Human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine Essay – Nurs 6551 Week 1 Discussion – Political, Social, and Sociocultural Influences on Women’s Health
NURS 6551
Week 1 Discussion
Political, Social, and Sociocultural Influences on Women’s Health
Human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most commonly sexually transmitted infection. People who are infected remain asymptomatic but continue to spread the virus (Shuiling & Likis, 2017). Some HPV infections result in no symptoms and resolve spontaneously. Exposure to the virus can occur during intercourse, contact with infected genitals, mouth, or throat. Routine screening should be completed during Papanicolaou (PAP) smears. In people where the HPV virus persists can result in warts or precancerous lesions. This leads to an increased risk of cancer of the cervix, vagina, penis, anus, mouth, or throat. HPV 16 and HPV18 account for 70% of cervical cancer. HPV6 and HPV 11 have been found to cause genital warts and laryngeal papillomatosis (Arnheim-Dahlstrom, Pasternak, Svanström, Sparén, Hviid, 2013). Human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine Essay – Nurs 6551 Week 1 Discussion – Political, Social, and Sociocultural Influences on Women’s Health
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Political impact
When the HPV vaccine hit the market, it became a heated discussion in political circles. Many states proposed legislation to mandate the vaccine for school attendance (www.ncsl.org, 2015). The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the HPV vaccine as part of routine vaccines. If all young girls received the vaccine, it would protect against 10,000 new cases of cervical cancer every year. Despite these findings, progressive and conservative groups still to this day argue the merit and intent of this vaccine.
Social impact
Research studies have proven the safety of the vaccine, but opposition still remains in regards to the sexual implications. Conservative groups are against making vaccine mandatory reporting it is a violation of parental rights and could lead to early sexual activity. The groups believe giving the vaccine to a pre-adolescent girl would give a false sense of immunity to sexually transmitted diseases resulting in having sex at a younger age (Sussman, Helitzer, Bennett, Solares, Lanoue, & Getrich, 2015). The American Academy of Pediatrics has disagreed with the though process of the vaccine will increase sexual activity among teens. Parents have expressed concern on making the vaccine mandatory for admission to public schools. Their concerns are with the HPV vaccine is to prevent STD’s. Whereas other vaccines are given to prevent diseases passes through social contact.
Sociocultural factors
In todays society there is a movement that is supportive of greater involvement by teens in their health and wellness. However, there are still large groups of parents that appear to make the decision about receiving the vaccine. Some parents do discuss the vaccine with their children, and there has been evidence that a higher number of teens are being vaccinated when given the choice themselves (Gilkey, Moss, Coyne-Beasley, Hall, Shah, & Brewer, 2015). Parents understanding benefits of the HPV vaccine and decreasing the risk of cervical cancer was limited. There are government sponsored programs that have increased awareness and helped society to understand the medical and preventative benefits of receiving the vaccine. Human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine Essay – Nurs 6551 Week 1 Discussion – Political, Social, and Sociocultural Influences on Women’s Health
Providers influence
The conversation between the parent and provider about receiving the HPV vaccine can be a difficulty one. A 2016 study of national physician communication and support for the vaccine found the HPV vaccine not routinely being recommended (Clark, Cowan, Pilippp, Fisher, & Stokley, 2016). The physicians in the study reported the discussion with parents about the HPV vaccine was long and taxing. Parents who have refused to have the vaccine given were more likely to not have had a discussion with the provider regarding the benefits of the vaccine. One provider who was surveyed said he would discuss preventing cervical cancer and would not address the sexual aspects surrounding the vaccine. Another study describing HPV vaccination among adolescent girls in high-risk communities found that parent awareness of the vaccine, belief in vaccine effectiveness, and doctor recommendation were positively associated with vaccine initiation. They also found that negative attitudes toward the vaccine and needing more information about the vaccine were negatively associated with vaccine being administered.
Reference
Arnheim-Dahlstrom, L.; Pasternak, B.; Svanström, H.; Sparén, P.; Hviid, A. (2013). Autoimmune, neurological, and venous thromboembolic adverse events after immunization of adolescent girls with quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine in Denmark and Sweden: Cohort study”.
BMJ.
347: f5906. doi:10.1136/bmj.f5906
Clark, S. J., Cowan, A. E., Filipp, S. L., Fisher, A. M., & Stokley, S. (2016). Parent Perception of Provider Interactions Influences HPV Vaccination Status of Adolescent Females.
Clinical Pediatrics
,
55
(8), 701-706. doi:10.1177/0009922815610629
Gilkey, Melissa B.; Moss, Jennifer L.; Coyne-Beasley, Tamera; Hall, Megan E.; Shah, Parth D.; Brewer, Noel T. (2015). “Physician communication about adolescent vaccination: How is human papillomavirus vaccine different?”.
Preventive Medicine
. 77: 181–185. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.05.024
“HPV Vaccine: State Legislation and Statutes.” Www.ncsl.org, 15 Nov. 2018, www.ncsl.org.
Schuiling, K. D., & Likis, F. E. (2017). Women’s gynecologic health (3rd ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
Sussman, A. L., Helitzer, D., Bennett, A., Solares, A., Lanoue, M., & Getrich, C. M. (2015). Catching Up With the HPV Vaccine: Challenges and Opportunities in Primary Care.
Annals Of Family Medicine,
13(4), 354-360. doi:10.1370/afm.1821 Human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine Essay – Nurs 6551 Week 1 Discussion – Political, Social, and Sociocultural Influences on Women’s Health
Human Papilloma Virus
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is transmitted through close intimate contact with another individual carrying the disease and is known as the most common sexually transmitted disease according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (CDC, 2016). Unfortunately, this condition can remain asymptomatic permitting the spread of the virus to others (Shuiling & Likis, 2017). The virus is transmitted via sexual intercourse with a person having infected genitals, oropharynx, as well as anal. HPV is found during routine screening with Papanicolaou (PAP) smear which determines abnormal cells present to the cervix (CDC, 2016). These abnormal cells frequently return to normal over a period of time, however, with some persons these cells may turn into cancer (CDC, 2016). Unresolved lesions can lead to cancer of the cervix, vagina, penis, anus, and the oropharynx (Sasaki et al., 2017). Nearly 70% of cervical cancer is caused by HPV 16 and 18 along with HPV 6 and 11 have been determined to cause genital warts and laryngeal papillomatosis (Sasaki et al., 2017).
Political Impact
In 2006 the U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first HPV vaccine to prevent or reduce the incidence of cervical, vaginal, vulvar, penile, anal, and oropharyngeal related cancers (Keim-Malpass et al., 2017). Unfortunately, the completion of the three-vaccination series lags far behind the Healthy People 2020 goal of 80% of males and females aged 13-15 years of age (Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 2016).
Social and Sociocultural Factors
According to Rossi, Baldacchini, and Ronco (2014), women from lower socioeconomic status along with others in disadvantaged groups had less knowledge regarding HPV and cervical cancer risks than more affluent women. Rossi et al. (2014) also found that unvaccinated women are also underscreened for HPV. Furthermore, Rossi et al. (2014) felt the introduction of the HPV self-testing may increase screening however inequalities continue to exist as the cost is prohibitive with some groups of at-risk women. Rossi et al. (2014), felt HPV self-screening would increase population coverage, participation, and compliance to preventing disease transmission along with the development of newer technology in self-sampling innovation. Rossi et al. (2014) go on to say in population-based randomized trials have indicated that screening with an HPV test has greater effectiveness than the Pap test in decreasing the incidence of cervical cancer along with mortality. There are many government-sponsored programs to increase HPV awareness to assist the public in understanding the medical and preventative benefits of utilizing vaccines to prevent cancer. Human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine Essay – Nurs 6551 Week 1 Discussion – Political, Social, and Sociocultural Influences on Women’s Health
Provider Influence
The conversation between the provider, parent, and adolescent can be tricky. Clark et al. (2016) found in a national study that communication and support for the HPV vaccine were not consistently recommended due to long and in-depth conversations. A recent personal experience during a pediatric practicum, the pediatrician, routinely did not routinely recommend the HPV vaccine to adolescents unless it was felt the family and patient exhibited ‘at risk’ behaviors. To increase the national goal of HPV vaccination, it will be essential to eliminate provider barriers to recommending vaccination in the clinical setting (Warner et al., 2017).
References
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2016). Human Papillomavirus (HPV).
Retrieved from cdc.gov/hpv/parents/whatishpv.html
Keim-Malpass, J., Mitchell, E. M., DeGuzman, P. B., Stoler, M. H., & Kennedy, C. (2017).
Legislative activity related to the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine in the United States (2006-2015): A need for evidence-based policy.
Risk Managed Healthcare Policy, 10,
29-32. doi: 10.2147/RMHP.S128247
Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. (2016). HPV vaccine, adolescents 2008-
(2016). In
Healthy People 2020.
Retrieved from https://www.healthypeople.gov/ 2020/topics-objectives/topic/hpv/vaccines.
Rossi, P. G., Baldacchini, F., & Ronco, G. (2014). The possible effects on socio-economic
inequalities of introducing HPV testing as primary test in cervical cancer screening programs.
Frontiers in Oncology, 4
, 20. doi: 10.3389/fronc.2014.00020 Human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine Essay – Nurs 6551 Week 1 Discussion – Political, Social, and Sociocultural Influences on Women’s Health
Sasaki, Y., Iwanari, O., Arakawa, I., Moriya, T., Mikami, Y., Iihara, K., & Konno, R. (2017).
Cervical cancer screening with human papillomavirus DNA and cytology in Japan.
International Journal of Gynecological Cancer, 27
(3), 523-529. doi: 10.1097/IGC. 000000000000000898
Schuiling, K. D., & Likis, F. E. (2017).
Women’s gynecologic health
(3
rd
ed.). Burlington, MA:
Jones and Bartlett Publishers
Warner, E. L., Ding, Q., Pappas, L., Bodson, J., Fowler, B., Mooney, R., Kirchhoff, A. C., &
Kepka, D. (2017). Health care providers’ knowledge of HPV vaccination, barriers, and strategies in a state with low HPV vaccine receipt: Mixed-methods study.
JMIR Caner, 3
(2), e12. doi: 10.2196/cancer.7345 Human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine Essay – Nurs 6551 Week 1 Discussion – Political, Social, and Sociocultural Influences on Women’s Health