Category: Nursing

  • NURS 6050 Essay Discussion: Legal and Ethical Conduct – ANA’s Code of Ethics

    NURS 6050 Essay Discussion: Legal and Ethical Conduct – ANA’s Code of Ethics

    NURS 6050 Week 9 Discussion: 
    Legal and Ethical Conduct

    Discussion: Legal and Ethical Conduct

    As emphasized in this week’s media presentation, all nurses need to be familiar with the laws and regulations that govern their practice: their state’s Nurse Practice Act, ANA’s Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice, specialty group standards of practice, etc. In addition, basic ethical principles guide nurses’ decision-making process every day. ANA’s Code of Ethics and ANA’s Social Policy Statement are two important documents that outline nurses’ ethical responsibilities to their patients, themselves, and their profession NURS 6050 Essay Discussion: Legal and Ethical Conduct – ANA’s Code of Ethics. This said, there is a dilemma: The laws are not always compatible with the ethical positions nurses sometimes take. This week’s Discussion focuses on such a dilemma.

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    To prepare for Discussion: Legal and Ethical Conduct:

    Review this week’s Learning Resources, focusing on the information in the media presentation about the relationship between the law and ethics.

    Consider the ethical responsibility of nurses in ensuring patient autonomy, beneficence, non-malfeasance, and justice.

    Read the following scenario:

    Lena is a community health care nurse who works exclusively with HIV-positive and AIDS patients. As a part of her job, she evaluates new cases and reviews confidential information about these patients. In the course of one of these reviews, Lena learns that her sister’s boyfriend has tested HIV positive. Lena would like to protect her sister from harm and begins to consider how her sister can find out about her boyfriend’s health status. NURS 6050 Essay Discussion: Legal and Ethical Conduct – ANA’s Code of Ethics.

    Consult at least two resources to help you establish Lena’s legal and ethical position. These resources might include your state’s Nurse Practice Act, the ANA’s Code of Ethics, ANA’s Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice, and internal or external standards of care.

    Consider what action you would take if you were Lena and why. NURS 6050 Essay Discussion: Legal and Ethical Conduct – ANA’s Code of Ethics.

    Determine whether the law and the ANA’s standards support or conflict with that action.

    By Day 3 of Discussion: Legal and Ethical Conduct

    Post a description of the actions you would take in this situation, and why. Justify these actions by referencing appropriate laws, ethical standards, and professional guidelines.

    Read a selection of your colleagues’ responses NURS 6050 Essay Discussion: Legal and Ethical Conduct – ANA’s Code of Ethics.

    By Day 6 of Discussion: Legal and Ethical Conduct

    Respond to at least two of your colleagues on two different days in one or more of the following ways:

    Ask a probing question, substantiated with additional background information, evidence, or research using an in-text citation in APA format.

    Share an insight from having read your colleagues’ postings, synthesizing the information to provide new perspectives. NURS 6050 Essay Discussion: Legal and Ethical Conduct – ANA’s Code of Ethics.

    Offer and support an alternative perspective using readings from the classroom or from your own research in the Walden Library.

    Validate an idea with your own experience and additional research.

    Make a suggestion based on additional evidence drawn from readings or after synthesizing multiple postings.

    Expand on your colleagues’ postings by providing additional insights or contrasting perspectives based on readings and evidence..

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  • Spiritual Needs Assessment And Reflection – PHI 413V Week 4 Benchmark Assignment

    This Spiritual Needs Assessment And Reflection – PHI 413V Week 4 Benchmark Assignment requires you to interview one person and requires an analysis of your interview experience.

    Part I: Interview

    Select a patient, a family member, or a friend to interview. Be sure to focus on the interviewee’s experience as a patient, regardless of whom you choose to interview.

    Review The Joint Commission resource found in topic materials, which provides some guidelines for creating spiritual assessment tools for evaluating the spiritual needs of patients. Using this resource and any other guidelines/examples that you can find, create your own tool for assessing the spiritual needs of patients. Spiritual Needs Assessment And Reflection – PHI 413V Week 4 Benchmark Assignment

    Your spiritual needs assessment survey must include a minimum of five questions that can be answered during the interview. During the interview, document the interviewee’s responses.

    The transcript should include the questions asked and the answers provided. Be sure to record the responses during the interview by taking detailed notes. Omit specific names and other personal information through which the interviewee can be determined. Spiritual Needs Assessment And Reflection – PHI 413V Week 4 Benchmark Assignment.

    Part II: Analysis

    Write a 500-750 word analysis of your interview experience. Be sure to exclude specific names and other personal information from the interview. Instead, provide demographics such as sex, age, ethnicity, and religion. Include the following in your response:

    What went well?

    Were there any barriers or challenges that inhibited your ability to complete the assessment tool? How would you address these in the future or change your assessment to better address these challenges? Spiritual Needs Assessment And Reflection – PHI 413V Week 4 Benchmark Assignment.

    How can this tool assist you in providing appropriate interventions to meet the needs of your patient?

    Did you discover that illness and stress amplified the spiritual concern and needs of your interviewee? Explain your answer with examples.

    Submit both the transcript of the interview and the analysis of your results. This should be submitted as one document. The interview transcript does not figure into the word count.

    Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

    This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

    You are required to submit this Spiritual Needs Assessment And Reflection – PHI 413V Week 4 Benchmark Assignment to Turnitin. Please refer to the directions in the Student Success Center.

    This benchmark assignment assesses the following competencies:

    CONHCP Program Competencies for the RN-BSN:

    5.2: Assess for the spiritual needs and provide appropriate interventions for individuals, families, and groups. Spiritual Needs Assessment And Reflection – PHI 413V Week 4 Benchmark Assignment.

  • Nurses as Health Advocates NURS 6050 Week 8 Discussion Essay

    Nurses as Health Advocates NURS 6050 Week 8 Discussion Essay

    NURS 6050 Week 8 Discussion: 
    Nurses as Health Advocates

    Discussion: Nurses as Health Advocates

    What does it take to be an effective health advocate? As a nurse, you have many opportunities to advocate for patients and populations, whether formally or informally. Being an advocate involves more than knowing how to lobby or to whom to write letters. It requires passion and compassion, commitment and courage.

    In this Discussion, you will consider the attributes of an effective advocate for population health and/or the nursing profession. You will analyze those attributes that help nurses be a powerful force in improving the quality of health care. Nurses as Health Advocates NURS 6050 Week 8 Discussion Essay.

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    To prepare FOR Discussion: Nurses as Health Advocates :

    Review the article “On Being a Good Nurse: Reflections on the Past and Preparing for the Future” and “War, its aftermath, and U.S. health policy: Toward a comprehensive health program for America’s military personnel, veterans, and their families” found in this week’s Learning Resources. Nurses as Health Advocates NURS 6050 Week 8 Discussion Essay.

    Consider the multiple health care needs of returning veterans and their families.

    By Day 3 OF Discussion: Nurses as Health Advocates

    Post two types of health needs returning veterans and their families might need. Identify two types of health needs returning veterans and their families might need. How might you advocate for the needs of this population. What type of advocacy skills would you need and how could you develop them. What responsibility does a nurse have to be an advocate? Give specific examples.

    Read a selection of your colleagues’ responses.

    By Day 6 OF Discussion: Nurses as Health Advocates

    Respond to at least two of your colleagues on two different days in one or more of the following ways:

    Ask a probing question, substantiated with additional background information, evidence, or research using an in-text citation in APA format. Nurses as Health Advocates NURS 6050 Week 8 Discussion Essay.

    Share an insight from having read your colleagues’ postings, synthesizing the information to provide new perspectives.

    Offer and support an alternative perspective using readings from the classroom or from your own research in the Walden Library.

    Validate an idea with your own experience and additional research.

    Make a suggestion based on additional evidence drawn from readings or after synthesizing multiple postings. Nurses as Health Advocates NURS 6050 Week 8 Discussion Essay.

    Expand on your colleagues’ postings by providing additional insights or contrasting perspectives based on readings and evidence.

    Click on the Reply button below to reveal the textbox for entering your message. Then click on the Submit button to post your message. Nurses as Health Advocates NURS 6050 Week 8 Discussion Essay.

  • NURSING PHI 413V Ethical and Spiritual Decision Making in Health Care Essay Assignments

    NURSING PHI 413V Ethical and Spiritual Decision Making in Health Care Essay Assignments

    PHI 413V Week 1 Assignment: Personal Worldview Inventory

    Write an 800-1,000 word essay on your personal worldview. Briefly discuss the various possible meanings of the term “spirituality,” and your understanding of the concepts of pluralism, scientism, and postmodernism. Primarily, address the following seven basic worldview questions:

    What is prime reality?

    What is the nature of the world around you?

    What is a human being?

    What happens to a person at death?

    Why is it possible to know anything at all?

    How do people know what is right or wrong?

    What is the meaning of human history?

    NURSING PHI 413V Ethical and Spiritual Decision Making in Health Care Essay Assignments

    Prepare this NURSING PHI 413V Ethical and Spiritual Decision Making in Health Care Essay Assignments according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

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    This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion. NURSING PHI 413V Ethical and Spiritual Decision Making in Health Care Essay Assignments.

    You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin. Please refer to the directions in the Student Success Center.

    PHI 413V Week 1 Topic 1 Discussion 1

    The ethos of scientism and postmodernism has exacerbated the perceived philosophical and cultural tension between science and religion. What is your perception of this tension? Use the lecture and the topic readings to support your response.

    PHI 413V Week 1 Topic 1 Discussion  2

    What aspects of the topic readings do you find the most interesting? What is your view of the analysis of disease and healing in the readings? Explain.

    PHI 413V Week 5 Topic 5 Discussion 1:

    What is your definition of “spiritual care?” How does it differ or accord with the description given in the topic readings? Explain. NURSING PHI 413V Ethical and Spiritual Decision Making in Health Care Essay Assignments.

    PHI 413V Week 5 Topic 5 Discussion 2:

    When it comes to facilitating spiritual care for patients with worldviews different from your own, what are your strengths and weaknesses? If you were the patient, who would have the final say in terms of ethical decision-making and intervention in the event of a difficult situation?

    PHI 413V Week 4 Benchmark Assignment – Spiritual Needs Assessment And Reflection

    This assignment requires you to interview one person and requires an analysis of your interview experience.

    Part I: Interview

    Select a patient, a family member, or a friend to interview. Be sure to focus on the interviewee’s experience as a patient, regardless of whom you choose to interview. NURSING PHI 413V Ethical and Spiritual Decision Making in Health Care Essay Assignments.

    Review The Joint Commission resource found in topic materials, which provides some guidelines for creating spiritual assessment tools for evaluating the spiritual needs of patients. Using this resource and any other guidelines/examples that you can find, create your own tool for assessing the spiritual needs of patients.

    Your spiritual needs assessment survey must include a minimum of five questions that can be answered during the interview. During the interview, document the interviewee’s responses.

    The transcript should include the questions asked and the answers provided. Be sure to record the responses during the interview by taking detailed notes. Omit specific names and other personal information through which the interviewee can be determined. NURSING PHI 413V Ethical and Spiritual Decision Making in Health Care Essay Assignments.

    Part II: Analysis

    Write a 500-750 word analysis of your interview experience. Be sure to exclude specific names and other personal information from the interview. Instead, provide demographics such as sex, age, ethnicity, and religion. Include the following in your response:

    What went well?

    Were there any barriers or challenges that inhibited your ability to complete the assessment tool? How would you address these in the future or change your assessment to better address these challenges?

    How can this tool assist you in providing appropriate interventions to meet the needs of your patient?

    Did you discover that illness and stress amplified the spiritual concern and needs of your interviewee? Explain your answer with examples. NURSING PHI 413V Ethical and Spiritual Decision Making in Health Care Essay Assignments.

    Submit both the transcript of the interview and the analysis of your results. This should be submitted as one document. The interview transcript does not figure into the word count.

    Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required. NURSING PHI 413V Ethical and Spiritual Decision Making in Health Care Essay Assignments.

    This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

    You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin. Please refer to the directions in the Student Success Center.

    This benchmark assignment assesses the following competencies:

    CONHCP Program Competencies for the RN-BSN:

    5.2: Assess for the spiritual needs and provide appropriate interventions for individuals, families, and groups.

    Analysis Of “Case Study: Fetal Abnormality.”

    Write a 250-500 word analysis of “Case Study: Fetal Abnormality.” Be sure to address the following questions:

    Which theory or theories are being used by Jessica, Marco, Maria, and Dr. Wilson to determine the moral status of the fetus? Explain.

    How does the theory determine or influence each of their recommendation for action?

    What theory do you agree with?  How would the theory determine or influence the recommendation for action?

    Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

    This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion. NURSING PHI 413V Ethical and Spiritual Decision Making in Health Care Essay Assignments.

    This assignment must be turned into to the Turn it In, Must be 20% or less in plagiarism.

    Case Study: Fetal Abnormality

    Jessica is a 30-year-old immigrant from Mexico City. She and her husband Marco have been in the United States for the last three years and have finally earned enough money to move out of their Aunt Maria’s home and into an apartment of their own. They are both hard workers. Jessica works 50 hours a week at a local restaurant and Marco has been contracting side jobs in construction. Six months before their move to an apartment, Jessica finds out she is pregnant.

    Four months later, Jessica and Marco arrive at the county hospital, a large, public, nonteaching hospital. A preliminary ultrasound indicates a possible abnormality with the fetus. Further scans are conducted, and it is determined that the fetus has a rare condition in which it has not developed any arms and will not likely develop them. There is also a 25% chance that the fetus may have Down syndrome.

    Dr. Wilson, the primary attending physician, is seeing Jessica for the first time, since she and Marco did not receive earlier prenatal care over concerns about finances. Marco insists that Dr. Wilson refrain from telling Jessica the scan results, assuring him that he will tell his wife himself when she is emotionally ready for the news. While Marco and Dr. Wilson are talking in another room, Aunt Maria walks into the room with a distressed look on her face. She can tell that something is wrong and inquires of Dr. Wilson. After hearing of the diagnosis, she walks out of the room wailing loudly and praying aloud NURSING PHI 413V Ethical and Spiritual Decision Making in Health Care Essay Assignments.

    Marco and Dr. Wilson continue their discussion, and Dr. Wilson insists that he has an obligation to Jessica as his patient and that she has a right to know the diagnosis of the fetus. He furthermore is intent on discussing all relevant factors and options regarding the next step, including abortion. Marco insists on taking some time to think of how to break the news to Jessica, but Dr. Wilson, frustrated with the direction of the conversation, informs the husband that such a choice is not his to make. Dr. Wilson proceeds back across the hall, where he walks in on Aunt Maria awkwardly praying with Jessica and phoning the priest. At that point, Dr. Wilson gently but briefly informs Jessica of the diagnosis and lays out the option for abortion as a responsible medical alternative, given the quality of life such a child would have. Jessica looks at him and struggles to hold back her tears.

    Jessica is torn between her hopes of a better socioeconomic position and increased independence, along with her conviction that all life is sacred. NURSING PHI 413V Ethical and Spiritual Decision Making in Health Care Essay Assignments Marco will support Jessica in whatever decision she makes but is finding it difficult not to view the pregnancy and the prospects of a disabled child as a burden and a barrier to their economic security and plans. Dr. Wilson lays out all of the options but clearly makes his view known that abortion is “scientifically” and medically a wise choice in this situation. Aunt Maria pleads with Jessica to follow through with the pregnancy and allow what “God intends” to take place and urges Jessica to think of her responsibility as a mother.

    PHI.413V Week 1 Discussion Question 1:
     The ethos of scientism and postmodernism has exacerbated the perceived philosophical and cultural tension between science and religion. What is your perception of this tension? Use the lecture and the topic readings to support your response. NURSING PHI 413V Ethical and Spiritual Decision Making in Health Care Essay Assignments.

    PHI 413V Week 1 Discussion Question 2:
     What aspects of the topic readings do you find the most interesting? What is your view of the analysis of disease and healing in the readings? Explain.

    PHI’413V Week 2 Discussion Question 1:
     What is the Christian concept of the imago dei? How might it be important to healthcare, and why is it relevant?

    PHI 413V Week 2 Discussion Question 2:
     As you reflect on Meilaender’s readings, what is his distinction between procreation and reproduction, as well as that of being begotten versus being made? Do you agree with his description? Why or why not?

    PHI.413V Week 3 Discussion Question 1:
     Principalism, especially in the context of bioethics in the United States, has often been critiqued for raising the principle of autonomy to the highest place, such that it trumps all other principles or values. How would you rank the importance of each of the four principles? How do you believe they would be ordered in the context of the Christian biblical narrative? Refer to the lecture and topic readings in your response. NURSING PHI 413V Ethical and Spiritual Decision Making in Health Care Essay Assignments.

    PHI 413V Week 3 Discussion Question 2:
     What do the four parts of the Christian Biblical Narrative (i.e., creation, fall, redemption, and restoration) say about the nature of God and of reality in relation to the reality of sickness and disease? From where would one find comfort and hope in the light of illness according to this narrative? Explain in detail each part of the narrative above and analyze the implications.

    PHI 413V Week 3 CAT Question:
     In chapter 8 of Called to Care (2006), Shelly discusses the ideas of James Boice, who identified four social effects of trying to build a human society apart from dependence upon the loving Creator God. Please name these four effects by replying below.

    PHI 413V Week 3 EXTRA Question:
     In chapter nine of Called to Care (2006), Shelly discusses the idea of defining hope through Mary Thompson’s definition (pg 171). What role does this description of hope have in a health care environment? How important do you think this topic is in care-taking?

    PHI’413V Week 4 Discussion Question 1:
     How often do you engage with or witness death in your work? How has this experience or the lack of it shaped your view of death? Has it gotten easier or harder for you to accept the fact of death? As you explain, include your clinical specialty.

    PHI 413V Week 4 Discussion Question 2:
     Reflect on the analysis of the sin of suicide and thus, euthanasia from the topic readings. Do you agree? Why or why not? NURSING PHI 413V Ethical and Spiritual Decision Making in Health Care Essay Assignments. Refer to the lecture and topic readings in your response.

    PHI 413V Week 4 Discussion CAT Question:
     What are the five stages of loss and grief?

    PHI 413V Week 4 Optional DQ (Extra Participation):
     The Pew Research Center has conducted surveys on end-of-life decisions finding “…most Americans say there are some circumstances in which doctors and nurses should allow a patient to die………Do you agree with some of the findings? Do you disagree?

    PHI.413V Week 5 Discussion Question 1:
     What is your definition of “spiritual care?” How does it differ or accord with the description given in the topic readings? Explain.

    PHI 413V Week 5 Discussion Question 2:
     When it comes to facilitating spiritual care for patients with worldviews different from your own, what are your strengths and weaknesses? If you were the patient, who would have the final say in terms of ethical decision-making and intervention in the event of a difficult situation? NURSING PHI 413V Ethical and Spiritual Decision Making in Health Care Essay Assignments.

  • NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments

    NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments

    NURS 6050 Week 2 Discussion:
    Nurses as Leaders in Health Care Reform

    Discussion: Nurses as Leaders in Health Care Reform

    As health care delivery in the United States continues to evolve, either through mandates, improved technologies and training, or other drivers, nurses remain at the forefront in facilitating the success of new initiatives. In 2010, the Institute of Medicine formed a committee of experts to address the following question: “What roles can nursing assume to address the increasing demand for safe, high-quality, and effective health care services?” In the final report of the committee, The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health, the authors stated:

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    This report offers recommendations that collectively serve as a blueprint to (1) ensure that nurses can practice to the full extent of their education and training, (2) improve nursing education, (3) provide opportunities for nurses to assume leadership positions and to serve as full partners in health care redesign and improvement efforts, and (4) improve data collection for workforce planning and policy making. (p. 10) NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    For this Discussion: Nurses as Leaders in Health Care Reform assignment, you will focus on the research recommendations presented by the committee concerning the role of nurses as leaders. NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments. The committee members believe that answers to these research questions are needed to advance the profession of nursing and to further expand their role in health care reform and improvement.

    To prepare for Discussion: Nurses as Leaders in Health Care Reform:

    Review Chapter 7 in The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health report provided in the Learning Resources. Focus on the information in Box 7.3, “Research Priorities for Transforming Nursing Leadership.” NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    Select one of the research priorities listed in Box 7.3 that is of particular interest to you and applicable to your career interests. Consider the benefits and challenges of researching and addressing this priority in nursing.

    Using the Walden library, identify two to three current articles that address your selected research priority. Consider the current state of research efforts on this priority.

    Reflect on how the research findings for your area of priority impact nurses as leaders in organizations and health care reform. Why is research on this priority important? NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    By Day 3 of Discussion: Nurses as Leaders in Health Care Reform

    Post a description of the priority you selected and the benefits and challenges of further researching this area. Provide an overview of the articles you found (using appropriate APA citations) relating to this priority, and highlight any key findings. Explain how continued research in this area could strengthen the ability of nurses to lead in both individual organizations and as advocates of health care reform. NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    Read a selection of your colleagues’ responses. Focus particularly on those questions raised to which you can add comments based on shared experiences or situations. Consider how your colleagues’ postings reflect and/or differ from your own perceptions and opinions. Review the Learning Resources for any clarification needed before responding.

    By Day 6 of Discussion: Nurses as Leaders in Health Care Reform

    Respond to at least two of your colleagues on two different days in one or more of the following ways: NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    Ask a probing question, substantiated with additional background information, evidence, or research using an in-text citation in APA format.

    Share an insight from having read your colleagues’ postings, synthesizing the information to provide new perspectives.

    Offer and support an alternative perspective using readings from the classroom or from your own research in the Walden Library.

    Validate an idea with your own experience and additional research.

    Make a suggestion based on additional evidence drawn from readings or after synthesizing multiple postings. NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    Expand on your colleagues’ postings by providing additional insights or contrasting perspectives based on readings and evidence.

    Discussion: Nurses as Leaders in Health Care Reform Reference:

    National Academy of Sciences. (2011) The future of nursing: Leading change, advancing health.

    Retrieved from https://download.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12956

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    NURS 6050 Week 10 Discussion: 
    Ethical Issues With an Aging Population

    According to the CDC, “in the United States, the proportion of the population aged >65 years is projected to increase from 12.4% in 2000 to 19.6% in 2030,” (CDC, 2003, para. 2). Caring for this aging population is going to be one of the greatest challenges facing the health care industry. Not only will the number of individuals requiring care rise, but so will the cost. As poignantly stated by Crippen and Barnato, “unless we change the practice of medicine and reduce future costs, and explicitly address the ethical dilemmas we face, there may come a time when our kids simply cannot afford us” (2011, p. 128). NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    In this Discussion, you will examine the ethical issues that the United States and other nations must address when faced with the health care challenges of an aging population.

    To prepare:

    Consider the ethical aspects of health care and health policy for an aging population.

    Review the Hayutin, Dietz, and Mitchell report presented in the Learning Resources. The authors pose the question, “What are the economic consequences, now and for future generations of taxpayers if we fail to adapt our policies to the changing reality of an older population?” (p. 21). Consider how you would respond to this question. In addition, reflect on the ethical decisions that arise when dispersing limited funds. NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    Contemplate the impact of failing to adjust policy in accordance with the changing reality of an older population.

    Reflect on the ethical dilemmas that arise when determining expenditures on end-of-life health care.

    By Day 3

    Post an explanation of the ethical standards you believe should be used in determining how resources should be allocated for an aging population and end-of-life care. Then, provide an analysis of the ethical challenges related to the preparation for the provision of such health care.

    Read a selection of your colleagues’ responses.

    By Day 6

    Respond to at least two of your colleagues on two different days in one or more of the following ways:

    Ask a probing question, substantiated with additional background information, evidence, or research using an in-text citation in APA format NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    Share an insight from having read your colleagues’ postings, synthesizing the information to provide new perspectives.

    Offer and support an alternative perspective using readings from the classroom or from your own research in the Walden Library.

    Validate an idea with your own experience and additional research.

    Make a suggestion based on additional evidence drawn from readings or after synthesizing multiple postings.

    Expand on your colleagues’ postings by providing additional insights or contrasting perspectives based on readings and evidence. NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    References:

    Crippen, D., & Barnato, A. E. (2011). The ethical implications of health spending: Death and other expensive conditions. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 39(2), 121–129. doi:10.1111/j.1748-720X.2011.00582.x

    Public health and aging: Trends in aging—United States and worldwide. Retrieved from: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5206a2.htm

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    NURS 6050 Week 11 Discussion: 
    What Can Nurses Do?

    Many people, most of them in tropical countries of the Third World, die of preventable, curable diseases. . . . Malaria, tuberculosis, acute lower-respiratory infections—in 1998, these claimed 6.1 million lives. People died because the drugs to treat those illnesses are nonexistent or are no longer effective. They died because it doesn’t pay to keep them alive.
    NURS
    6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    –Ken Silverstein, Millions for Viagra. Pennies for Diseases of the Poor, The Nation, July 19, 1999

    Unfortunately, since 1998, little has changed. For many individuals living in impoverished underdeveloped countries, even basic medical care is difficult to obtain. Although international agencies sponsor outreach programs and corporations, and although nonprofit organizations donate goods and services, the level of health care remains far below what is necessary to meet the needs of struggling populations. Polluted water supplies, unsanitary conditions, and poor nutrition only exacerbate the poor health prevalent in these environments. Nurses working in developed nations have many opportunities/advantages that typically are not available to those in underdeveloped countries. What can nurses do to support their international colleagues and advocate for the poor and underserved of the world?

    In this
    Discussion
    , you will consider the challenges of providing health care for the world’s neediest citizens, as well as how nurses can advocate for these citizens.

    To prepare:

    Consider the challenges of providing health care in underdeveloped countries.

    Conduct research in the Walden Library and other reliable resources to determine strategies being used to address these challenges.

    Using this week’s Learning Resources, note the factors that impact the ability of individuals in underdeveloped nations to obtain adequate health care.

    Consider strategies nurses can use to advocate for health care at the global level. What can one nurse do to make a difference? NURS
    6050
    Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health
    weekly essay discussions
    and assignments.

    By Day 3

    Post a description of at least two challenges related to providing adequate health care in underdeveloped countries. Then, describe two strategies you might use to address those challenges, and explain why. Finally, describe one strategy nurses might use in advocating for health care at the global level, and explain why this would be an effective strategy.

    Read a selection of your colleagues’ responses.

    By Day 6

    Respond to at least two of your colleagues on two different days in one or more of the following ways:

    Ask a probing question, substantiated with additional background information, evidence, or research using an in-text citation in APA format. NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    Share an insight from having read your colleagues’ postings, synthesizing the information to provide new perspectives.

    Offer and support an alternative perspective using readings from the classroom or from your own research in the Walden Library.

    Validate an idea with your own experience and additional research.

    Make a suggestion based on additional evidence drawn from readings or after synthesizing multiple postings.

    Expand on your colleagues’ postings by providing additional insights or contrasting perspectives based on readings and evidence.

    Click on the Reply button below to reveal the textbox for entering your message. Then click on the Submit button to post your message.

    NURS 6050 Week 3 Discussion: 
    Financing of Health Care

    Discussion: Financing of Health Care

    With coinciding concerns about health care costs and the imperative to improve quality of care, health care providers and others face difficult decisions in the effort to achieve an appropriate balance. Such decisions often are addressed in the policy arena. How do policymakers evaluate which health care services should be financed through government programs? NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments. How do ethics-related questions and other considerations play into this evaluation process? Is it possible to contain costs and provide accessible, high-quality care to all, or is the tension between cost and care inherent in the U.S. health care delivery system? These questions are central to health care financing decisions in the United States.

    For this NURS 6050 Week 3 Discussion: Financing of Health Care, you will focus on the policy decision-making process that determines what types of care are covered by public and private insurers and the ethical aspects of such financial decisions.

    To prepare:

    Read the following case study, “Hard Economic and Finance Choices in US Healthcare” (Milstead):

    Case Study 1: Hard Economic and Finance Choices in US Healthcare

    Applied economics is all about managing scarce resources. Economics is an amoral field of study: it is neither moral nor immoral. Morality and values are determined by individuals at the personal level and by group consensus or majority opinion at the national level. State and federal governments determine the ‘will of the people’ about how to use scarce resources for the good of a nation. NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    The U.S. health care system is an exemplar of scarcity: primary care physicians, substance abuse treatment centers, trauma centers, registered nurses, and the money to pay for goods and services. Finance is all about how to pay for goods and services. The Medicare Payment Advisory Commission (MedPAC) is appointed by the Executive branch of the federal government to make decisions about what the Medicare program will and will not pay for. In this role, MedPAC makes decisions about medications, procedures and treatments. Examples of MedPAC decisions include coverage for left ventricular assistive devices as a destination therapy, coverage for bariatric surgery, and in 2010, coverage of the drug Provenge™. By law, MedPAC is not allowed to use price or cost of any treatment in its decision-making processes.

    Review the information in the Washington Post article “Review of Prostate Cancer Drugs Provenge Renews Medical Cost-Benefit Debate” in the Learning Resources.

    Consider how policy decisions currently are made about what will and will not be paid for and what changes, if any, could improve the process.

    Reflect on how the Washington Post example illustrates the tension between cost and care.

    By Day 3

    Post your analysis and assessment of the ethical and economic challenges related to policy decisions such as those presented in the Washington Post article. How does this type of situation contribute to the tension between cost and care? Substantiate your response with at least two outside resources. NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    By Day 6

    Respond to at least two of your colleagues on two different days in one or more of the following ways:

    Ask a probing question, substantiated with additional background information, evidence, or research using an in-text citation in APA format.

    Share an insight from having read your colleagues’ postings, synthesizing the information to provide new perspectives. NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    Offer and support an alternative perspective using readings from the classroom or from your own research in the Walden Library.

    Validate an idea with your own experience and additional research.

    Make a suggestion based on additional evidence drawn from readings or after synthesizing multiple postings.

    Expand on your colleagues’ postings by providing additional insights or contrasting perspectives based on readings and evidence.

    Discussion:
    Financing of Health Care
    References:

    National Health Expenditures 2010 Highlights, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.cms.gov/NationalHealthExpendData/downloads/highlights.pdf.

    Milstead, J. A. (2013). Health policy and politics: A nurse’s guide (3rd ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

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    NURS 6050 Week 9 Discussion: 
    Legal and Ethical Conduct

    As emphasized in this week’s media presentation, all nurses need to be familiar with the laws and regulations that govern their practice: their state’s Nurse Practice Act, ANA’s Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice, specialty group standards of practice, etc. In addition, basic ethical principles guide nurses’ decision-making process every day. ANA’s Code of Ethics and ANA’s Social Policy Statement are two important documents that outline nurses’ ethical responsibilities to their patients, themselves, and their profession. NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments. This said, there is a dilemma: The laws are not always compatible with the ethical positions nurses sometimes take. This week’s Discussion focuses on such a dilemma.

    To prepare:

    Review this week’s Learning Resources, focusing on the information in the media presentation about the relationship between the law and ethics.

    Consider the ethical responsibility of nurses in ensuring patient autonomy, beneficence, non-malfeasance, and justice.

    Read the following scenario:

    Lena is a community health care nurse who works exclusively with HIV-positive and AIDS patients. As a part of her job, she evaluates new cases and reviews confidential information about these patients. In the course of one of these reviews, Lena learns that her sister’s boyfriend has tested HIV positive. Lena would like to protect her sister from harm and begins to consider how her sister can find out about her boyfriend’s health status. NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    Consult at least two resources to help you establish Lena’s legal and ethical position. These resources might include your state’s Nurse Practice Act, the ANA’s Code of Ethics, ANA’s Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice, and internal or external standards of care.

    Consider what action you would take if you were Lena and why.

    Determine whether the law and the ANA’s standards support or conflict with that action.

    By Day 3

    Post a description of the actions you would take in this situation, and why. Justify these actions by referencing appropriate laws, ethical standards, and professional guidelines.

    Read a selection of your colleagues’ responses.

    By Day 6

    Respond to at least two of your colleagues on two different days in one or more of the following ways:

    Ask a probing question, substantiated with additional background information, evidence, or research using an in-text citation in APA format.

    Share an insight from having read your colleagues’ postings, synthesizing the information to provide new perspectives. NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    Offer and support an alternative perspective using readings from the classroom or from your own research in the Walden Library.

    Validate an idea with your own experience and additional research.

    Make a suggestion based on additional evidence drawn from readings or after synthesizing multiple postings.

    Expand on your colleagues’ postings by providing additional insights or contrasting perspectives based on readings and evidence..

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    NURS 6050 Week 4
    Discussion

    Discussion: Key Health Determinants

    Did you know that the United States has a higher rate of infant mortality than Japan (CIA, n.d.)? Or, as Dr. Beilenson states in this week’s media presentation, that “your zip code that you live in makes more difference in your health and well-being than the genetic code that you’re born with?” What causes these differences in health outcomes?

    To effectively develop policies and programs to improve population health, it is useful to use a framework to guide the process. Different organizations and governmental agencies (for example, Healthy People 2020) have created a variety of such frameworks, which establish measures for assessing population health. These measures frequently are derived from the examination of epidemiologic data, which include key measures of population health such as mortality, morbidity, life expectancy, etc. Within each measure are a variety of progress indicators that use epidemiologic data to assess improvement or change. NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    For this NURS 6050 Week 5 Discussion: Key Health Determinants assignment, you will apply a framework developed by Kindig, Asada, and Booske (2008) to a population health issue of interest to you. This framework includes five key health determinants that should be considered when developing policies and programs to improve population health: access to health care, individual behavior, social environment, physical environment, and genetics.

    To prepare for Discussion: Key Health Determinants:

    Review the article “A Population Health Framework for Setting National and State Health Goals,” focusing on population health determinants. NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    Review the information in the blog post “What Is Population Health?”

    With this information in mind, elect a population health issue that is of interest to you.

    Using this week’s Learning Resources, the Walden Library, and other relevant resources, conduct a search to locate current data on your population health issue NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    Consider how epidemiologic data has been used to design population health measures and policy initiatives in addressing this issue.

    By Day 3

    Post a summary of how the five population health determinants (access to health care, individual behavior, social environment, physical environment, and genetics) affect your selected health issue, and which determinants you think are most impactful for that particular issue and why. Explain how epidemiologic data supports the significance of your issue, and explain how this data has been used in designing population health measures and policy initiatives. NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    Read a selection of your colleagues’ responses.

    By Day 6

    Respond to at least two of your colleagues on two different days in one or more of the following ways:

    Ask a probing question, substantiated with additional background information, evidence, or research using an in-text citation in APA format.

    Share an insight from having read your colleagues’ postings, synthesizing the information to provide new perspectives.

    Offer and support an alternative perspective using readings from the classroom or from your own research in the Walden Library. NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    Validate an idea with your own experience and additional research.

    Make a suggestion based on additional evidence drawn from readings or after synthesizing multiple postings.

    Expand on your colleagues’ postings by providing additional insights or contrasting perspectives based on readings and evidence NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    Discussion: Key Health Determinants References:

    Central Intelligence Agency. (n.d.) The world factbook. Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2091rank.html

    Kindig, D., Asada, Y., & Booske, B. (2008). A population health framework for setting national and state health goals. JAMA, 299(17), 2081–2083. doi: 10.1001/jama.299.17.2081

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    NURS 6050 Week 5 Discussion

    Addressing Behavioral Risk Factors Assignment

    “It is unreasonable to expect that people will change their behavior easily when so many forces in the social, cultural, and physical environment conspire against such change” (Kovner and Knickman, p. 139).

    When seeking to lessen behavioral risk factors in different populations, one of the greatest challenges is addressing the systemic issues within the population that enable the risky behavior to occur in the first place. Consider the health risks of school-age children not being immunized or drug users sharing needles. As Dr. Beilenson discussed in the Week 4 media program, these risky behaviors led to increases in individual and population health problems. Thus, when planning health prevention programs, it is important to consider how to effectively address risky behaviors at both the individual and the population level. NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    The NURS 6050 Week 5 Discussion: Addressing Behavioral Risk Factors Assignment Discussion this week focuses on the use of the Population-Based Intervention Model outlined in the course text Health Care Delivery in the United States, as well as how this model can be applied to strengthen advocacy programs.

    To prepare for Addressing Behavioral Risk Factors Assignment:

    Select one of the behavioral risk factors from the Healthy Population 2010 Objectives (listed in Table 7.1 on p. 128 of the course text) that is of interest to you.

    Using the Walden Library and other credible websites, research how this risk factor is affecting your community or state NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    With your selected risk factor in mind, review the information on the Population-Based Intervention Model on pp. 136–140 in the course text, Health Care Delivery in the United States. In particular, focus on the concept of downstream, midstream, and upstream interventions. Consider at least one intervention that could be put into place at each stage.

    By Day 3

    Post a description of the behavioral risk factor you selected and how this factor is impacting your community or state. Using the Population-Based Intervention Model, suggest at least one intervention that could be put into place at each stage (downstream, midstream, and upstream) to ensure that a health prevention program addressing the behavioral risk factor would have a greater chance at succeeding. Justify why each intervention you identified would be effective. NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    Read a selection of your colleagues’ responses.

    By Day 6

    Respond to at least two of your colleagues on two different days in one or more of the following ways:

    Ask a probing question, substantiated with additional background information, evidence, or research using an in-text citation in APA format.

    Share an insight from having read your colleagues’ postings, synthesizing the information to provide new perspectives.

    Offer and support an alternative perspective using readings from the classroom or from your own research in the Walden Library. NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    Validate an idea with your own experience and additional research.

    Make a suggestion based on additional evidence drawn from readings or after synthesizing multiple postings.

    Expand on your colleagues’ postings by providing additional insights or contrasting perspectives based on readings and evidence.

    Addressing Behavioral Risk Factors Assignment References:

    Kovner, A. R., & Knickman, J. R. (Eds.). (2011). Health care delivery in the United States (10th ed.). New York, NY: Springer Publishing.

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    NURS 6050 Week 6 Discussion: 
    Improving Quality

    Improving the quality of health care delivery and patient safety continues to be a political concern and has been at the heart of reform issues for many years. NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments. The American Nurses Association (ANA) and the Institute of Medicine (IOM) have increased awareness of health care quality and safety issues, as well as advocated for health care reform. The documents featured at the ANA and IOM websites listed in this week’s Learning Resources focus on many of the current issues surrounding quality and safety in the health care industry.

    To prepare:

    Review this week’s Learning Resources, focusing on the Six Aims for Improvement presented in the landmark report “Crossing the Quality Chasm: The IOM Health Care Quality Initiative.”

    Consider these six aims with regard to your current organization, or one with which you are familiar. In what areas have you seen improvement? What areas still present challenges? As a nurse leader, how can you contribute to improving the organization’s achievement of these aims? NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    Select one specific quality or safety issue that is presenting a challenge in the organization. Consider at least one quality improvement strategy that could be used to address the issue, as well as which of the six aims for improvement would then be addressed.

    Reflect on your professional practice and your experiences with inter-professional collaboration to improve quality and safety. How has inter-professional collaboration contributed to your organization’s efforts to realize the IOM’s six aims for improving health care? Where has inter-professional collaboration been lacking? NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    By Day 3

    Post a description of the quality or safety issue you selected and a brief summary of the impact that this issue has on health care delivery. Describe at least one quality improvement strategy used to address this issue. NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments. Then explain which of the six “aims for improvement” are addressed by the strategy. Finally, explain how inter-professional collaboration helps improve quality in this area.

    Read a selection of your colleagues’ responses.

    By Day 6

    Respond to at least two of your colleagues on two different days in one or more of the following ways:

    Ask a probing question, substantiated with additional background information, evidence, or research using an in-text citation in APA format.

    Share an insight from having read your colleagues’ postings, synthesizing the information to provide new perspectives.

    Offer and support an alternative perspective using readings from the classroom or from your own research in the Walden Library.

    Validate an idea with your own experience and additional research. NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    Make a suggestion based on additional evidence drawn from readings or after synthesizing multiple postings.

    Expand on your colleagues’ postings by providing additional insights or contrasting perspectives based on readings and evidence.

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    NURS 6050 Week 7 Discussion: 
    Health Care Policy

    Health Care Policy Impact on Nurses Practice

    In this week’s media presentation, Dr. Trautman, Dr. Wakefield, and Ms. Coyle discuss how public policies initiated at the national or state level ultimately influence what occurs at the institutional and local level of nursing practice and health care delivery. Health care policy usually is developed to address health care cost, quality, or access, or a combination of the three. Due to the nature of their interaction with patients, nurses are well situated to be effective, knowledgeable advocates for their patients.

    In this week’s Discussion, you will examine how current policies impact how you as a nurse provide health care. You will then select an issue of interest and determine how you could advocate for policy in that area.

    To prepare:

    Select one public policy that currently is impacting you and your practice. Consider the following:

    What health care driver was the policy designed to address: cost, quality, access, or a combination?

    Does the policy appear to be achieving its intended results? On what data are you basing your assumption?

    What have been the effects (adverse or positive) of this policy on health care cost, quality, and access?

    How is this policy affecting your nursing practice? NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    Next, select a health care issue—something you see or experience on a daily basis—about which you would like to influence a practice change through the policy process.

    Review the Learning Resources, focusing on Kingdon’s Model. How would you utilize this model to guide your policy development?

    By Day 3 OF
     Health Care Policy Impact on Nurses Practice

    Post a brief description of a public policy that is having an impact on your practice; summarize your analysis of the policy using the bulleted list above as a guide. Then, summarize the issue you would like to influence though a change in public policy, and outline how you would utilize Kingdon’s Model to guide your policy development. NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    Read a selection of your colleagues’ responses.

    By Day 6 OF Health Care Policy Impact on Nurses Practice

    Respond to at least two of your colleagues on two different days in one or more of the following ways:

    Ask a probing question, substantiated with additional background information, evidence, or research using an in-text citation in APA format.

    Share an insight from having read your colleagues’ postings, synthesizing the information to provide new perspectives. NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    Offer and support an alternative perspective using readings from the classroom or from your own research in the Walden Library.

    Validate an idea with your own experience and additional research.

    Make a suggestion based on additional evidence drawn from readings or after synthesizing multiple postings.

    Expand on your colleagues’ postings by providing additional insights or contrasting perspectives based on readings and evidence. NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

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    NURS 6050 Week 8 Discussion: 
    Nurses as Health Advocates

    Discussion: Nurses as Health Advocates

    What does it take to be an effective health advocate? As a nurse, you have many opportunities to advocate for patients and populations, whether formally or informally. Being an advocate involves more than knowing how to lobby or to whom to write letters. It requires passion and compassion, commitment and courage. NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    In this Discussion, you will consider the attributes of an effective advocate for population health and/or the nursing profession. You will analyze those attributes that help nurses be a powerful force in improving the quality of health care.

    To prepare FOR Discussion: Nurses as Health Advocates :

    Review the article “On Being a Good Nurse: Reflections on the Past and Preparing for the Future” and “War, its aftermath, and U.S. health policy: Toward a comprehensive health program for America’s military personnel, veterans, and their families” found in this week’s Learning Resources.

    Consider the multiple health care needs of returning veterans and their families.

    By Day 3 OF Discussion: Nurses as Health Advocates

    Post two types of health needs returning veterans and their families might need. Identify two types of health needs returning veterans and their families might need. How might you advocate for the needs of this population. What type of advocacy skills would you need and how could you develop them. What responsibility does a nurse have to be an advocate? Give specific examples. NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    Read a selection of your colleagues’ responses.

    By Day 6 OF Discussion: Nurses as Health Advocates

    Respond to at least two of your colleagues on two different days in one or more of the following ways:

    Ask a probing question, substantiated with additional background information, evidence, or research using an in-text citation in APA format.

    Share an insight from having read your colleagues’ postings, synthesizing the information to provide new perspectives.

    Offer and support an alternative perspective using readings from the classroom or from your own research in the Walden Library.

    Validate an idea with your own experience and additional research.

    Make a suggestion based on additional evidence drawn from readings or after synthesizing multiple postings. NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    Expand on your colleagues’ postings by providing additional insights or contrasting perspectives based on readings and evidence.

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    NURS 6050 Week 9 Discussion: 
    Legal and Ethical Conduct

    Discussion: Legal and Ethical Conduct

    As emphasized in this week’s media presentation, all nurses need to be familiar with the laws and regulations that govern their practice: their state’s Nurse Practice Act, ANA’s Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice, specialty group standards of practice, etc. In addition, basic ethical principles guide nurses’ decision-making process every day. ANA’s Code of Ethics and ANA’s Social Policy Statement are two important documents that outline nurses’ ethical responsibilities to their patients, themselves, and their profession. This said, there is a dilemma: The laws are not always compatible with the ethical positions nurses sometimes take. This week’s Discussion focuses on such a dilemma. NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    To prepare for Discussion: Legal and Ethical Conduct:

    Review this week’s Learning Resources, focusing on the information in the media presentation about the relationship between the law and ethics.

    Consider the ethical responsibility of nurses in ensuring patient autonomy, beneficence, non-malfeasance, and justice.

    Read the following scenario:

    Lena is a community health care nurse who works exclusively with HIV-positive and AIDS patients. As a part of her job, she evaluates new cases and reviews confidential information about these patients. In the course of one of these reviews, Lena learns that her sister’s boyfriend has tested HIV positive. Lena would like to protect her sister from harm and begins to consider how her sister can find out about her boyfriend’s health status. NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    Consult at least two resources to help you establish Lena’s legal and ethical position. These resources might include your state’s Nurse Practice Act, the ANA’s Code of Ethics, ANA’s Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice, and internal or external standards of care. NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    Consider what action you would take if you were Lena and why.

    Determine whether the law and the ANA’s standards support or conflict with that action.

    By Day 3 of Discussion: Legal and Ethical Conduct

    Post a description of the actions you would take in this situation, and why. Justify these actions by referencing appropriate laws, ethical standards, and professional guidelines. NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    Read a selection of your colleagues’ responses.

    By Day 6 of Discussion: Legal and Ethical Conduct

    Respond to at least two of your colleagues on two different days in one or more of the following ways:

    Ask a probing question, substantiated with additional background information, evidence, or research using an in-text citation in APA format.

    Share an insight from having read your colleagues’ postings, synthesizing the information to provide new perspectives. NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    Offer and support an alternative perspective using readings from the classroom or from your own research in the Walden Library.

    Validate an idea with your own experience and additional research.

    Make a suggestion based on additional evidence drawn from readings or after synthesizing multiple postings.

    Expand on your colleagues’ postings by providing additional insights or contrasting perspectives based on readings and evidence. NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    Click on the Reply button below to reveal the textbox for entering your message. Then click on the Submit button to post your message.

    NURS 6050 Week 10 Discussion: 
    Ethical Issues With an Aging Population

    Discussion: Ethical Issues With an Aging Population

    According to the CDC, “in the United States, the proportion of the population aged >65 years is projected to increase from 12.4% in 2000 to 19.6% in 2030,” (CDC, 2003, para. 2). Caring for this aging population is going to be one of the greatest challenges facing the health care industry. Not only will the number of individuals requiring care rise, but so will the cost. As poignantly stated by Crippen and Barnato, “unless we change the practice of medicine and reduce future costs, and explicitly address the ethical dilemmas we face, there may come a time when our kids simply cannot afford us” (2011, p. 128). NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    In this Discussion, you will examine the ethical issues that the United States and other nations must address when faced with the health care challenges of an aging population.

    To prepare:

    Consider the ethical aspects of health care and health policy for an aging population.

    Review the Hayutin, Dietz, and Mitchell report presented in the Learning Resources. The authors pose the question, “What are the economic consequences, now and for future generations of taxpayers if we fail to adapt our policies to the changing reality of an older population?” (p. 21). Consider how you would respond to this question. In addition, reflect on the ethical decisions that arise when dispersing limited funds. NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    Contemplate the impact of failing to adjust policy in accordance with the changing reality of an older population.

    Reflect on the ethical dilemmas that arise when determining expenditures on end-of-life health care.

    By Day 3

    Post an explanation of the ethical standards you believe should be used in determining how resources should be allocated for an aging population and end-of-life care. Then, provide an analysis of the ethical challenges related to the preparation for the provision of such health care. NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    Read a selection of your colleagues’ responses.

    By Day 6

    Respond to at least two of your colleagues on two different days in one or more of the following ways:

    Ask a probing question, substantiated with additional background information, evidence, or research using an in-text citation in APA format.

    Share an insight from having read your colleagues’ postings, synthesizing the information to provide new perspectives.

    Offer and support an alternative perspective using readings from the classroom or from your own research in the Walden Library.

    Validate an idea with your own experience and additional research.

    Make a suggestion based on additional evidence drawn from readings or after synthesizing multiple postings. NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    Expand on your colleagues’ postings by providing additional insights or contrasting perspectives based on readings and evidence.

    Discussion: Ethical Issues With an Aging Population References:

    Crippen, D., & Barnato, A. E. (2011). The ethical implications of health spending: Death and other expensive conditions. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 39(2), 121–129. doi:10.1111/j.1748-720X.2011.00582.x

    Public health and aging: Trends in aging—United States and worldwide. Retrieved from: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5206a2.htm

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    NURS 6050 Week 11 Discussion: 
    What Can Nurses Do?

    Discussion: What Can Nurses Do?

    Many people, most of them in tropical countries of the Third World, die of preventable, curable diseases. . . . Malaria, tuberculosis, acute lower-respiratory infections—in 1998, these claimed 6.1 million lives. People died because the drugs to treat those illnesses are nonexistent or are no longer effective. They died because it doesn’t pay to keep them alive. NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    –Ken Silverstein, Millions for Viagra. Pennies for Diseases of the Poor, The Nation, July 19, 1999

    Unfortunately, since 1998, little has changed. For many individuals living in impoverished underdeveloped countries, even basic medical care is difficult to obtain. Although international agencies sponsor outreach programs and corporations, and although nonprofit organizations donate goods and services, the level of health care remains far below what is necessary to meet the needs of struggling populations. NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments. Polluted water supplies, unsanitary conditions, and poor nutrition only exacerbate the poor health prevalent in these environments. Nurses working in developed nations have many opportunities/advantages that typically are not available to those in underdeveloped countries. What can nurses do to support their international colleagues and advocate for the poor and underserved of the world?

    In this Discussion, you will consider the challenges of providing health care for the world’s neediest citizens, as well as how nurses can advocate for these citizens.

    To prepare:

    Consider the challenges of providing health care in underdeveloped countries.

    Conduct research in the Walden Library and other reliable resources to determine strategies being used to address these challenges. NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    Using this week’s Learning Resources, note the factors that impact the ability of individuals in underdeveloped nations to obtain adequate health care.

    Consider strategies nurses can use to advocate for health care at the global level. What can one nurse do to make a difference?

    By Day 3

    Post a description of at least two challenges related to providing adequate health care in underdeveloped countries. Then, describe two strategies you might use to address those challenges, and explain why. Finally, describe one strategy nurses might use in advocating for health care at the global level, and explain why this would be an effective strategy. NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    Read a selection of your colleagues’ responses.

    By Day 6

    Respond to at least two of your colleagues on two different days in one or more of the following ways:

    Ask a probing question, substantiated with additional background information, evidence, or research using an in-text citation in APA format.

    Share an insight from having read your colleagues’ postings, synthesizing the information to provide new perspectives. NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    Offer and support an alternative perspective using readings from the classroom or from your own research in the Walden Library.

    Validate an idea with your own experience and additional research.

    Make a suggestion based on additional evidence drawn from readings or after synthesizing multiple postings. NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    Expand on your colleagues’ postings by providing additional insights or contrasting perspectives based on readings and evidence.

    Click on the Reply button below to reveal the textbox for entering your message. Then click on the Submit button to post your message. NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    NURS 6050 Week 4 Assignment

    Application: Part 1 – Developing an Advocacy Campaign

    The following application (Part 1) will be due in week 4.

    To prepare FOR Application: Part 1 – Developing an Advocacy Campaign:

    Select a population health issue of interest to you and identify the population affected by the issue.

    Locate two scholarly articles, each of which provides a description of an effective health advocacy campaign that addresses your issue. The articles need to focus on two different advocacy campaigns. NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    Analyze the attributes of the two campaigns to determine what made them effective.

    Reflect on a policy you could propose or suggest a change to a current policy to improve the health of the population you selected.

    Consider how you could develop an advocacy campaign, applying the attributes identified in similar, effective campaigns.

    To complete Application: Part 1 – Developing an Advocacy Campaign:

    For the Part 1 application (approximately 3–4 pages of content with a title page and references in APA format) address the following:

    Describe your selected population health issue and the population affected by this issue.

    Summarize the two advocacy campaigns you researched in this area. NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    Explain the attributes that made those campaigns effective.

    Begin to develop a plan for a health advocacy campaign that seeks to create a new policy or change an existing policy with regard to the issue and population you selected. Be sure to include in your plan:

    A description of the public health issue and proposed policy solution

    Specific objectives for the policy you want to be implemented NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments

    Begin to substantiate of your proposed campaign by data and evidence.

    Be sure to paste the rubric at the end of your paper.

    By Day 7 of Week 4 OFApplication: Part 1 – Developing an Advocacy Campaign

    This Assignment is due.

    Submission and Grading Information

    To submit your completed Assignment for review and grading, do the following:

    Please save your Assignment using the naming convention “WK4Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” as the name.

    Click the Week 4 Assignment Rubric to review the Grading Criteria for the Assignment.

    Click the Week 4 Assignment link. You will also be able to “View Rubric” for grading criteria from this area.

    Next, from the Attach File area, click on the Browse My Computer button. Find the document you saved as “WK4Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” and click Open. NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    If applicable: From the Plagiarism Tools area, click the checkbox for I agree to submit my paper(s) to the Global Reference Database.

    Click on the Submit button to complete your submission.

    NURS 6050 Week 7 Assignment

    Application Assignment 2: Part 2 – Developing an Advocacy Campaign

    The following application, Part 2, will be due in Week 7.

    To prepare:

    Review Chapter 3 of Milstead, J. A. (2016). Health policy and politics: A nurse’s guide (5th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

    In the first assignment, you reflected on whether the policy you would like to promote could best be achieved through the development of new legislation, or a change in an existing law or regulation. Refine as necessary using any feedback from your first paper. NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    Contemplate how existing laws or regulations may affect how you proceed in advocating for your proposed policy.

    Consider how you could influence legislators or other policymakers to enact the policy you propose.

    Think about the obstacles of the legislative process that may prevent your proposed policy from being implemented as intended. NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    To complete:

    Part Two will have approximately 3–4 pages of content plus a title page and references. Part Two will address the following:

    Explain whether your proposed policy could be enacted through a modification of existing law or regulation or the creation of new legislation/regulation. NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    Explain how existing laws or regulations could affect your advocacy efforts. Be sure to cite and reference the laws and regulations using primary sources.

    Provide an analysis of the methods you could use to influence legislators or other policymakers to support your policy. In particular, explain how you would use the “three legs” of lobbying in your advocacy efforts.

    Summarize obstacles that could arise in the legislative process and how to overcome these hurdles.

    Paste the rubric at the end of your paper.

    By Day 7 of Week 7

    This Assignment is due.

    Submission and Grading Information

    To submit your completed Assignment for review and grading, do the following:

    Please save your Assignment using the naming convention “WK7Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” as the name. NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    Click the Week 7 Assignment Rubric to review the Grading Criteria for the Assignment.

    Click the Week 7 Assignment link. You will also be able to “View Rubric” for grading criteria from this area.

    Next, from the Attach File area, click on the Browse My Computer button. Find the document you saved as “WK7Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” and click Open.

    If applicable: From the Plagiarism Tools area, click the checkbox for I agree to submit my paper(s) to the Global Reference Database. NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    Click on the Submit button to complete your submission

    NURS 6050 Week 10 Assignment

    Application: Developing a Health Advocacy Campaign (continued): Ethical Considerations

    The final application builds upon the applications (Parts One and Two) completed in weeks 4 and 7.

    To complete the final section of your paper:

    Review provisions 7, 8, and 9 of the ANA Code of Ethics in relation to advocacy for population health.

    Reflect on the ethical considerations you may need to take into account in your advocacy campaign.

    Research the ethical considerations and lobbying laws relevant to the location where your advocacy campaign will occur. NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    Consider potential ethical dilemmas you might face in your campaign.

    To complete: Revise and combine Part one (week 4 application) and Part Two (week 7 application) with Part Three below.

    Explain any ethical dilemmas that could arise during your advocacy campaign, and how you would resolve them.

    Describe the ethics and lobbying laws that are applicable to your advocacy campaign.

    Evaluate the special ethical challenges that are unique to the population you are addressing. NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    Provide a cohesive summary for your paper.

    Reminder: You will submit one cogent paper that combines the previous applications from weeks 4 and 7 plus the new material mentioned in the week 8 application. Your paper should be about 10 pages of content, not including the title page and references. Be sure to paste the rubric at the end of your paper.

    By Day 7 of Week 10

    This Assignment is due.

    Submission and Grading Information

    To submit your completed Assignment for review and grading, do the following:

    Please save your Assignment using the naming convention “WK10Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” as the name. NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

    Click the Week 10 Assignment Rubric to review the Grading Criteria for the Assignment.

    Click the Week 10 Assignment link. You will also be able to “View Rubric” for grading criteria from this area.

    Next, from the Attach File area, click on the Browse My Computer button. Find the document you saved as “WK10Assgn+last name+first initial.(extension)” and click Open.

    If applicable: From the Plagiarism Tools area, click the checkbox for I agree to submit my paper(s) to the Global Reference Database.

    Click on the Submit button to complete your submission. NURS 6050 Policy & Advocacy for Improving Population Health weekly essay discussions and assignments.

  • Pathophysiology Essay Questions & Answers

    Pathophysiology Essay Questions & Answers.

    Question 1

    A 70-year-old woman has received a diagnosis of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) after a clinical investigation sparked by the presence of leukocytosis in her routine blood work. What clinical course should her care provider tell her to expect?

    Answers:

    A. “It’s likely that this will give you chronic fatigue and malaise for the rest of your life, but that will probably be the extent of your symptoms Pathophysiology Essay Questions & Answers.”

    ORDER A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HERE

    B. “Unfortunately, your leukemia will likely enter a crisis mode within a few weeks if we don’t treat it immediately.”

    C. “You could remain the chronic stage of CML for several years before it accelerates and culminates in a crisis.”

    D. “You can expect your blood results, fatigue, and susceptibility to infection to gradually worsen over a few years.”

    Question 2

    Following an injury resulting in a small cut from a knife, the first cells to go to the area of the cut would be the

    Answers:

    A. erythrocytes.

    B. basophils.

    C. neutrophils.

    D. albumin.

    Question 3

    Which of the following diagnostic findings is likely to result in the most serious brain insult?

    Answers:

    A. Moderate decrease in brain tissue volume secondary to a brain tumor removal

    B. High intracellular concentration of glutamate

    C. Increased ICP accompanied by hyperventilation

    D. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) that equals intracranial pressure (ICP)

    Question 4

    Which of the following patients would be most likely to be experiencing an increase in renal erythropoietin production? Pathophysiology Essay Questions & Answers.

    Answers:

    A. A 70-year-old woman admitted with dehydration secondary to an overdose of her potassium-wasting diuretic

    B. A 21-year-old man with acute blood loss secondary to a motor vehicle accident 3 hours prior

    C. A 68-year-old man with a long-standing diagnosis of polycythemia vera

    D. A 71-year-old smoker admitted to hospital with exacerbation of his chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

    Question 5

    A college student has been experiencing frequent headaches that he describes as throbbing and complaining of difficulty concentrating while studying. Upon cerebral angiography, he is found to have an arteriovenous malformation. Which of the following pathophysiological concepts is likely responsible for his symptoms?

    Answers:

    A. Localized ischemia with areas of necrosis noted on CT angiography

    B. High pressure and local hemorrhage of the venous system

    C. Hydrocephalus and protein in the cerebral spinal fluid

    D. Increased tissue perfusion at the site of the malformation

    Question 6

    A group of nursing students were studying for their pathophysiology exam by quizzing each other about disorders of WBCs and lymphoid tissue. When asked what the first chromosomal abnormality that identified cancer was, one student correctly answered Answers: Pathophysiology Essay Questions & Answers.

    A. interleukin cells.

    B. Philadelphia.

    C. PSA.

    D. BRCA-1.

    Question 7

    A 47-year-old woman was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 3 years ago and has experienced a progressive onset and severity of complications. She has been admitted to a palliative care unit due to her poor prognosis? What assessments and interventions should the nursing staff of the unit prioritize in their care?

    Answers:

    A. Regular pain assessment and administration of opioid analgesics as needed

    B. Cardiac monitoring and administration of inotropic medications

    C. Assessment and documentation of cognitive changes, including confusion and restlessness

    D. Assessment of swallowing ability and respiratory status

    Question 8

    A 53-year-old man presents with inability to concentrate, itching in his fingers and toes, elevated blood pressure, and unexplained weight loss. Pathophysiology Essay Questions & Answers He is diagnosed with primary polycythemia. What will be the primary goal of his treatment?

    Answers:

    A. To increase the amount of oxygen distributed by his red blood cells

    B. To reduce the viscosity of his blood

    C. To reduce the mean size of his red cells

    D. To control his hypertension

    Question 9

    During a late night study session, a pathophysiology student reaches out to turn the page of her textbook. Which of the following components of her nervous system contains the highest level of control of her arm and hand action?

    Answers:

    A. Thalamus

    B. Cerebellum

    C. Frontal lobe

    D. Basal ganglia

    Question 10

    The family members of an elderly patient are wondering why his “blood counts” are not rising after his last GI bleed. They state, “He has always bounced back after one of these episodes, but this time it isn’t happening. Do you know why?” The nurse will respond based on which of the following pathophysiological principles? Pathophysiology Essay Questions & Answers.

    Answers:

    A. “Don’t worry about it. We can always give him more blood.”

    B. “Due to stress, the red blood cells of older adults are not replaced as promptly as younger people.”

    C. “Everything slows down when you get older. You just have to wait and see what happens.”

    D. “The doctor may start looking for another cause of his anemia, maybe cancer of the bone.”

    Question 11

    A 44-year-old female patient presents to the emergency department with abnormal bleeding and abdominal pain that is later attributed to gallbladder disease. Which of the following diagnoses would the medical team be most justified in suspecting as a cause of the patient’s bleeding?

    Answers:

    A. Hemophilia B

    B. Vitamin K deficiency

    C. Excess calcium

    D. Idiopathic immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)

    Question 12

    Your ESRD patient is receiving 2 units of packed red blood cells for anemia (Hgb of 8.2). Twenty minutes into the first transfusion, the nurse observes the patient has a flushed face, hives over upper body trunk, and is complaining of pain in lower back. Pathophysiology Essay Questions & Answers. His vital signs include pulse rate of 110 and BP drop to 95/56.What is the nurse’s priority action? Answers:

    A. Recheck the type of blood infusing with the chart documentation of patient’s blood type. B. Discontinue the transfusion and begin an infusion of normal saline.

    C. Slow the rate of the blood infusion to 50 mL/hour.

    D. Document the assessment as the only action.

    Question 13

    A 5th grade elementary student asks the school nurse how much blood is in an entire body. The nurse should respond that the average grown-up adult has

    Answers:

    A. 2 to 4 cups of blood in his or her body.

    B. 5 to 6 L of blood throughout his or her body.

    C. 3 pints of blood in total.

    D. 3 to 4 quarts of blood in his or her body.

    Question 14

    The geriatrician providing care for a 74-year-old man with diagnosis of Parkinson disease has recently changed the client’s medication regimen. What is the most likely focus of the pharmacologic treatment of the man’s health problem?

    Answers:

    A. Preventing demyelination of the efferent cerebellar pathways

    B. Preventing axonal degradation of motor neurons

    C. Maximizing acetylcholine release from synaptic vesicles at neuromuscular junctions

    D. Increasing the functional ability of the underactive dopaminergic system

    Question 15

    A student makes the statement to a colleague, “Blood plasma is essentially just a carrier for the formed elements like red blood cells and white blood cells.”What would be the most accurate response to this statement? Pathophysiology Essay Questions & Answers.

    Answers:

    A. “Not really. Plasma also contributes to the processes of protein synthesis and hematopoiesis.”

    B. “Actually, plasma plays a significant role in nutrient and waste transport.”

    C. “Actually, plasma is integral to the proper function of the liver and maintenance of acid–base balance.”

    D. “That’s not really true. Plasma is crucial in the immune and inflammatory responses.”

    Question 16

    Several months ago, a 20-year-old male suffered a spinal cord injury brought about by a snowboard trick gone wrong. The lasting effects of his injury include a flaccid bowel and bladder and the inability to obtain an erection. While sensation has been completely preserved in his legs and feet, his motor function is significantly impaired. What type of incomplete spinal cord injury has the man most likely experienced?

    Answers:

    A. Central cord syndrome

    B. Conus medullaris syndrome

    C. Brown-Séquard syndrome

    D. Anterior cord syndrome

    Question 17

    A client with a gastrointestinal bleed secondary to alcohol abuse and a hemoglobin level of 5.8 g/dL has been ordered a transfusion of packed red blood cells. The client possesses type B antibodies but lacks type D antigens on his red cells. Transfusion of which of the following blood types would be least likely to produce a transfusion reaction?

    Answers:

    A. A–

    B. A

    C. B–

    D. B

    Question 18

    Which of the following clients’ signs and symptoms would allow a clinician to be most justified in ruling out stroke as a cause? An adult

    Answers:

    A. has vomited and complained of a severe headache.

    B. states that his left arm and leg are numb, and gait is consequently unsteady.

    C. has experienced a sudden loss of balance and slurred speech.

    D. has had a gradual onset of weakness, headache, and visual disturbances over the last 2 days.

    Question 19

    Amniocentesis has suggested that a couple’s first child will be born with sickle cell disease. The parents are unfamiliar with the health problem, and their caregiver is explaining the complexities. Which of the following statements by the parents would suggest a need for further teaching or clarification?

    Answers:

    A. “Our baby’s red cells are prone to early destruction because of his or her weak membranes.”

    B. “Our son or daughter likely won’t show the effects of sickling until he or she is school-aged because of the different hemoglobin in babies.”

    C. “Not all of his or her red cells will be sickled, but low oxygen levels can cause them to become so.”

    D. “Sickled cells can block his or her blood vessels, especially in the abdomen, chest, and bones.”

    Question 20

    During science class, a student asks, “What’s the difference between plasma and serum in the blood?” The nurse responds that the primary difference between plasma and serum is that plasma contains Pathophysiology Essay Questions & Answers

    Answers:

    A. hydrogen ions.

    B. heparin.

    C. white blood cells.

    D. fibrinogen.

    Question 21

    During a flu shot clinic, one of the questions the student nurse asks relates to whether the patient has had Guillain-Barré syndrome in his medical history. The patient asks, “What is that?” How should the nursing student reply?

    Answers:

    A. “A type of paralysis that affects movement on both sides of the body that may even involve the respiratory muscles”

    B. “Influenza-like illness where you had fever and chills for 2 to 3 days after your last flu shot”

    C. “A degenerative disease where you have trouble walking without the help of a cane or walker”

    D. “Swelling of your arm where you got your flu shot, and maybe your eyes and lips had some swelling as well”

    Question 22

    A 22-year-old female college student is shocked to receive a diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. What are the etiology and most likely treatment for her health problem?

    Answers:

    A. Excess acetylcholinesterase production; treatment with thymectomy

    B. A decline in functioning acetylcholine receptors; treatment with corticosteroids and intravenous immunoglobulins

    C. Cerebellar lesions; surgical and immunosuppressive treatment

    D. Autoimmune destruction of skeletal muscle cells; treatment with intensive physical therapy and anabolic steroids

    Question 23

    A baseball player was hit in the head with a bat during practice. In the emergency department, the physician tells the family that he has a “coup”injury. How will the nurse explain this to the family so they can understand?

    Answers:

    A. “It’s like squeezing an orange so tight that the juice runs out of the top.”

    B. “When the bat hit his head, his neck jerked backward causing injury to the spine.”

    C. “Your son has a contusion of the brain at the site where the bat hit his head.”

    D. “Your son has a huge laceration inside his brain where the bat hit his skull.”

    Question 24

    Which of the following glycoproteins is responsible for treating such diseases as bone marrow failure following chemotherapy and hematopoietic neoplasms such as leukemia? Answers:

    A. Growth factors and cytokines

    B. T lymphocytes and natural killer cells

    C. Neutrophils and eosinophils

    D. Natural killer cells and granulocytes

    Question 25

    While being on subcutaneous heparin injections for deep vein thrombosis during her latter pregnancy, a patient begins to experience major side effects. Her OB-GYN physician has called in a specialist who thinks that the patient is experiencing heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. The nurse should anticipate which of the following orders? Pathophysiology Essay Questions & Answers

    Answers:

    A. Immediately discontinue the heparin therapy

    B. Switch to Coumadin 2.5 mg once/day

    C. Decrease the dose of heparin from 5000 units b.i.d to 3000 units b.i.d

    D. Infuse FFP stat

    Question 26

    Which of the following individuals would most likely experience global ischemia to his or her brain?

    Answers:

    A. A woman who is being brought to hospital by ambulance following suspected carbon monoxide poisoning related to a faulty portable heater

    B. A male client who has just had an ischemic stroke confirmed by CT of his head

    C. A woman who has been admitted to the emergency department with a suspected intracranial bleed

    D. A man who has entered cardiogenic shock following a severe myocardial infarction

    Question 27

    A new mother and father are upset that their 2-day-old infant is requiring phototherapy for hyperbilirubinemia. The pediatrician who has followed the infant since birth is explaining the multiplicity of factors that can contribute to high serum bilirubin levels in neonates. Which of the following factors would the physician be most likely to rule out as a contributor?

    Answers:

    A. Transitioning of hemoglobin F (HbF) to hemoglobin A (HbA)

    B. Hepatic immaturity of the infant

    C. Hypoxia

    D. The fact that the infant is being breast-fed

    Question 28

    A 14-year-old boy has been diagnosed with infectious mononucleosis. Which of the following pathophysiological phenomena is most responsible for his symptoms?

    Answers:

    A. Viruses are killing some of his B cells and becoming incorporated into the genome of others.

    B. The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is lysing many of the boy’s neutrophils.

    C. The virus responsible for mononucleosis inhibits the maturation of myeloblasts into promyelocytes.

    D. The EBV inhibits the maturation of white cells within his peripheral lymph nodes.

    Question 29

    A 16-year-old female has been brought to her primary care physician by her mother due to the girl’s persistent sore throat and malaise. Which of the following facts revealed in the girl’s history and examination would lead the physician to rule out infectious mononucleosis?

    Answers:

    A. Chest auscultation reveals crackles in her lower lung fields bilaterally.

    B. Her liver and spleen are both enlarged.

    C. Blood work reveals an increased white blood cell count.

    D. The girl has a temperature of 38.1°C (100.6°F) and has enlarged lymph nodes.

    Question 30

    A 30-year-old woman who has given birth 12 hours prior is displaying signs and symptoms of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). The client’s husband is confused as to why a disease of coagulation can result in bleeding. Which of the nurse’s following statements best characterizes DIC?

    Answers:

    A. “The same hormones and bacteria that cause clotting also cause bleeding.”

    B. “Massive clotting causes irritation, friction, and bleeding in the small blood vessels.”

    C. “So much clotting takes place that there are no available clotting components left, and bleeding ensues.”

    D. “Excessive activation of clotting causes an overload of vital organs, resulting in bleeding.”

    Question 31

    A 20-year-old has been diagnosed with an astrocytic brain tumor located in the brain stem. Which of the following statements by the oncologist treating the client is most accurate? Pathophysiology Essay Questions & Answers.

    Answers:

    A. “Our treatment plan will depend on whether your tumor is malignant or benign.”

    B. “This is likely a result of a combination of heredity and lifestyle.”

    C. “The major risk that you face is metastases to your lungs, liver, or bones.”

    D. “Your prognosis will depend on whether we can surgically resect your tumor.”

    Question 32

    A patient diagnosed with low-risk chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has recently developed thrombocytopenia. One of the medications utilized to treat this would be Answers:

    A. cisplatin, a chemotherapeutic.

    B. vincristine, a Vinca alkaloid.

    C. dexamethasone, a corticosteroid.

    D. doxorubicin, a cytotoxic antibiotic.

    Question 33

    Two nursing students are attempting to differentiate between the presentations of immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). Which of the students’ following statements best captures an aspect of the two health problems? Answers:

    A. “ITP can be either inherited or acquired, and if it’s acquired, it involves an enzyme deficiency.”

    B. “Both of them involve low platelet counts, but in TTP, there can be more, not less, hemostasis.

    C. “TTP can be treated with plasmapheresis, but ITP is best addressed with transfusion of fresh frozen plasma.”

    D. “Both diseases can result from inadequate production of thrombopoietin by megakaryocytes.”

    Question 34

    A physician is explaining to a 40-year-old male patient the importance of completing his course of antibiotics for the treatment of tuberculosis. The physician explains the damage that could occur to lung tissue by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Which of the following phenomena would underlie the physician’s explanation?

    Answers:

    A. Tissue destruction results from neutrophil deactivation.

    B. Neutrophils are ineffective against the Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens.

    C. Macrophages form a capsule around the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria, resulting in immune granulomas.

    D. Nonspecific macrophage activity leads to pulmonary tissue destruction and resulting hemoptysis.

    Question 35

    A teenager, exposed to West Nile virus a few weeks ago while camping with friends, is admitted with headache, fever, and nuchal rigidity. The teenager is also displaying some lethargy and disorientation. The nurse knows which of the following medical diagnoses listed below may be associated with these clinical manifestations?

    Answers:

    A. Encephalitis

    B. Lyme disease

    C. Rocky Mountain spotted fever

    D. Spinal infection

    Question 36

    A patient has been diagnosed with anemia. The physician suspects an immune hemolytic anemia and orders a Coombs test. The patient asks the nurse what this test will tell the doctor. The nurse replies,

    Answers:

    A. “They are looking for the presence of antibody or complement on the surface of the RBC.”

    B. “They will look at your RBCs under a microscope to see if they have an irregular shape (poikilocytosis).”

    C. “They will wash your RBCs and then mix the cells with a reagent to see if they clump together.”

    D. “They will be looking to see if you have enough ferritin in your blood.”

    Question 37

    A 29-year-old construction worker got a sliver under his fingernail 4 days ago. The affected finger is now reddened, painful, swollen, and warm to touch. Which of the following hematological processes is most likely occurring in the bone marrow in response to the infection?

    Answers:

    A. Phagocytosis by myelocytes

    B. Increased segmented neutrophil production

    C. High circulatory levels of myeloblasts

    D. Proliferation of immature neutrophils

    Question 38

    A surgeon is explaining to the parents of a 6-year-old boy the rationale for the suggestion of removing the boy’s spleen. Which of the following teaching points would be most accurate?

    Answers:

    A.“We think that his spleen is inhibiting the production of platelets by his bone marrow.”

    B.“We believe that your son’s spleen is causing the destruction of many of his blood platelets, putting him at a bleeding risk.”

    C.“Your son’s spleen is holding on to too many of his platelets, so they’re not available for clotting.”

    D.“Your son’s spleen is inappropriately filtering out the platelets from his blood and keeping them from normal circulation.”

    Question 39 A nurse practitioner is providing care for a client with low levels of the plasma protein gamma globulin. The nurse would recognize that the client is at risk of developing which of the following health problems?

    Answers:

    A. Anemia

    B. Blood clots

    C. Jaundice

    D. Infections

    Question 40

    A 32-year-old woman presents at her neighborhood health clinic complaining of weakness and a feeling of abdominal fullness. She reports that 6 months earlier she noticed that she had difficulty in maintaining the high level of energy she has relied on during her aerobic workouts over the past few years. Because she felt that she was in overall good health, but knew that women often need additional iron, she added a multiple vitamin with iron and some meat and leafy greens to her diet. She followed her plan carefully but had no increase in energy. Upon examination, her spleen is noted to be enlarged. Which of the following is most likely to be the cause?

    Answers:

    A. CLL

    B. Accelerated CML

    C. Infectious mononucleosis

    D. Stage A Hodgkin disease

    Question 41

    A nurse is providing care for several patients on an acute medical unit of a hospital.Which of the following patients would be most likely to benefit from hematopoietic growth factors?

    Answers:

    A. A 61-year-old female patient with end-stage renal cancer

    B. A 55-year-old obese male patient with peripheral neuropathy secondary to diabetes

    C. A 51-year-old female patient with liver failure secondary to hepatitis

    D. A 44-year-old man with a newly diagnosed brain tumor

    Question 42

    Misinterpreting her physician’s instructions, a 69-year-old woman with a history of peripheral artery disease has been taking two 325 mg tablets of aspirin daily. How has this most likely affected her hemostatic status?

    Answers:

    A. The binding of an antibody to platelet factor IV produces immune complexes.

    B. The patient’s prostaglandin (TXA2) levels are abnormally high.

    C. Irreversible acetylation of platelet cyclooxygenase activity has occurred.

    D. She is at risk of developing secondary immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP).

    Question 43 Which of the following teaching points would be most appropriate with a client who has a recent diagnosis of von Willebrand disease?

    Answers:

    A. “Make sure that you avoid taking aspirin.”

    B. “Your disease affects your platelet function rather than clot formation.”

    C. “Clotting factor VIII can help your body compensate for the difficulty in clotting.”

    D. “It’s important that you avoid trauma.”

    Question 44

    A nurse at a long-term care facility provides care for an 85-year-old man who has had recent transient ischemic attacks (TIAs). Pathophysiology Essay Questions & Answers. Which of the following statements best identifies future complications associated with TIAs? TIAs

    Answers:

    A. are caused by small bleeds that can be a warning sign of an impending stroke.

    B. are a relatively benign sign that necessitates monitoring but not treatment.

    C. are an accumulation of small deficits that may eventually equal the effects of a full CVA. D. resolve rapidly but may place the client at an increased risk for stroke.

    Question 45

    Following a motor vehicle accident 3 months prior, a 20-year-old female who has been in a coma since her accident has now had her condition declared a persistent vegetative state. How can her care providers most accurately explain an aspect of her situation to her parents?

    Answers:

    A. “If you or the care team notices any spontaneous eye opening, then we will change our treatment plan.”

    B. “Your daughter has lost all her cognitive functions as well as all her basic reflexes.”

    C. “Though she still goes through a cycle of sleeping and waking, her condition is unlikely to change.”

    D. “Your daughter’s condition is an unfortunate combination with total loss of consciousness but continuation of all other normal brain functions.”

    Question 46

    A couple who is expecting their first child has been advised by friends to consider harvesting umbilical cord blood in order to have a future source of stem cells. The couple has approached their caregiver with this request and is seeking clarification of exactly why stem cells are valuable and what they might expect to gain from harvesting it. How can their caregiver best respond to the couple’s enquiry? Stem cells can

    Answers:

    A. “be used as source of reserve cells for the entire blood production system.”

    B. “help treat some cancers and anemias, but they must come from your child himself or herself.”

    C. “be used to regenerate damaged organs should the need ever arise.”

    D. “help correct autoimmune diseases and some congenital defects.”

    Question 47 A surgeon is explaining to the parents of a 6-year-old boy the rationale for the suggestion of removing the boy’s spleen. Which of the following teaching points would be most accurate?

    Answers:

    A. “Ferritin is a protein–iron complex that allows your red blood cells to make use of the iron that you consume in your diet.”

    B. “Ferritin is the activated and usable form of iron that your red blood cells can use to transport oxygen.”

    C. “Ferritin is the form of iron that is transported in your blood plasma to red blood cells that need it.”

    D. “Ferritin is a stored form of iron that indirectly shows me whether you would benefit from iron pills.”

    Question 48

    A 13-year-old African American boy comes to the ER complaining of fatigue and a rapid heartbeat. In conversation with the father, it becomes apparent to you that the boy has grown 2 inches in the previous 5 months. Pathophysiology Essay Questions & Answers. What is the first problem the health care team would attempt to rule out?

    Answers:

    A. Aplastic anemia

    B. Sickle cell anemia

    C. Thalassemia

    D. Iron deficiency anemia

    Question 49

    In which of the following patients, would diagnostic investigations least likely reveal increased thrombopoietin production?

    Answers:

    A. A 55-year-old man with dehydration secondary to Crohn disease

    B. An 81-year-old woman with diagnoses of rheumatoid arthritis and failure to thrive

    C. A 66-year-old woman with a diagnosis of lung cancer with bone metastases

    D. A 21-year-old woman awaiting bone marrow transplant for myelogenous leukemia

    Question 50

    A hospital laboratory technologist is analyzing the complete blood count (CBC) of a patient. Which of the following statements best reflects an aspect of the platelets that would constitute part of the CBC?

    Answers:

    A. New platelets are released from the bone marrow into circulation.

    B. The half-life of a platelet is typically around 8 to 12 days.

    C. Platelets originate with granulocyte colony–forming units (CFU).

    D. The α-granules of platelets contribute primarily to vasoconstriction. Pathophysiology Essay Questions & Answers.

  • Exercise Physiology Essay Questions

    Exercise Physiology Essay Questions

    1. A series of electrical stimuli in rapid succession can elicit more force production than a single electrical stimulus; this additive effect of high-frequency stimulation is called _____________.

    2. ___________ is the neurotransmitter used to pass an action potential from nerve to muscle.

    3. Regardless of training history, the soleus muscle consists of mostly type ____ fibers.

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    4. The theory that states that muscle fibers contract when thick and thin filaments slide past each other is called the _________________ theory.

    5. 
    Type _____ fibers are typically engaged during short, higher-intensity exercise that involves some degree of endurance. Exercise Physiology Essay Questions.

    Exercise Physiology

    6. Type ______ fibers are not very easily stimulated by the nervous system, meaning that they typically are not engaged until all other fiber types have been stimulated first.

    7. Type _____ fibers are seldom engaged on a regular basis but are critical for high-power, explosive activities, such as sprinting.

    8. The sarcomere length at which the overlap of thick and thin filaments is optimal is the definition of ____________________.

    9. A solitary contractile response to a single electrical stimulus is called a(n) _________. Exercise Physiology Essay Questions.

    10. In a(n) _____________ type of muscle action, faster contraction/lengthening allows the muscle to develop maximal force production.

    11. Type _____ fibers are usually engaged for long periods of low-impact aerobic exercise.

    12. The alternating light and dark regions of thick and thin filaments on a muscle fiber are called ______________.

    13. The series of events that begins with excitation of a motor nerve and results in muscle contraction is called _____________________.

    14. The _____________ (a specific region of a myosin molecule) is the only part of the molecule that will interact with actin to create a cross-bridge.

    15. An α-motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates are collectively called a(n) ___________.

    16. ______________ is the oxygen-binding molecule associated with skeletal muscle.

    17. All chemical reactions in the body are collectively termed _______________.

    18. ___________________ is the rate-limiting enzyme for the glycolytic pathway.

    19. The enzyme that is critical in determining the rate of energy production through a given metabolic pathway is called the ___________________ enzyme.

    20. All ingested carbohydrates are eventually converted into this simple 6-carbon sugar: _______. Exercise Physiology Essay Questions.

    21. Molecules whose names end in -ase belong to this family of molecules: __________.

    22. Glucose is stored as __________ in the liver and muscles.

    23. The general term for the breakdown of chemical compounds is ______________.

    24. The measure of a muscle’s total ability to utilize oxygen is called its _________________.

    25. The process of converting protein into fatty acids is called ____________.

    26. The breakdown of glucose is called _____________.

    27. When ATP is produced using oxygen, the process is called ____________________.

    28. The influence of substrate availability on the rate of substrate metabolism is called the _________________.

    29. Type _____ muscle fibers have a greater capacity for aerobic activity.

    30. The high-energy phosphate molecule used by the body for almost all metabolic activity is _____.

    31. The process of converting substrates into energy is called ____________.

    32. In the absence of oxygen, for every molecule of glucose that enters glycolysis, ____ ATP will be produced. Exercise Physiology Essay Questions.

  • Nursing Staffing Essay

    Nursing Staffing Essay

    Question description

    Nursing Staffing Paper assignment

    Review Learning Exercise 17.4 – Calculating Staffing Needs (located in Chapter 17 of the textbook)

    Calculate the staffing needs for the day shift and answer the following questions:

    You have on duty one RN and one LPN working 8 hour shifts and a ward clerk for 4 hours. Are you understaffed or overstaffed? Nursing Staffing Essay.

    If you had the same number of patients but the acuity levels were the following, would your staffing needs be the same?

    Two patients in category I acuity level

    Three patients in category II acuity level

    Two patients in category III acuity level

    Zero patients in category IV acuity level

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    Nursing Staffing Paper Assignment Requirements

    Your paper should be:

    Typed according to APA style for margins, formatting and spacing standards. Nursing Staffing Essay.

  • Biostatistics Questions

    Biostatistics Questions

    Question description

    Bio-statistics Questions Exercise 10

    1.What demographic variables were measured at the nominal level of measurement in the OH et al. (2014) study? Provide a rationale for your answer.

    2. What statistics were calculated to describe body mass index (BMI) in this study? Were these appropriate? Provide a rationale for your answer.

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    3. Were the distributions of scores for BMI similar for the intervention and control groups? Provide a rationale for your answer.

    4. Was there a significant difference in BMI between the intervention and control groups? Provide a rationale for your answer Biostatistics Questions.

    5. Based on the sample size of N=41, what frequency and percentage of the sample smoked? What frequency and percentage of the sample were non-drinkers (alcohol)? Show your calculations and round to the nearest whole percent.

    6. What measurement method was used to measure the bone mineral density (BMD) for the study participants? Discuss the quality of this measurement method and document your response.

    7. What statistic was calculated to determine differences between the intervention and control groups for the lumbar and femur neck BMDs? Were the groups significantly different for BMDs?

    8. The researchers stated that there were no significant differences in the baseline characteristics of the intervention and control groups (see Table 2) Are these groups heterogeneous or homogeneous at the beginning of the study? Why is this important in testing the effectiveness of the therapeutic lifestyle modification (TLM) program? Biostatistics Questions.

    9. Oh et al. (2014, p.296) stated that “the adherence rate to the TLM program was 99.6%.” Discuss the importance of intervention adherence, and document your response.

    10. Was the sample for this study adequately described? Provide a rationale for your answer.

    Bio-statistics Questions Exercise 16

    1.What do degrees of freedom (
    df
    ) mean? Canbulat et al. (2015) did not provide the 
    dfs
     in their study. Why is it important to know the 
    df
     for a 
    t
     ratio? Using the 
    df 
    formula, calculate the 
    df
    for this study. Biostatistics Questions.

    2. What are the means and standard deviations (SD) for age for the Buzzy intervention and control groups? What statistical analysis is conducted to determine the difference in means for age for the two groups? Was this an appropriate analysis technique? Provide a rationale for your answer.

    3. What are the t value and p value for age? What do these results mean?

    4. What are the assumptions for conducting the independent samples t-test?

    5. Are the groups in this study independent or dependent? Provide a rationale for your answer.

    6. What is the null hypothesis for procedural self-reported pain measured with the Wong Baker Faces Scale (WBFS) for the two groups? Was this null hypothesis accepted or rejected in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer Biostatistics Questions.

    7. Should a Bonferroni procedure be conducted in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.

    8. What variable has a result of t=-6.135, p=0.000? What does the result mean?

    9. In your opinions, is it an expected or unexpected finding that both t values on Table 2 were found to be statistically significant. Provide a rationale for your answer.

    10. Describe one potential clinical benefit for pediatric patients to receive the Buzzy intervention that combined cold and vibration during IV insertion.

    Bio-statistics Questions Exercise 17

    1.What are the assumptions for conducting a paired or dependent samples t-test in a study? Which of these assumptions do you think were met by the Lindseth et al. (2014) study?

    2. In the introduction, Lindesth et al. (2014) described a “2-week washout between diets.” What does this mean? Why is this important?

    3. What is the paired t-test value for mood (irritability) between the participants’ consumption of high- versus low-aspartame diets? Is this result statistically significant? Provide a rationale for your answer.

    4. State the null hypothesis for mood (irritability) that was tested in this study. Was this hypothesis accepted or rejected? Provide a rational for your answer.

    5. Which t value in Table 2 represents the greatest relative or standardized difference between the high- and low-aspartame diets? Is this t value statistically significant? Provide a rationale for your answer.

    6. Discuss why the larger t values are more likely to be statistically significant.

    7. Discuss the meaning of the results regarding depression for this study. What is the clinical importance of this result?

    8. What is the smallest, paired t-test value in Table 2? Why do you think the smaller t value are not statistically significant?

    9. Discuss the clinical importance of these study results about the consumption of aspartame. Document your answer with a relevant source.

    10. Are these study findings related to the consumption of high- and low-aspartame diets ready for implementation in practice? Provide a rational for your answer.

    Bio-statistics Questions Exercise 10

    1.What demographic variables were measured at the nominal level of measurement in the OH et al. (2014) study? Provide a rationale for your answer.

    2. What statistics were calculated to describe body mass index (BMI) in this study? Were these appropriate? Provide a rationale for your answer.

    3. Were the distributions of scores for BMI similar for the intervention and control groups? Provide a rationale for your answer.

    4. Was there a significant difference in BMI between the intervention and control groups? Provide a rationale for your answer.

    5. Based on the sample size of N=41, what frequency and percentage of the sample smoked? What frequency and percentage of the sample were non-drinkers (alcohol)? Show your calculations and round to the nearest whole percent.

    6. What measurement method was used to measure the bone mineral density (BMD) for the study participants? Discuss the quality of this measurement method and document your response.

    7. What statistic was calculated to determine differences between the intervention and control groups for the lumbar and femur neck BMDs? Were the groups significantly different for BMDs?

    8. The researchers stated that there were no significant differences in the baseline characteristics of the intervention and control groups (see Table 2) Are these groups heterogeneous or homogeneous at the beginning of the study? Why is this important in testing the effectiveness of the therapeutic lifestyle modification (TLM) program?

    9. Oh et al. (2014, p.296) stated that “the adherence rate to the TLM program was 99.6%.” Discuss the importance of intervention adherence, and document your response.

    10. Was the sample for this study adequately described? Provide a rationale for your answer.

    Bio-statistics Questions Exercise 16

    1.What do degrees of freedom (
    df
    ) mean? Canbulat et al. (2015) did not provide the 
    dfs
     in their study. Why is it important to know the 
    df
     for a 
    t
     ratio? Using the 
    df 
    formula, calculate the 
    df
     for this study.

    2. What are the means and standard deviations (SD) for age for the Buzzy intervention and control groups? What statistical analysis is conducted to determine the difference in means for age for the two groups? Was this an appropriate analysis technique? Provide a rationale for your answer.

    3. What are the t value and p value for age? What do these results mean?

    4. What are the assumptions for conducting the independent samples t-test?

    5. Are the groups in this study independent or dependent? Provide a rationale for your answer.

    6. What is the null hypothesis for procedural self-reported pain measured with the Wong Baker Faces Scale (WBFS) for the two groups? Was this null hypothesis accepted or rejected in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer. Biostatistics Questions.

    7. Should a Bonferroni procedure be conducted in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.

    8. What variable has a result of t=-6.135, p=0.000? What does the result mean?

    9. In your opinions, is it an expected or unexpected finding that both t values on Table 2 were found to be statistically significant. Provide a rationale for your answer.

    10. Describe one potential clinical benefit for pediatric patients to receive the Buzzy intervention that combined cold and vibration during IV insertion. Biostatistics Questions.

    Bio-statistics Questions  Exercise 10

    1.What demographic variables were measured at the nominal level of measurement in the OH et al. (2014) study? Provide a rationale for your answer.

    2. What statistics were calculated to describe body mass index (BMI) in this study? Were these appropriate? Provide a rationale for your answer.

    3. Were the distributions of scores for BMI similar for the intervention and control groups? Provide a rationale for your answer.

    4. Was there a significant difference in BMI between the intervention and control groups? Provide a rationale for your answer. Biostatistics Questions.

    5. Based on the sample size of N=41, what frequency and percentage of the sample smoked? What frequency and percentage of the sample were non-drinkers (alcohol)? Show your calculations and round to the nearest whole percent.

    6. What measurement method did the study use to measure the bone mineral density (BMD) for the study participants? Discuss the quality of this measurement method and document your response.

    7. What statistic was calculated to determine differences between the intervention and control groups for the lumbar and femur neck BMDs? Were the groups significantly different for BMDs?

    8. The researchers stated that there were no significant differences in the baseline characteristics of the intervention and control groups (see Table 2) Are these groups heterogeneous or homogeneous at the beginning of the study? Why is this important in testing the effectiveness of the therapeutic lifestyle modification (TLM) program?

    9. Oh et al. (2014, p.296) stated that “the adherence rate to the TLM program was 99.6%.” Discuss the importance of intervention adherence, and document your response.

    10. Was the sample for this study adequately described? Provide a rationale for your answer.

    Bio-statistics Questions Exercise 16

    1.What do degrees of freedom (
    df
    ) mean? Canbulat et al. (2015) did not provide the 
    dfs
     in their study. Why is it important to know the 
    df
     for a 
    t
     ratio? Using the 
    df 
    formula, calculate the 
    df
    for this study. Biostatistics Questions.

    2. What are the means and standard deviations (SD) for age for the Buzzy intervention and control groups? What statistical analysis is conducted to determine the difference in means for age for the two groups? Was this an appropriate analysis technique? Provide a rationale for your answer.

    3. What are the t value and p value for age? What do these results mean?

    4. What are the assumptions for conducting the independent samples t-test?

    5. Are the groups in this study independent or dependent? Provide a rationale for your answer.

    6. Identify the null hypothesis for procedural self-reported pain measured with the Wong Baker Faces Scale (WBFS) for the two groups. Was this null hypothesis accepted or rejected in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.

    7. Should a Bonferroni procedure be conducted in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.

    8. What variable has a result of t=-6.135, p=0.000? What does the result mean?

    9. In your opinions, is it an expected or unexpected finding that both t values on Table 2 were found to be statistically significant. Provide a rationale for your answer Biostatistics Questions.

    10. Describe one potential clinical benefit for pediatric patients to receive the Buzzy intervention that combined cold and vibration during IV insertion.

    Bio-statistics Questions  Exercise 17

    1.What are the assumptions for conducting a paired or dependent samples t-test in a study? Which of these assumptions do you the Lindseth et al. (2014) study met?

    2. In the introduction, Lindesth et al. (2014) described a “2-week washout between diets.” What does this mean? Why is this important?

    3. What is the paired t-test value for mood (irritability) between the participants’ consumption of high- versus low-aspartame diets? Is this result statistically significant? Provide a rationale for your answer.

    4. State the null hypothesis for mood (irritability) that was tested in this study.  Did the hypothesis get accepted or rejected? Provide a rational for your answer.

    5. Which t value in Table 2 represents the greatest relative or standardized difference between the high- and low-aspartame diets? Is this t value statistically significant? Provide a rationale for your answer Biostatistics Questions.

    6. Discuss why the larger t values are more likely to be statistically significant.

    7. Discuss the meaning of the results regarding depression for this study. What is the clinical importance of this result?

    8. What is the smallest, paired t-test value in Table 2? Why do you think the smaller t value are not statistically significant?

    9. Discuss the clinical importance of these study results about the consumption of aspartame. Document your answer with a relevant source.

    10. Are these study findings related to the consumption of high- and low-aspartame diets ready for implementation in practice? Provide a rational for your answer.

    Bio-statistics Questions Exercise 17

    1.What are the assumptions for conducting a paired or dependent samples t-test in a study? Which of these assumptions do you think Lindseth et al. (2014) study met? Biostatistics Questions.

    2. In the introduction, Lindesth et al. (2014) described a “2-week washout between diets.” What does this mean? Why is this important?

    3. What is the paired t-test value for mood (irritability) between the participants’ consumption of high- versus low-aspartame diets? Is this result statistically significant? Provide a rationale for your answer.

    4. State the null hypothesis for mood (irritability) that was tested in this study. Was this hypothesis accepted or rejected? Provide a rational for your answer.

    5. Which t value in Table 2 represents the greatest relative or standardized difference between the high- and low-aspartame diets? Is this t value statistically significant? Provide a rationale for your answer. Biostatistics Questions.

    6. Discuss why the larger t values are more likely to be statistically significant.

    7. Discuss the meaning of the results regarding depression for this study. What is the clinical importance of this result?

    8. What is the smallest, paired t-test value in Table 2? Why do you think the smaller t value are not statistically significant?

    9. Discuss the clinical importance of these study results about the consumption of aspartame. Document your answer with a relevant source.

    10. Are these study findings related to the consumption of high- and low-aspartame diets ready for implementation in practice? Provide a rational for your answer. Biostatistics Questions.

  • Leadership style discussion Essay

    Leadership style discussion Essay

    Leadership style discussion:Throughout your career, you will work with many people who display differing leadership styles. As a nurse leader, it is imperative that you communicate well and get along with those whose leadership style does not align with your preferences. It is also important to understand your own leadership style, as this can prompt insight into how others relate to you and what skills you may need to develop as your leadership responsibilities grow. Leadership style discussion Essay.

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    To prepare:

    Review the information in the Learning Resources, including the leadership styles identified in Chapter 2 of the course text.

    Bring to mind a leader in your organization or one with which you are familiar. Would you describe his or her style as authoritative, democratic, or laissez-faire? Why?

    Which characteristics or approaches demonstrated by this person would you integrate into your own leadership style? Which ones would you prefer not to integrate? Leadership style discussion Essay.

    Think about how this leader’s style and resulting interactions may impact health care quality and patient outcomes.

    By Day 3

    Post 
    a description of a leader, distinguishing his or her style as authoritative, democratic, or laissez-faire. Describe the characteristics that inform your perception, and explain which ones you would integrate into your own leadership style, as well as which ones you would prefer not to integrate. Explain at least one potential effect of this leadership style on health care quality and patient outcomes. Leadership style discussion Essay.

    Required Readings

    Marquis, B. L., & Huston, C. J. (2015). 
    Leadership roles and management functions in nursing: Theory and application
     (8th ed.)
    . 
    Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.

    Review Chapters 2 and 3

    Azaare, J., & Gross, J. (2011). The nature of leadership style in nursing management. 
    British Journal of Nursing
    , 
    20
    (11), 672–676, 678–680.

    Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

    The authors examine the different styles of leadership that nurse managers use and discusses how staff nurses in their study preferred managers who use a proactive, articulate, and independent leadership style Leadership style discussion Essay.

    Benoliela, P.  &  Somecha, A. (2014). The health and performance effects of participative leadership: Exploring the moderating role of the Big Five personality dimensions 
    European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 23
    (2), 277–294. doi:10.1080/1359432X.2012.717689

    Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.

    Graham, S., & Melnyk, B. M. (2014). The Birth of a Healthcare Leadership Academy: Lessons Learned From The Ohio State University. 
    Nurse Leader
    , 
    12
    (2), 55–74. doi:10.1016/j.mnl.2014.01.001 Retrieved from the Walden Library databases. Leadership style discussion Essay.