Tag: Clinical-Nursing

ENG 105 Week 2 Discussions and Assignment GCU

ENG 105 Topic 2 DQ 1

Look again at the 
CDC’s Web page about ADHD
.

In 150-200 words, please analyze the document’s purpose and audience. Who, for example, is the CDC’s audience? What are the CDC’s beliefs about ADHD, and how does the CDC’s Web page relate itself to those beliefs? Why would the federal government post a Web page about ADHD? ENG 105 Week 2 Discussions and Assignment GCU. What role does the general public expect the government to play regarding disorders such as ADHD?

During the week, go back and read some of your classmates’ posts. Do you agree with their views?

ENG 105 Topic 2 DQ 2

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Review the CDC website and answer at least three of the questions below:

Who is the writer?

What is the writer’s purpose?

Who is the intended audience?

What is the broader cultural context that motivated the writing of the article?

How does the writer establish ethos?

Does the writer appeal to logos (logic)?

Does the writer appeal to pathos (emotions)?

ENG 105 Week 2 Discussions and Assignment GCU

Do you feel that the website is effective? Why or why not?

Use these questions to guide the content of your rhetorical analysis.

During the week, review your classmates’ posts. What are some similarities and differences between your response and your peers’ responses?

ENG 105 Topic 2 First Draft of a Rhetorical Analysis of a Public Document

Details:

Refer to the “First Draft Rhetorical Analysis of a Public Document” resource for instructions on completing this ENG 105 Week 2 Discussions and Assignment GCU.

ENG105_First DraftRhetoricalAnalysisofPublicDocAssignment.docxENG105_T2Rubric.RhetoricalAnalysis.doc

ENG 105 Topic 2 
Rhetorical Analysis Peer Review Forum

Please follow these steps: 

Begin by posting your Rhetorical Analysis Rough Draft by the deadline to 
TWO 
places: to the Module 2 Rhetorical Analysis Peer Review Forum 
AND
to the Module 2 Rhetorical Analysis Rough Draft assignment box ENG 105 Week 2 Discussions and Assignment GCU.

Next, review the draft of the person who posted his/her response 
directly below
 yours in the Peer Review forum. If your draft is the last posted, review the first draft posted. Then, complete the “Peer Review Rhetorical Analysis Worksheet” (see attachment in Assignment dropbox). Review the “Rubric Peer Review” media piece for information on effective peer reviews.

You will then need to post your completed Peer Review Worksheet to 
TWO
places: to the Module 2 Rhetorical Analysis Peer Review Forum for your peer to view, as well as to the Module 2 Rhetorical Analysis Peer Review assignment box, so the instructor can grade your work. ENG 105 Week 2 Discussions and Assignment GCU.

Attach the file with your completed Peer Review Worksheet to the Rhetorical Analysis Peer Review Forum as a “reply” to the initial post of your peer’s first draft.

Please note that to participate in the peer review process you must post your essay by 11:59 pm (AZ time) on Wednesday of Module 2.

If you do not submit the Rough Draft or Peer Review Worksheet to both places or if you review the wrong person, you may not receive full credit for this assignment.

ENG 105 Topic 2 Peer Review of a Classmate’s First Draft of a Rhetorical Analysis of a Public Document

Details:

Please follow these steps: 

Begin by posting your Rhetorical Analysis Rough Draft by the deadline to 
TWO 
places: to the Topic 2 Rhetorical Analysis Peer Review Forum 
AND
 to the Topic 2 Rhetorical Analysis Rough Draft assignment box.

ENG 105 Week 2 Discussions and Assignment GCU Review the media piece: “Peer Review Using Rubrics” located in the Course Material folder for information on effective peer reviews.

Next, review the draft of the person who posted his/her response 
directly below
 yours in the Peer Review forum. If your draft is the last posted, review the first draft posted. Then, complete the “Peer Review Rhetorical Analysis Worksheet” (see attachment).

You will then need to post your completed Peer Review Worksheet to 
TWO
 places: to the Topic 2 Rhetorical Analysis Peer Review Forum for your peer to view, as well as to the Topic 2 Rhetorical Analysis Peer Review assignment box, so the instructor can grade your work.

Attach the file with your completed Peer Review Worksheet to the Rhetorical Analysis Peer Review Forum as a “reply” to the initial post of your peer’s first draft. ENG 105 Week 2 Discussions and Assignment GCU.

Please note that to participate in the peer review process you must post your essay by 11:59 pm (AZ time) on Wednesday of Topic 2.

If you do not submit the Rough Draft or Peer Review Worksheet to both places or if you review the wrong person, you may not receive full credit for this assignment.

ENG 105 Week 2 Discussions and Assignment GCU Rhetorical Analysis Peer Review Worksheet Revised .docx

ENG and PHI-105 Quiz

Quiz Details

This quiz covers material that is critical to your success in ENG-105. As you take the quiz, please write down vocabulary and concepts that seem unfamiliar. You will have a chance to refresh your understanding of all the information on this quiz throughout our first week of class. Please do not hesitate to ask about study materials for any information you need.

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The quiz will be in two parts; part one will be responding to the questions below, and part two will be a multiple choice section; you will be completing this section in the quiz forum (Go to the Task tab>>Quiz).

Part One Instruction:

Please answer the following five questions on this document; if you require more room to respond to the question, the space can be manipulated. Please remember to save your work and then submit this document in the assignment drop box for Module 1 Quiz: Part One. If you are unclear of these instructions, please contact your instructor. ENG and PHI-105 Quiz.

1.      Clark Kent is writing an essay for Professor Thunder Lope’s ENG-105 course and asks you to guide him in writing his heading in GCU Style for a paper that is due February 1, 2015.  In the space below, please write the heading for this paper in GCU Style.

 

2.      Sally Student has been asked to summarize a passage from her PHI-105 textbook. In your own words, what is a summary? (Your response should be between 25-50 words please.)

 

3.     
Summarize
the following passage in 25-50 words:

From Martin Luther King, Jr.’s “Letter from a Birmingham Jail”:

“In any nonviolent campaign there are four basic steps: collection of the facts to determine whether injustices exist; negotiation; self-purification; and direct action. We have gone through all these steps in Birmingham. There can be no gainsaying the fact that racial injustice engulfs this community. Birmingham is probably the most thoroughly segregated city in the United States. Its ugly record of brutality is widely known. Negroes have experienced grossly unjust treatment in the courts. There have been more unsolved bombings of Negro homes and churches in Birmingham than in any other city in the nation. ENG and PHI-105 Quiz. These are the hard, brutal facts of the case. On the basis of these conditions, Negro leaders sought to negotiate with the city fathers. But the latter consistently refused to engage in good faith negotiation” (King, 1963, para. 6).

 

4.      Write a paragraph
interpreting
the meaning of the passage taken from Martin Luther King Jr.’s “Letter from a Birmingham Jail”: (Your response should be at least 100 words in length please.) ENG and PHI-105 Quiz.

 

“In any nonviolent campaign there are four basic steps: collection of the facts to determine whether injustices exist; negotiation; self-purification; and direct action. We have gone through all these steps in Birmingham. There can be no gainsaying the fact that racial injustice engulfs this community. Birmingham is probably the most thoroughly segregated city in the United States. Its ugly record of brutality is widely known. Negroes have experienced grossly unjust treatment in the courts ENG and PHI-105 Quiz. There have been more unsolved bombings of Negro homes and churches in Birmingham than in any other city in the nation. These are the hard, brutal facts of the case. On the basis of these conditions, Negro leaders sought to negotiate with the city fathers. But the latter consistently refused to engage in good faith negotiation” (King, 1963, para. 6).

 

5.      Based on the guidelines for the first essay assignment and the assigned readings for this week, what is a rhetorical analysis? What does it mean to analyze a text?  (Your response should be between 50-100 words please.)

Reference

ENG and PHI-105 Quiz King, M. L. (1963).
Letter from a Birmingham Jail.
Retrieved from
http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Articles_Gen/Letter_Birmingham.html

Katherine Kolcaba’s Comfort Theory Essay
.

Katherine Kolcaba developed comfort theory in early 1990s. She was born in Cleveland, Ohio on 8 December, 1944. She specializes in nursing and her main areas of specialization are End of Life and Long Term Care Interventions, Gerontology, Nursing Theory and Research, Instrument Development, and Comfort Theory. She authored a book known as Comfort Theory and Practice: a Vision for Holistic Health Care and Research. Presently, she is a professor of nursing at University of Akron College of Nursing.

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Main Premises of the Theory

According to the comfort theory, comfort is an immediate desirable outcome that should be achieved in a nursing care setting. This theory also argues that when nurses deliver all comfort interventions over time with consistencies, it will cause a trend showing increased levels of comfort of the patients. Major concepts of the comfort theory include health care needs, intervening variables, health seeking behaviors, best policies, best practices, and institutional integrity. Institutional integrity refers to the financial stability, values, and the wholeness that there are in health care organizations. Katherine Kolcaba’s Comfort Theory Essay. These facts occur in all health care organizations located at regional, state, local, and national levels. Health seeking behaviors can be external, internal, and peaceful death. Internal seeking behaviors include immune functions, numbers of T-cells, and healing. External seeking behaviors include functional outcomes and health related activities. Intervening variables refer to all factors that are expected to remain constant in the nursing care setting. Health care providers do not have any control over such factors. They include an extent of social support, financial situation, and prognosis. Health care needs are all needs that are indentified by a patient or family of a particular patient in any clinical care setting.

According to Kolcaba, conflict exists in three forms. They include relief, ease, and transcendence. Relief refers to the state that a patient feels when his/her need is met in a particular health care setting. Ease refers to a state of contentment and calmness. Lastly, transcendence refers to a state in which a patient is able to rise above the problems that may be facing him/her. It also refers to a state in which a particular patient is able to rise above his/her pain. Kolcaba also gave four contexts in which comfort occurs. They include physical, psychospiritual, environmental, and social cultural. Physical context relates to the sensations of the body. Environmental context relates to external conditions, surroundings, and influences. Social cultural context relates to the family, interpersonal, and social relations. Lastly, psychospiritual context relates to the internal awareness of a person, self-esteem, and the sexuality of a person. Katherine Kolcaba’s Comfort Theory Essay.

Comfort theory has several assumptions. Some of these assumptions include that all human beings have holistic responses to stimuli that have a complex nature. Another assumption of this theory is that when comfort needs of a patient are met, patients become strengthened. This theory also assumes that all human beings always strive to meet their needs. They also struggle all the times in order to ensure that they are able to satisfy their basic comfort needs. Another key assumption of this theory is that comfort is critical in the nursing field.

Current Utility of the Theory for Application to Research Katherine Kolcaba’s Comfort Theory Essay

This theory can be applied in several ways in nursing research. According to this theory, nursing is defined as the process of investigating comfort needs of patients. It also deals with the development and implementation of necessary nursing interventions and evaluations of patient’s comfort. Considering this fact, researchers always want to establish whether patients experience comfort whenever health care services are delivered to them. Patients experience comfort when they are confident that the services that they expected to receive are delivered to them. Comfort theory also stresses the importance of intentional assessments of all comfort needs and the reassessment of the levels of comfort after they become implemented in a particular health care setting.

This theory has also been used widely while providing care for children. When families of a particular child become stressed because of a particular condition that their child might have, a caregiver provides social comfort by avoiding words such as pain before the child undergoes any medical procedure Katherine Kolcaba’s Comfort Theory Essay. In addition, nurses and other physicians provide psychospiritual and social comfort by allowing parents to be present when the child undergoes any medical procedure. Physical comfort to the child can be provided by ensuring that the child is positioned in an appropriate and comfortable manner during the medical procedure that the child may be undergoing. Environmental comfort is provided by ensuring that the atmosphere in which the medical procedure is carried out on the child is conducive and calm.

In a general clinical setting, physical comfort is provided by giving patients appropriate medications. It can be achieved by giving patients repositioning, backrubs, and therapeutic touch. Patients should be given proper medication, for example, adequate anti-anxiety and analgesics. Psychospiritual comfort is given to patients by giving them privacy wherever they request that privacy is awarded to them. Healthcare providers should also encourage all patients that they may be attending to express their feelings in order to recognize this form of comfort. Nurses and other physicians are also supposed to allow their clients to freely practice and express their spirituality in order to award this form of comfort. Social interaction can be provided by interacting freely with the client and allowing the patient to socialize freely with other people in the health care setting.

Problem or Issue in Practice That is an Area of Concern to You

What is a Problem?

The problem in practice that is of great concern to me is poor patient satisfaction in nursing care. Poor patient satisfaction occurs when patients strongly feel that they did not receive the services that they had expected to receive in a particular health care setting. In some instances, patients end up feeling that doctors did not listen to the concerns that patients might have presented to them leading to poor patient satisfaction Katherine Kolcaba’s Comfort Theory Essay. Doctors argue that they may fail to fulfill the demands of patients due to several reasons. Although patient autonomy is critical, physicians argue that they are not obliged to fulfill any demand that they may be given by the patient concerning test, treatment, or a particular medication. In some instances, doctors argue that a particular medical procedure that a patient may have requested may not be valid considering all scientific methods that may be present. Doctors also argue that some of the subjective judgments that patients may require to address may be incorrect. Due to this, doctors may not fulfill these needs making the patient unsatisfied.

Patients also become dissatisfied when they feel that physicians do not conduct follow-up activities after they are discharged from hospital. According to research, follow-up is the most critical step that is missed in the service recovery cycle of patients. However, this step is crucial to the overall satisfaction of a patient. Doctors and nurses may forget to engage in follow-up calls in order to establish whether the progress of their patient has been positive. Follow-up procedures are also important since a physician is able to obtain feedback regarding the quality of services that a particular patient may have received while receiving patient care (Irwin Press, 2006). Poor patient satisfaction may also be caused by the fact that a particular hospital may fail to conduct process review and performance tracking assessments in order to improve patient care. Katherine Kolcaba’s Comfort Theory Essay Improvement in the level of patient satisfaction can be achieved when procedures and operational processes are constantly reviewed, so that they can be adjusted to align with the needs of patients.

One of the strategies that hospitals and other health care services can adopt to improve their levels of patient satisfaction is conducting Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) surveys. Hospitals and other health care facilities that score low in this survey do not communicate clearly with their patients. This mostly happens when the tools of communication adopted by a particular hospital are poor. For example, the staff in a hospital may only use single modes of communication instead of using multiple communication modes. Researchers have established that patients become satisfied when instructions given to them are both written and repeated verbally to enhance the level of their understanding. In case a patient is not fluent in English or any other language, hospitals should have interpreters who are able to explain to the patients important discharge information.

Patients also become dissatisfied when they feel that they were not given proper patient education while receiving medical care in a particular health care setting. All hospitals should ensure that they give patients appropriate education regarding their medication, condition, follow-up plans, and post discharge plans. This is because they are unable to understand their condition and strategies that they can adopt in order to improve their medical condition. Due to this, hospitals are always encouraged to educate their patients during transitions of care. Patient education is especially critical during transition from hospital setting to home or long-term care (Shelton, 2000). This will help to reduce any anxiety that patients may have because of not understanding things that they are supposed to do during the process of post discharge Katherine Kolcaba’s Comfort Theory Essay.

Poor patient satisfaction is harmful to healthcare settings due to several reasons. Talented staff in a hospital may move to other hospitals that have higher patient satisfaction scores. This is because a nurse feels motivated when he/she knows that the services that he/she offers to patients are appreciated by clients that he/she serves. Patient loyalty also becomes low when they are not satisfied with the level of services that they receive from a particular clinical care setting. This makes them opt to seek services in other health care institutions, so that they are able to receive the quality of services that they want. It makes hospitals lose their patient base.

Significance of the Problem

The problem of poor patient satisfaction is significant since it will help hospitals to appreciate the importance of maintaining high levels of patient satisfaction. Patient satisfaction is important since it helps to increase retention rates of patients. This is because satisfied patients are always loyal to their health care providers. In addition, patient satisfaction helps to ensure that hospitals conduct adequate word of mouth advertising. When patients are satisfied after being given quality care, they usually tell their friends about the experience that they received from a particular health care institution. It will help to increase the number of referrals that a particular hospital receives, thus ensuring that the client base of a hospital increases. This will help in improving overall billings that a hospital receives. Hospitals are also able to reduce their malpractice costs if they have many satisfied patients. Katherine Kolcaba’s Comfort Theory Essay. It is common for hospitals to face many lawsuits that originate from patients who feel that they did not receive services that they ought to have received. In most instances, patients file malpractice lawsuits because of poor communication that makes a hospital face the risk of having malpractice lawsuits. Due to this, hospitals have to try hard to ensure that they communicate empathically concerning complex issues that may affect patient’s health outcomes.

Design Intervention that ‘fits’ the Theory

Report Findings in at least One Published Article that Addressed this Practice Problem/Issue

Medscape Education published a research on ways to adopt in order to improve the levels of patient satisfaction. From its research, it argues that poor patient satisfaction can be solved in heath care institutions by ensuring that good communication exists between patients and the physician. Patients become satisfied when they perceive that they have a strong connection with the physician that attends to their health needs and concerns. One of the ways of creating strong perception between patients and physicians is through the engagement of social talks. Studies among Japanese cancer out patients have revealed that social talks ensure that high perceptions are created. These patients argued that social talks helped to ensure that “partnership building approach” existed between patients and physicians. Patients suffering from severe chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases argued that their perceptions became high when they felt that physicians listened to their needs. In addition, these patients argued that their perceptions also became high when physicians attended to all concerns that they had. Katherine Kolcaba’s Comfort Theory Essay.

The research by the Medscape Education also reveals that empathy leads to an increase in patient satisfaction. In order for physicians to create empathy with patients, they need to respond to the emotional state of patients. It also calls for assisting patients in dealing with any emotional needs that they may have or needs that may be affecting them. Studies have also revealed that empathy is created when doctors and other physicians show a strong sense of caring towards their patients. This research quoted a study conducted by Zacharie on Danish patients. Zacharie surveyed about 454 oncology outpatients. The variables investigated under this study were self-efficacy, patient distress, and the perception of communication behaviors of physicians. From this study, it was clear that most patients became satisfied with how their medical needs were handled. In addition, patient empathy and attentiveness determined the level of patient satisfaction. Moreover, patient distress was correlated negatively with empathy and how attentive physicians were.

Several physical verbal behaviors help to ensure positive interpersonal relations exist between patients and physicians ensuring high patient satisfaction levels. One of these behaviors is being attentive while taking the medical history of patients. This will help to ascertain that doctors are able to know all critical information about a particular patient. Doctors are also supposed to listen to and answer to all questions that patients may have, so that they are able to address all issues that patients may have presented. Physicians are also encouraged to engage in non-verbal behaviors in order to increase the level of patient satisfaction. Examples of non-verbal behaviors that physicians can engage in include having a less mutual gaze towards their patients. They should also consider uncrossing their arms and lengths. In order to promote exchange of information with patients, physicians are supposed to clarify all the statements that they give to patients. Moreover, they need to address needs, problems, daily lives, and emotions of patients. Katherine Kolcaba’s Comfort Theory Essay.

Report Findings in at least One Published Text or Article that Addressed How the Theory Could Be Useful in Practice in General.

One published text has provided an application of comfort theory in practice. Marie was diagnosed with acute lymphatic leukemia. She was an 11-year-old Chinese patient admitted in a semi private ward. However, she looked sad and cried constantly before she received her chemotherapy. Physicians determined that the main reason that she was sad was that she was not given adequate relief described in the comfort theory. Considering physical comfort, her mouth was sore. In addition, she had constipation and neuropathy. Her environmental context was also not that favorable since she was placed in a cold room. Her social cultural context was also not that favorable since she did not have any family members around to take care of her. She was also not at ease since she could not communicate effectively as she only knew how to speak the Chinese language. She was also not given adequate privacy in her hospital ward. The physician knew that addressing the terms and context of the comfort theory would help in ensuring that Marie was happy and comfortable while receiving treatment in this hospital. At first, they created ease by educating Marie the techniques that she could use to accept and anticipate the social stigma that she could be face like baldness or skin problems that could affect her because of chemotherapy. Katherine Kolcaba’s Comfort Theory Essay. Her bed was also changed and she ended up sleeping in a comfortable resting position. Due to this, relaxation and her sleep were enhanced. This helped in ensuring that her physical context was favorable reducing the chances of fatigue affecting her.

Marie was also given transcendence by reassuring her that all health needs that she had would be met and attended to by the health staff in the hospital where she received her medical treatment. Standard comfort was given to her by ensuring that she was given adequate medication to help her relive all side effects of chemotherapy that affected her. All the vitals that she had were also adequately checked in order to determine whether she faced the risk of developing nosocomial infections and fever. During all the assessments that she attended after chemotherapy, doctors avoided the word pain at all times. This was in an attempt of ensuring that this patient was at ease and that she did not fear anything. Marie was also given privacy since doctors acknowledged the fact that she was already in her puberty stage and she was therefore concerned about her privacy and overall body image. All these strategies were conducted after considering three comfort interventions described by Kolcaba that include standard comfort interventions, coaching, and comfort food for the soul. Katherine Kolcaba’s Comfort Theory Essay.

Propose an Intervention You Would Try that Could Use the Viewpoint of the Theory or Some Concept in the Theory

One intervention could be used to solve the problem of poor patient satisfaction based on the comfort theory. Comfort theory suggests the use of coaching intervention to ensure that patients are happy because of the quality of services that may be given to them. Coaching intervention helps to relieve the anxiety that patients may have. If the anxiety that patients may have is eliminated, the level of patient satisfaction will increase because of this. Coaching also stresses the importance of physicians instilling hope in all the patients. If patients are given hope that they will be able to overcome all health challenges that may be affecting them, they will become satisfied since their confidence levels will increase. Coaching also stresses the importance of physicians giving patients adequate information concerning their historical background and medical progress. If patients are able to learn about their overall progress, they will become satisfied since they will be able to know if the medication that they may be taking is successful.

Evaluate Effectiveness of Intervention

Would You Need to Develop an Evaluation Plan? Katherine Kolcaba’s Comfort Theory Essay.

It is critical to develop an evaluation plan. This is because an evaluation plan would enable hospitals to learn whether the proposed coaching intervention strategy is successful in eliminating poor patient satisfaction that is very common in health care settings. An evaluation plan will also enable hospitals to know whether they need to change the proposed intervention strategy and adopt another strategy that will yield maximum patient satisfaction.

Does a Tool Exist that Measures your Area of Concern, Based on the Theory that Would Be Useful. How Would You Use It?

Several tools exist that would measure the level of patient satisfaction based on comfort theory. One of these tools is the end of life comfort questionnaire of both patients and families. Family questionnaires aim at measuring the comfort of family members. These questionnaires argue that when a particular patient is comfortable, then it is highly likely that family members of this patient will also be comfortable. I would use this tool to determine whether family members are satisfied with the level of services given to their patients since they will translate to the level of patient satisfaction. I would also use verbal rating scale questionnaire. This questionnaire mainly aims at comparing coaching, healing interventions, and comfort towards young patients.

What Would Need to Be Done to Use the Theory as a Base for an Intervention?

Several things need to be done in order to use this theory as a base of intervention. One of the key things that need to be done is educating all nurses and other health care practitioners on the key principles of the comfort theory. Due to this, they will be able to know how to use principles outlined by this theory to promote patient satisfaction. Another key thing that needs to be done is conducting massive patient education. It will help to ensure that patients receive quality services in clinical care settings. Katherine Kolcaba’s Comfort Theory Essay.

Conclusion

Overall, the application of comfort theory will lead to a reduction in the level of poor patient satisfaction. This is because patients will be able to know that physicians care for all their needs and welfare. Due to this, hospitals will be able to avoid malpractice lawsuits and low patient loyalty. Several links have showed that application of comfort theory has succeeded in creating good communication between patients and physicians. This helps in ensuring that all physicians are able to receive critical information about the history of patients that will help in patient diagnosis. Further research needs to be conducted on the problem of poor patient satisfaction. The number of published research on comfort theory is limited. This affects the study of comfort theory since researchers are not able to get multiple viewpoints on the comfort theory. Although major breakthroughs have occurred concerning strategies that hospitals can adopt in order to ensure satisfaction of patients, more research needs to be performed in order to ensure that this problem is eliminated completely from health care settings. More research also needs to be conducted in order to determine strategies that hospitals need to adopt, so that they fully apply the comfort theory. Katherine Kolcaba’s Comfort Theory Essay.

NR507 Advanced Pathophysiology midterm exam question with answers
.

Mid term weeks 1-4

Question 1

2 
/ 2
 pts

What is the most abundant class of plasma protein?

 

Globulin

 

 

Albumin

 

 

Clotting factors

 

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Complement proteins

 

Albumin
 
(approximately 60% of total plasma protein at a concentration of about 4 g/dl) is the most abundant plasma protein. NR507 Advanced Pathophysiology midterm exam question with answers.

 

Incorrect
Question 2

0 
/ 2
 pts

Carcinoma in situ is characterized by which changes?

 

Cells have broken through the local basement membrane.

 

 

Cells have invaded immediate surrounding tissue.

 

 

Cells remain localized in the glandular or squamous cells.

 

 

Cellular and tissue alterations indicate dysplasia.

 

Carcinoma in situ (CIS) refers to preinvasive epithelial malignant tumors of glandular or squamous cell origin. These early stage cancers are localized to the epithelium and have not broken through the local basement membrane or invaded the surrounding tissue. Dysplasia refers to changes in mature cell structure.

 

Question 3

2 
/ 2
 pts

Which laboratory test is considered adequate for an accurate and reliable diagnosis of gonococcal urethritis in a symptomatic man?

 

Ligase chain reaction (LCR)

 

 

Gram-stain technique

 

 

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

 

 

DNA testing

 

Microscopic evaluation of Gram-stained slides of clinical specimens is deemed positive for 
Neisseria gonorrhoeae 
if gram-negative diplococci with the typical “kidney bean” morphologic appearance are found inside polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Such a finding is considered adequate for the diagnosis of gonococcal urethritis in a symptomatic man. The other options are not relevant to the diagnosis of this condition.

 

Question 4

2 
/ 2
 pts

The Papanicolaou (Pap) test is used to screen for which cancer?

 

Ovarian

 

 

Uterine

 

 

Cervical

 

 

Vaginal

 

The Pap test, an examination of cervical epithelial scrapings, readily detects early oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV)infection. The Pap test is not used for screening the other cancer sites listed.

 

Incorrect
Question 5

0 
/ 2
 pts

Causes of hyperkalemia include:

 

Hyperparathyroidism and malnutrition

 

 

Vomiting and diarrhea

 

 

Renal failure and Addison disease

 

 

Hyperaldosteronism and Cushing disease

NR507 Advanced Pathophysiology midterm exam question with answers

Hyperkalemia should be investigated when a history of renal disease, massive trauma, insulin deficiency, Addison disease, use of potassium salt substitutes, or metabolic acidosis exists. The other options are not known to be causes of hyperkalemia.

 

Question 6

2 
/ 2
 pts

What is the major concern regarding the treatment of gonococci infections?

 

Development of antibiotic resistance

 

 

Changes in virulence

 

 

Changes in pathogenicity

 

 

Mutations into different strains

 

Several types of drug-resistant strains have been identified; they are penicillinase-producing 
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
 (PPNG), which is resistant to penicillin; tetracycline-resistant 
N. gonorrhoeae 
(TRNG), which is resistant to tetracycline; chromosomal control of mechanisms of resistance of 
N. gonorrhoeae 
(CMRNG), which is resistant to penicillin and tetracycline; and increasingly a fluoroquinolone-resistant 
N. gonorrhoeae 
(QRNG). The other options are not major concerns. NR507 Advanced Pathophysiology midterm exam question with answers.

 

Question 7

2 
/ 2
 pts

Hypersensitivity
 is best defined as a(an):

 

Disturbance in the immunologic tolerance of self-antigens

 

 

Immunologic reaction of one person to the tissue of another person

 

 

Altered immunologic response to an antigen that results in disease

 

 

Undetectable immune response in the presence of antigens

 

Hypersensitivity
 is an altered immunologic response to an antigen that results in disease or damage to the host. The other options are not accurate definitions of hypersensitivity.

 

Question 8

2 
/ 2
 pts

Which immunoglobulin (Ig) is present in childhood asthma?

 

IgM

 

 

IgG

 

 

IgE

 

 

IgA

 

Included in the long list of asthma-associated genes are those that code for increased levels of immune and inflammatory mediators (e.g., interleukin [IL]–4, IgE, leukotrienes), nitric oxide, and transmembrane proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. None of the other options are associated with childhood asthma.

 

Question 9

2 
/ 2
 pts

Which criterion is used to confirm a diagnosis of asthma in an 8-year-old child?

 

Parental history of asthma

 

 

Serum testing that confirms increased immunoglobulin E (IgE) and eosinophil levels

 

Reduced expiratory flow rates confirmed by spirometry testing

 

 

Improvement on a trial of asthma medication

 

Confirmation of the diagnosis of asthma relies on pulmonary function testing using spirometry, which can be accomplished only after the child is 5 to 6 years of age. Reduced expiratory flow rates that are reversible in response to an inhaled bronchodilator would be characteristic abnormalities. For younger children, an empiric trial of asthma medications is commonly initiated. The remaining options are major historical and physical factors that contribute but do not confirm the diagnosis of asthma in children.

 

Question 10

2 
/ 2
 pts

Continuous increases in left ventricular filing pressures result in which disorder?

 

Mitral regurgitation

 

 

Mitral stenosis

 

 

Pulmonary edema

 

 

Jugular vein distention

 

Pressure changes are important because increased left ventricular filling pressures back up into the pulmonary circulation, where they force plasma out through vessel walls, causing fluid to accumulate in lung tissues (pulmonary edema). This selection is the only option that accurately identifies the disorder described in the question.

 

Question 11

Which statement best describes a Schilling test?

 

Administration of radioactive cobalamin and the measurement of its excretion in the urine to test for vitamin B
12
 deficiency

 

Measurement of antigen-antibody immune complexes in the blood to test for hemolytic anemia

 

Measurement of serum ferritin and total iron-binding capacity in the blood to test for iron deficiency anemia

 

Administration of folate and measurement in 2 hours of its level in a blood sample to test for folic acid deficiency anemia.

The Schilling test indirectly evaluates vitamin B
12
 absorption by administering radioactive B
12
and measuring excretion in the urine. This selection is the only option that accurately describes a Schilling test. NR507 Advanced Pathophysiology midterm exam question with answers.

 

Question 12

2 
/ 2
 pts

How high does the plasma glucose have to be before the threshold for glucose is achieved?

 

126 mg/dl

 

 

150 mg/dl

 

 

180 mg/dl

 

 

200 mg/dl

 

When the plasma glucose reaches 180 mg/dl, as occurs in the individual with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, the threshold for glucose is achieved.

 

Question 13

2 
/ 2
 pts

What is the ratio of coronary capillaries to cardiac muscle cells?

 

1:1 (one capillary per one muscle cell)

 

 

1:2 (one  capillary per two muscle cells)

 

 

1:4 (one  capillary per four muscle cells)

 

 

1:10 (one  capillary per ten muscle cells)

 

The heart has an extensive capillary network, with approximately 3300 capillaries per square millimeter (ca/mm
2
) or approximately one capillary per one muscle cell (muscle fiber).

 

Question 14

2 
/ 2
 pts

Deficiencies in which element can produce depression of both B- and T-cell function?

 

Iron

 

 

Zinc

 

 

Iodine

 

 

Magnesium

 

Of the options available, only deficient zinc intake can profoundly depress T- and B-cell function.

 

Question 15

2 
/ 2
 pts

Which congenital heart defects occur in trisomy 13, trisomy 18, and Down syndrome?

 

Coarctation of the aorta (COA) and pulmonary stenosis (PS)

 

 

Tetralogy of Fallot and persistent truncus arteriosus

 

 

Atrial septal defect (ASD) and dextrocardia

 

 

Ventricular septal defect (VSD) and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

 

Congenital heart defects that are related to dysfunction of trisomy 13, trisomy 18, and Down syndrome include VSD and PDA (see Table 33-2). The other defects are not associated with dysfunction of trisomy 13, trisomy 18, and Down syndrome.

 

Question 16

2 
/ 2
 pts

Which of the following is classified as a megaloblastic anemia?

 

Iron deficiency

 

 

Pernicious

 

 

Sideroblastic

 

 

Hemolytic

 

Pernicious anemia is the most common type of megaloblastic anemia. The remaining options are not classified as megaloblastic anemias.

 

Question 17

2 
/ 2
 pts

The lung is innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system via which nerve?

 

Vagus

 

 

Phrenic

 

 

Brachial

 

 

Pectoral

 

Fibers of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) travel only in the vagus nerve to the lung.

 

Question 18

2 
/ 2
 pts

Which organ is stimulated during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS)?

 

Adrenal cortex

 

 

Hypothalamus

 

 

Anterior pituitary

 

 

Limbic system

 

The alarm phase of the GAS begins when a stressor triggers the actions of the hypothalamus and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) (see Figure 11-1). The other organs are not stimulated by the alarm phase of GAS.

 

Question 19

2 
/ 2
 pts

Which type of antibody is involved in type I hypersensitivity reaction?

 

IgA

 

 

IgE

 

 

IgG

 

 

IgM

 

Type I reactions are only mediated by antigen-specific IgE and the products of tissue mast cells (see Figure 9-1). NR507 Advanced Pathophysiology midterm exam question with answers.

 

Question 20

2 
/ 2
 pts

What is the life span of an erythrocyte 
(in days)
?

 

20 to 30

 

 

60 to 90

 

 

100 to 120

 

 

200 to 240

 

Because it cannot undergo mitotic division, the erythrocyte has a limited life span of approximately 120 days.

 

Question 21

2 
/ 2
 pts

What is the life span of platelets 
(in days)
?

 

10

 

 

30

 

 

90

 

 

120

 

A platelet circulates for approximately 10 days and ages. Macrophages of the mononuclear phagocyte system, mostly in the spleen, remove platelets.

 

Question 22

2 
/ 2
 pts

Perceived stress elicits an emotional, anticipatory response that begins where?

 

Prefrontal cortex

 

 

Anterior pituitary

 

 

Limbic system

 

 

Hypothalamus

 

Perceived stressors elicit an anticipatory response that begins in the limbic system of the brain, the only option responsible for emotions and cognition.

 

Question 23

2 
/ 2
 pts

What is the final stage of the infectious process?

 

Colonization

 

 

Invasion

 

 

Multiplication

 

 

Spread

 

From the perspective of the microorganisms that cause disease, the infectious process undergoes four separate stages of progression: (1) colonization, (2) invasion, (3) multiplication, and (4) spread.

Question 24

2 
/ 2
 pts

The coronary ostia are located in the:

 

Left ventricle

 

 

Aortic valve

 

 

Coronary sinus

 

 

Aorta

 

Coronary arteries receive blood through openings in the aorta, called the 
coronary ostia
.

 

Question 25

2 
/ 2
 pts

Which hepatitis virus is known to be sexually transmitted?

 

A

 

 

B

 

 

C

 

 

D

 

Only hepatitis B virus (HBV) is known to be sexually transmitted.

 

Question 26

2 
/ 2
 pts

What process allows the kidney to respond to an increase in workload?

 

Glomerular filtration

 

 

Secretion of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
3

 

Increased heart rate

 

 

Compensatory hypertrophy

 

Compensatory hypertrophy allows the kidney to respond to an increase in workload throughout life. The remaining options are not relevant to accommodating an increased workload.

 

Question 27

2 
/ 2
 pts

Which cardiac chamber has the thinnest wall and why?

 

The right and left atria; they are low-pressure chambers that serve as storage units and conduits for blood.

 

The right and left atria; they are not directly involved in the preload, contractility, or afterload of the heart.

 

The left ventricle; the mean pressure of blood coming into this ventricle is from the lung, which has a low pressure.

 

The right ventricle; it pumps blood into the pulmonary capillaries, which have a lower pressure compared with the systemic circulation.

The two atria have the thinnest walls because they are low-pressure chambers that serve as storage units and conduits for blood that is emptied into the ventricles. This selection is the only option that correctly identifies which heart chambers have the thinnest walls and why that helps cardiac function.

 

Question 28

2 
/ 2
 pts

Which hormone is synthesized and secreted by the kidneys?

 

Antidiuretic hormone

 

 

Aldosterone

 

 

Erythropoietin

 

 

Angiotensinogen

 

Erythropoietin is produced by the fetal liver and in the adult kidney and is essential for normal erythropoiesis. This statement is not true of the other options.

 

Question 29

2 
/ 2
 pts

If the sinoatrial (SA) node fails, then at what rate (depolarizations per minute) can the atrioventricular (AV) node depolarize?

 

60 to 70

 

 

40 to 60

 

 

30 to 40

 

 

10 to 20

 

If the SA node is damaged, then the AV node will become the heart’s pacemaker at a rate of approximately 40 to 60 spontaneous depolarizations per minute. NR507 Advanced Pathophysiology midterm exam question with answers.

 

Question 30

2 
/ 2
 pts

What is the purpose of the spirometry measurement?

 

To evaluate the cause of hypoxia

 

 

To measure the volume and flow rate during forced expiration

 

 

To measures the gas diffusion rate at the alveolocapillary membrane

 

 

To determine pH and oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations

 

Spirometry measures volume and flow rate during forced expiration. The alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient is used to evaluate the cause of hypoxia. Diffusing capacity is a measure of the gas diffusion rate at the alveolocapillary membrane. Arterial blood gas analysis can be used to determine pH and oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations.

 

Question 31

2 
/ 2
 pts

Fetal hematopoiesis occurs in which structure?

 

Gut

 

 

Spleen

 

 

Bone marrow

 

 

Thymus

 

The spleen is the largest of the secondary lymphoid organs and the site of fetal hematopoiesis.

 

Question 32

2 
/ 2
 pts

What effects do exercise and body position have on renal blood flow?

 

Exercise and body position activate renal parasympathetic neurons and cause mild vasoconstriction.

 

They activate renal sympathetic neurons and cause mild vasoconstriction.

 

 

Both activate renal parasympathetic neurons and cause mild vasodilation.

 

 

They activate renal sympathetic neurons and cause mild vasodilation.

 

Exercise and change of body position activate renal sympathetic neurons and cause mild vasoconstriction. The other options do not have these effects on renal blood flow.

 

Question 33

2 
/ 2
 pts

Which primary characteristic is unique for the immune response?

 

The immune response is similar each time it is activated.

 

 

The immune response is specific to the antigen that initiates it.

 

 

The response to a specific pathogen is short term.

 

 

The response is innate, rather than acquired.

 

Unlike inflammation, which is nonspecifically activated by cellular damage and pathogenic microorganisms, the immune response is primarily designed to afford long-term specific protection (i.e., immunity) against particular invading microorganisms; that is, it has a 
memory
 function. The other options are not unique characteristics of the immune response.

 

Question 34

2 
/ 2
 pts

What is the most common cause of insufficient erythropoiesis in children? NR507 Advanced Pathophysiology midterm exam question with answers.

 

Folic acid deficiency

 

 

Iron deficiency

 

 

Hemoglobin abnormality

 

 

Erythrocyte abnormality

 

Similar to the anemias of adulthood, ineffective erythropoiesis or premature destruction of erythrocytes causes the anemias of childhood. The most common cause of insufficient erythropoiesis is iron deficiency. The other options may be causes but are not common ones.

 

Question 35

2 
/ 2
 pts

What are the abnormalities in cytokines found in children with cystic fibrosis (CF)?

 

Deficit of interleukin (IL)–1 and an excess of IL-4, IL-12, and interferon-alpha (IFN-α)

 

Deficit of IL-6 and an excess of IL-2, IL-8, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)

 

Deficit of IL-10 and an excess of IL-1, IL-8, and TNF-α

 

 

Deficit of IL-3 and an excess of IL-14, IL-24, and colony-stimulating factor (CSF)

 

Abnormal cytokine profiles have been documented in CF airway fluids, including deficient IL-10 and excessive IL-1, IL-8, and TNF-α, all changes conducive to promoting inflammation. This selection is the only option that accurately identifies the abnormalities in cytokines observed in children with CF.

 

Question 36

2 
/ 2
 pts

Decreased lung compliance means that the lungs are demonstrating which characteristic?

 

Difficult deflation

 

 

Easy inflation

 

 

Stiffness

 

 

Inability to diffuse oxygen

 

A decrease in compliance indicates that the lungs or chest wall is abnormally stiff or difficult to inflate. This selection is the only option that accurately identifies the meaning of decreased compliance.

 

Question 37

2 
/ 2
 pts

What is the action of urodilatin?

 

Urodilatin causes vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles.

 

 

It causes vasodilation of the efferent arterioles.

 

 

Urodilatin inhibits antidiuretic hormone secretion.

 

 

It inhibits salt and water reabsorption.

 

Urodilatin (a natriuretic peptide) inhibits sodium and water reabsorption from the medullary part of collecting duct, thereby producing diuresis. It is not involved in the actions described by the other options.

 

Incorrect
Question 38

0 
/ 2
 pts

The function of the foramen ovale in a fetus allows what to occur? NR507 Advanced Pathophysiology midterm exam question with answers.

 

Right-to-left blood shunting

 

 

Left-to-right blood shunting

 

 

Blood flow from the umbilical cord

 

 

Blood flow to the lungs

 

The nonfused septum secundum and ostium secundum result in the formation of a flapped orifice known as the 
foramen ovale
, which allows the right-to-left shunting necessary for fetal circulation. The foramen ovale is not involved in the blood flow described by the other options.

 

Incorrect
Question 39

0 
/ 2
 pts

Examination of the throat in a child demonstrating signs and symptoms of acute epiglottitis may contribute to which life-threatening complication?

 

Retropharyngeal abscess

 

 

Laryngospasms

 

 

Rupturing of the tonsils

 

 

Gagging induced aspiration

 

Examination of the throat may trigger laryngospasm and cause respiratory collapse. Death may occur in a few hours. This selection is the only option that accurately identifies the life-threatening complication that can result from an examination of the throat of a child who demonstrates the signs and symptoms of acute epiglottitis.

 

Question 40

2 
/ 2
 pts

Which statement concerning benign tumors is 
true
?

 

The resulting pain is severe.

 

 

Benign tumors are not encapsulated.

 

 

Benign tumors are fast growing.

 

 

The cells are well-differentiated.

 

A benign tumor is well-differentiated with its tissue appearing similar to the tissue from which it arose. The other options are characteristic of a malignant tumor.

 

Question 41

2 
/ 2
 pts

What is the role of collagen in the clotting process?

 

Initiates the clotting cascade.

 

 

Activates platelets.

 

 

Stimulates fibrin.

 

 

Deactivates fibrinogen.

 

In the clotting process, collagen provides a particularly strong stimulus to activate platelets. Collagen does not bring about any of the other options.

Question 42

2 
/ 2
 pts

What effect do natriuretic peptides have during heart failure when the heart dilates? NR507 Advanced Pathophysiology midterm exam question with answers.

 

Stimulates antidiuretic hormones.

 

 

Inhibits antidiuretic hormones.

 

 

Stimulates renin and aldosterone.

 

 

Inhibits renin and aldosterone.

 

Natriuretic peptides inhibit renin and aldosterone during heart failure when the heart dilates. These make up a group of peptide hormones, including atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), secreted from myocardial cells in the atria and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) secreted from myocardial cells in the cardiac ventricles. When the heart dilates during volume expansion or heart failure, ANP and BNP inhibit sodium and water absorption by kidney tubules, inhibit the secretion of renin and aldosterone, vasodilate the afferent arterioles, and constrict the efferent arterioles. The result is increased urine formation, leading to decreased blood volume and blood pressure.

 

Question 43

2 
/ 2
 pts

Which cells have phagocytic properties similar to monocytes and contract like smooth muscles cells, thereby influencing the glomerular filtration rate?

 

Principle cells

 

 

Podocin cells

 

 

Mesangial cells

 

 

Intercalated cells

 

Mesangial cells and the mesangial matrix, secreted by mesangial cells, lie between and support the glomerular capillaries. Different mesangial cells contract like smooth muscle cells to regulate glomerular capillary blood flow. They also have phagocytic properties similar to monocytes. The other options are not capable of these functions.

 

Question 44

2 
/ 2
 pts

During an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, which leukocyte is activated?

 

Neutrophils

 

 

Monocytes

 

 

Eosinophils

 

 

T lymphocytes

 

Of the options provided, only eosinophils are activated during IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reactions.

 

Question 45

2 
/ 2
 pts

The most common site of metastasis for a patient diagnosed with prostate cancer is which location?

 

Bones

 

 

Brain

 

 

Bladder

 

 

Kidney

 

The bone, especially the lumbar spine area, is the most common metastasis site for prostate cancer.

 

Question 46

2 
/ 2
 pts

Research supports the premise that exercise has a probable impact on reducing the risk of which cancer?

 

Liver

 

 

Endometrial

 

 

Stomach

 

 

Colon

 

The World Cancer Research Fund summarizes the effects as 
convincing
for cancers of the colon and 
probable
 for postmenopausal breast cancer and endometrial cancer. The relationship is not supported for the remaining options.

 

Question 47

2 
/ 2
 pts

When a patient has small, vesicular lesions that last between 10 and 20 days, which sexually transmitted infection is suspected?

 

Genital herpes

 

 

Chancroid

 

 

Syphilis

 

 

Chlamydia

 

If symptoms occur, the individual may have small (1 to 2 mm), multiple, vesicular lesions that are generally located on the labia minora, fourchette, or penis. They may also appear on the cervix, buttocks, and thighs and are often painful and pruritic. These lesions usually last approximately 10 to 20 days. The other options do not demonstrate these symptoms.

 

Question 48

2 
/ 2
 pts

The glomerular filtration rate is directly related to which factor?

 

Perfusion pressure in the glomerular capillaries

 

 

Diffusion rate in the renal cortex

 

 

Diffusion rate in the renal medulla

 

 

Glomerular active transport

 

The filtration of the plasma per unit of time is known as the 
glomerular filtration rate
(GFR), which is directly related to only the perfusion pressure in the glomerular capillaries. NR507 Advanced Pathophysiology midterm exam question with answers.

 

Question 49

2 
/ 2
 pts

Which disorder results in decreased erythrocytes and platelets with changes in leukocytes and has clinical manifestations of pallor, fatigue, petechiae, purpura, bleeding, and fever?

 

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)

 

 

Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)

 

 

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)

 

 

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA)

 

Pallor, fatigue, petechiae, purpura, bleeding, and fever are generally present with the most common symptoms reflecting the consequence of bone marrow failure, which results in decreased red blood cells and platelets and changes in white blood cells. This selection is the only option that correctly identifies the disease with the symptoms described.

 

Question 50

2 
/ 2
 pts

Which complex (wave) represents the sum of all ventricular muscle cell depolarizations?

 

PRS

 

 

QRS

 

 

QT interval

 

 

P

 

Only the QRS complex represents the sum of all ventricular muscle cell depolarizations.

 

Question 51

2 
/ 2
 pts

Which cytokines initiate the production of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)?

 

IL–1 and IL-6

 

 

IL-2 and TNF-α

 

 

IFN and IL-12

 

 

TNF-ß and IL-4

 

Although a number of stress factors initiate the production of CRH, of the options available, only high levels of IL-1 and IL-6 initiate such a response.

 

Question 52

2 
/ 2
 pts

Innervation of the bladder and internal urethral sphincter is supplied by which nerves?

 

Peripheral nerves

 

 

Parasympathetic fibers

 

 

Sympathetic nervous system

 

 

Tenth thoracic nerve roots

 

The innervation of the bladder and internal urethral sphincter is supplied by parasympathetic fibers of the autonomic nervous system. The process is not dependent on any of the other options. NR507 Advanced Pathophysiology midterm exam question with answers.

 

Question 53

2 
/ 2
 pts

Which T-lymphocyte phenotype is the key determinant of childhood asthma?

 

Cluster of differentiation (CD) 4 T-helper Th
1
 lymphocytes

 

CD4 T-helper Th
2
 lymphocytes

 

CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocytes

 

 

Memory T lymphocytes

 

Asthma develops because the Th
2
 response (in which CD4 T-helper cells produce specific cytokines, such as interleukin [IL]–4, IL-5, and IL-13) promotes an atopic and allergic response in the airways. This selection is the only option that accurately identifies the appropriate T-lymphocyte phenotype.

 

Question 54

2 
/ 2
 pts

What is the primary site for uncomplicated local gonococci infections in men?

 

Epididymis

 

 

Lymph nodes

 

 

Urethra

 

 

Prostate

 

Uncomplicated local infections are observed primarily as urethral infections in men.

 

Question 55

2 
/ 2
 pts

What is the trigone?

 

A smooth muscle that comprises the orifice of the ureter

 

 

The inner mucosal lining of the kidneys

 

 

A smooth triangular area between the openings of the two ureters and the urethra

 

 

One of the three divisions of the loop of Henle

 

The trigone
 
is a smooth triangular area lying between the openings of thetwo ureters and the urethra. The other options do not accurately identify the trigone.

 

Question 56

2 
/ 2
 pts

What part of the kidney controls renal blood flow, glomerular filtration, and renin secretion?

 

Macula densa

 

 

Visceral epithelium

 

 

Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)

 

 

Filtration slits

 

Control of renal blood flow, glomerular filtration, and renin secretion occur at the JGA. Together, the juxtaglomerular cells and macula densa cells form the JGA. The control of renal blood flow, glomerular filtration, and renin secretion is not directed by any of the other options.

 

Question 57

2 
/ 2
 pts

What is the primary problem resulting from respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the newborn?

 

Consolidation

 

 

Pulmonary edema

 

 

Atelectasis

 

 

Bronchiolar plugging

 

The primary problem is atelectasis, which causes significant hypoxemia and is difficult for the neonate to overcome because a significant negative inspiratory pressure is required to open the alveoli with each breath. None of the other options are considered a primary problem associated with RDS.

 

Question 58

2 
/ 2
 pts

Infants are most susceptible to significant losses in total body water because of an infant’s:

 

High body surface–to–body size ratio

 

 

Slow metabolic rate

 

 

Kidneys are not mature enough to counter fluid losses

 

 

Inability to communicate adequately when he or she is thirsty

 

Renal mechanisms that regulate fluid and electrolyte conservation are often not mature enough to counter the losses; consequently, dehydration may rapidly develop. Infants can be susceptible to changes in total body water because of their high metabolic rate and the turnover of body fluids caused by their greater body surface area in proportion to their total body size. The inability to communicate their thirst is a problem only when they are poorly cared for. NR507 Advanced Pathophysiology midterm exam question with answers.

 

Incorrect
Question 59

0 
/ 2
 pts

What is the first stage in the infectious process?

 

Invasion

 

 

Colonization

 

 

Spread

 

 

Multiplication

 

From the perspective of the microorganisms that cause disease, the infectious process undergoes four separate stages of progression: (1) colonization, (2) invasion, (3) multiplication, and (4) spread.

 

Question 60

2 
/ 2
 pts

It has been determined that a tumor is in stage 2. What is the meaning of this finding?

 

Cancer is confined to the organ of origin.

 

 

Cancer has spread to regional structures.

 

 

Cancer is locally invasive.

 

 

Cancer has spread to distant sites

 

Cancer confined to the organ of origin is stage 1; cancer that is locally invasive is stage 2; cancer that has spread to regional structures, such as the lymph nodes, is stage 3; and cancer that has spread to distant sites, such as a liver cancer spreading to the lung or a prostate cancer spreading to bone, is stage 4.

Quiz Score: 
110
 out of 120

 

NR507 Advanced Pathophysiology midterm exam question with answers

MN553 Quiz Question 1 1 / 1 point

Up to 21% of Asians are ultra-rapid 2D6 metabolizers, leading to:

Question options:

A need to monitor drugs metabolized by 2D6 for toxicity

Increased dosages needed of drugs metabolized by 2D6, such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

Decreased conversion of codeine to morphine by CYP 2D6

The need for lowered dosages of drugs, such as beta blockers

Question 2 1 / 1 point

ORDER A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HERE

Rifampin is a nonspecific CYP450 inducer that may:

Question options:

Lead to toxic levels of rifampin and must be monitored closely

Cause toxic levels of drugs, such as oral contraceptives, when coadministered

Induce the metabolism of drugs, such as oral contraceptives, leading to therapeutic failure

Cause nonspecific changes in drug metabolism

Question 3 1 / 1 point

Inhibition of P-glycoprotein by a drug such as quinidine may lead to:

Question options:

Decreased therapeutic levels of quinidine

Increased therapeutic levels of quinidine

Decreased levels of a coadministered drug, such as digoxin, that requires P-glycoprotein for absorption and elimination

Increased levels of a coadministered drug, such as digoxin, that requires P-glycoprotein for absorption and elimination

MN553 Quiz Question 4 1 / 1 point

Warfarin resistance may be seen in patients with VCORC1 mutation, leading to:

Question options:

Toxic levels of warfarin building up

Decreased response to warfarin

Increased risk for significant drug interactions with warfarin

Less risk of drug interactions with warfarin

Question 5 1 / 1 point

Pharmacogenetic testing is required by the U
.
S
.
 Food and Drug Administration prior to prescribing:

Question options:

Erythromycin

Digoxin

Cetuximab

Rifampin

Question 6 1 / 1 point

Carbamazepine has a Black Box Warning recommending testing for the HLA-B*1502 allele in patients with Asian ancestry prior to starting therapy due to:

Question options:

Decreased effectiveness of carbamazepine in treating seizures in Asian patients with the HLA-B*1502 allele

Increased risk for drug interactions in Asian patients with the HLA-B*1502 allele

Increased risk for Stevens-Johnson syndrome in Asian patients with HLA-B*1502 Allele

Patients who have the HLA-B*1502 allele being more likely to have a resistance to carbamazepine

Question 7 1 / 1 point

A genetic variation in how the metabolite of the cancer drug irinotecan SN-38 is inactivated by the body may lead to:

Question options:

Decreased effectiveness of irinotecan in the treatment of cancer

Increased adverse drug reactions, such as neutropenia

Delayed metabolism of the prodrug irinotecan into the active metabolite SN-38

Increased concerns for irinotecan being carcinogenic

Question 8 1 / 1 point

A good history of herb and supplement use is critical before prescribing because approximately ____ % of patients in the United States are using herbal products
.

Question options:

10

5

38

70

MN553 Quiz Question 9 1 / 1 point

A potential harmful effect on patients who take some herbal medication is:

Question options:

Constipation

Lead poisoning

Diarrhea

Life-threatening rash

Question 10 1 / 1 point

A thorough understanding of herbs is critical to patient safety
.
 An example is the use of cinnamon to treat type II diabetes
.
 It is important the patient uses Ceylon cinnamon, as the commercially available cassia cinnamon contains:

Question options:

Coumadin, which may lead to bleeding problems

Coumarin, which can cause liver and kidney damage

Cinnamic aldehyde, which is toxic to the kidney

Cinnamate eugenol, which is toxic to the liver

Question 11 1 / 1 point

Traditional Chinese medicine utilizes yin (cooling) versus yang (warming) in assessing and treating disease
.
 Menopause is considered a time of imbalance, therefore the Chinese herbalist would prescribe:

Question options:

Herbs which are yang in nature

Herbs that are yin in nature

Ginger

Golden seal

Question 12 1 / 1 point

According to traditional Chinese medicine, if a person who has a fever is given a herb that is yang in nature, such as golden seal, the patient’s illness will:

Question options:

Get worse

Get better

Not be adequately treated

Need additional herbs to treat the yang

Question 13 1 / 1 point

In Ayurvedic medicine, treatment is based on the patient’s dominant dosha, which is referred to as the person’s:

Question options:

Vata

Pitta

Kapha

Prakriti

Question 14 1 / 1 point

When melatonin is used to induce sleep, the recommendation is that the patient:

Question options:

Take 10 mg 30 minutes before bed nightly

Take 1 to 5 mg 30 minutes before bed nightly

Not take melatonin more than three nights a week

Combine melatonin with zolpidem (Ambien) for the greatest impact on sleep

MN553 Quiz Question 15 1 / 1 point

In the United States, over-the-counter drugs are regulated by:

Question options:

No one
.
 There is no oversight for over-the-counter medications
.

The U
.
S
.
 Food and Drug Administration Center for Drug Evaluation and Research

The U
.
S
.
 Drug Enforcement Administration

MedWatch

Question 16 1 / 1 point

As drugs near the end of their patent, pharmaceutical companies may apply for the drug to change to over-the-counter status in order to:

Question options:

Get a new patent for the over-the-counter form of the drug

Lower the costs because most prescription benefit plans do not cover generics

Market the drug to a whole new population, as they are able to market to patients instead of just providers

Continue to make large profits from their blockbuster brand-name drug

Question 17 1 / 1 point

The ailment that generates the greatest over-the-counter annual drug sales is:

Question options:

Constipation

Cough and colds

Heartburn

Acute and chronic pain

Question 18 1 / 1 point

Common over-the-counter pain relievers such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen:

Question options:

Are always safer for the patient than prescription pain medication

Are harmful if taken in higher than recommended amounts

Have minimal interaction with prescription medications

Should never be given to children unless recommended by their provider

MN553 Quiz Question 19 1 / 1 point

When obtaining a drug history from Harold, he gives you a complete list of his prescription medications
.
 He denies taking any other drugs, but you find that he occasionally takes aspirin for his arthritis flare ups
.
 This is an example of:

Question options:

His appropriately only telling you about his regularly prescribed medications

His hiding information regarding his inappropriate use of aspirin from you

A common misconception that intermittently taken over-the counter medications are not an important part of his drug history

A common misuse of over-the-counter aspirin

Question 20 1 / 1 point

Michael asks you about why some drugs are over-the-counter and some are prescription
.
 You explain that in order for a drug to be approved for over-the-counter use the drug must:

Question options:

Be safe and labeled for appropriate use

Have a low potential for abuse or misuse

Be taken for a condition the patient can reliably self-diagnose

All of the above MN553 Quiz

HCA 303 Final Exam Questions with Answers

The difference between a hospital’s charges for an inpatient stay in the facility and the amount the hospital has agreed to accept from the patient’s insurance carrier is called:

A) Capitation

B) A contractual allowance

C) Fee-for-service

D) Uncompensated care

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Which of the following is NOT a possible outcome of the decision-making process in cost accounting in health care organizations?

A) Elimination of services that are losing money

B) Enhancement of departments that are making money

C) Management of “loss leaders” to the organization

D) Management of financial investments for the organization HCA 303 Final Exam Questions with Answers

 

The largest category of health care workers is:

A) Nurses

B) Physicians

C) Respiratory Therapists

D) Physician Assistants

E) Occupational Therapists

 

Residency training lasts from ________, depending on the specialty.

A) 6 months to a year

B) 4 to 5 years

C) 1 to 2 years

D) 3 to 10 years

E) 12 to 15 years

 

The impetus to change resident work hours was:

A) The death of Libby Zion

B) Strong unions

C) Concerns about paying overtime

D) Worries that doctors were too tired

E) All of these are correct.

F) None of these are correct.

 

Licensure is:

A) Voluntary for medical practice

B) Granted by the state

C) Mandatory for medical and nursing practice

D) Granted by the state, and mandatory for medical and nursing practice

E) Voluntary for medical practice, and mandatory for medical and nursing practice

 

Criminal background checks for nurses and physicians are:

A) Voluntary

B) Not required to practice nursing

C) Mandatory in most states for licensure

D) An invasion of privacy

E) Voluntary, and not required to practice nursing

F) None of these are correct.

 

Board certification is:

A) Mandatory

B) Part of a criminal background check

C) Involuntary

D) A form of credentialing that a physician has competency in a specific area

E) All of these are correct.

 

The highest forecast percentage growth in health occupations employment by 2022 is for which of the following occupations?

A) Physician Assistants

B) Registered Nurses

C) Physicians and Surgeons

D) Medical and Health Services Managers

E) None of these are correct.

 

Which of the following is an example of a “workforce planning and recruitment” function?

A) Offering training and development

B) Assessing employee performance

C) Managing compensation and benefits

D) Advertising for employees

 

Private health insurance coverage includes all of the following EXCEPT:

A) PPOs

B) HMOs

C) Indemnity plans

D) SNFs

E) HDHPs

F) All of these are correct.

 

The growth in health insurance in the U.S. came about as a result of all of the following EXCEPT:

A) The rising cost of health care

B) The increased government role in providing access to care

C) The urging of employers to add this benefit

D) The involvement of unions and collective bargaining

E) All of these are correct.

 

In purchasing health insurance, which of the following is NOT typically a consideration?

A) Benefit packages

B) Provider choice

C) Ethical issues

D) Coinsurance

 

Which type of HMO offers the most flexibility for participating physicians?

A) Independent Practice Association

B) Closed-panel HMO

C) Open-panel HMO

D) None of these are correct.

 

Which type of managed care plan offers patients flexibility in accessing their physician of choice?

A) Health Maintenance Organization

B) Preferred Provider Organization

C) Point of Service Plan

D) All of these are correct.

E) Preferred Provider Organization and Point of Service Plan

 

Access to the care of specialist physicians is limited in which type of health plan?

A) Point of Service Plan

B) Conventional Indemnity Plan

C) Preferred Provider Organization

D) All of these are correct.

E) None of these are correct.

 

The chief financial officer (CFO) of a hospital supervises all of the following officers EXCEPT:

A) The controller

B) The treasurer

C) The internal auditor

D) The independent auditor

 

The Medicare prospective payment system for reimbursing hospitals utilizes:

A) A “Cost Plus” charging system

B) DRGs

C) Per diem rates

D) The RBRVS system

 

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of not-for-profit health care organizations?

A) Must provide designated amounts of community benefit

B) Revenues cannot benefit individuals in the organization

C) May participate in political campaigns

D) Are exempt from paying taxes and most business fees

 

The Balanced Budget Act of 1997 implemented cost controls for Medicare expenditures in all of the following health care sectors EXCEPT:

A) Home health agencies

B) Outpatient hospitals and clinics

C) Pharmaceutical companies

D) Skilled nursing facilities

 

Incentive compensation is believed to have what effect on employee performance?

A) Increase retention

B) Increase motivation

C) Decrease performance

D) No effect

 

Performance appraisals are useful to:

A) Identify areas of performance needing improvement

B) Adjust based on performance

C) Decide promotions of staff

D) All of these are correct.

 

The low supply of some health care workers (e.g., nurses) has led to which of the following impacts on HSOs?

A) Lower satisfaction for existing staff

B) Lower human resources costs

C) Higher satisfaction for existing staff

D) Higher retention of existing staff

E) Greater motivation of existing staff

 

Flexible benefits are helpful to employees because:

A) They can choose benefits in line with their needs

B) Coverage is limited to high-quality providers

C) Employer covers total cost

D) All of these are correct.

 

A team is:

A) A sports franchise

B) A short-term group pulled together to address a specific agenda that disbands after a report is issued

C) A group of people working together to achieve a common goal

D) A long-term entity with revolving members, elected for three-year terms, staffed by a full-time employee

E) None of these are correct.

 

One of the ways to engage medical staff is to:

A) Buy them cars

B) Give them free lunches

C) Promote alignment between hospitals and physicians

D) Allow them to make all the decisions

E) All of these are correct.

 

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of effective health care teams?

A) Improved coordination of care

B) Less efficient use of health care services

C) Increased job satisfaction among team members

D) Higher patient satisfaction

E) All of these are correct.

 

Which of the following is NOT correct about Cross Functional Teams (CFTs)?

A) They are not common in health care organizations.

B) They address specific organizational needs.

C) They include clinicians.

D) All of these are correct.

E) None of these are correct.

 

Teamwork is NOT taught in:

A) Nursing school

B) Medical school

C) Allied health programs

D) All of these are correct.

E) None of these are correct.

 

Participation in the VHA Medical Team Training program was NOT associated with:

A) Higher patient satisfaction

B) Increased productivity

C) A higher surgical mortality rate

D) Greater costs of health care delivery

E) None of these are correct.

 

Health disparities have been identified based on the following criteria:

A) Race

B) Ethnicity

C) Sexual orientation

D) Language

E) Income

F) All of these are correct.’

HCA 303 Final Exam Questions with Answers

 

The CLAS Standards:

A) If not implemented, cause hospitals to face steep fines and legal ramifications

B) Inform, guide, and facilitate culturally and linguistically appropriate practices across the continuum of health care services

C) Suggest guidelines for how to practice medicine, particularly preventive care for underserved populations

D) Offer free translation services for every language

HCA 303 Final Exam Questions with Answers

 

Social determinants that contribute to health disparities include:

A) Living or working conditions

B) Geographic isolation

C) Income and socioeconomic status

D) Education

E) Access to insurance

F) All of these are correct.

HCA 303 Final Exam Questions with Answers

 

Structural barriers may impede patient care and increase disparities; for example:

A) Providers who don’t respect traditional healing practices of Native Americans

B) Clinic hours from 9 to 5 when most workers cannot take time off for an appointment

C) Beliefs that only traditional Western medicine is appropriate

D) Research data that shows a higher incidence of cardiovascular disease among minorities

 

Select all the terms that can be used interchangeably with cultural competency:

A) Cultural autonomy

B) Cultural proficiency

C) Cultural conditioning

D) Cultural sensitivity

E) Cultural proficiency, cultural conditioning, and cultural sensitivity

HCA 303 Final Exam Questions with Answers

 

Concerns with the term cultural competence include:

A) Changing nature

B) Inability to achieve 100%

C) Difficulty measuring

D) Subjectivity

E) Changing nature, inability to achieve 100%, difficulty measuring, and subjectivity

 

Which of the following is not a primary source of ethics?

A) Personal beliefs

B) Legal decisions

C) Family traditions

D) Religion

E) Community culture

 

What are the main sources of American law?

A) Legislatures

B) Judicial decisions

C) Executive orders and administrative regulations

D) State and federal constitutions

E) All of these are correct.

 

What are some of the ways in which health care organizations protect the rights of their patients?

A) Utilization review processes

B) Institutional review boards

C) Patient advocacy or ombudsman offices

D) Institutional ethics committees

E) All of these are correct.

HCA 303 Final Exam Questions with Answers

 

A wrong against society as a whole, even if a particular individual is harmed, is considered a violation of which type of law?

A) Civil

B) Criminal

C) Administrative

D) All of these are correct.

E) None of these are correct.

 

Contract violations are generally considered to be part of which type of law?

A) Criminal

B) Civil

C) Administrative

D) All of these are correct.

E) None of these are correct.

 

Which of these elements is NOT necessary for a contract to be binding?

A) An agreement between two or more parties

B) Must be for something of value

C) Must be lawful

D) Must be written

E) Both must be competent to consent

 

The investigative and enforcement authority to deal with fraud and abuse violations was granted to the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) through:

A) False Claims Act

B) Stark Laws

C) Operation Restore Trust

D) Anti-Kickback Act

 

Examples of health care fraud and abuse include:

A) Claims do not meet medical necessity

B) Duplicate billing

C) Upcoding of services

D) Kickbacks for referrals

E) All of these are correct.

 

Violations of the Criminal Disclosure Provision of the Social Security Act include which of the following penalties?

A) No criminal penalties

B) Up to 10 years in prison and/or $50,000 in fines

C) Up to 1 year in prison and/or up to $10,000 in fines

D) Up to 5 years in prison and/or up to $25,000 in fines

E) None of these are correct.

HCA 303 Final Exam Questions with Answers

 

An example of a Stark Law violation is:

A) A hospital offering a physician office space at fair market value

B) Paying a physician for a referral

C) Hiring a doctor who is an excluded party as a Medicare Provider

D) Upcoding a claim to receive higher reimbursement

E) All of these are correct.

 

Violations of the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA) include all of the following, except:

A) Dumping a patient on another hospital because they are very sick

B) Diverting a patient to another hospital because they are unable to pay for services

C) Completing a Medical Screening exam and stabilizing the patient

D) Refusing to treat a patient because their benefits are better at a different hospital

E) None of these are correct.

HCA 303 Final Exam Questions with Answers

 

The Anti-Kickback Statutes:

A) Only apply civil penalties for willful payment or receipt of money for referring patients

B) Impose a civil monetary penalty of $10,000 per violation

C) Are not restricted by the Safe Harbor Laws

D) Impose criminal liability for the knowing and willful payment of any kind or receipt of payment of any kind for a patient or service referral

E) All of these are correct.

 

Seven essential elements of an effective compliance program include:

A) Establishing compliance standards of conduct and procedures

B) Overall compliance program oversight

C) Due care in delegation of authority

D) Monitoring and auditing systems

E) All of these are correct.

 

Gursky identified which of the following issues putting rural hospitals at risk for bioterrorism?

A) Lack of training on how to identify early signs of potential biological hazards

B) Lack of reliable communication equipment

HCA 303 Final Exam Questions with Answers

C) Lack of vaccinations

D) Lack of quarantine facilities or up-to-date facilities

E) None of these are correct.

 

Human error is:

A) Intentional act

B) Disregard for human life

C) Inadvertent slip, lapse, or mistake

D) All of these are correct.

E) None of these are correct.

 

Human trafficking involves:

A) Modern-day slavery

B) Exploitation of laborers

C) Exploitation of women and children

D) Sexual exploitation

E) All of these are correct.

F) None of these are correct.

 

Medical tourism includes:

A) Outbound

B) Inbound

C) Intrabound

D) All of these are correct.

E) None of these are correct.

 

Which of the following is NOT an example of stalking?

A) Unwanted phone calls, texts, letters, emails, or social media posts

HCA 303 Final Exam Questions with Answers

B) Following or spying on a person

C) Leaving unwanted items, gifts, or flowers

D) Spreading rumors about someone

E) All of these are correct.

F) None of these are correct.

HCA 303 Final Exam Questions with Answers

PSYC 101 Introduction to Psychology
.

PSYC101 Week 2 Forum

General posting requirements can be viewed by clicking the Week 2 Forum “View Full Description” link on the Forums screen under the heading”Forum General Posting Requirements”.All forums in this course have the same general posting requirements.

Imagine you are going to conduct research investigating a human behavior that you would be interested in learning more about PSYC 101 Introduction to Psychology.

1. Based on your readings and learning this week describe what research method you would use for investigating it.

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2.What drew you to this method? Why would it be well suited for your hypothetical research?

3.What are the strengths and weaknesses of this type of research PSYC 101 Introduction to Psychology?

4.When responding to your classmates for the reply posts requirement, take their research topic of interest and recommend a different type of research approach to the study of the topic they chose (Ex: “Another method that might also work is _______” or “Have you thought of the _________ method?” – we want to be respectful and professional and not criticize a classmate’s method choice) and explain why you would recommend that alternative method. PSYC 101 Introduction to Psychology.

To help jump start this part of the discussion, here is an example of a human behavior that has been researched: Say you were interested in whether men or women approach each other first in social situations where they do not know one another. You might have an opinion based on personal experience, but you want to avoid bias toward one’s own experience and ideas that such might cause, so you are going to conduct a research study. PSYC 101 Introduction to Psychology To research this, you might choose “naturalistic observation,” which could require going into nightclubs and taking note of what you observe men and women doing. Another research method would be to give out a survey to see how men and women respond to the question of whether they approach the other. Each method has strengths and weaknesses.

Be sure to check before posting that you have answered all of the questions, that you are basing your statements on concepts you learned about in your weekly readings and activities where required and that your post meets the general posting requirements located under the “View Full Description” link below the main Forum heading.

PSYC101 Week 3 Forum Latest 2018 February

Before responding to the questions below, click on the “Lessons” link on the left and complete the Week 3: Topic 3 – Memory lesson. After completing the lesson, return to the forum here, click the “Post New Conversation” link at the top Week 3 Forum screen, and respond to the following questions. PSYC 101 Introduction to Psychology.

General posting requirements can be viewed by clicking the Week 3 Forum “View Full Description” link on the Forums screen under the heading “Forum General Posting Requirements”.

A great deal of controversy has surrounded the phenomenon of “false memory syndrome” and the implications that it has had in our society, particularly in the legal realm. One of the most influential psychologists in the area of memory and eye witness testimony is Dr. Elizabeth Loftus, who has spent three decades as a research psychologist and memory expert in legal cases. To learn more about the controversy surrounding “false memory syndrome,” visit the online LA Weekly website at

http://www.laweekly.com/2004-08-19/news/memory-and-manipulation/ to read the article, “Memory and Manipulation.”

Based on the points that the Loftus article brings up and your readings and research this week respond to the following:

What kind of implications do particular limitations of human memory have on the use of eye-witness testimony in criminal and civil court cases PSYC 101 Introduction to Psychology?

PSYC101 Week 4 Forum Latest 2018 February

General posting requirements can be viewed by clicking the Week 4 Forum “View Full Description” link on the Forums screen under the heading”Forum General Posting Requirements”.All forums in this course have the same general posting requirements.

As we reach the midpoint of our course, it is a good time to connect with each other to begin thinking about what comes next. Please reflect upon and answer the following questions:

What do you hope to do with your degree?

Which course(s) will you take next?

PSYC 101 Introduction to Psychology

Why do those courses interest you?

What do you hope to learn from your program?

How might it help you advance your current career or prepare for your future?

Are there any obstacles you foresee?

How will you work to overcome them?

What questions do you have about your program or future career goals to which your peers or instructor might be able to respond?

PSYC101 Week 5 Forum Latest 2018 February

General posting requirements can be viewed by clicking the Week 5 Forum “View Full Description” link on the Forums screen under the heading “Forum General Posting Requirements”.

Before responding to the questions below, click on the “Lessons” link on the left and complete the Week 5: Topic 1 – Learning lesson. After completing the lesson, return to the forum here, click the “Post New Conversation” link at the top Week 5 Forum screen, and respond to the following questions. PSYC 101 Introduction to Psychology.

Consider a behavior that you would like to teach someone. This could be a friend, a child, a co-worker, etc. Describe the behavior and select one of the learning theories we learned about this week (i.e. observational learning, operant conditioning, etc.) as the framework for how you would teach the person that behavior PSYC 101 Introduction to Psychology. Explain how you would ensure they have learned the behavior and why you felt that approach would work best for the particular behavior and setting. What challenges do you encounter to the learning process using your planned approach?

PSYC101 Week 6 Forum Latest 2018 February

General posting requirements can be viewed by clicking the Week 6 Forum “View Full Description” link on the Forums screen under the heading “Forum General Posting Requirements”.

Before responding to the questions below, click on the “Lessons” link on the left and complete the Week 6: Topics 1 and 2 – Psychological Disorders and Therapy and Treatmentlessons.After completing the lesson, return to the forum here, click the “Post New Conversation” link at the top Week 6 Forum screen, and respond to the following questions PSYC 101 Introduction to Psychology.

This week we studied psychological disorders. Which of the disorders covered in your lessons do you think would be the most challenging to have and why? Which of its symptoms would prove the most difficult for you? What would you most need from society and loved ones if you had the disorder you selected? What might be some treatment options you could pursue to alleviate symptoms of your selected disorder?

PSYC101 Week 7 Forum Latest 2018 February

Below are the Week 7 Forum Topic instructions. General posting requirements can be viewed by clicking the Week 7 Forum “View Full Description” link on the Forums screen under the heading “Forum General Posting Requirements”.

Before responding to the questions below, click on the “Lessons” link on the left and complete the Week 7: Topic 1 – Social Psychology lesson. After completing the lesson, return to the forum here, click the “Post New Conversation” link at the top Week 7 Forum screen, and respond to the following questions PSYC 101 Introduction to Psychology.

One of the most famous psychological experiments of all time, was conducted by Dr. Philip Zimbardo and his colleagues at Stanford University. To read more of the details of this experiment, visit http://www.prisonexp.org. Take some time to watch the video on the Zimbardo Prison Experiment by clicking here. After reading about the experiment, exploring the website and watching the video, answer the following:

1. Was it ethical to do the prison study in the way that Zimbardo conducted it? Why or why not? Explain your position substantively.

2. What social psychological constructs did the study reveal? Would the same information have been learned if the study had been conducted differently? PSYC 101 Introduction to Psychology If yes, how might you adapt the study to address ethical concerns and still obtain results relevant to our understanding of behavior in social settings?

3. How do the social psychology concepts of conformity and the power of the social situation that we are studying this week relate to what happened during the brief period of time that the prison study ran. Where in the description of how the study unfolded did we see evidence of these concepts?

PSYC101 Week 8 Forum Latest 2018 February

Reflection on Learning

1. Share three “take-away” elements of the course that added to your understanding of human psychology and that you believe will serve you well in the future in both your personal and professional lives and explain why.

NOTE: Here you are sharing learning that was and that you believe will remain of value to you, not chapter reviews. Be thorough, thoughtful and focused in this part of the post. Think about what stood out to you and why it did during the 8 weeks PSYC 101 Introduction to Psychology.

2. Describe the three most meaningful experiences you had while participating in the course discussions with your classmates.

3. Complete the sentence below. In filling in the blanks, think about information that you learned in completion of the course and elaborate in the space following the word “because” on why you picked what you did .

If I could pick just one thing that the world would be well served to better understand about psychology it would be ________________. I chose this because ________________.

PSYC101 Week 3 Assignment Latest 2018 February

Assignment Instructions

Week 3 Assignment: Stroop Effect

Visit the following website and follow the directions on screen to complete the Stroop Effect Exercise. Complete the practice exercise once, then the Stroop effect exercise once. Record your times for each. Then complete the practice exercise again, and the Stroop effect exercise again. Again, record your times for each. PSYC 101 Introduction to Psychology.

http://www.math.unt.edu/~tam/SelfTests/StroopEffects.html

Complete the worksheet in the attached document and submit your completed worksheet here in the Week 3 Assignment: Stroop Effect area in the Assignments link in the classroom no later than 11:55 pm EST Sunday. Be sure to make clear connections to at least two terms, concepts, or research findings from your readings or other scholarly sources to support your responses. Include any references used on a separate reference page at the end of the worksheet. References should be formatted in APA format both in-text and on your reference page. PSYC 101 Introduction to Psychology. Please visit the APUS Writing Center or the Purdue OWL website for examples of APA formatted references.

PSYC101 Week 3 Assignment Latest 2018 February

Assignment Instructions

Week 3 Assignment: Stroop Effect

Visit the following website and follow the directions on screen to complete the Stroop Effect Exercise. Complete the practice exercise once, then the Stroop effect exercise once. Record your times for each. Then complete the practice exercise again, and the Stroop effect exercise again. Again, record your times for each.

http://www.math.unt.edu/~tam/SelfTests/StroopEffects.html

Complete the worksheet in the attached document and submit your completed worksheet here in the Week 3 Assignment: Stroop Effect area in the Assignments link in the classroom no later than 11:55 pm EST Sunday. Be sure to make clear connections to at least two terms, concepts, or research findings from your readings or other scholarly sources to support your responses. Include any references used on a separate reference page at the end of the worksheet. References should be formatted in APA format both in-text and on your reference page PSYC 101 Introduction to Psychology. Please visit the APUS Writing Center or the Purdue OWL website for examples of APA formatted references.

PSYC101 Week 5 Assignment Latest 2018 February

Assignment Instructions

Sleep Journal and Reflection Project

The meaning, origin, and analysis of dreams have fascinated psychologists since the inception of the field of psychology. Sigmund Freud, often referred to as the father of psychology, focused a great deal of his theoretical energy on trying to understand and interpret dreams.

Contemporary psychologists are beginning to recognize the interconnectivity of human physiology and psychology in a way not previously understood. This is in part because of new interest in holistic health and in part because of brain/body connections we are now able to see and understand for the first time due to enhanced technology. Yoga, mindfulness, healthy eating, meditation, holistic health – all of these practices are gaining more traction in mainstream society and among psychological circles as we recognize how the mind and body work together. In light of this growing area of interest in psychology, for this assignment you will maintain a sleep/dream journal during weeks 3 and 4, and complete an analysis and reflection on your experience in a summary reflection paper in week 5.

Specifically, for this assignment you will:

Keep a sleep/dream journal for at least 10 days throughout Weeks 3 and 4. In your journal make note of:

any dreams you had PSYC 101 Introduction to Psychology

any initial thoughts about the dream – events of the day that may relate, etc.

your general sleep schedule (if you have a tracker such as fitbit, include data on your sleep patterns as well – wakefulness, restlessness, times asleep/awake per night, total sleep, etc.)

your general eating habits by day

your general exercise habits by day

anything else of note in your psychological or physical health (stress, excitement, changes, etc.)

You may use any format you wish to record the data (notepad, computer, hardcopy spreadsheet, etc.).

Complete a 3-4 page reflection (not counting title or reference pages) in which you analyze the results of your sleep/dream journal. Consider how your psychological and physical health interacted. What patterns did you see? PSYC 101 Introduction to Psychology Discuss the impact that various factors such as fatigue, diet, stress and exercise had on your dreams and sleep patterns. Explain how this insight may impact your behaviors in the future to lead to better psychological and physical health.

Utilize at least 2 academic resources (your course readings can comprise one of the sources) to support your analysis and discussion.

PSYC101 Week 7 Assignment Latest 2018 February

Week 7 Exercise: Prosocial Behavior

Much of what we tend to focus on when we study social psychology are topics that often have a negative connotation such as conformity, prejudice, aggression or obedience. A huge component of the study of social psychology; however, focuses on prosocial behavior – behaviors that focus on compassion and helping others. For this activity, you will focus on this more uplifting aspect of social psychology. Topics that fall under the area of prosocial behavior include altruism, helping, bystander intervention, empathy, and compassion, among others. PSYC 101 Introduction to Psychology.

For this exercise, pick one day and seek to structure your thoughts and behaviors entirely around helping others. With each interaction or action you take, pause to think and ask yourself “is there a way I might help another here?” Hold a door for someone, offer your seat, share a smile, give a sincere compliment, show empathy to another, attempt to be more patient or understanding, etc. Your efforts should be in social settings that involve interactions with others (rather than something such as donating to a charity for instance). The goal is to be as thoughtfully prosocial in your interactions throughout the day as possible.

At the beginning of the day, jot down your general mood, feelings, attitude, etc.

Then throughout the day, whenever possible, carry a small notebook with you or make notes in an app on your phone to jot down meaningful encounters or experiences as you attempt to engage in prosocial behaviors PSYC 101 Introduction to Psychology.

At the end of the day, again reflect and take notes on how you feel, your general mood, feelings and attitudes, etc.

In a 5-7 slide PowerPoint presentation, not counting title or reference slides:

Summarize your experience. Describe the prosocial behaviors you engaged in, others’ reactions to these behaviors, and your assessment of any changes in mood, attitude, good fortune, or anything else of note you experienced.

Review what you have learned about human behavior in social settings this week in your readings and CogBooks activities. Connect what you learned or experienced through your day of conscious, prosocial behavior with the terms, concepts, and theories from your research. Integrate at least two academic sources (your assigned readings/resources can comprise one of these sources), citing any references used in APA format.

Describe any new insights you gained through this experience about your interactions with others on a daily basis, including any behaviors you wish to change or to continue.

Use the features of PowerPoint to your advantage to communicate your ideas – include pictures, audio recorded narration, speaker’s notes, video, links, etc. as appropriate to enhance your ideas.

Include an APA formatted title slide and reference slide. APA components such as an abstract, headings, etc. are not required since this is a PSYC 101 Introduction to Psychology PowerPoint presentation.

NURS 4006 Topics in Clinical Nursing Essay Assignment Discussion papers

Week 1 Discussion

Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases

As presented in this week’s readings, many individuals acquire infections in the community as well as during treatment in the hospital. As a nurse, it is important to know what is going on in the world. In addition to reading scholarly literature, reading the paper and watching the news helps to keep a nurse aware of what is going on currently. NURS 4006 Topics in Clinical Nursing Essay Assignment Discussion papers. In addition, many organizations like the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) track current health trends and post updates on their websites, along with Fact Sheets to help educate, prevent, and treat new and re-emerging diseases. These Fact Sheets are made to be short and easy to read so that health care professionals and patients are more likely to read and understand the information.

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For this Discussion, you will examine an emerging or re-emerging disease and the nurse’s role in prevention and management of the disease. Locate an article in a newspaper, in a lay magazine, or on an organizational website that discusses an emerging or re-emerging infectious disease that is currently affecting your community. Reflect on the article you selected and think about how the emerging or re-emerging disease might affect nursing practice. NURS 4006 Topics in Clinical Nursing Essay Assignment Discussion papers.

By Day 3

Respond to the following:

Briefly summarize the article you selected and provide the reference. Then, address the following:

What implications does the disease have for nursing practice?

How does the emergence of this disease affect your personal practice?

Why do you think that this disease is emerging/re-emerging?

What is the nurse’s role in preventing and managing the impact of infectious diseases both from the patient and nurse perspective?

Support your response with references from the professional nursing literature.

Note Initial Post: A 3-paragraph (at least 350 words) response. Be sure to use evidence from the readings and include in-text citations. Utilize essay-level writing practice and skills, including the use of transitional material and organizational frames. Avoid quotes; paraphrase to incorporate evidence into your own writing. A reference list is required. Use the most current evidence (usually ? 5 years old). NURS 4006 Topics in Clinical Nursing Essay Assignment Discussion papers.

By Day 7

Read two or more of your colleagues’ postings from the Discussion question (support with evidence if indicated).

Respond with a comment that asks for clarification, provides support for, or contributes additional information to two or more of your colleagues’ postings.

Post a Discussion entry on three different days of the week. Refer to the Discussion Rubric found in the Course Information and Grading Criteria area.Click on the Reply button below to reveal the textbox for entering your message. Then click on the Submit button to post your message.

NURS4006 Topics in Clin Nursing

Week 2 Discussion

Providing Genetic Nursing Care to Patients With Chronic Illnesses

There are several chronic health problems with genetic/genomic components that plague the population. NURS 4006 Topics in Clinical Nursing Essay Assignment Discussion papers. These health problems are very difficult and challenging diseases to manage.Evidenced-based nursing practice must include genetic and genomic information when planning patient care. Nurses, through their knowledge and support, play an important role in positive patient outcomes when managing the challenges of these genetically linked diseases.

For this Discussion, you will consider applications of various topics to genetics and genomics. Review the Resources focusing on the application of genetics and genomics to nursing NURS 4006 Topics in Clinical Nursing Essay Assignment Discussion papers.

Choose one of the following subtopics:

Pharmacogenomics and chronic illnesses

Genomics in patient assessment

Genetically competent care for those with chronic illnesses

Note: A different subtopic relating to genetics and genomics may be chosen with Instructor approval.

Locate at least one scholarly journal article that discusses your subtopic. NURS 4006 Topics in Clinical Nursing Essay Assignment Discussion papers.

By Day 3

Respond to the following:

Identify your subtopic and provide a brief summary of your journal article on how this topic relates to nursing practice.

What is the nurse’s role in providing care in relation to your subtopic and the overarching theme of advocacy?

What ethical implications should be considered with regard to genetics and genomics for nursing practice? Why?

Support your response with references from the professional nursing literature.

Note Initial Post: A 3-paragraph (at least 350 words) response. Be sure to use evidence from the readings and include in-text citations. Utilize essay-level writing practice and skills, including the use of transitional material and organizational frames. Avoid quotes; paraphrase to incorporate evidence into your own writing. A reference list is required. Use the most current evidence (usually ? 5 years old). NURS 4006 Topics in Clinical Nursing Essay Assignment Discussion papers.

By Day 7

Read two or more of your colleagues’ postings from the Discussion question (support with evidence if indicated).

Respond with a comment that asks for clarification, provides support for, or contributes additional information to two or more of your colleagues’ postings.

Post a Discussion entry on three different days of the week. Refer to the Discussion Rubric found in the Course Information and Grading Criteria area.

Click on the Reply button below to reveal the textbox for entering your message. Then click on the Submit button to post your message.

NURS4006 Topics in Clin Nursing

Week 3 Discussion

Psychological Complications Resulting From Illnesses and Injuries

The nurse’s role goes far beyond that which is expected. Nurses are the main communicators between patients, doctors, and family, and they care for more than just physical ailments.Often, nurses are presented with difficult situations where being an advocate becomes paramount to the healing of the patient. One of the issues that patients with acute and chronic illnesses or extended hospitalization face is a tendency to become depressed. The nurse’s role in this situation requires more than just attention to the physical problem. Another situation where a nurse may need to shift his or her care is when a patient presents with a suspicious injury or illness. In addition to considering the legal and ethical responsibilities of the nurse, he or she must consider the psychological undertones that may be present. NURS 4006 Topics in Clinical Nursing Essay Assignment Discussion papers.

For this Discussion, you will consider delicate situations that nurses often face and analyze the implications of these situations. Reflect on a patient care situation in which you have encountered one of the following:

A suspicious illness or injury

Depression resulting from illness or injury

Then, locate at least one scholarly journal article related to your patient care situation that offers strategies for managing the circumstances.

By Day 3

Respond to the following:

Explain your patient encounter, highlighting the challenges the situation presented, and briefly summarize the contents of your journal article.

What strategies did you employ to help handle the situation? What other strategies could you have used?

How did you advocate for the patient in the situation?

What are some of the legal and ethical implications that need to be considered when providing care for patients with illnesses or injuries resulting from depression or suspicious illnesses or injuries? NURS 4006 Topics in Clinical Nursing Essay Assignment Discussion papers.

Note: Avoid using personal information (e.g., names, facility name, etc.) in your post.

Support your response with references from the professional nursing literature.

Note Initial Post: A 3-paragraph (at least 350 words) response. Be sure to use evidence from the readings and include in-text citations. Utilize essay-level writing practice and skills, including the use of transitional material and organizational frames. Avoid quotes; paraphrase to incorporate evidence into your own writing. A reference list is required. Use the most current evidence (usually ? 5 years old).

By Day 7

Read two or more of your colleagues’ postings from the Discussion question (support with evidence if indicated).

Respond with a comment that asks for clarification, provides support for, or contributes additional information to two or more of your colleagues’ postings.

Post a Discussion entry on three different days of the week. Refer to the Discussion Rubric found in the Course Information and Grading Criteria area.

Click on the Reply button below to reveal the textbox for entering your message. Then click on the Submit button to post your message. NURS 4006 Topics in Clinical Nursing Essay Assignment Discussion papers.

NURS4006 Topics in Clin Nursing

Week 4 Discussion

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Nurse/Patient Empowerment

As a nurse, you are the individual who has the ability to empower patients in the decision-making process pertaining to their health care. In addition, you are in a unique position to empower your nursing colleagues to improve job satisfaction and use performance indicator data from dashboards to effect social change.

In this week’s Resources, you examined both the National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators (NDNQI) and the key role nurses play as advocates for patient rights. To assist nurses in being better prepared for this role, programs such as Patient Care Partnership provide guidance.

For this Discussion, you will analyze the use of quality improvement data and discuss how this data can help empower both patients and nurses. Review the Patient Care Partnership information presented in this week’s Learning Resources. In addition, reflect on the media presentation and the information shared by Ms. Manna on patients’ rights. NURS 4006 Topics in Clinical Nursing Essay Assignment Discussion papers.

By Day 3

Respond to the following:

What are the best strategies the nurse can employ to empower patients and support patients’ rights to improve quality of care? (Some considerations to keep in mind may include: providing information on effectiveness, risks, and benefits of alternative treatments.)

In what ways can NDNQI data from dashboards or quality improvement data be used to support nurse empowerment in practice?

How has your institution empowered the nursing staff through the use of quality improvement data?

Provide an example of how you have personally empowered either a patient or a fellow nurse.

Support your response with references from the professional nursing literature.

Note Initial Post: A 3-paragraph (at least 350 words) response. Be sure to use evidence from the readings and include in-text citations. Utilize essay-level writing practice and skills, including the use of transitional material and organizational frames. NURS 4006 Topics in Clinical Nursing Essay Assignment Discussion papers. Avoid quotes; paraphrase to incorporate evidence into your own writing. A reference list is required. Use the most current evidence (usually ? 5 years old).

By Day 7

Read two or more of your colleagues’ postings from the Discussion question (support with evidence if indicated).

Respond with a comment that asks for clarification, provides support for, or contributes additional information to two or more of your colleagues’ postings. NURS 4006 Topics in Clinical Nursing Essay Assignment Discussion papers.

Post a Discussion entry on three different days of the week. Refer to the Discussion Rubric found in the Course Information and Grading Criteria area.

Click on the Reply button below to reveal the textbox for entering your message. Then click on the Submit button to post your message.

NURS4006 Topics in Clin Nursing

Week 5 Discussion

Holistic Care and Treatments

The use of complementary and alternative therapies in the treatment of cancer patients, terminal patients, and many other types of patients is steadily increasing. The Resources also contain much information about the various alternative therapies currently being used. NURS 4006 Topics in Clinical Nursing Essay Assignment Discussion papers.

For this Discussion, you will consider alternative therapies and discuss the challenges associated with them.

To prepare for this Discussion:

Review the Resources pertaining to alternative therapies.

Select one of the following areas where alternative therapies are being used:

Cancer treatment

Cancer symptom management

End-of-life care

Palliative care

Find at least one scholarly journal article discussing alternative therapies in your chosen subtopic. NURS 4006 Topics in Clinical Nursing Essay Assignment Discussion papers.

By Day 3

Respond to the following:

Identify at least one challenge associated with the nurse’s role in providing alternative therapies for patient care.

Explain how the nurse might integrate the use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) approaches in your chosen subtopic and discuss the ethical issues nurses may face.

What are the main elements you would include in a teaching plan for nurses on the use of CAM in your chosen subtopic?

What is the shared role of the nurse and patient in developing care plans?

Support your response with references from the professional nursing literature.

Note Initial Post: A 3-paragraph (at least 350 words) response. Be sure to use evidence from the readings and include in-text citations. Utilize essay-level writing practice and skills, including the use of transitional material and organizational frames. Avoid quotes; paraphrase to incorporate evidence into your own writing. A reference list is required. Use the most current evidence (usually ? 5 years old). NURS 4006 Topics in Clinical Nursing Essay Assignment Discussion papers.

By Day 7

Read two or more of your colleagues’ postings from the Discussion question (support with evidence if indicated).

Respond with a comment that asks for clarification, provides support for, or contributes additional information to two or more of your colleagues’ postings.

Post a Discussion entry on three different days of the week. Refer to the Discussion Rubric found in the CourseInformation and Grading Criteria area NURS 4006 Topics in Clinical Nursing Essay Assignment Discussion papers.

Click on the Reply button below to reveal the textbox for entering your message. Then click on the Submit button to post your message.

NURS4006 Topics in Clin Nursing

Week 6 Discussion

Promoting Safety and Quality

In the article “Managing to Improve Quality: The Relationship Between Accreditation Standards, Safety Practices, and Patient Outcomes,” the authors discuss the growing trend by medical insurance companies to eliminate reimbursement for Never Events. As these types of mistakes should be easily preventable, hospitals have developed protocols to lessen or extinguish the occurrence of these events. In addition, The Joint Commission (TJC) and the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) have developed core measures to guide health care providers’ efforts in improving patient safety and the quality of care delivered.

Health care organizations have developed strategic agendas to help meet these standards and reduce the incidence of Never Events. Nurses significantly influence the overall quality of health care provided and play a pivotal role in improving patient outcomes. NURS 4006 Topics in Clinical Nursing Essay Assignment Discussion papers.

For this Discussion, you will consider the standards that are in place for nurses and how they can be used to improve quality of care.

To prepare for this Discussion:

Review the information at the Joint Commission and Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services websites on the core measures and standards presented in this week’s Resources.

Consider the nurse’s role in supporting the organization’s strategic agenda as it relates to improving clinical outcomes.

Conduct an Internet search for either a Never Event or a core measure, and select one to address in your post. NURS 4006 Topics in Clinical Nursing Essay Assignment Discussion papers.

By Day 3

Respond to the following:

How has the emphasis on quality of care, patient safety, and clinical care outcomes been impacted by specific standards emanating from TJC and/or CMS? Cite your selected core measure or Never Event in your response.

What is the impact of the nurse’s role in clinical outcomes for the organization?

Discuss nurse-specific challenges in influencing change in quality improvement.

How does this influence the ability of the organization to achieve its strategic agenda?

Support your response with references from the professional nursing literature.

Note Initial Post: A 3-paragraph (at least 350 words) response. Be sure to use evidence from the readings and include in-text citations. Utilize essay-level writing practice and skills, including the use of transitional material and organizational frames. Avoid quotes; paraphrase to incorporate evidence into your own writing. A reference list is required. Use the most current evidence (usually ? 5 years old) NURS 4006 Topics in Clinical Nursing Essay Assignment Discussion papers.

Read two or more of your colleagues’ postings from the Discussion question (support with evidence if indicated).

By Day 7

Respond with a comment that asks for clarification, provides support for, or contributes additional information to two or more of your colleagues’ postings.

Post a Discussion entry on three different days of the week. Refer to the Discussion Rubric found in the Course Information and Grading Criteria area.

Click on the Reply button below to reveal the textbox for entering your message. Then click on the Submit button to post your message. NURS 4006 Topics in Clinical Nursing Essay Assignment Discussion papers.