noted that, due to the relapsing-remitting nature of bipolar disorder, there are instances where a patient might feel well and question the need to continue with treatment (Ratheesh et al., 2017). This place the treatment goals laid by the mental healthcare provider is in conflict with the patient’s autonomy to make decisions.

    Background Information

    For this assignment, the patient was a 34-year old Pakistani female who relocated to the United States while in her early 20s. Currently, she was in an organized marriage with a husband who was selected for her since she was 9 years old.  Today, she presents at the clinic following hospitalization for 21 days for a ‘brief psychotic disorder’ since her symptoms had lasted for less than a month.

    Prior admission, the client reported of visions of Allah and in an entire week, she strongly believed that she was Prophet Mohammad and would deliver the entire world from sin. Her husband became more concerned about her behavior to the extent that he was afraid of leaving their children with her. One evening, the client was described to be out of control. As a result, the husband called the police which was followed by a subsequent admission to an inpatient psychiatric unit. Assessing and Treating Clients With Psychosis and Schizophrenia Sample Essay.

    In today’s assessment, the patient appeared to be calm and emphasizes that the whole incident was just blown out of proportion. She also denies having believed that she was Prophet Mohammad and stated that her husband was out to get her since he never loved her and wanted a wife who was American instead of her. She informs that she knows this since the television told her so. Currently, she was 140 lbs. and 5’5’’.

    Based on this case study, this paper discusses three major decisions regarding the medication to be prescribed to this client suffering from Schizophrenia, paranoid type. A description of the expected outcomes and actual outcomes will be provided for every decision with an explanation for any differences likely to be witnessed. Major ethical considerations that are likely to impact the client’s treatment plan and communication with clients will also be provided Assessing and Treating Clients With Psychosis and Schizophrenia Sample Essay.

    Decision Pont 1

    Decision Selected

    Start Zyprexa 10 mg orally at bedtime

    Reason for Selecting this Decision

    Zyprexa, also known as olanzapine is an antipsychotic drug which affects brain chemicals. It is approved to treat symptoms of mental health disorders such as bipolar disorder and schizophrenia in both children and adults who are 13 years or older. Zyprexa is an atypical antipsychotic, which functions by helping to restore the balance of neurotransmitters in the brain. In terms of dosing, it is administered once daily (Wei Xin, 2016). Assessing and Treating Clients With Psychosis and Schizophrenia Sample Essay. Zyprexa is used to treat dysfunctional behaviors, malfunctions, speeches and distorted interpretations of the issues and events surrounding them.

    Abilify could be a good option but only for a patient who has a good response to oral abilify. It should also be remembered that, Abilify does not bind to D2 receptor for quite a long time. Therefore, it can be less effective for some patients. Another possible side effect of Abilify is akathisia which is an extrapyramidal side effect that may lead to medication non-adherence. On the other hand, Invega Sustenna could also be a good option. However, it increases the risk of  memory loss  and  its side effects of pain, redness, swelling at the site of injection increases the chances of the patient failing to turn up for appointments. Invega Sustenna also leads to muscle spasms, high cholesterol and weight gain, which may generally impair the client’s physical wellbeing based on her current weight.

    Expected Outcomes

    By administering Zyprexa, it was expected that the client will have no hallucinations or delusional thoughts and she would be able to think more positively and clearly about herself. It was also expected that she would feel less agitated and actively participate in activities of daily life (Drug, 2015).

    Difference between Expected Outcomes and Actual Outcomes

    After four weeks, the client returned to the clinic accompanied by her husband. The client’s PANSS had decreased to a partial response of 25%.  The client also reported a weight gain of 5 pounds. When questioned further, the client stated that she could never seem to get satisfied with her meals. Assessing and Treating Clients With Psychosis and Schizophrenia Sample Essay. As a result, she constantly snacked in an entire day. One of the major side effects of Zyprexa is increased appetite which influences an increase in the frequency of taking meals hence weight gain.  Among all atypical antipsychotics, Zyprexa causes the most significant weight gain. Zyprexa has also been associated with increasing the risk of hyperglycemia hence newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus in clients (Takeuchi et al., 2015).

    Decision Point 2

    Decision Selected

    Reduce Zyprexa to 7.5 mg orally at bedtime

    Reason for Selecting this Decision

    Based on the client’s visit, it was evident that she was concerned about the weight gain and increased appetite which was caused by the medication Zyprexa at dosing of 10mg Assessing and Treating Clients With Psychosis and Schizophrenia Sample Essay. Therefore, reducing the dosage to 7.5mg orally at bedtime is an effort to purposely counter the side effect of weight gain and increased appetite while treating the psychotic symptoms of delusions, hallucinations, dysfunctional thoughts, mood and behaviors (Drug, 2015).

    Expected Outcomes

               
    It was expected that, by reducing the dosage of Zyprexa from 10 mg orally at bedtime to 7.5mg orally at bedtime, the patient would not gain additional weight. Additionally, the currently revised dosage of 7.5mg orally at bedtime is within the patient’s weight. Apart from being advised to stop snacking an entire day, the client will be advised to observe normal meal schedules and actively engage in regular physical exercise to lose the excess weight that she had initially added(Wei Xin, 2016).

    Difference between Expected Outcomes and Actual Outcomes

    The client returned to the clinic after four weeks accompanied by her husband. She had worsened. Her PANNS had increased by 10%, an indicator that all her negative symptoms were gradually worsening. However, her weight had stabilized and excess hunger episodes had abated. According to the husband’s explanation, the client was gradually becoming less manageable at home, which forced him to take time off work as he was fearful to leave her alone. This was clear that the therapeutic goals were not being achieved with the current dosing of 7.5 mg of Zyprexa orally at bedtime (Takeuchi et al., 2015). Assessing and Treating Clients With Psychosis and Schizophrenia Sample Essay.

    Decision Point 3

    BUY A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HERE

    Decision Selected

    Increase the dosage of Zyprexa to 10mg orally at bedtime and

    Reason for Selecting this Decision

               
    From the client’s previous visit, it was notable that the dosage of 7.5 mg failed to help achieve the desired therapeutic levels. Despite the fact that having no complaints of weight gain and a manageable appetite, the client was reportedly unmanageable which also inconvenienced the husband. This also means that 7.5mg was an under dosage for the patient hence was insufficient to achieve the desired therapeutic goals for treatment. However, by returning to a dosage of 10 mg orally at bedtime, the client will receive similar side effects as that of the initial point of weight gain and increased appetite. Assessing and Treating Clients With Psychosis and Schizophrenia Sample Essay. Besides, she will also be at risk of Diabetes mellitus (Drug, 2015). Therefore, Risperdal could be considered a perfect option. Nonetheless, since Risperdal is dosed twice daily, compliance for this patient could be a problem. Evidence exists to support the efficacy of administering Risperdal once which is a good option in case compliance for this patient becomes an issue. Despite the fact that weight gain is also a side effect of Risperdal, it is not as serious as Zyprexa (Takeuchi et al., 2015).

    Expected Outcomes

    With Risperdal as an alternative, it is expected that the client will be more manageable and display less severe psychotic symptoms. She will report little or no delusions, hallucinations and significantly improve in terms of being more manageable (Takeuchi et al., 2015). Besides, the client will be able to execute her activities of daily life with little or no assistance and associated symptoms will have very minimal effect/impact on her overall life. Assessing and Treating Clients With Psychosis and Schizophrenia Sample Essay.

    Difference between Expected Outcomes and Actual Outcomes

               
    Although the patient reported minor on and off delusional symptoms, there was no significant difference between the expected outcome and the actual outcome. The client demonstrated to be alert and oriented with a stable mood and fluent affect. She also reported no side effects of increased appetite or weight gain, an indicator that therapeutic goals were gradually being achieved (Takeuchi et al., 2015).

    How Ethical Considerations Might Impact the Treatment Plan and Communication with Clients

    A major ethical consideration in counseling this client and making the treatment plan is that of informed consent. Patients with schizophrenia tend to have neurological deficits such that, they are not mentally/psychologically fit to make decisions for themselves regarding treatment. The same way, it is difficult to tell whether by consenting to a treatment plan, they fully understand what they are consenting to. As supported by Young, Taylor & Lawrie (2015), while attempting to get an informed and voluntary consent from the patient, caution should be taken to ensure that any decisions made do not harm the patient. This means that a mental health practitioner ought to strive to strike a balance between the principle of autonomy and non-maleficence. Assessing and Treating Clients With Psychosis and Schizophrenia Sample Essay.

    References

    The drug, A. A. (2015). 8 Olanzapine (Zyprexa).
    Top Drugs: Their History, Pharmacology, and Syntheses
    , 138.

    Takeuchi, H., Fervaha, G., Lee, J., Agid, O., & Remington, G. (2015). The effectiveness of different dosing regimens of risperidone and olanzapine in schizophrenia.
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    (3), 295-302.

    Wei Xin Chong, J., Hsien-Jie Tan, E., Chong, C. E., Ng, Y., & Wijesinghe, R. (2016). Atypical antipsychotics: A review on the prevalence, monitoring, and management of their metabolic and cardiovascular side effects. 
    Mental Health Clinician
    , 
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    (4), 178-184.

    Young, S. L., Taylor, M., & Lawrie, S. M. (2015). “First do no harm.” A systematic review of the prevalence and management of antipsychotic adverse effects. 
    Journal of Psychopharmacology
    , 
    29
    (4), 353-362. Assessing and Treating Clients With Psychosis and Schizophrenia Sample Essay.