Category: Nursing

Discuss the differences in the various types of ankle pain Essay

DB ANKLE PAIN

Discuss the differences in the various types of ankle pain: It is anticipated that the initial discussion response should be in the range of 250-300 words. Response posts must demonstrate topic knowledge and scholarly engagement with peers. This is not the only criteria utilized for evaluation; substantive content is imperative. All questions in the topic must be addressed. Please proofread your response carefully for grammar and spelling. Do not upload any attachments. All responses need to be supported by a minimum of one scholarly resource. Journals and websites must be cited appropriately. Citation and reference must adhere to APA format (6th Ed.). Types of ankle pain Essay.

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Classroom Participation: Discuss the differences in the various types of ankle pain

Students are expected to initially address the discussion question by Wednesday of each week. Participation in the discussion forums is expected with a minimum total of three (3) substantive postings (this includes your initial posting and posting to two peers) on three (3) different days per week. Substantive means that you add something new to the discussion, you aren’t just agreeing. This is also a time to ask questions or offer information surrounding the topic addressed by your peers. Types of ankle pain Essay. Personal experience is appropriate for a substantive discussion and should be correlated to the literature.

All discussion boards will be evaluated utilizing rubric criterion inclusive of content, analysis, collaboration, writing and APA. If you fail to post an initial discussion you will not receive these points, you may however post to your peers for partial credit following the guidelines above. Due to the nature of this type of assignment and the need for timely responses for initial posts and posting to peers, the Make-Up Coursework Policy (effective July 2017) does not apply to Discussion Board Participation. Types of ankle pain Essay.

Discussion Prompt [Due Wednesday]

Discuss the differences in the various types of ankle pain.

Include a description of the classification, treatment and differential diagnoses.

Types of ankle pain Essay

Food Allergies at the Workplace Essay Assignment

Paper details  

Our restaurant makes sure to reduce contamination of allergen foods by never cross contaminating top 8 allergen foods. We take the proper precautions to make sure no one with a serious allergy to a certain food doesn’t become exposed and get sick. When baking we always like to never use the same utensils/supplies for several projects unless properly washed and sanitized. Work surfaces are always wiped down with sanitizing water and items are always stored away from possible allergens. For our customers safety, throughout the restaurant there are safety cards available for customers to see what desserts contain what possible allergens and what foods people with allergy sensitivities can have for dessert. As well as all the components of the desserts are always listed on the menu item so there are no hidden allergens for our customers.

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Food Allergies at the Workplace Assignment

Information about the restuarant.. Blu Pointe, on the Newburgh waterfront, proudly showcases locally-influenced, seasonal dishes for your dining pleasure. Each ingredient is hand selected by our executive chef and prepared fresh to capture every mouthwatering flavor. Food Allergies at the Workplace Essay Assignment. Combined with our extensive wine list of over 3,000 local and imported bottles carefully curated by our Sommelier, Blu Pointe is the premier fine dining experience in the Hudson Valley. Almost immediately after you walk through our doors, you will be greeted by our friendly staff in the comfort of our chic lounge complete with luxurious chairs and sofa. Enjoy a signature cocktail while you relax by our blue-stone fireplace and sample some of our small-plate offerings featured in our tapas menu. When you are ready to dine, you will be accompanied into our elegant dining area with stunning features including reclaimed wood from a 135-year-old barn in Sugar Loaf. If you desire a picturesque view of the Hudson River, request to be seated in our open-air terrace complete with retractable floor-to-ceiling windows for year-round panoramic views. Food Allergies at the Workplace Essay Assignment.

Ethical Issues and Moral Distress in Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing Essay

Assignment Practicum: Week 1 Journal Entry – Analyzing an Ethical Decision

Read the attached Article entitled “Ethical Issues and Moral Distress in Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing”

Write a 2-page paper
 in which you do the following:

Summarize the moral/ethical issue in the article (no more than 1 paragraph).

Describe the moral and ethical dilemmas surrounding the issue.

Analyze the ethical issue and compare them to the state of Texas health laws and regulations.

Outline the process of ethical decision making you would use to address this ethical dilemma.

Ethical Issues and Moral Distress in Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing Essay

Assignment Practicum: Week 1 Journal Entry – Analyzing an Ethical Decision

Review Article 227

http://www.jhealthres.org J Health Res  vol.29 no.3 June 2015

ETHICAL ISSUES AND MORAL DISTRESS

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IN PSYCHIATRIC AND MENTAL HEALTH NURSING:

A LITERATURE REVIEW

Ratchaneekorn Kertchok*

Faculty of Nursing, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand

ABSTRACT:

This review focuses on ethical issues in psychiatric and mental health nursing and moral distress that occurs with psychiatric nurses. Literature published between 2000 and 2014 was identified using the PubMed, CINAHL, ScienceDirect, and by hand search in the library before being analyzed under themes related to ethical issues and moral distress in psychiatric and mental health nursing. Ethical Issues and Moral Distress in Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing Essay. A summary of the existing literature related to challenges in psychiatric mental health nursing practiced; ethical issues in psychiatric and mental health nursing; moral distress, its definition, associated situations and consequences, and moral distress literature; and the findings need to be shared to increase awareness of the moral distress experienced in psychiatric and mental health nursing. However, the related literature does not address support strategies to help reduce moral stress. There is a growing need to better understand moral distress in psychiatric mental health nursing in order to identify ways to support encountered situations Ethical Issues and Moral Distress in Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing Essay.

Keywords: Moral distress, Mental health, Nursing, Ethical issue

DOI: 10.14456/jhr.2015.10 Received: August 2014; Accepted: December 2014

INTRODUCTION

Mental illness is a significant problem across countries and worldwide. People with mental illness

need to be treated and rehabbed by mental health professionals. It can be a challenge for these

practitioners when providing care for people with mental illness. Mental illness is defined as

“A diagnosable mental disorder that affects thinking, mood, behaviors, relationships

with others, and ability to function”, (p 503)[1] .

Psychiatric nurses are a group of mental health professionals who take actively important roles in

providing care for people with mental illness [2]. Psychiatric nurses uphold nursing regulations/

codes, ethics, and institutional rules that guide them in providing care for clients. They also need to work with multidisciplinary teams when caring for clients to achieve optimal health and well-being [3].  Ethical Issues and Moral Distress in Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing Essay.

 

In the real world of psychiatric nursing practice, however, psychiatric nurses have to confront

complex situations when caring for patients with severe mental illness at all stages (acute, sub-acute, and rehabilitation phase). They also have to deal with families who are suffering as they care for their ill family members [1, 3, 4]. In addition, they must often work under internal and external

constraints. Consequently, psychiatric nurses may

experience moral distress caused by caring for

people with mental illness and helping their

families. This article aims to share the descriptions

of psychiatric and mental health nursing practice and

moral distress. Ethical Issues and Moral Distress in Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing Essay

SEARCH METHODS

Qualitative and quantitative studies and

relevant literature were identified using the PubMed,

CINAHL, ScienceDirect, and by hand search in the

library. Key words that were used to search the

literature are moral distress, ethical issue, moral

dilemma, ethical problems, moral difficulties, moral

stress and psychiatric nursing. The studies that

related to ethical problems and moral distress in

Cite this article as: Kertchok R. Ethical issues and moral distress in psychiatric and mental health nursing: a

literature review. J Health Res. 2015; 29(3): 227-34.

mailto:rkertchok@yahoo.com Ethical Issues and Moral Distress in Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing Essay

228

J Health Res  vol.29 no.3 June 2015 http://www.jhealthres.org

Table 1 Number of studies for review

Category Studies in total Studies that met

criteria

1. Challenges in psychiatric and mental health nursing (Key

words: Psychiatric nursing, mental health nursing practice,

and challenge in mental health)

7,207 350

2. Ethical issues in psychiatric and mental health nursing (Key

words: Ethical problem, ethical difficulty, ethical issues, and

psychiatric nursing)Assignment Practicum: Week 1 Journal Entry – Analyzing an Ethical Decision

2.1 Compulsory treatment Ethical Issues and Moral Distress in Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing Essay

2.2 Institute constrains

2.3 Dealing with family’s need

2.4 Power imbalances among healthcare providers

2.5 Perceived inability to maintain safety

2.6 Conflict with patient’s needs

2.7 Lack of evidence based treatment

2.8 Time limitation

364 129

3. Moral distress (Key words: Moral distress, psychiatric nursing,

moral stress, moral value, and moral conflict)

3.1 Situations associated with moral distress

3.2 Consequences of Moral Ethical Issues and Moral Distress in Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing Essay

3.3 Distress

3.4 Experiencing moral distress in psychiatric and mental

health nursing

1,827 57

nursing practice, including psychiatric and mental

health nursing practice, were selected in order to

analyze themes related to ethical issues and moral

distress. The search was limited to material

published from 2000 to 2014. The exception to this

is the inclusion of four articles presenting classic

ideas and concepts on psychiatric and mental health

nursing and ethics. The articles obtained in full text

were selected. Inclusion criteria of the studies for the

review include: 1) studies were required to apply a Ethical Issues and Moral Distress in Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing Essay

qualitative or quantitative design; 2) studies were

required to explain addressing of ethical issues in

psychiatric and mental health nursing; 3) studies had

investigated mental health nurses’ experience of

moral distress; 4) studies had to be presented in

English. Assignment Practicum: Week 1 Journal Entry – Analyzing an Ethical Decision

FINDINGS

In total, 536 articles that met the criteria were

selected for review. The findings were organized

into three major categories and eleven sub-

categories. These categories and sub-categories are

presented in Table 1.

CHALLENGES IN PSYCHIATRIC AND

MENTAL HEALTH NURSING

Challenges in psychiatric and mental health

nursing are likely the same worldwide [1].

Psychiatric nurses have to encounter many

challenges in their work [3]. In psychiatric and

mental health nursing, psychiatric nurses have to

face many different conditions and concerns. The

conditions include maintenance of optimal health

and well-being and prevention of physical and

psychological illness; impaired self-care and

functioning related to mental and emotional

disturbances; deficits in functioning of cognitive,

emotional, and biological systems; self-concept and

lifestyle changes; emotional problems; physical

symptoms that occur along with psychotic Ethical Issues and Moral Distress in Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing Essay

symptoms; suicide; stigma; illness crises;

developmental problems; severe disability; and

bizarre and violent patient behaviors and difficulties

relating to others [1-5]. These conditions lead to

difficulties in caring for patients. For example,

Cutcliffe and Links [5] noted that when a patient

wants to die or commit suicide, psychiatric nurses

must decide how to respond. They should show

concern and uphold a person’s right to die, as

wanting to die can be a reasonable thought, based on

contemporary perspectives. Another example is

when psychiatric patients display violent behaviors,

but are unwilling to be separated and placed in a

seclusion room or restrained. In such cases,

psychiatric nurses should act according to nursing

and legal regulations. Psychiatric nurses have to

consider the situation on a legal right to privacy or

proper supervision for violent behaviors, or both [6].

Furthermore, Fernandez and Leze [7] noted that

nowadays there are many prisons with prisoners

who have psychiatric disorders that need to receive

psychiatric care. The nature of prisons involves

229

http://www.jhealthres.org J Health Res  vol.29 no.3 June 2015

conditions, rupture with the outside world, and

adapting to a convict culture. This leads to

difficulties in managing prisoners without proper

access to treatment and an appropriate environment.

These researchers reported how a participant

explained the difficulty as,

“What are complicated are the serious cases

of psychiatric disorder: psychotics,

schizophrenics. It’s very difficult to talk

about alcohol or drugs with someone who’s

not necessarily in the same reality as you and

the rest of the world…it’s difficult working

with them because it’s hard to get them to

shift mindset…” (p.1566).

The researchers also reported that moral issues

faced when providing care in prisons included

helping patients to take responsibility for their

actions and recognize their guilt as well as

encouraging self-esteem when a patient is

considering suicide and viewing the prison with a

humanist perspective [7].

Moreover, psychiatric nurses have to deal with

family members of psychiatric patients in mental

healthcare. Weimand and her colleagues [8] found

that a major responsibility of nurses in mental health

service is supporting patients’ relatives. They also

reported that most participants perceived that

working with patients is routine, while supporting

relatives is a challenge, because it can influence their

work [8]. Similarly, a grounded theory study

conducted by Kertchok, Yunibhand and Chaiyawat

[9] reported that the role in providing care to

psychiatric patients by Thai psychiatric nurses is

helping the patients return to a normal life within

their families by collaborating with family members.

That means that the psychiatric nurses can provide

quality nursing care to their clients and work with

families in order to live together happily in a

community. The researchers also suggest that to

build participation in caring with family members is

not easy; first, psychiatric nurses need to establish

trust before moving forward to other steps such as

strengthening connections, promoting readiness to

care, and supporting care itself. In addition,

psychiatric nurses need to talk with family members

several times about nursing activities until they

understand and accept participating in caring for

their patients.

Other challenges should also be emphasized by

mental health professionals, such as lack of interest

in the field of nursing, lack of incentives for working

in mental health nursing, stigma associated with

caring for mental illness patients, insufficient

nursing staff, lack of work safety and security, and

inadequate training and support staff, particularly in

community mental health service. For example,

Strurm [10] conducted an ethnographic study of

psychiatric community health nursing to explore

ethical conflicts experienced by community health

nurses. The researcher found that psychiatric

community nurses have to provide care for persons

with medical and psychiatric diagnoses, which can

exhibit very complicated needs. One of their study’s

participants explained that,

“He is suffering from the patient who just

was met for the first time. She/he does not

know how to care for the patient who has B.

P. problem. However, she/he knew that the

patient had a normal B.P at that time”

This case indicates that nurses’ competency in Ethical Issues and Moral Distress in Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing Essay

providing high quality care is needed in community

settings. The research also reported that some

psychiatric nurses expressed that there is talk about

related factors that influenced their providing care,

such as insurance restrictions. The patients or

relatives don’t want to pay more for completed

treatments. The patients want to receive care only

for their medical condition and not for emotional

or psychotic symptoms. A consequence is that

psychotic symptoms are escalating, which can be a

challenge for psychiatric community nurses, who

thus need greater support by improving holistic

nursing care and other health resources. Another

condition that can be found in psychiatric hospitals

is inadequate psychiatric nursing staff. There is still

the question, “What is enough?” Hanrahan [11]

writes that serious mental illness and relapse rates

are increasing. Psychiatric patients require

psychiatric nurses experienced in observation and

intervention to keep inpatient environments safe.

However, nursing staffs are still inadequate in

psychiatric hospitals, which raises the risk of

adverse outcomes. These challenges can be found

mostly in low-middle income countries [1] [12].

Psychiatric nurses must face many challenges, and

this is why mental health nursing has been

recognized as a stressful career, in particular,

caused by moral distress [13].

ETHICAL ISSUES IN PSYCHIATRIC AND

MENTAL HEALTH NURSING

Psychiatric and mental health nursing is a

special area of nursing practice that focuses on the

care and rehabilitation of people with mental and

behavioral disorders [14]. Psychiatric nurses use the

principles of human behavior to care for people with

mental illness. The physiological, psychological, Ethical Issues and Moral Distress in Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing Essay

230

J Health Res  vol.29 no.3 June 2015 http://www.jhealthres.org

health ethics and social sciences are used to explore

the needs of the clients and to take a holistic

approach to care [2, 15]. Psychiatric nurses combine

knowledge, experience, and skill for caring for those

with mental illness in acute, sub-acute, and

rehabilitation phases [6, 8, 16]. They also emphasize

and play important roles to protect and enhance

patients’ safety, self-care ability, social skills,

decision-making, family participation, and

compliance to treatments [17]. There are, however,

situations that lead to ethical dilemmas and moral

distress in psychiatric nursing, such as the following.

Compulsory treatment

In psychiatric nursing practice, psychiatric

nurses work with patients who are suffering from

psychotic symptoms. There are a variety of

situations that lead to moral distress as they provide

daily psychiatric nursing care, in particular,

applying restraints, care for electro convulsive

therapy (ECT), separating a patient into a seclusion

room, participating in group therapy, admission, and

medication [17, 18]. Psychiatric nurses

acknowledge they must provide treatments or

therapies, but at the same time, they must always

show concern for a patient’s dignity and autonomy.

Sometimes, patients with severe psychotic

symptoms will not comply with a request. The

psychiatric nurse must then force the patient to

receive their treatment. One study participant

explained that they have experienced ethical

dilemmas by disturbing patients’ privacy, such as a

patient using the toilet. Consequently, nurses can

feel anxiety, stress, and conflict about playing their

role of compelling patients to follow treatments [6,

18].

Institute constraints

In psychiatric nursing practice, psychiatric

nurses are experiencing internal and external

obstacles such as insufficient nursing staff,

excessive workload, difficult working conditions,

lack of supervision, and inadequate-service training

[19]. This can force psychiatric nurses to confront

ethical quandaries while caring for their patients [6,

8, 16]. This research noted that all participants said

that it was difficult to protect a patient’s privacy and

maintain a safe environment because washrooms do

not have door handles and shower stalls are glass,

which may be dangerous for the patients [18, 19].

Dealing with families’ needs

Psychiatric nurses are exposed to complex

situations when dealing with family members who are

directly or indirectly carrying burdens related to

caring for psychotic patients [8]. They have to face

difficulties such as relatives’ unfulfilled needs.

Weimand et al. [8] also reported that psychiatric

nurses have positive relationships with patients and

families, especially when the patients expressed their

aggressive behaviors. They tried to encourage the

families to have a positive attitude to the patient by

telling them about psychotic symptoms that might

occur at any time. The psychiatric nurses also helped

the patients to get good response from their families.

This is an ethical issue of caring for patients with

mental illness, which can cause psychiatric nurses to

experience moral distress [8, 20].

Power imbalance among healthcare providers

A qualitative study focused on investigating the

moral distress of psychiatric nurses in acute care

where they care for patients who struggle with

severe psychiatric illness. Deady and McCarthy [21]

found that an ethical dilemma that can lead to moral

distress among psychiatric nurses is professional

and legal conflict. The researchers reported that

psychiatric nurses disagreed with the professional

judgment of multidisciplinary teams. The

psychiatric nurses felt that some physicians and

other professionals used their power or status within

mental health law over clinical decision-making,

which is inappropriate for the patients.

Perceived inability to maintain safety

Safety is a complex concept, comprising

physical, psychological and environmental safety,

and psychiatric nurses must be equally concerned

about patient and staff safety. Musto and Schreiber

[20] studied moral distress in adolescent mental

health nursing. They found that psychiatric nurses

experienced moral distress because they perceived

an inability to maintain the safety of adolescents

suffering from mental illness. They felt that

maintaining patient safety is an important

responsibility, but there was only so much they

could do. However, this study also found that

psychiatric nurses tried to do the best for their

patients, engage in dialogue and find the best

resolutions to problems.

Conflict with patient’s needs

Another study reveals that psychiatric nurses

faced an ethical quandary about controlling patients’

needs, in particular, sexual needs. The research

reported that psychiatric nurses felt medical staff

should be responsible for managing a patient’s

sexual urges and problems [18 -20].

Lack of evidence based treatment

Quality of care is very important in psychiatric

nursing. Psychiatric nurses must maintain a standard

of care when caring for people with mental illness. Assignment Practicum: Week 1 Journal Entry – Analyzing an Ethical Decision Ethical Issues and Moral Distress in Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing Essay

231

MHA 601 History, Present, and Future of Public Health and the Organizations with Influence Essay

MHA 601 WEEK ONE: 
INTRODUCTION TO ASHFORD AND PUBLIC HEALTH

History, Present, and Future of Public Health and the Organizations with Influence

To be completed during the first week of class.

Overview

A
ctivity

Due Date

Format

G
r
ading

P
ercent

Post Your Introduction

Day 1

Discussion

2

History, Present, and Future of Public Health and the Organizations with Influence

Day 3 (1st post)

Discussion

2

Introduction to the ePortfolio

Day 3 (1st post)

Discussion

2

Eleven Blue Men

Day 7

Assignment

7

We
e
k
l
y Learning Outcomes

This week students will

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Evaluate the history, present, and future of public health.

Assess the goals and purpose of epidemiology.

Create a basic epidemiological assessment.

MHA 601 History, Present, and Future of Public Health and the Organizations with Influence Essay

Introduction

When it comes to meeting our goals, getting started is often the most important part. Week One of this course is designed to get you started on the right path. The week begins with an overview of the importance of community in graduate study as well as a consideration of the process involved in becoming a professional. You will be challenged to think not just about your program, but also about how you hope to use the program to further your professional goals. You will be introduced to a number of university support services that will aid you in research and writing throughout the program. MHA 601 History, Present, and Future of Public Health and the Organizations with Influence Essay. You are advised to take advantage of a freely available bibliographic reference management tool to archive the research you will be completing in your courses. Links to a variety of these optional tools may be found in the
Free Reference

Management Tools l
ist. You are encouraged to take your time reviewing all of these support options, as they will help you across your program. Specifically, this week you will examine the past, present, and future of public health and how integral a role epidemiologic data plays in our work.

Required Resources

Text

McKenzie, J.F., Pinger, R.R., & Seabert, D.M.. (2017). 
An Introduction to Community and Public Health 
(9th edition). MHA 601 History, Present, and Future of Public Health and the Organizations with Influence Essay.

Retrieved from https://content.ashford.edu

Chapter 1: Community and Public Health: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow

   Chapter 2: Organizations that Help Shape Community and Public Health

 Chapter 3: Epidemiology: The Study of Disease, Injury, and Death in the Community

Article

Roueché, B. (2014, October 12). 
Eleven blue men.
 Retrieved from https://utmedhumanities.wordpress.com/2014/10/12/eleven-blue-men-berton-roueche/. This reading is required for students to be able to complete the Week One assignment related to epidemiology.

Accessibility Statement not available

Privacy Policy not available

W
ebsite

Ashford University. (2017).  
Career center: Self assesment.
 Retrieved from 
http://www.ashfordcareerresources.com/self-
 assessment.html. This link leads students to the Ashford Career Center. Not only is this a component of your introduction to the program, but it also serves as a continuous resource to help you secure a position after graduation. Accessibility Statement not available

MHA 601 History, Present, and Future of Public Health and the Organizations with Influence Essay

Privacy Policy

Recommended Resources

Article

Thacker, S.B. (2006, December 22).  
Epidemiology and public health at CDC. 
M
o
rbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 
55
(2), 3-4. Retrieved from 
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/index.html

W
ebsite

This article explains the history of epidemiology and its relationship with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). While the concept of epidemiology began with Dr. John Snow in the mid-19th century, it was not fully recognized until Dr. Alexander Langmuir was hired by the CDC in 1949. 
Accessibility Statement

Privacy Policy

Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2013, April 26).  
Ten great public health achievements in the 20th century.

Retrieved from 
http://www.cdc.gov/about/history/tengpha.htm

This web page highlights all of the major events that have occurred during the development of public health as we know it today, from our discovery of immunizations to what lies ahead in the future for public health.

Accessibility Statement

Privacy Policy

MHA 601 Week 1 Discussions: History, Present, and Future of Public Health and the Organizations with Influence

Participate in the following discussions:

Post Your Introduction
. 
1
s
t 
Post Due by Day 1
. In your initial post, introduce yourself to your peers and your instructor by creating a personal statement. The purpose of your personal statement, as opposed to a more general introduction, is to provide a picture of how you intend to use the Master of Public Health (MPH) program to advance your career and improve your life. To help you begin writing your statement, take one of the Career Self- Assessments on the Ashford Career Services website. MHA 601 History, Present, and Future of Public Health and the Organizations with Influence Essay.

Your personal statement should be 200 to 250 words in length. In your personal statement:

Provide your educational history. (Indicate the degrees you’ve earned and the degree-granting institutions

you’ve attended.

Describe your current job and any work history related to the field of public health.

Analyze public health as a profession as you currently understand it.

Describe how you expect to use this degree to create new professional opportunities.

Evaluate how you perceive public health in your current profession and in your daily life.

Comment on how you hope to use the information from this program to improve your professional life and interactions with others in your family and community. MHA 601 History, Present, and Future of Public Health and the Organizations with Influence Essay.

G
uided Response: History, Present, and Future of Public Health and the Organizations with Influence

Review several of your colleagues’ posts and welcome at least three of your peers by 11:59 p.m. on Day 7 of the week. You are encouraged to post your required replies earlier in the week to promote more meaningful and interactive discourse in this discussion.

Prior to posting your responses, consider the similarities in background you see between you and your classmate. Are your professional goals similar to or different from those of your classmate? How might learning more about the various aspects of public health assist your classmate in attaining his or her aspirations? MHA 601 History, Present, and Future of Public Health and the Organizations with Influence Essay. How does your classmate’s plan to use the MPH degree influence or inform your future plans? Continue to monitor the discussion forum until 5:00 p.m. MST on Day 7 of the week and respond to anyone who replies to your initial post. History, Present, and Future of Public Health and the Organizations with Influence

History, Present, and Future of Public Health and the Organizations with Influence
. 
1
s
t 
Post Due by Day 3
.

Now that you have reviewed the general history of public health and reviewed some of the organizations that have influence at the national, state, and local levels, what do you feel is the biggest health issue facing your community? Present an assessment, policy, and assurance scan for this health issue:

         How many are affected (approximately)?

         What is the demographic information of those affected?

         Are there any policies in place to address this health issue?

         Have the policies been effective?

         What policies would you implement to cause a positive change?

         Finally, what assurances would you utilize to maintain the positive change?

MHA 601 History, Present, and Future of Public Health and the Organizations with Influence Essay

G
uided Response

Your initial post should be at least 250 words in length. Support your claims with examples from the required material(s) and/or other scholarly resources, and properly cite any references. Review several of your classmates’ posts and respond to a minimum of two of your peers. What similarities exist between your chosen health issue and those of your classmates? Do you feel their policy suggestions would be effective? Why or why not? Do you feel their assurances go far enough to maintain the impact of the policy?

Introduction to the ePortfolio
. 
1
s
t 
Post Due by Day 3
. Throughout your degree, you will be building a personal electronic portfolio, or “ePortfolio.” The ePortfolio will serve as a tool for you to track your professional and academic progress. In MPH 699 (The Capstone) or final course, you will use the ePortfolio to reflect on your development across the degree. Once you graduate, it can also be used to demonstrate your skills and competencies to potential employers and the professional community. MHA 601 History, Present, and Future of Public Health and the Organizations with Influence Essay.

This discussion will introduce you to “Portfolium,” the ePortfolio tool being used by this university. As an Ashford student, you not only will have access to Portfolium during your time at Ashford, but you will retain lifetime unlimited access after leaving the university, without fees or capacity limit.

Getting Started in Portfolium

Review the multimedia ePortfolio video walkthrough developed for the university.

Setting up your account and bio

Now you are ready to set up your account in Portfolium by signing in and creating your Portfolium profile with a short bio and photo. This should be a representation of you that you can share with colleagues and professionals. MHA 601 History, Present, and Future of Public Health and the Organizations with Influence Essay.

Once you have a bio, export it from Portfolium as a pdf and upload it to the discussion board to share with your classmates. Review a few of your classmates’ ePortfolios. Look for ePortfolios that have not yet been examined by others in this discussion board.

In the discussion board describe your experience with Portfolium. How could you use it as a means for capturing your best work and sharing it with others? What other uses do you think Portfolium offers to you or to other students during and after their program?

G
uided Response

Your initial post should be at least 250 words in length. After reviewing at least two other students’ ePortfolio

bios, give them some feedback. What additional information would you like to see as a colleague or an employer? MHA 601 History, Present, and Future of Public Health and the Organizations with Influence Essay.

Executive Management

Review the case study, Reinventing the Orange County Medical Association for the 21st Century, presented in Chapter 1 of the course text.  Use Gulick’s seven major functions of executive management (planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting and budgeting) as the model to evaluate Michele’s work as the executive director of the Orange County Medical Association. MHA 601 History, Present, and Future of Public Health and the Organizations with Influence Essay. For each function, cite facts or examples in the case study to support your claim and provide justifications by citing the course text or scholarly sources.  After providing your evaluation of Michele’s work, share the “lessons learned” from this case study and what you would have done differently. Your initial post should be at least 300 words. Support your response with a minimum of two scholarly sources. MHA 601 History, Present, and Future of Public Health and the Organizations with Influence Essay.

Public Health Functions and Services Essay Assignment

Introduction and Alignment

This assignment will review the historical context of public health as a discipline, including the foundational concepts of disease prevention, health protection, and health promotion and education of populations. Public Health Functions and Services Essay Assignment. As you read about the historical factors serving as an impetus for launching the public health system, parallels with current population health needs will be established. In addition, you will explore the core functions and essential services provided by the public health system in the United States.

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Upon completion of this assignment you should be able to:

•Discuss the core functions and essential services provided to populations through the public health system. Public Health Functions and Services Essay Assignment.

Functions and Services of Public Health Resources

•Textbook: Community as Partner: Theory and Practice in Nursing

•Textbook: Public Health Nursing: Population-centered Health Care in the Community

•Website: Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health (ASPPH)

Functions and Services of Public Health Background Information

Public health plays many important roles in your community. From food and water safety, air quality, and the prevention and control of communicable diseases, to the recording of birth and death certificates, surveillance of morbidity and mortality rates, and the inspections of restaurants, campgrounds, swimming pools, and daycare centers, the public health system touches the lives of every citizen in the United States. The core functions and essential services performed by public health professionals are numerous and varied, yet each are foundational to the health of the overall population. Public Health Functions and Services Essay Assignment.

In this assignment, you will review the historical aspects of public health practice in order to discern its role in promoting the health of populations today. Additionally, you will closely examine the core functions and essential services of public health and how they relate to current healthcare issues in the United States.

Functions and Services of Public Health Instructions

(Onsite Students: Complete Steps 1-3 in the instructions below. Come to class prepared to discuss points 4a-c.) Public Health Functions and Services Essay Assignment.

1.Review Chapters 1 and 2 in the textbook, Community as Partner, Theory, and Practice in Nursing.

2.Read Chapters 1 and 46, review Chapters, 2, 7, in the textbook, Public Health Nursing: Population-centered Health Care in the Community.

3.Visit the “What is Public Health” page at the ASPPH website (http://www.aspph.org/discover/) to learn more about the impact of public health, as well as integral public health resources within the United States. Note: This website includes a large amount of information on a wide variety of different topics. Tailor your reading on this website to relevant areas of personal interest.

4.Navigate to the threaded discussion and respond to the following: Public Health Functions and Services Essay Assignment.

a.Discuss the historical significance of public health, its beginnings, and where it is today. Why was public health originated, and how does this origin relate to the three core functions currently guiding public health practice today?

b.Research as many roles and settings as you can identify of the public health nurse today. A minimum of five roles/settings should be identified. Briefly explain what they would do in this role.

c.Based on your assigned readings, compare and contrast past public health issues with present public health issues. Specifically, discuss the similarities and differences which are evident.

d.Onsite cohorts come to class prepared to discuss 4 a-c.

5.Utilize a minimum of two current scholarly sources, correctly cited and referenced, to support your information. Public Health Functions and Services Essay Assignment.

SAmple Essay

In 1988, the Institute of Medicine made a report (IOM, 1988) on “The Future of Public Health” which basically changed the way public health was planned in the USA. The committee that was set up recommended in that report that health agencies for the state levels should intensify their managerial capabilities in three essential functional areas which are assessment, policy development and assurance. The rise in attention to managerial competence has gone with the rise in interest in tracking, quantifying and improving the assessment of health impact of government agencies in the USA, (Wang, 2002) in other countries that are developed (Kemm, 2000) and all over the world (Sim, and Mackie, 2003). In the United States of America, the effort got to a serious level when the “Healthy people 2000” was published and is growing continuously. Considerable progress has been achieved in relating specific goals for the improvement of the health of the population like the rate of screening cancer and immunization to specific managerial activities like the development of human resources through programs like the Turning Point Performance Management Collaborative (Public Health Foundation, 2002). On the other hand, these programs don’t deal with some holistic questions on public health (Kemm, 2000) like is it obligatory to be competent in all three functions, or is being proficient in one or two enough to attain improvement in health status that is above-average? Public Health Functions and Services Essay Assignment.

The Institute of Medicine conducts two national programs for children. This is geared towards the improvement of the building blocks of the children. The programs are School Breakfast Program (SBP) and the National School Lunch Program (NSLP). These programs play important parts in assisting the health and nutrition of school students in the United States by offering low-cost or free lunches that are balanced nutritionally each school day Public Health Functions and Services Essay Assignment. In 2008, the School Breakfast Program (SBP) gave breakfast to 10.5 million children while over 30.5 million children received lunch from the National School Lunch Program (NSLP). At present, to get compensation from federal, school meals must meet the 1995 established regulations for standards of nutrition and requirements for meal. In the years, developments have been made in dietary guidance since those guidelines were set up.

The way in which requirements for meal are monitored and implemented will ascertain whether students take part in SBP and NSLP and eat the food that is given to them. Vital strategies of implementation to promote modification and increase the participation of student in the program include involving the school as an entity, involving parents, students, and the public; educating the students on nutrition; and providing practical assistance. Public Health Functions and Services Essay Assignment. The involvement of industry will be relevant to the process of implementation which includes introducing attractive foods that are low in saturated fat and sodium and those that have a higher ratio of whole grain to refined grain. Additionally, current methods for monitoring will guide the efforts of implementation. The support recommended from the services of food and nutrition include;

Practical support for continuously developing and improving menus, placing orders for suitable foods and controlling the cost of these foods while upholding their quality.

New methods for supervising the quality of meals in the school that lay emphasis on meeting important regulations for diet.

Activities of public health have considerably improved the quality and length of life all over the world (Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, 1999). Public Health Functions and Services Essay Assignment. In certain, the decreased incidence and occurrence of infectious disease has been a major achievement of public health. On the other hand, the progress of the future will be more problematic to achieve and assessing the public agencies’ health impact will be more difficult. As stated by Jocelyn Elders, the former surgeon General of the United States, ‘public health is poorly understood-perhaps because when it is effective, nothing happens'(Elders, 1995). As there are a variation in the interventions and health impacts, the ability to identify the activities of a health agency that is directly contributing its quota to the progress is hard to ascertain and is always dependent on debate (Coyne and Hilsenrath, 2002). Public Health Functions and Services Essay Assignment. A set of three important functions as stated above has been developed by the Federal Government’s Institute of Medicine in the USA.

Not many studies have made attempt to measure the condition of public health practice in the USA as it is linked to the recommendation of the Institute of Medicine (IOM, 1988) regarding all three important functions. Out of eight studies that were initially conducted, four laid emphasis on department of local health (Handler and Turnock, 1996; Scutchfield et al., 1997) and the other four took an approach on state level (Halverson et al., 1996). Scott et al., 1990 were the first team to carry out a complete census based on the important functions of public health indicated by the Institute of Medicine. Seven years later, Scutchfield et al., (1997) repeated the survey done by Scott et al., (1990) and found that the number of agencies involved in assurance and assessment activities was in general, unchanged. Public Health Functions and Services Essay Assignment. On the other hand, the percentage of health agencies in the state level that are enthusiastically involved in policy development dropped from 72% to 49% within the same period. For policy development as it relates to particular issues, such as genetics and the prevention of disease (Piper et al., 2001), states displayed even decreased levels of activity. This means that in just about half of the states, the functions of a formal policy development were absent even on the basis of self-report. In the research on management, approaches bases on configuration are used to look at the relationship between performance, structure of the organization and decision making, and the strategic planning capabilities of organizations. Additionally, a positive connection between financial performance and systems configuration of strategic planning has been confirmed to exist objectively (Veliyath and Shortell, 1993). On the other hand, no researches to date have made attempt to distinguish configurations on non-monetary measures of success such as the outcomes of healthcare Public Health Functions and Services Essay Assignment.

The extremely essential feature of any configuration is defining the planned purpose of the organizations that are analyzed. From the perspective of public health, it is essential to assess the effects of the important functions on the measures of population health status. Consequently, analytically linking the planning models of agency to the assessment of public health impact is a natural addition of the methodology of configuration. Public Health Functions and Services Essay Assignment.

The department of health and human services in the US has recognized 10 leading health pointers and suggested that they should be used as measures of outcome because they “help everyone understand the importance of health promotion and disease prevention… developing strategies and action plans to address one or more of these indicators can have a profound effect on increasing the quality of life and eliminating health disparities” (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2000). The principal health indicators are

Physical activity

Obesity

Use of tobacco

Abuse of substance

Sexual behavior

Mental health

Violence and injury

Quality of the environment

Immunization and

Access to health care

Other researchers and organizations (Sutocky et al., 2000) have set up a directory of the health status of community using similar measures for example, since 1989, the group called the UnitedHealth has formed yearly reports that ranks the general state of health in all 50 states. The report gives a detailed view of the health trends of the population across the US. The marks are made to pull attention to vital measures that affects the health of the public. Additionally, arranging the items into a single variable permits an all inclusive comparison of general health progress with the important functions. Public Health Functions and Services Essay Assignment. Consequently, pinpointing relationships between the configuration of important functions and the improvement of the health of the population is a relevant addition to both research in public health and management.

Background

In recent years the use of Health Impact Assessment has been on the rise in the USA, energized by an increasing awareness among professionals of transportation, public health and planning that transportation planning and land use can have a considerable impact on the health of the public. Health Impact Assessment is an instrument to help decision makers and other planners better identify the health outcome of the decisions they make. Health Impact Assessment is described as “a combination of procedures, methods, and tools by which a policy, program, or project may be judged as to its potential effects on the health of a population, and the distribution of those effects within the population” (European Centre for Health Policy, 1999). Public Health Functions and Services Essay Assignment HIA have been broadly used in Europe and other places (Kemm, 2004), and procedures are the same in the United States and Europe. Furthermore, local examples are needed to increase the suitability of politics, to increase consciousness of their use round the country, to serve as examples for further Health Impact Assessment, to be used as models in United States based training course for Health Impact Assessment and to keep record that Health Impact Assessment applies in the settings of the U.S.

Lesser resources may be needed to organize new HIAs if researchers can pull the reviews of literature and methods from related Health Impact Assessments formally done in the United States, taking note of the variations in domestic environment and specifications of project and policy. For instance, the analysis of health impact based on U.S. of additional income from a living salary order (Bhatia and Katz, 2001; Cole et al., 2005) may be important as part of the effect of health analysis that is attributed to employment created by a new business development in the United States’ data on network between income and health from Europe will be not so applicable for such an analysis because of clashing economic, social and political conditions Public Health Functions and Services Essay Assignment.

An expert team in 2004 critically looked into the possibility for increased use of HIAs in the United States and made suggestions on the next steps that could improve the use of HIAs (Dannenberg, 2006). These steps includes carrying out experimental HIA projects, creating a database of Health Impact Assessment completed, beefing up the capacity to train people to carry out HIAs, developing motivation to increase the demands for Health Impact Assessments by those who make decisions and developing practical methods for predictions (Dannenberg, 2006)

Introduction and Alignment

This assignment will review the historical context of public health as a discipline, including the foundational concepts of disease prevention, health protection, and health promotion and education of populations. As you read about the historical factors serving as an impetus for launching the public health system, parallels with current population health needs will be established. In addition, you will explore the core functions and essential services provided by the public health system in the United States Public Health Functions and Services Essay Assignment.

Upon completion of this assignment you should be able to:

•Discuss the core functions and essential services provided to populations through the public health system.

Functions and Services of Public Health Resources

•Textbook: Community as Partner: Theory and Practice in Nursing

•Textbook: Public Health Nursing: Population-centered Health Care in the Community

•Website: Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health (ASPPH)

Functions and Services of Public Health Background Information

Public health plays many important roles in your community. From food and water safety, air quality, and the prevention and control of communicable diseases, to the recording of birth and death certificates, surveillance of morbidity and mortality rates, and the inspections of restaurants, campgrounds, swimming pools, and daycare centers, the public health system touches the lives of every citizen in the United States. Public Health Functions and Services Essay Assignment. The core functions and essential services performed by public health professionals are numerous and varied, yet each are foundational to the health of the overall population.

In this assignment, you will review the historical aspects of public health practice in order to discern its role in promoting the health of populations today. Additionally, you will closely examine the core functions and essential services of public health and how they relate to current healthcare issues in the United States. Public Health Functions and Services Essay Assignment.

Functions and Services of Public Health Instructions

(Onsite Students: Complete Steps 1-3 in the instructions below. Come to class prepared to discuss points 4a-c.)

1.Review Chapters 1 and 2 in the textbook, Community as Partner, Theory, and Practice in Nursing.

2.Read Chapters 1 and 46, review Chapters, 2, 7, in the textbook, Public Health Nursing: Population-centered Health Care in the Community.

3.Visit the “What is Public Health” page at the ASPPH website (http://www.aspph.org/discover/) to learn more about the impact of public health, as well as integral public health resources within the United States. Note: This website includes a large amount of information on a wide variety of different topics. Tailor your reading on this website to relevant areas of personal interest.

4.Navigate to the threaded discussion and respond to the following:

a.Discuss the historical significance of public health, its beginnings, and where it is today. Why was public health originated, and how does this origin relate to the three core functions currently guiding public health practice today?

b.Research as many roles and settings as you can identify of the public health nurse today. A minimum of five roles/settings should be identified. Briefly explain what they would do in this role.

c.Based on your assigned readings, compare and contrast past public health issues with present public health issues Public Health Functions and Services Essay Assignment. Specifically, discuss the similarities and differences which are evident.

d.Onsite cohorts come to class prepared to discuss 4 a-c.

5.Utilize a minimum of two current scholarly sources, correctly cited and referenced, to support your information. Public Health Functions and Services Essay Assignment.

Eleven Blue Men: MHA 601 Essay Assignment

MHA 601 Week 1 A
ss
ignment

Eleven Blue Men Assignment

Eleven Blue Men
. 
Due by Day 7
. The true story of the eleven blue men by Berton Roueché is one of the staple readings for many who study public health and epidemiology. The story takes place in late 1944 and centers upon eleven men who, aside from their breakfast location, have little to do with one another. However, what makes this story unique and of interest today is that it highlights the speed and importance of a proper epidemiologic investigation.

Read “
Eleven Blue Men.”

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Eleven Blue Men (Berton Roueché)

At about eight o’clock on Monday morning, September 25, 1944, a ragged, aimless old man of eighty-two collapsed on the sidewalk on Dey Street, near the Hudson Terminal. Innumerable people must have noticed him, but he lay there alone for several minutes, dazed, doubled up with abdominal cramps, and in an agony of retching. Then a policeman came along. Until the policeman bent over the old man, he may have supposed that he had just a sick drunk on his hands; wanderers dropped by drink are common in that part of town in the early morning. It was not an opinion that he could have held for long. Eleven Blue Men: MHA 601 Essay Assignment. The old man’s nose, lips, ears, and fingers were sky-blue. The policeman went to a telephone and put in an ambulance call to Beekman-Downtown Hospital, half a dozen blocks away. The old man was carried into the emergency room there at eight-thirty. By that time, he was unconscious and the blueness had spread over a large part of his body. The examining physician attributed the old man’s morbid color to cyanosis, a condition that usually results from an insufficient supply of oxygen in the blood, and also noted that he was diarrheic and in a severe state of shock. The course of treatment prescribed by the doctor was conventional. It included an instant gastric lavage, heart stimulants, bed rest, and oxygen therapy. Presently, the old man recovered an encouraging, if painful, consciousness and demanded, irascibly and in the name of God, to know what had happened to him. It was a question that, at the moment, nobody could answer with much confidence. Eleven Blue Men: MHA 601 Essay Assignment.

For the immediate record, the doctor made a free-hand diagnosis of carbon-monoxide poisoning – from what source, whether an automobile or a gas pipe, it was, of course, pointless even to guess. Then, because an isolated instance of gas poisoning is something of a rarity in a section of the city as crammed with human beings as downtown Manhattan he and his colleagues in the emergency room braced themselves for at least a couple more victims. Their foresight was promptly and generously rewarded. Eleven Blue Men: MHA 601 Essay Assignment. A second man was rolled in at ten-twenty-five. Forty minutes later, an ambulance drove up with three more men. At eleven-twenty, two others were brought in. An additional two arrived during the next fifteen minutes. Around noon, still another was admitted. All of the nine men were also elderly and dilapidated, all had been misery for at least an hour, and all were rigid, cyanotic, and in a state of shock. The entire body of one, a bony, seventy-three-year-old consumptive named John Mitchell was blue. Five of the nine, including Mitchell, had been stricken in the Globe Hotel, a sunless, upstairs flophouse at 190 Park Row, and two in a similar place, called the Star Hotel, at 3 James Street. Another had been found slumped in the doorway of a condemned building on Park Row not far from City Hall Park, by a policeman. The ninth had keeled over in front of the Eclipse Cafeteria, at 6 Chatham Square. At a quarter to seven that evening, one more aged blue man was brought in. He had been lying, too sick to ask for help, on his cot in a cubicle in the Lion Hotel, another flophouse, at 26 Bowery, since ten o’clock that morning. A clerk had finally looked in and seen him. Eleven Blue Men: MHA 601 Essay Assignment.

By the time this last blue man arrived at the hospital, an investigation of the case by the Department of Health, to which all outbreaks of an epidemiological nature must be reported, had been under way for five hours. Its findings thus far had not been illuminating. The ‘investigation was conducted by two men. One was the Health Department’s chief epidemiologist, Dr. Morris Greenberg, a small, fragile, reflective man of fifty-seven, who is now acting director of the Bureau of Preventable Diseases; the other was Dr. Ottavio Pellitteri, a field epidemiologist, who, since 1946, has been administrative medical inspector for the Bureau. He is thirty- six years old, pale, and stocky, and has a bristling black mustache. One day, when I was in Dr. Greenberg’s office, he and Dr. Pellitteri told me about the case. Eleven Blue Men: MHA 601 Essay Assignment. Their recollection of it is, understandably, vivid. The derelicts were the victims of a type of poisoning so rare that only ten previous outbreaks of it had been recorded in medical literature. Of these, two were in the United States and two in Germany; the others had been reported in France, England, Switzerland, Algeria, Australia, and India. Up to September 25, 1944, the largest number of people stricken in a single outbreak was four. That was in Algeria, in 1926.

The Beekman-Downtown Hospital telephoned a report of the occurrence to the Health Department just before noon. As is customary, copies of the report were sent to all the Department’s administrative officers. “Mine was on my desk when I got back from lunch,” Dr. Greenberg said to me. “It didn’t sound like much. Nine persons believed to be suffering from carbon-monoxide poisoning had been admitted during the morning, and all of them said that they had eaten breakfast at the Eclipse Cafeteria, at 6 Chatham Square. Still, it was a job for us. I checked with the clerk who handles assignments and found that Pellitteri had gone out on. It. That was all I wanted to know. Eleven Blue Men: MHA 601 Essay Assignment. If it amounted to anything, I knew he’d phone me before making a written report. That’s an arrangement we have here. Well, a couple of hours later I got a call from him. My interest perked right up.”

“I was at the hospital,” Dr. Pellitteri told me, “and I’d talked to the staff and most of the men. There were ten of them by then, of course. They were sick as dogs, but only one was in really bad shape.”

“That was John Mitchell,” Dr. Greenberg put in. “He died the next night. I understand his condition was hopeless from the start. The others, including the old boy who came in last, pulled through all right. Excuse me, Ottavio, but I just thought I’d get that out of the way. Go on.”

Dr. Pellitteri nodded. “I wasn’t at all convinced that it was gas poisoning,” he continued. “The staff was beginning to doubt it, too. The symptoms weren’t quite right. There didn’t seem to be any of the headache and general dopiness that you get with gas. What really made me suspicious was this: Only two or three of the men had eaten breakfast in the cafeteria at the same time. They had straggled in all the way from seven o’clock to ten. That meant that the place would have had to be full of gas for at least three hours which is preposterous. It also indicated that we ought to have had a lot more sick people than we did. Those Chatham Square eating places have a big turnover. Well, to make sure, I checked with Bellevue, Gouverneur, St. Vincent’s, and the other downtown hospitals. None of them had seen a trace of cyanosis. Then I talked to the sick men some more. Eleven Blue Men: MHA 601 Essay Assignment.

I learned two interesting things. One was that they had all got sick right after eating. Within thirty minutes. The other was that all but one had eaten oatmeal, rolls, and coffee. He ate just oatmeal. When ten men eat the same thing in the same place on the same day and then all come down with the same illness . . . I told Greenberg that my hunch was food poisoning.” Eleven Blue Men: MHA 601 Essay Assignment.

“I was willing to rule out gas,” Dr. Greenberg said. A folder containing data on the case lay on the desk before him. He lifted the cover thoughtfully, then let it drop. “And I agreed that the oatmeal sounded pretty suspicious. That was as far as I was willing to go. Common, ordinary, everyday food poisoning – I gathered that was what Pellitteri had in mind – wasn’t a very satisfying answer. For one thing, cyanosis is hardly symptomatic of that. On the other hand, diarrhea and severe vomiting are, almost invariably. But they weren’t in the clinical picture, I found, except in two or three of the cases. Moreover, the incubation periods – the time lapse between eating and illness – were extremely short. As you probably know, most food poisoning is caused by eating something that has been contaminated by bacteria. The usual offenders are the staphylococci- they’re mostly responsible for boils and skin infections and so on – and the salmonella. The latter are related to the typhoid organism. In a staphylococcus case, the first symptoms rarely develop in under two hours. Often, it’s closer to five. Eleven Blue Men: MHA 601 Essay Assignment. The incubation period in the other ranges from twelve to thirty-six hours. But here we were with something that hit in thirty minutes or less. Why, one of the men had got only as far as the sidewalk in front of the cafeteria before he was knocked out. Another fact that Pellitteri had dug up struck me as very significant. All of the men told him that the illness had come on with extraordinary suddenness. One minute they were feeling fine, and the next minute they were practically helpless. That was another point against the ordinary food- poisoning theory. Its onset is never that fast. Well, that suddenness began to look like a lead. It led me to suspect that some drug might be to blame. A quick and sudden reaction is characteristic of a great many drugs. So is the combination of cyanosis and shock.” Eleven Blue Men: MHA 601 Essay Assignment.

“None of the men were on dope,” Dr. Pellitteri said. “I told Greenberg I was sure of that. Their pleasure was booze.” “That was 
O.K.,” 
Dr. Greenberg said. “They could have got a toxic dose of some drug by accident. In the oatmeal, most likely. I couldn’t help thinking that the oatmeal was relevant to our problem. At any rate, the drug idea was very persuasive.”

“So was Greenberg,” Dr. Pellitteri remarked with a smile.

“Actually, it was the only explanation in sight that seemed to account for everything we knew about the clinical and environmental picture.” Eleven Blue Men: MHA 601 Essay Assignment.

“All we had to do now was prove it,” Dr. Greenberg went on mildly. “I asked Pellitteri to get a blood sample from each of the men before leaving the hospital for a look at the cafeteria. We agreed he would send the specimens to the city toxicologist, Dr. Alexander O. Gettler, for an overnight analysis. I wanted to know if the blood contained methemoglobin. Methemoglobin is a compound that’s formed only when anyone of several drugs enters the blood. Gettler’s report would tell us if we were at least on the right track. That is, it would give us a yes-or-no answer on drugs. If the answer was yes, then we could go on from there to identify the particular drug. How we would go about that would depend on what Pellitteri was able to turn up at the cafeteria. In the meantime, there was nothing for me to do but wait for their reports. Eleven Blue Men: MHA 601 Essay Assignment I’d theorized myself hoarse.”

Dr. Pellitteri, having attended to his bloodletting with reasonable dispatch, reached the Eclipse Cafeteria at around five o’clock. “It was about what I’d expected,” he told me. “Strictly a horse market, and dirtier than most. The sort of place where you can get a full meal for fifteen cents. There was a grind house on one side, a cigar store on the other, and the ‘L’ overhead. Incidentally, the Eclipse went out of business a year or so after I was there, but that had nothing to do with us. It was just a coincidence. Well, the place looked deserted and the door was locked. I knocked, and a man came out of the back and let me in. He was one of our people, a health inspector for the Bureau of Food and Drugs, named Weinberg. Eleven Blue Men: MHA 601 Essay Assignment. His bureau had stepped into the case as a matter of routine, because of the reference to a restaurant in the notification report. I was glad to see him and to have his help. For one thing, he had put a temporary embargo on everything in the cafeteria. That’s why It was closed up. His main job, though, was to check the place for violations of the sanitation code. He was finding plenty.

“Let me read you a few of Weinberg’s findings,” Dr. Greenberg said, extracting a paper from the folder on his desk. “None of them had any direct bearing on our problem but I think they’ll give you a good idea of what the Eclipse was like – what too many restaurants are like. This copy of his report lists fifteen specific violations. Here they are: ‘Premises heavily infested with roaches. Fly infestation throughout premises. Eleven Blue Men: MHA 601 Essay Assignment. Floor defective in rear part of dining room. Kitchen walls and ceiling encrusted with grease and soot. Kitchen floor encrusted with dirt. Refuse under kItchen fixtures. Sterilizing facilities inadequate. Sink defective. Floor and walls at serving tables and coffee urns encrusted with dirt. Kitchen utensils encrusted with dirt and grease. Storage- cellar walls, ceiling, and floor encrusted with dirt. Floor and shelves in cellar covered with refuse and useless material cellar ceiling defective. Sewer pipe leaking. Open sewer line in cellar.’ Well .. .” He gave me a squeamish smile and stuck the paper back in the folder. Eleven Blue Men: MHA 601 Essay Assignment.

“I can see it now”, Dr. Pellitteri said. “And smell it. Especially the kitchen, where I spent most of my time. Weinberg had the proprietor and the cook out there and I talked to them while he prowled around. They were very cooperative. Naturally, they were scared to death. They knew nothing about gas in the place and there was no sign of any, so I went to work on the food. None of what had been prepared for breakfast that morning was left. That, of course, would have been too much to hope for. But I was able to get together some of the kind of stuff that had gone into the men’s breakfast, so that we could make a chemical determination at the Department. What I took was ground coffee, sugar, a mixture of evaporated milk and water that passed for cream, some bakery rolls, a five-pound carton of dry oatmeal, and some salt. The salt had been used in preparing the oatmeal. That morning, like every morning, the cook told me, he had prepared six gallons of oatmeal, enough to serve around a hundred and twenty-five people. To make it he used five pounds of dry cereal, four gallons of water – regular city water – and a handful of salt. That was his term – a handful. There was an open gallon can of salt standing on the stove. He said the handful he’d put in that morning’s oatmeal had come from that. He refilled the can on the stove every morning from a big supply can. He pointed out the big can- it was up on a shelf- and as I was getting it down to take with me, I saw another can, just like it, nearby. I took that one down, too. It was also full of salt, or, rather, something that looked like salt. Eleven Blue Men: MHA 601 Essay Assignment. The proprietor said it wasn’t salt. He said it was saltpetre – sodium nitrate – that he used in corning beef and in making pastrami. Well, there isn’t any harm in saltpetre; it doesn’t even act as an anti-aphrodisiac, as a lot of people seem to think. But I wrapped it up with the other loot and took it along, just for fun. The fact is, I guess, everything in that damn place looked like poison.” Eleven Blue Men: MHA 601 Essay Assignment.

After Dr. Pellitteri had deposited his loot with a Health Department chemist, Andrew J. Pensa, who promised to have a report ready by the following afternoon, he dined hurriedly at a restaurant in which he had confidence and returned to Chatham Square. There he spent the evening making the rounds of the lodging houses in the neighborhood. He had heard at Mr. Pensa’s office that an eleventh blue man had been admitted to the hospital, and before going home he wanted to make sure that no other victims had been overlooked. By midnight, having covered all the likely places and having rechecked the downtown hospitals, he was satisfied. He repaired to his office and composed a formal progress report for Dr. Greenberg. Then he went home and to bed.

The next morning, Tuesday, Dr. Pellitteri dropped by the Eclipse, which was still closed but whose proprietor and staff he had told to return for questioning. Dr. Pellitteri had another talk with the proprietor and the cook. He also had a few inconclusive words with the rest of the cafeteria’s employees — two dishwashers, a busboy, and a counterman. As he was leaving, the cook, who had apparently passed an uneasy night with his conscience, remarked that it was possible that he had absent-mindedly refilled the salt can on the stove from the one that contained saltpetre. “That was interesting,” Dr. Pellitteri told me, “even though such a possibility had already occurred to me, and even though I didn’t know whether it was important or not. I assured him that he had nothing to worry about. We had been certain all along that nobody had deliberately poisoned the old men.” From the Eclipse, Dr. Pellitteri went on to Dr. Greenberg’s office, where Dr. Gettler’s report was waiting. Eleven Blue Men: MHA 601 Essay Assignment.

“Gettler’s test for methemoglobin was positive,” Dr. Greenberg said. “It had to be a drug now. Well, so far so good. Then we heard from Pensa.”

“Greenberg almost fell out of his chair when he read Pensa’s report,” Dr. Pellitteri observed cheerfully.

“That’s an exaggeration,” Dr. Greenberg said. “I’m not easily dumfounded. We’re inured to the incredible around here. Why, a few years ago we had a case involving some numskull who stuck a fistful of potassium-thiocyanate crystals, a very nasty poison, in the coils of an office water cooler, just for a practical joke. However, I can’t deny that Pensa rather taxed our credulity. What he had found was that the small salt can and the one that was supposed to be full of sodium nitrate both contained sodium 
nitrite. 
The other food samples, incidentally, were O.K.” Eleven Blue Men: MHA 601 Essay Assignment.

“That also taxed my credulity,” Dr. Pellitteri said.

Dr. Greenberg smiled. “There’s a great deal of difference between nitrate and nitrite,” he continued. “Their only similarity, which is an unfortunate one, is that they both look and taste more or less like ordinary table salt. Sodium nitrite isn’t the most powerful poison in the world, but a little of it will do a lot of harm. If you remember, I said before that this case was almost without precedent – only ten outbreaks like it on record Eleven Blue Men: MHA 601 Essay Assignment. Ten is practically none. In fact, sodium- nitrite poisoning is so unusual that some of the standard texts on toxicology don’t even mention it. So Pensa’s report was pretty startling. But we accepted it, of course, without question or hesitation. Facts are facts. And we were glad to. It seemed to explain everything very nicely. What I’ve been saying about sodium-nitrite poisoning doesn’t mean that sodium nitrite itself is rare. Actually, it’s fairly common. It’s used in the manufacture of dyes and as a medical drug. We use it in treating certain heart conditions and for high blood pressure. But it also has another important use, one that made its presence at the Eclipse sound plausible. In recent years, and particularly during the war, sodium nitrite has been used as a substitute for sodium nitrate in preserving meat. The government permits it but stipulates that the finished meat must not contain more than one part of sodium nitrite per five thousand parts of meat. Cooking will safely destroy enough of that small quantity of the drug.” Dr. Greenberg shrugged. “Well, Pellitteri had had the cook pick up a handful of salt – the same amount, as nearly as possible, as went into the oatmeal- and then had taken this to his office and found that it weighed approximately a hundred grams. So we didn’t have to think twice to realize that the proportion of nitrite in that batch of cereal was considerably higher than one to five thousand. Roughly, it must have been around one to about eighty before cooking destroyed part of the nitrite. It certainly looked as though Gettler, Pensa, and the cafeteria cook between them had given us our answer. I called up Gettler and told him what Pensa had discovered and asked him to run a specific test for nitrites on his blood samples. He had, as a matter of course, held some blood back for later examination. His confirmation came through in a couple of hours. I went home that night feeling pretty good.”

Dr. Greenberg’s serenity was a fugitive one. He awoke on Wednesday morning troubled in mind. A question had occurred to him that he was unable to ignore. “Something like a hundred and twenty-five people ate oatmeal at the Eclipse that morning,” he said to me, “but only eleven of them got sick. Why? The undeniable fact that those eleven old men were made sick by the ingestion of a toxic dose of sodium nitrite wasn’t enough to rest on Eleven Blue Men: MHA 601 Essay Assignment. I wanted to know exactly how much sodium nitrite each portion of that cooked oatmeal had contained. With Pensa’s help again, I found out. We prepared a batch just like the one the cook had made on Monday. Then Pensa measured out six ounces, the size of the average portion served at the Eclipse, and analyzed it. It contained two and a half grains of sodium nitrite. That explained why the hundred and fourteen other people did not become ill. The toxic dose of sodium nitrite is three grains. But it didn’t explain how each of our eleven old men had received an additional half grain. It seemed extremely unlikely that the extra touch of nitrite had been in the oatmeal when it was served. It had to come in later. Then I began to get a glimmer. Some people sprinkle a little salt, instead of sugar, on hot cereal. Suppose, I thought, that the busboy, or whoever had the job of keeping the table salt shakers filled, had made the same mistake that the cook had. It seemed plausible. Pellitteri was out of the office – I’ve forgotten where – so I got Food and Drugs to step over to the Eclipse, which was still under embargo, and bring back the shakers for Pensa to work on. There were seventeen of them, all good-sized, one for each table Eleven Blue Men: MHA 601 Essay Assignment. Sixteen contained either pure sodium chloride or just a few inconsequential traces of sodium nitrite mixed in with the real salt, but the other was point thirty-seven per cent nitrite. That one was enough. A spoonful of that salt contained a bit more than half a grain.”

“I went over to the hospital Thursday morning,” Dr. Pellitteri said. “Greenberg wanted me to check the table-salt angle with the men. They could tie the case up neatly for us. I drew a blank. They’d been discharged the night before, and God only knew where they were.”

“Naturally,” Dr. Greenberg said, “it would have been nice to know for a fact that the old boys all sat at a certain table and that all of them put about a spoonful of salt from that particular shaker on their oatmeal, but it wasn’t essential. I was morally certain that they had. There just wasn’t any other explanation. There was one other question, however. Why did they use so 
much 
salt? For my own peace of mind, I wanted to know. All of a sudden, I remembered Pellitteri had said they were all heavy drinkers. Well, several recent clinical studies have demonstrated that there is usually a subnormal concentration of sodium chloride in the blood of alcoholics. Either they don’t eat enough to get sufficient salt or they lose it more rapidly than other people do, or both. Whatever the reasons are, the conclusion was all I needed. Any animal, you know, whether a mouse or a man, tends to try to obtain a necessary substance that his body lacks. The final question had been answered.”

Discussion Questions

What did you learn about the process of medical problem solving through this piece?

Has this piece affected how you will manage the mysterious cases you encounter in the future? v.

 

After reading, answer the following questions:

Describe the 10 steps of an outbreak investigation as it pertains to this particular event in 1944. That is, for each step highlight where in the event that step occurred.

On your own, draw the epidemic curve for this incident. In your submitted assignment identify the type of curve it represents.

Calculate and state the incubation period for the illness affecting the eleven blue men.

Identify three questions that Dr. Greenberg asked the patients.

Identify three questions that Dr. Pellitteri asked the patients.

Identify three questions that the epidemiologists asked the Eclipse Cafeteria employees.

Identify the culprit. Also, what about these men was unique when compared to the other people who ate in the cafeteria that day?

Provide at least two additional questions you would have liked the investigators to have asked the patients or employees. Why do you feel these questions would have helped?

The Eleven Blue Men assignment

Must be at least two to three double-spaced pages in length (not including title and references pages) and formatted according to  
APA style as
 outlined in the  
Ashford Writing Center.

Must contain responses to these questions that are placed in paragraph form, not simply listed as bullets.

o  You need to demonstrate that you can collect, compile, and present a broad array of information in a narrative form.

Must include a separate 
title page w
ith the following:

o Title of paper

o Student’s name

o Course name and number

o Instructor’s name

o Date submitted

Eleven Blue Men: MHA 601 Essay Assignment

Must include  
introduction and conclusion p
aragraphs.

Must document all sources in APA style as outlined  
here a
nd 
here.

Must include a separate 
references page t
hat is formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.

Required Resources- Eleven Blue Men Assignment

Text

McKenzie, J.F., Pinger, R.R., & Seabert, D.M.. (2017). 
An Introduction to Community and Public Health 
(9th edition).

Retrieved from https://content.ashford.edu

Chapter 1: Community and Public Health: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow

Chapter 2: Organizations that Help Shape Community and Public Health

Chapter 3: Epidemiology: The Study of Disease, Injury, and Death in the Community

Article

Roueché, B. (2014, October 12). 
Eleven blue men.
 Retrieved from https://utmedhumanities.wordpress.com/2014/10/12/eleven-blue-men-berton-roueche/

This reading is required for students to be able to complete the Week One assignment related to epidemiology. Eleven Blue Men: MHA 601 Essay Assignment.

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W
ebsite

Ashford University. (2017).  
Career center: Self assesment.
 Retrieved from 
http://www.ashfordcareerresources.com/self-
 assessment.html

     This link leads students to the Ashford Career Center. Not only is this a component of your introduction to the program, but it also serves as a continuous resource to help you secure a position after graduation. Accessibility Statement not available

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Recommended Resources for Eleven Blue Men Assignment

Article

Thacker, S.B. (2006, December 22).  
Epidemiology and public health at CDC. 
M
o
rbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 
55
(2), 3-4. Retrieved from 
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/index.html

W
ebsite

This article explains the history of epidemiology and its relationship with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). While the concept of epidemiology began with Dr. John Snow in the mid-19th century, it was not fully recognized until Dr. Alexander Langmuir was hired by the CDC in 1949. 
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Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2013, April 26).  
Ten great public health achievements in the 20th century.

Retrieved from 
http://www.cdc.gov/about/history/tengpha.htm.
 This web page highlights all of the major events that have occurred during the development of public health as we know it today, from our discovery of immunizations to what lies ahead in the future for public health.

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Case Study: A System Approach

Review the case study in the article, 
Texas Health Harris Methodist-Cleburne: A System Approach to Surgical Improvement
.

After reviewing the case study, construct a written paper that addresses the following:

Explain organizational theories evidenced in this case study.

Analyze how Texas Health Harris Methodist-Cleburne is a learning organization.

Explain the organizational structure displayed in this case study.

Describe the leaders involved in this case study.

Discusses the role of the leaders in this case study.

Including an introduction and conclusion paragraph, your paper must be three to five double-spaced pages (excluding title and reference pages) and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center Eleven Blue Men: MHA 601 Essay Assignment.  Including the textbook, utilize a minimum of three (one of which is the case study article used for review) scholarly and/or peer-reviewed sources from the Ashford University Library that were published within the last five years.  Document all references in APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center APA Checklist. Carefully review the Grading Rubric for the criteria that will be used to evaluate your assignment
Eleven Blue Men: MHA 601 Essay Assignment.

SC160 Basic Biology Essay Assignment.

DNA is labeled as the genetic blueprint of life, simply because it contains the instructions that govern the development of an organism. DNA is made up of something called repetitive DNA, which is of particular use in forensic DNA analysis. Inside this region of DNA are unique repeating patterns that can be used to differentiate one person from another. These patterns are known as short-tandem repeats (STRs), they can be measured to define the DNA profile of an individual. One example of how DNA is used within forensic science is if a person touched an object or weapon, skin cells may have been left behind. SC160 Basic Biology Essay Assignment. This low-level DNA is sometimes referred to as “touch DNA”, low-level DNA samples are helpful when examining an object where retrieving a fingerprint would be difficult. Another example is liquid blood or blood stains that can be collected from a crime scene; forensic scientist can used the DNA from the blood samples to determine who blood is it to help solve a case. Forensic scientist can also collect and analyze DNA from hair samples that could be left behind or near a crime scene SC160 Basic Biology Essay Assignment. These small DNA samples are very helpful to forensic scientist in connecting missing pieces.

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Population evolution is defined by the changes a population experience over time. These changes can affect all organisms within a population whether they are single microorganisms or multicellular organism. Over time, species that are more habitable for a specific environment survive while the weaker ones will die. This process of evolution creates species that will produce off springs that will be adapted to their environment; this growth is caused from natural selection. Charles Darwin was the first to explain natural selection. Microbial life first started billions of years ago, first with the prokaryotes and later on the eukaryotes. Microorganisms are microscopic organism that cannot be seen with the naked eye but these organisms makes up life on earth as we know it today, all living things on earth is made up from microorganisms. SC160 Basic Biology Essay Assignment One example of microevolution is colonial forms, this process allow unicellular protists to stick together as loose federations of independent cells. This transition creates true multicellular organism. Another example is the Flinch bird found on the Galapagos Island, these birds are found elsewhere throughout the world but the ones on the island had larger beaks because of the natural selection to their environment. Another example is the evolution of pesticide resistant insects. Some insects have developed antibiotic-resistant bacteria because of natural selection, these insects have a resistance to the pesticides that are used kill them and the pass this gene to offspring SC160 Basic Biology Essay Assignment.

Biological diversity evolution comprises all the millions of different species that live on planet Earth, as well as the genetic differences within species Biodiversity has a key role in maintaining healthy ecosystems and thereby sustaining ecosystem services to the ever-growing human population. It also refers to the multitude of different ecosystems in which species form unique communities, interacting with one another. SC160 Basic Biology Essay Assignment. One example of biological diversity evolution is the North American garter snake which lives mainly in the water but its closely related species lives mainly on land this shows the biological diversity evolution on close related species that have evolve differently. Another example is the wheat plant which is the world most cultivated plant, sexual selection in which females choose mates to reproduce based on color has contributed to biological diversity evolution. Another example is the breeding of the spotted skunks, the western spotted skunks breed in the fall while their closely relative that live in the east breeds late in the winter SC160 Basic Biology Essay Assignment.

Plant and animal evolution is defined as the process development of plants and animal. Plants have spread more successfully than animals. Most plants can survive for a long time as small seeds. Animals often have more specific requirements than plants. While the vast majority of plants are hermaphrodites (they have both male and female reproductive organs), most animals are unisexual. SC160 Basic Biology Essay Assignment. Most animals need certain plants or prey for food, so these must be present for them to survive. One example of plant evolution is the fern plant, because of evolution ferns developed vascular tissue and these tissues move nutrients throughout the plant and allow them to grow tall. Another example of animal evolution is the birds, the birds are reptiles that have evolve from a small lineage of a two legged dinosaur called the Theropods. Today birds are different from their ancestor because they have developed feathers to assist them during flight and have become toothless compared to their prehistoric ancestor. Another example is the evolution of primates to evolve into humans SC160 Basic Biology Essay Assignment. All humans can trace their origin to primates, through natural selection primates had developed characteristic to survive in their environment. Because of evolution humans have developed enlarge brains to function and an upright posture to walk.

Population growth is defined as the increase in number of individuals in a population. Population growth can be either positive or negative over time population growth can cause an imbalance between births and deaths. SC160 Basic Biology Essay Assignment. The human population has proven this statement because the human population is expected to increase for the next several decades. An example of population growth is found in bacterium, a single bacterium can divide every 20 minutes increasing its population. In 12 hours the bacteria can be in numbered in the billions. Another example is the population growth of trees, trees are mature in their growth so that means they would not populate as rapidly as other organism. Trees one matured can populate an area over time and contribute to that environment ecosystem. Another example is the human population; the human population is growing rapidly and is expected to continue growing for the upcoming years. Because of the ever growing human population there is a greater demand for the consumption and production of energy, food and goods SC160 Basic Biology Essay Assignment.

Biomes and ecosystem are unique; a biome is a major terrestrial or aquatic life zone, an ecosystem is the interactions between the living things and the nonliving things in a place. Biomes makes up most of the earths 75%, biomes are unique in that they contain ecosystems inside them. In an ecosystem, the plants, animals, and other organisms rely on each other and on the physical environment. An example of a biome and ecosystem is a lake, inside a lake in the photic zone microscopic algae known as phytoplankton, these organism are the food source for mainly all animals that inhabit the lake. SC160 Basic Biology Essay Assignment. Another example of biomes and ecosystem is the wetlands; these wetlands support the growth of aquatic plants and have a vast number of different species. Bird would use the wetlands as a resting stop during their migration period; other animals such as frogs use this environment as a nesting station for their eggs. Another example is the tropical rain forest. The tropical rain forest is unique in that it provides a habitat for many different kind of species from the monkeys inside the trees to vast numbers of different species of snakes to name a few. Tropical rainforest have many species of plants and trees that are food source and habitats for many animals that abide in that environment SC160 Basic Biology Essay Assignment.

 

References

(n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3353341/

(n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.wwf.org.au/our_work/saving_the_natural_world/what_is_biodiversity/

(n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/evolution-of-plants-and-animals/page-3

(n.d.). Retrieved from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_growth

(n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.prb.org/Publications/Lesson-Plans/HumanPopulation/PopulationGrowth.aspx

(n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/ecosystems.html

(n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/population-and-community-ecology-45/environmental-limits-to-population-growth-251/exponential-population-growth-929-12185/

Simon, E. J., Dickey, J., & Reece, J. B. (n.d.). Campbell essential biology.

 

DNA in forensic science:

                Taking samples of DNA and analyzing them to determine if they come from the same individual is known as DNA profiling. DNA profiling is used today in such things like investigating murders, paternity testing, victim identification and evolution research.  First, DNA samples are collected and isolated. Next, selected sequences from each DNA sample are copied many times (amplified) to produce a large sample of DNA fragments. Finally, the amplified DNA samples are compared to other samples. All together, these steps provide information about which samples came from the same person and which did not. SC160 Basic Biology Essay Assignment.

DNA testing has been used in the O.J. Simpson murder trial. In that case, the DNA analysis proved that the blood in Simpson’s car belonged to the victims and the blood at the crime scene belonged to Simpson. DNA profiling can be used to identify victims.  After the World Trade towers collapsed, tissue samples from the site were matched to DNA profiles from tissue known to be from the victims.  If no samples were available, blood samples from close relatives where used to confirm identity through near matches. DNA can also prove innocence.  As of 2011, more than 270 convicted criminals in 34 states have been exonerated. In over a third of those cases, DNA profiling has also identified the real perpetrators.

Population evolution and microbial life:

                Nearly all life on Earth depends on bacteria and other microbial life in one way or another as life evolved from microorganisms. Individual organisms do not evolve during their lifetimes. The evolutionary impact is only apparent in the changes in a population over time. This process takes many years and is done with the help of natural selection. Population evolution can be seen all over the world. SC160 Basic Biology Essay Assignment. An example of this would be groups of individuals that have adapted to their surroundings, like the Tibetans. This is a population that has adapted to living in high altitudes. Their respiratory and cardiovascular systems have adapted to maintain better oxygen saturation in order to survive high up in the Himalayas.

It is believed that life began with prokaryotes whose cells lack nuclei. Within the next billion years, two distinct groups of prokaryotes, bacteria and archaea, developed.  About 2.7 billion years ago, photosynthetic prokaryotes split water molecules and released oxygen gas into the atmosphere and profoundly changed the Earth’s atmosphere.  The accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere killed off many prokaryotic organisms. Among the survivors, a diversity of metabolic modes evolved, including cellular respiration. All this metabolic evolution occurred during the 2 billion years that prokaryotes had the earth to themselves.  Eukaryotic cells evolved from the prokaryotic community.  The mitochondria of our cells and those of every other eukaryote are descendants of those smaller prokaryotes, as are the chloroplasts of plants and algae.

Plant and animal evolution:

  The evolution of more complex cells launched a time of great diversification of eukaryotic forms. These new organisms were protists. Protists are mostly microscopic and unicellular. Examples would be algae, amoebas and paramecium. The greatest diversification of animals was the Cambrian explosion.  This colonization of land was a major milestone in the history of life. Plants and fungi together led the way about 500 million years ago. Plants transformed the landscape, creating new opportunities for all life forms. The evolutionary venture onto land included vertebrate animals in the form of the first amphibians.  Further evolution by natural selection led to reptiles and mammals. Among the mammals are the primates, which is the group that contains apes, monkeys and humans. SC160 Basic Biology Essay Assignment.

Population growth:

Populations size fluctuates depending on factors that affect the population. For individuals, populations may grow as people are born or decline as they move to another area or die. But there are also factors in nature that help regulate the population. A density dependent factor is a limiting factor whose intensity is related to the population density. An example of this is the competition for the same limited resources, like food or space. A density independent factor would be a population limiting factor whose intensity is unrelated to population density.  An example of this would be the effects of weather on species.  During ideal weather conditions, the population will flourish whereas under harsh weather conditions, the population will suffer a decline.

Biological diversity evolution:

It is no surprise that human civilization has had an impact on the evolution of biological diversity.  Everything from viruses to animals have been affected by man. One example of this can be seen in the evolution of bacteria that have become resistant to certain antibiotics. Penicillin antibiotics were among the first drugs to be effective against many bacterial infections though misuse has now made many types of bacteria resistant.  Another example would be the adaptation of animal species living and thriving amongst humans since the boom of the industrial age SC160 Basic Biology Essay Assignment.

Biomes and ecosystem:

A biome is a major terrestrial or aquatic life zone, characterized by vegetation type or the physical environment. Aquatic biomes, which occupy roughly 75% of the Earth’s surface, can be divided into two groups, freshwater biomes and marine biomes. Fresh water biomes typically have a salt concentration of less than 1% and fall into two broad groups; standing water, which includes lakes and ponds, and flowing water, which includes rivers and streams.  The difference in water movement results in differences in ecosystem structures.  Marine biomes consist of oceans, intertidal zones, coral reefs and estuaries and have a salt concentration of around 3%. A wetland is a transitional biome between an aquatic ecosystem and a terrestrial one.  The communities of plants, algae and animals are distributed according to the depth of water and distance from the shore. Terrestrial ecosystems are grouped into biomes primarily based upon vegetation type which largely depend on climate, with temperature and rainfall often being key factors.  Each biome is characterized by a type of biological community rather than a group of particular species.  Ecosystems are also influenced by human actions. The effects of global warming are disrupting the normal life cycles of some plants and animals.  An example of this is warmer temperatures affecting the rate of snow melting. The melting of the snow used to help provide water during the dry season, but with snow melting sooner, the dry season lasts longer which can have an impact on forest fires and thus creating even more damage to ecosystems SC160 Basic Biology Essay Assignment.

SAFETY, QUALITY AND INFORMATICS ESSAY ASSIGNMENT: Write 8-10 pages in which you identify a major patient-safety issue within your own organization and use evidence-based best practices and technology to develop a plan to improve the safety issue.

Quality improvement and patient safety are central to the nursing leadership role.

By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and assessment criteria:

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Competency 2: Safety and Quality Practices – Incorporate concepts of patient safety, clinical management, and quality improvement to improve patient outcomes. SAFETY, QUALITY AND INFORMATICS ESSAY ASSIGNMENT.

Describe a patient safety issue and compare currently used organizational processes for handling this issue with concepts, principles, and practices that contribute to quality improvement and patient safety.

Competency 3: Nursing Research and Informatics – Incorporate evidence-based practice interventions (for example, information systems and patient care technologies) as appropriate for managing the acute and chronic care of patients, promoting health across the lifespan.

Recommend evidence-based interventions, including technology, to address specific patient-safety issues.

Competency 4: Policy, Finance, and Regulations – Understand the scope and role of policy, finance, and regulatory environments in relationship to individual and population outcomes.

Analyze the legal and ethical consequences of not addressing patient-safety issues. SAFETY, QUALITY AND INFORMATICS ESSAY ASSIGNMENT.

Competency 5: Communication – Communicate effectively with all members of the health care team, including interdepartmental and interdisciplinary collaboration for quality outcomes.

Write coherently to support a central idea in appropriate APA format with correct grammar, usage, and mechanics as expected of a nursing professional.

Competency 6: Organizational and Systems Management – Apply knowledge of organizational behavior, nursing theory, and systems (micro- and macro-) as appropriate for the scope and role of one’s own practice.

Describe strategies to overcome specific organizational barriers to change.

Assessment Instructions: SAFETY, QUALITY AND INFORMATICS ESSAY ASSIGNMENT

Preparation

As you prepare for this assessment, complete the following:

Before you begin, examine your organization’s history of safety in a specific area and how your organization addresses patient safety issues. If possible, consult with a key stakeholder in the organization (such as an administrator) to better understand specific patient-safety concerns and how the organization is working to resolve the concerns. This person should also be able to discuss some of the organizational barriers impacting the patient safety issue.

Next, look at the basic concepts, principles, and practices that contribute to organizational quality improvement and patient safety. Review the literature for best practices and how technology might be used to improve the issue.

Finally, be sure to consider the legal and ethical implications associated with the safety issue, as well as possible organizational barriers to change.

SAFETY, QUALITY AND INFORMATICS ESSAY ASSIGNMENT Directions

As you construct this assessment, address each point as completely as possible:

Describe a patient-safety issue within your organization, comparing the way your organization addresses the issue with the concepts, principles, and practices that contribute to quality improvement and patient safety.

Analyze the legal and ethical consequences of not addressing the issue.

Recommend evidence-based interventions, including technology, to address the patient-safety issue.

Describe strategies to overcome specific organizational barriers to change, based on your knowledge of the organization.

Additional Requirements

Format: Include a title page and reference page. Use APA style and formatting.

Length: Ensure your completed assessment is 8–10 pages in length, not including the title page and reference page.

References: Cite at least five current scholarly or professional resources. SAFETY, QUALITY AND INFORMATICS ESSAY ASSIGNMENT.

Font: Use double-spaced, 12-point, Times New Roman font.

Discussion Question: Formulating the Research Question, Problem Statement, Research Purpose

In the Week 1 discussion forum you had an opportunity to present a potential problem and an innovative solution specific to your role specialization. In addition, you have reviewed the literature to identify qualitative and quantitative research articles and submitted annotated bibliographies to provide evidence supporting the problem.

Considering the feedback provided to you by the faculty member it is now time to prepare your problem statement, research purpose, and research question.

First share your refined problem and proposed solution (given your review of literature this may have changed depending on the evidence you were able to provide). Next, follow the steps to help define your research question.

Craft the problem statement and research purpose.

Design your research question aimed at solving (a part of) the problem and include the following components which will focus the literature review. SAFETY, QUALITY AND INFORMATICS ESSAY ASSIGNMENT.

PICOT Question:

Patient, Population or Problem

What are the characteristics of the patient or population?

What is the condition or disease you are interested in?

Intervention or exposure

What do you want to do with this patient (e.g. treat, diagnose, observe)?

Comparison

What is the alternative to the intervention (e.g. placebo, different drug, surgery)?

Outcome

What are the relevant outcomes (e.g. morbidity, death, complications)?

Ensure that the research question is answerable, feasible and clinically relevant

SAFETY, QUALITY AND INFORMATICS ESSAY ASSIGNMENT

Chronic cardiovascular disease Case Study

CASE STUDY 3
 – Reflecting on 
week 4’s lessons in the syllabus
,
 select a patient population (pediatric, young adult, adult or geriatric), and briefly analyze a 
chronic cardiovascular disease
 (HTN, Heart failure, Dyslipidemia, Heart murmur etc.…), that  may affect this population. Briefly tell how it impacts the patient’s  quality of life and analyze the current research evidence on this topic  and gold standard of care if any for your chosen population. (You may  use an example from your clinical rotation (past or present) that you  have encountered).

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Describe how you, the FNP, can/or have made a  difference in the care of patients with this specific disease and tell  of one specific patient care teaching that he/she may do to help  minimize disease symptoms. Please post your  CS directly in the thread so that your colleagues can see it and be sure  to read and respond/comment on one of your colleagues posting. CASE STUDY 3 – Reflecting on week 4’s lessons in the syllabus. Chronic cardiovascular disease Case Study.

Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Essay Assignment Paper

Create an educational program, event, or piece of literature (for example, a pamphlet) that incorporates best practices in health promotion and disease prevention for a diverse population. Then, explain how you developed your educational program, event, or piece of literature and address any barriers to disease prevention and health promotion for the population.

By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and assessment criteria:

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Competency 3: Nursing Research and Informatics – Incorporate evidence-based practice interventions (for example, information systems and patient care technologies) as appropriate for managing the acute and chronic care of patients, promoting health across the lifespan. Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Essay Assignment Paper.

Use valid, scholarly research resources relevant to the field of nursing to support information presented.

Competency 5: Communication – Communicate effectively with all members of the health care team, including interdepartmental and interdisciplinary collaboration for quality outcomes.

Write coherently to support a central idea in appropriate APA format, with correct grammar, usage, and mechanics as expected of a nursing professional.

Competency 7: Health Promotion and Disease Prevention – Apply and incorporate a basic understanding of the concepts of health promotion and disease prevention as a means of improving health at the individual, population, and community level. Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Essay Assignment Paper.

(IMPORTANT) -Develop an educational program, event, or piece of literature to address health concerns of a diverse population.

(IMPORTANT) -Explain how a specific educational approach to a health concern can overcome barriers to health promotion and disease prevention for a diverse population.

Competency 8: Diversity – Incorporate a holistic, caring, culturally appropriate nursing approach that contributes to the wellness and the health of individuals, groups, and vulnerable populations.

(IMPORTANT) -Describe barriers to health promotion and disease prevention for a diverse population. Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Essay Assignment Paper.

Assessment Instructions

Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Part I

To prepare for the first part of the assessment, complete the following:

Review the literature or use health assessments to determine health care needs of a diverse population in your community.

Explore things that could influence success, such as cultural attitudes toward alternative forms of healing, religious beliefs, or other individuals.

Examine the impact of current health promotion and wellness initiatives on health outcomes and health disparities.

Review the literature to identify best practices.

Once you have identified a diverse population, develop an educational program, event, or piece of literature that promotes wellness and disease prevention. Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Essay Assignment Paper. If you choose an educational program or event, be sure you outline the basic content of the program or event, as well as how you would structure it. If you choose a piece of literature, be deliberate in the points you highlight. Be sure that your choice is appropriate for the population.

For an educational program or event, prepare and submit an outline of the content and structure.

For a brochure or pamphlet, prepare and submit the brochure or pamphlet using a simple Word document or a Microsoft Publisher document, if you have that software available.

Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Part II

Explain how you developed your educational program, event, or piece of literature and address any barriers to disease prevention and health promotion for the population. Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Essay Assignment Paper.

Complete the following:

Explain why you chose the particular educational strategy. Why is it an effective strategy for the population?

Describe cultural barriers to disease prevention and health promotion in the population. This might include things such as CAM, language, religious beliefs, and so on.

Explain how your educational strategy can help overcome some of the barriers you described.

Support your work with valid scholarly resources.

Additional Requirements (Part II only)

Format: Include a title page and reference page. Use APA format.

References: Cite at least three current scholarly or professional resources.

Font: Use double-spaced, 12-point, Times New Roman font.

THIS IS HOS FEEDBACK FOR PREVIOUS WORK SUBMITTED ADDRESSING THE TOPICS THAT I MISSED AND NEED TO BE COVERED:

COMPETENCY:Nursing Research and Informatics: Incorporate evidence-based practice interventions (e.g., information systems, patient care technologies) as appropriate for managing the acute and chronic care of patients, promoting health across the lifespan. Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Essay Assignment Paper.

-Basic

Uses research resources that are not valid, scholarly, or relevant to the field of nursing, such as Wikipedia or About.com.

Faculty Comments:“

Resources provided in this assessment were not scholarly, valid references that pertain to the nursing profession. Please visit the Research Resources page under the Course Tools located in the course room. If you need further help, please reach out to the course tutor or utilizing the

”

COMPETENCY:Communication: Communicate effectively with all members of the healthcare team, including interdepartmental and interdisciplinary collaboration for quality outcomes.

-Distinguished

Writing is coherent, using evidence to support a central idea in a consistently appropriate APA format, with correct grammar, usage, and mechanics as expected of a nursing professional Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Essay Assignment Paper.

Faculty Comments:“

Very nice use of citations of relevant evidence to support central ideas. I like that your writing is clear and has good grammar, and punctuation. APA format has no errors.

”

COMPETENCY:Health Promotion and Disease Prevention: Apply and incorporate a basic understanding of the concepts of health promotion and disease prevention as a means of improving health at the individual, population, and community level.

CRITERION:Develop an educational program, event, or piece of literature to address health concerns of a diverse population.

—-Non-Performance—-

Does not develop an educational program, event, or piece of literature to address health concerns of a diverse population.

Faculty Comments:“

I could not locate an educational program, event, or piece of literature to address health concerns of a diverse population. Locate some scholarly resources to support your choice of population and their primary health concern and develop your content around those valid, scholarly resources.

”

COMPETENCY:Diversity: Incorporate a holistic, caring, culturally appropriate nursing approach that contributes to the wellness and the health of individuals, groups, and vulnerable populations.

CRITERION:Explain how a specific educational approach to a health concern can overcome identified barriers to health promotion and disease prevention for a diverse population.

—Non-Performance—

Does not explain how a specific educational approach to a health concern can overcome identified barriers to health promotion and disease prevention for a diverse population Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Essay Assignment Paper.

Faculty Comments:“

I could not locate a discussion on how a specific education approach can overcome barriers to health promotion and disease prevention efforts in a diverse population. Locate some scholarly resources to support your choice of population and what educational approach will be effective for them. Then develop your content around those valid, scholarly resources.

”

CRITERION:Describe barriers to health promotion and disease prevention for a diverse population.

—Non-Performance—

Does not describe barriers to health promotion and disease prevention for a diverse population.

Faculty Comments:“

I could not locate a description on the barriers to health promotion and disease prevention for the specific population. Locate some scholarly resources, and see what the evidence suggests as barriers in this population, and develop your description from there Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Essay Assignment Paper.