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PUB 540 – Article Comparison Worksheet

Topic of Interest:

Search Terms:

Article #1

Article #2

Author, Year, Title

Article importance
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Study design type

How were participants selected or recruited?

PUB 540 – Article Comparison Worksheet

How many participants? (state the number of cases and controls or exposes and unexposed)

If appropriate, how long was the average length of follow-up?

What sources of data were used to measure the exposure and outcome(s)?

How was the exposure  defined or measured?

How was the outcome defined or measured?

What was the primary measure of association or statistical method used? (relative risk, odds ratio, logistic regression, etc.)

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PUB 540 – Article Comparison Worksheet

How did the authors control for bias and confounding?

What were the strengths of the study?

What were the weaknesses of the study?

What were the primary findings and conclusions?

PUB 540 – Article Comparison Worksheet

Effectiveness of Studies Used in Epidemiology

A premise of epidemiology is that health outcomes are not random occurrences within a population, but are linked to particular risk factors and diseases. Epidemiologists utilize a range of study design methods to evaluate evidence-based associations to understand and improve health outcomes. Use the specific Excel worksheets, located in the “Excel Study Design Workbook,” to complete this assignment.

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Part 1:
 
Study Design Comparison

Using the “Study Design Comparison Worksheet,” compare and contrast the characteristics of the different types of study design types discussed in this course Effectiveness of Studies Used in Epidemiology. You will be able to use this as a reference throughout the program.

Part 2: Article Comparison

Consider an area of interest that you want to explore as a potential topic for your Epidemiological Profile project. Search for two articles that fit any two of the four study designs (randomized trial, cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional) pertaining to the interest area you chose. Review the articles provided in the “Study Design Resource Document” to practice identifying articles for each study design. (Do not use the actual articles listed in the “Study Design Resource Document” for this assignment.) Complete the “
Article Comparison Worksheet
” to compare the study design characteristics in each of your two articles. Include details of any gaps in the characteristics or identify if information is missing. Effectiveness of Studies Used in Epidemiology.

General Requirements

Upon completion of both worksheets, submit the “Excel Study Design Workbook.”

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

APA style is not required, but solid academic writing is expected.

You are not required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Effectiveness of Studies Used in Epidemiology

 

Study Design Resource Document

Case-Control Study Examples

Carton M, Barul C, Menvielle G, et al. (2017)
Occupational exposure to solvents and risk of head and neck cancer in women: a population-based case-control study in France.

http://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/7/1/e012833 
   Effectiveness of Studies Used in Epidemiology

Davila JA, Morgan RO, Shaib Y, McGlynn KA, El-Serag HB. (2005)
Diabetes increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in the United Sates: a population based case control study.

https://www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.lopes.idm.oclc.org/pmc/articles/PMC1774454/

Cramer DW, Vitonis VF, Terry KL, Welch WR, Titus LJ. (2016)
The association between talc use and ovarian cancer: a retrospective case-control study in two US states.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4820665/

 

Cross-Sectional Study Examples

Nilsen P, Holmqvist M, Nordqvist C, Bendsten P. (2007)
Linking drinking to injury – a causal attribution of injury to alcohol intake among patients in a Swedish emergency room.
http://www.tandfonline.com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/doi/abs/10.1080/17457300701374759

Johnson JV, Hall EM. (1988)
Job strain, work place social support, and cardiovascular disease: a cross-sectional study of a random sample of the Swedish working population.
https://www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.lopes.idm.oclc.org/pmc/articles/PMC1349434/

Elliott AM, Luo N, Tembo, G, et al. (1990)
Impact of HIV on tuberculosis in Zambia: a cross  sectional study.
http://search.proquest.com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/docview/1776431657?accountid=7374
   Effectiveness of Studies Used in Epidemiology

PUB-540 – Creating a 2×2 Contingency Table

Creating a 2×2 Contingency Table

Creating a 2×2 contingency table is very useful in calculating a variety of public health measurements, including sensitivity and specificity, negative and positive predictive value, risk ratios, attack rate ratios, and odds ratios.

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A 2×2 table is actually a 3×3 table when you include the rows and columns for the totals. If you are setting up a table to measure the sensitivity and specificity of a test or its negative and positive predictive values, you should put the test results on the y-axis (rows) and the actual presence of disease on the x-axis (columns). PUB-540 – Creating a 2×2 Contingency Table.

Disease

No Disease

Total

Test (+)

(a)

(b)

a + b

Test (-)

(c)

(d)

c + d

Total

a + c

b + d

a + b + c + d

The highlighted section is where you will enter the data for each corresponding cell. You can set up the table switching the rows and columns but you will generally see them set up in this format with test results on the y-axis and disease on the x-axis. PUB-540 – Creating a 2×2 Contingency Table

Setting up a table to measure the association of a risk factor or exposure is similar, with the outcome or disease on the x-axis and the presence of the risk factor or exposure on the y-axis.

Disease

No Disease

Total

Exposure (+)

(a)

(b)

a + b

Exposure (-)

(c)

(d)

c + d

Total

a + c

b + d

a + b + c + d

Note: You can set up the table differently but you will need to be cognizant of which numbers you are putting in your numerator and denominator for the measure you are calculating. For example:

Exposure (+)

Exposure (-)

Total

No Disease

(b)

 (d)

b + d

Disease

 (a)

 (c)

a + c

Total

a + b

b + c

a + b + c + d

PUB-540 – Creating a 2×2 Contingency Table

Calculating Odds Ratio

 

Data can be qualitative or quantitative. Qualitative data is helpful to generate a hypothesis and gather information if little is known about an expected association. Focus groups, key informant interviews, and case studies are types of qualitative data collection methods used to identify common themes from which to build a hypothesis. Quantitative data collection and analysis is used to test a hypothesis and make comparisons to determine the direction and strength of a potential association. The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) is cross-sectional panel survey used to collect quantitative data on adult behaviors and risk factors. It is one of the largest U.S. health data collection efforts. The data can be used to analyze associations on a state or country level Calculating Odds Ratio. Follow the steps to obtain a 2×2 contingency table (also known as a “cross tabulation”) crossing binge drinking with depression.

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Retrieve the “BRFSS Web-Enabled Analysis Tool” resource provided in the Topic Materials.

Select “Cross Tabulation.”

Select “2015” for the year.

Select “Arizona” for the state.

Select “Alcohol Consumption: Binge drinkers (males having five or more drinks on one occasion, females having four or more drinks on one occasion)” for Step 2 Select Row. Calculating Odds Ratio.

Select “Chronic Health Conditions: Ever diagnosed with a depressive disorder, including depression, major depression, dysthymia, or minor depression” for Step 3 Select Column.

Skip Steps 4 and 5.

Select “Sample Size” for Step 6 Select Statistics and run the report for the cross tabulation.

Part 1

Using the data from the cross tabulation results, calculate the odds ratio for depression among those exposed to binge drinking. Interpret the odds ratio and discuss if the odds ratio is a good estimate of the relative risk in this situation. Why or why not? Show your 2×2 table and all calculations. Present or describe the formula you used to arrive at your answer.

Part 2

Use the Topic Material, “BRFSS Web-Enabled Analysis Tool,” located on the CDC website, and run a report for two variables of interest to you. Create a 2×2 table and calculate the odds ratio for this association. Interpret the odds ratio and discuss the public health importance of the association. Show your 2×2 table. Present or describe the formula you used to arrive at your answer. Calculating Odds Ratio

Refer to the “
Creating a 2×2 Contingency Table
” resource for guidance in creating 2×2 contingency tables.

General Requirements

APA style is not required, but solid academic writing is expected.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Refer to the 
LopesWrite Technical Support articles
for assistance. Calculating Odds Ratio

Topic 6 DQ 1

 
Topic 6 DQ 1 association and causation

Differentiate between association and causation using the causal guidelines. Discuss which of the guidelines you think is the most difficult to establish. Discuss the four types of causal relationships and use an example not listed in the textbook to describe each relationship. Topic 6 DQ 1 association and causation

Topic 6: Measures of Association and Application

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Objectives:

Differentiate between association and causal relationships.

Determine the relative risk and odds ratio as measures of association.

Evaluate the utility of the population attributable risk.

Evaluate the types of causal relationships and associated guidelines for establishing causality.Measures of Association and Application

Topic 6 DQ 2

Topic 6 DQ 2 relative risk, attributable risk, and population attributable risk

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Explain the difference between 
relative risk
, 
attributable risk
, and 
population attributable risk
. Provide an example (not from the textbook) of how each type of risk is used in epidemiology. How would you propose using population attributable risk to advocate for a health policy or intervention relative to your health interest? Topic 6 DQ 2 relative risk, attributable risk, and population attributable risk

Topic 7: Applying Epidemiology to Policy

Objectives:

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Apply epidemiological methods to the breadth of settings and situations in public health practice.

Discuss the means by which social inequities, and racism undermine health and create challenges to achieving health equity at organizational, community and societal levels.

Benchmark – Epidemiologic Profile Assignment

 

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An epidemiologic profile is a summary of a significant public health issue, or issues, in your community, county, state, or country. An epidemiological profile helps to coordinate activities and policies from various agencies and organizations to improve health.

Review the available data, reports, and documents for your locale. Assess how the methods of epidemiology (study designs, data collection, measures of association, etc.) are used to determine who needs what services, where the services are needed, and how those services should be delivered. Define your community as your city, metropolitan area, or county and write a 2,000-2,250 word epidemiological profile (word limit excludes references and title page).The profile can be a general profile that provides a landscape picture of several significant chronic and infectious diseases in your defined community, or it can be a specific profile that targets one health issue, such as diabetes, asthma, STDs, flu, heart disease, obesity, alcohol abuse, or other drug use. Include the following:

Executive Summary

Describe the purpose of the epidemiologic profile and the health issue(s) it addresses. Discuss its importance to the community and how it will be utilized Benchmark – Epidemiologic Profile Assignment.

Summarize the key findings from your review of available data, reports, and documents for the community.

Introduction

Describe the defined community and population using demographic and socio-economic information and data.

Briefly describe the history and cultural background of the community Benchmark – Epidemiologic Profile Assignment.

Explain any unique contextual information that pertains to the public health of the defined community.

Describe any key public health projects, grants, or existing epidemiology-related working groups or committees in the community/county.

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Description of Available Data

Identify at least two different data sources relevant to your profile. Discuss data from these sources and their relation to the issue or community. Benchmark – Epidemiologic Profile Assignment

Discuss the methods used in the data collection process (data source and organization providing the data; how often the data are collected; data limitations including response rates, missing data, selection of participants, etc.). Potential data sources and databases might include the following depending on what is available for your community or county:

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data

Youth risk behavioral survey

Surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) program data

CDC Wonder (multiple data sources)  Benchmark – Epidemiologic Profile Assignment

County health rankings data (multiple data sources)

Alcohol-related disease impact data

Demographic health survey data (international)

Global school-based student health survey (international)

Local evaluation reports from the department/ministry of health or other nonprofit organizations

Interpretation of Results Regarding Key Health Issue

Size and magnitude of the measures

Trends and comparisons

Economic costs

Discussion of Problems and Strategies

Discuss disparities, limitations, and gaps in the information available regarding the health issue(s).

Describe potential public health strategies to address these gaps.

Use graphs and tables where appropriate.

Conclusion

You are required to cite to at least five sources to complete this assignment. Sources should be published within the last 5 years and appropriate for the assignment criteria and public health content.

General Requirements

Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Refer to the 
LopesWrite Technical Support articles
 for assistance.

Benchmark Information

This benchmark assignment assesses the following programmatic competency:

MPH

2.1 Apply epidemiological methods to the breadth of settings and situations in public health practice.

MSN Public Health Nursing

6.2 Apply epidemiological methods to the breadth of settings and situations in public health practice. Benchmark – Epidemiologic Profile Assignment

pub 540 Topic 7 DQ 1

 

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Epidemiological methods are used in a variety of public health areas (including infectious disease, chronic disease, and social health) and settings (including the community, schools, and the workplace). Epidemiological methods are used to assess, describe, analyze, and make comparisons of populations to inform evidence-based practices, policies, and interventions. Propose a study based on the methods you have learned thus far designed to investigate an association within one of the public health areas listed (infectious disease, chronic disease, or social health) and the methods you would apply. Discuss and define the risk factor or exposure that is being assessed, the method of comparison that is used, and the setting or situation (community, school, workplace, etc.) your study would look to address. Consider the concepts of causal inference, measures of association, and study design. pub 540 Topic 7 DQ 1.