Tag: Clinical-Nursing

16 year old adolescent case study

As a family nurse practitioner you are working in a rural health clinic. You are evaluating a 16-year-old adolescent patient who comes in complaining of having a difficulty concentrating in school. On exam you also note that the patient is very thin and frail in appearance and is asking you for diet pills.

What are some initial areas for concern? What screening tools can help lead you closer to your diagnosis?

Describe 1 health promotion strategy you can discuss with the patient.

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Be sure to address the following in your plan of care: pharmacological and non-pharmacological (OTC) interventions, labs, follow-up, teaching, and referral/s. 16 year old adolescent case study.

Your work should integrate course resources (text/s) as well as a minimum of two (2) other evidence-based guidelines and/or articles published within 3-5 years.

Reference:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2013). Youth risk behavior surveillance

system (YRBSS). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/data/yrbs/index.htm 16 year old adolescent case study

Refinement of Nursing Issue into Research

Evidence-based practice promotes change with evidence every day.  Once upon a time, practice was done using trial and error.  The evidence on an action’s effectiveness or ineffectiveness would therefore promote the use or discontinued use.

The role of research within evidence-based practice (EBP) is vital to the validity of the evidence.  Bourke and Loveridge (2013) explain that evidence-based practice requires obtaining the best available external clinical evidence and incorporating it for evaluation against systematic collections of data received from research.  Research is influenced by evidence-based practice so that the content has greater value. Refinement of Nursing Issue into Research.  This value comes from knowing that the information provided within the literature you view has been substantiated by other experts in the given field.  The researcher evaluates the findings provided in a study, qualifying the study as scholarly.  To qualify as scholarly, the author of the study will submit their credentials of how or why they should be considered as a qualified author on the subject.  In addition, the author will submit their written findings to other peers in the field for their review of the research material.  This is called a peer review study and after being reviewed and accepted by the author’s peers, this helps to ensure to the reader of the literature that other experts in the pertaining field have reviewed the study material and concur with what is written.  This is what allows the research to be considered evidence-based instead of conjecture or a hypothesis.

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This paper addresses the issue of health care literacy.  According to MacLeod et al. (2017), research shows that inadequate health literacy impacts total patient-centered care; it affects compliance with healthcare, recommended preventative services, utilization of healthcare, medical expenditures and overall care.

The desperate need for increased exposure to health literacy is of grave importance.  Individuals with inadequate health literacy typically have poorer mental and physical health as well as being sicker in general (MacLeod et al., 2017).  This is because these individuals are lacking education on the importance of understanding how to identify evidence-based information and the importance of why and how this information can and will affect their overall health conditions.  Without the attention this issue deserves, the population of individuals with deficient health literacy will only continue to grow and more people will suffer from poor decision making and lack of action related to health care. Refinement of Nursing Issue into Research.

Application to Selected MSN Program Specialty Track

There is an expectation as an advance practice nurse to provide care based on the best possible evidence available.  Using the best available evidence is not enough to ensure confidence as a provider.  Master’s-prepared Family Nurse Practitioners must also demonstrate genuine concern regarding patients’ health and healthcare outcomes.  Establishing a connection with the patient and their ability to access and understand information and use of technology must also be accomplished (Harris, Thomas, & Fox, 2015).

The impact of resolving healthcare literacy would allow the Family Nurse Practitioner to connect with their patient at a greater level of comprehension.  The Master’s-prepared Family Nurse Practitioner must have greater confidence in the ability of the patient to stay compliant, and, when needed ask appropriate questions to be a more active partner in their own healthcare delivery.

The improvement of health literacy improves overall health conditions and reduces the cost of care.  Haun et al. (2015) provide extensive research stating that health literacy is a major contributor to the higher costs associated with medical care, and increased level of severity of both acute and chronic conditions. Refinement of Nursing Issue into Research.

Nursing Issue and Supportive Evidence Regarding the Issue

Media presents the general audience with all types of remedies through advertising from pharmaceutical manufacturers to products that are supposed to make someone healthier.  Whether the viewer is seeing advertisements on television, as a pop-up advertisement, or conducting a search on symptoms they may be experiencing, they are able to locate advertising to support what they are looking for.  With all the advancements in technology these days the consumer can obtain information from the internet simply by using hand-held devices such as cell phones and tablets, computers, and wireless two-way smart speakers, and now televisions even have internet capabilities built into them.  With information so accessible, it is critical to be able to decipher between credible and non-credible information.  Not having the right tools to do any job can be dangerous.  Not having the right tools to discriminate and recognize the best possible evidence, regarding healthcare can be lethal. Refinement of Nursing Issue into Research.

Patients frequently attempt to save time and money by looking up their physical ailments online to diagnose an issue they are experiencing.  Consumers then go to the store and purchase what they saw advertised or seek to buy it online.  The consumers believe they are saving money and feel good about caring for themselves.  Unfortunately, when the products consumers purchase fail to make them feel better or cure what they believe is their issue, they are then forced to either live with the condition hoping it goes away or seek attention from a health care provider.  This requires the patient to spend additional time and money, which could have been avoided had the consumer been knowledgeable about locating evidence-based information to help them help themselves.  Patients are not always forthcoming with notifying the provider of remedies attempted on their own.  Not notifying the provider of attempted remedies could cause the provider to miss pertinent data or information, improperly diagnose a condition, order additional unnecessary tests, and cost the patient a lot of extra money.

Patients who have a low health literacy may purchase over-the-counter supplements in hopes to help improve memory, fatigue, or stamina.  Not notifying the nurse or provider of these over-the-counter supplements could be the cause of an issue the patient is having.  Many individuals with low health literacy do not realize that over-the-counter supplements may be available without a prescription, but they still should not be taken without consultation from a health care provider.  The fact that supplements are available over-the-counter without a prescription does not make them safe for everyone.

In every health care setting it is the nurse’s responsibility to educate the patient. This becomes a difficult task when the patient is not responsive to learning and believes they can just go online and learn all they need to know. The prevalence of low health care literacy in society is at the highest level of all time (Johnson, 2014).  This may be because the largest growing population are older adults.  According to MacLeod et al. (2017), the number of people age 65 and over in the United States is over 46 million, and anticipated to more than double in the next 30 years.  Therefore, the mismatch between the health provider’s communication and the low health literacy of the patient adversely affect health outcomes daily (Johnson, 2014).

The proposed solution to help bridge the gap with health literacy in the community is to have nurses and medical librarians hold educational seminars free of charge.  Inviting the public to attend these seminars at local libraries, park-districts, and community centers will help educate consumers on the importance of health literacy.  Additionally, public service announcements would prove instrumental in explaining to consumers why the need to be educated on health literacy is so important.  Millican (2014) identifies creative ways in which collaborating with medical librarians and health organizations can minimize health literacy barriers.  This is because evidence-based practice originated with medical librarians teaching the importance of locating the best possible evidence to support health care delivery and how to identify which evidence qualified as the best possible evidence available.

Additional solutions for helping bridge the gap with health literacy include one-on-one consultations with patients in the health care clinic, or inviting patients to join group discussions regarding the importance of learning more about evidence-based health care.  Another potential option would be providing an online forum for patients to log into to read about questions other people are having that might affect them or their loved ones.  It is important to make available in generalized terms to the consumers that health care is delivered to them by health care providers who have done investigating into clinical trials and documented research, so that the health care practices that they give to the patient are done so by using the results of the research to make the best decisions on how to treat the patient the safest with the most optimal outcome.

The stakeholders impacted by low health literacy issues are the patients, patients’ loved ones, and health care providers.  MacLeod et al. (2017) recognized the individuals having inadequate health literacy are people of lower income levels, lesser education, minorities, and older males.  Empirical evidence explains individuals with low health literacy are at greater risk for making inappropriate decisions regarding their own personal health in addition to decisions for their loved ones (Engelke, 2016).  Inappropriate decision making can severely affect the stakeholder’s current and future health condition, by not getting health care attention soon enough, by not being compliant with directions given by the nurse or provider, and not understanding the ramifications of what might result in a chosen action.

By implementing this evidence-based practice project expected outcomes are to be improved compliance with provider direction, increased and improved patient satisfaction, and a greater sense of comfort for the patient. Refinement of Nursing Issue into Research. By improving patient health literacy, it allows patients to make educated decisions for themselves and their loved ones.  Educated decision making in lieu of arbitrary decisions based on advertisement coercion or lack of evidence to support the decision-making process improves patient care by allowing or seeking the best possible interventions made for the patient.  This in turn saves the patient time, money and gives them a greater sense of autonomy, strengthening the patient both mentally and physically.  Additionally, the Master’s-prepared Family Nurse Practitioner, in combining efforts along with health science librarians, will strengthen their ability to continue to provide evidence-based practice to their patients.  As Eldredge (2016) states, the use of the best evidence allows health science librarians to advance evidence-based practice along with healthcare providers. This keeps the health care providers on top of new or recent changes to evidence and sourcing of reliable data.  Having the ability to gather the best evidence available keeps patients safer and better cared for, making it possible to decrease health care costs and time providers need to spend with each patient.  If providers are not having to spend extensive time with patients, more patients can be seen, and a larger population cared for.

Evidence-based Practice Question

The PICOT format is used to address the question: In patients in the community center receiving care, does providing education on health literacy influence finding credible information regarding healthcare as compared to not receiving education on health literacy?  This question will be answered by surveying the people in the community health center, prior to the teaching intervention, and then again 6 months following the education intervention the same members of the community health center will be surveyed to give us our pretest and post-test data figures.  We use the optional (T) in the PICO because we are conducting a quantitative approach. Refinement of Nursing Issue into Research.

P:   Patients in the community center

I:    Providing literacy education one-on-one and/or in a group setting

C:   Patients with health literacy education compared to patients without health literacy education

O: The ability for patients to locate credible information with and without health literacy education.

T:   Surveying the population prior to the teaching intervention and 6 months after the teaching.

Conclusion

Health literacy is a major issue affecting the health and wellbeing of many Americans.  According to Rong et al. (2017), the ability to gather and comprehend basic information regarding health care and to make informed, educated decisions based on that comprehension describes health literacy.  Engelke (2016) teaches that consumers with a low health literacy are at greater risk for poor decision making related to healthcare options.

Interventions are available to help educate people on what information is credible and how to discern between credible evidence-based information and non-credible information.  Eldredge (2016) explains how evidence-based practice was created by medical scientific librarians who taught health care providers how to research and use the best possible evidence to direct patient centered care.  Logically, it then serves to reason that, the same professional body should be involved in educating the public on evidence-based practice and how to encompass it into improving health literacy.

In writing this assignment I learned that there are many factors that help to create and support low health literacy.  I had a preconceived idea or concept of what I felt health literacy encompassed.  In completing research on this topic, I have learned that there is far more than I ever imagined involved with health literacy.  One of the more surprising things that I learned was that the convergence to evidence-based practice into the clinical setting originated from the medical librarians, their creation of a system where the research and literature providing the evidence to learn and practice from allowed practitioners to learn and provide care based on that best available evidence.  Additionally, this assignment caused me to give extensive thought to the government, and their use of mass promotion on public safety issues such as the opioid crisis.   A major contributor to this crisis is evidenced by low health literacy.  Health literacy can address the senseless deaths opioid use is causing, by educating consumers on why so many over-doses are killing people.  I feel it’s very possible to reduce the number of deaths, by simply educating the public.  The old proverb “Knowledge is Power” speaks volumes to correcting and abolishing many health issues, as many are self-created due to low health literacy. Refinement of Nursing Issue into Research.

 

References

Bourke, R., & Loveridge, J. (2013). A scientist-practitioner model for inclusive education: Supporting graduate students to conduct systematic reviews for evidence-based practice. 
New Zealand Journal of Teachers’ Work
, 
10
(1), 4-23.

Eldredge, J. D. (2016). Integrating research into practice. 
Journal of The Medical Library Association
, 
104
(4), 333-337. doi:10.3163/1536-5050.104.4.017

Engelke, Z. M. (2016). Patient Education: Caring for patients with low health literacy. 
CINAHL Nursing Guide
.

Harris, L., Thomas, V., & Fox, M. (2015). The influence of health care literacy on the use of PHRs among older adults. 
MEDSURG Nursing
, 
24
(4), 283-285. Refinement of Nursing Issue into Research.

Haun, J. N., Patel, N. R., French, D. D., Campbell, R. R., Bradham, D. D., & Lapcevic, W. A. (2015). Association between health literacy and medical care costs in an integrated healthcare system: A regional population based study. 
BMC Health Services Research
, 
15
(1), 1-11. doi:10.1186/s12913-015-0887-z

Johnson, A. (2014). Health literacy, does it make a difference? 
Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing
, 
31
(3), 39-45.

MacLeod, S., Musich, S., Gulyas, S., Cheng, Y., Tkatch, R., Cempellin, D., & … Yeh, C. S. (2017). Feature article: The impact of inadequate health literacy on patient satisfaction, healthcare utilization, and expenditures among older adults. 
Geriatric Nursing
, 
38
(4), 334-341. doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2016.12.003

Millican, K. (2014). How are medical librarians addressing health literacy barriers? 
Serials Librarian
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67
(3), 260-275. doi:10.1080/0361526X.2014.915606

Rong, H., Cheng, X., Garcia, J. M., Zhang, L., Lu, L., Fang, J., & … Chen, J. (2017). Survey of health literacy level and related influencing factors in military college students in Chongqing, China: A cross-sectional analysis. 
Plos One
, 
12
(5), e0177776. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0177776. Refinement of Nursing Issue into Research.

Compare rates of obesity in the United States to other developed and also developing countries in an Obesity Epidemic Essay. Think about how health issues resulting from obesity compare as well.

Reflect on health promotion and prevention strategies that nurses can implement.

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Contemplate the ethical, cultural, economic, political, and environmental issues a nurse should consider when developing a primary obesity health prevention strategy.

Post an obesity health promotion and prevention strategy a nurse could implement for a specific cultural group in the United States. Then, modify your message for use in one other country, being sensitive to the cultural nuances of the country you select. Describe why you chose to take the approach you did in your strategies and explain any challenges you anticipate a nurse may encounter when trying to implement these strategies Obesity Epidemic Essay.

NURS 6501 – Advanced Pathophysiology – Adaptive Response Essay

Introduction

A versatile reaction or adaptive responses is a compensatory component of the body’s appropriate response to a natural request, (Hammer & McPhee, 2014).  The body creates different versatile reactions to manage specific outside intruders. The body can shape the reaction in a way that its reaction to different assaults, body damage or simply body depletion. The pathophysiology, associated alterations, and the patients ‘adaptive responses to the changes caused by the disease processes determined from the given three scenarios will be explained. From the three given scenarios, a diagnosis of Viral Tonsillitis is made from scenario1, diagnosis of Irritant Contact Dermatitis is made from scenario2 and diagnosis of Stress Response is made from scenario 3. Additionally, a mind mad of Viral Tonsillitis will be made, and it will incorporate the study of disease transmission, pathophysiology, chance elements, clinical introduction, and diagnosis of Viral Tonsillitis, and also any versatile reactions to modifications. NURS 6501 – Advanced Pathophysiology – Adaptive Response Essay.

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Scenario Number One

Jennifer is a 2y/o old female who presents with her mom. Mother is concerned that Jennifer has been “running a temperature” for 3 days now. Mother says that Jennifer is generally strong and has no medicinal history. The symptoms Mom said Jennifer has been having are: Fever (Temperature of 103.2oF), she is fussy and would not eat. Also upon A physical examination uncovers that the Patient(Jenifer) who shows up intensely unwell. Her skin is hot and dry which indicate fever. The tympanic films are marginally blushed on the outskirts, however generally typical in appearance. The throat is erythematous with 4+ tonsils and diffuse exudates, Lymph nodes are palpable and clearly tender to touch on the left side. Jennifer said her throat hurts especially when she swallows.  Vital Signs uncover a temperature of 102.8oF, a pulse of 128 beats per minute, and a respiratory rate of 24 beats per minute. NURS 6501 – Advanced Pathophysiology – Adaptive Response Essay. From the above chief complaints and symptoms that Jennifer presents with, a diagnosis of Viral tonsillitis will be made. Signs and symptoms of viral tonsillitis are: sore throat, pain on swallowing, erythema and/or edema of the tonsils, and enlarged or tender tonsillar and cervical lymph nodes (Malapane, Solomon, Pellow, 2014). Jennifer’s throat was red, pain when she swallows and palpable lymph nodes. NURS 6501 – Advanced Pathophysiology – Adaptive Response Essay.

Pathophysiology of Tonsillitis

Viral Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsillar tissues; most cases are of viral origin, with the adenovirus, rhinovirus, coronavirus, or respiratory syncytial virus being most commonly implicated. Around fifteen percent to thirty percent cases are caused by bacterial infections, of which group A b-hemolytic streptococcus is the most common in pediatric patients (Malapane, Solomon, Pellow, 2014). For Bacterial Tonsillitis to be determined, a throat culture will be sent to the lab for examination and if and when lab results show bacterial before the diagnosis can be made (Huether & McCance, 2017). Which then will be treated with antibiotics. Tonsillitis commonly occurs in children, the average incidence of all viral respiratory tract infections is five to seven episodes a year per child, and tonsillopharyngitis of all varieties constitutes about 15% of visits to primary care physicians (Malapane, Solomon, Pellow, 2014). The inflammation of the tonsillar, swelling of the lymph nodes, erythema, and fever are versatile reactions to the disorder. (Huether and McCance, 2017). Tonsillar contaminations (tonsillitis) are at times sufficiently extreme to cause upper aviation route hindrance. The frequency of tonsillitis optional to aggregate A beta-hemolytic Streptococus (GABHS) and methicillin-safe Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has ascended in the previous 15 years (Huether and McCance, 2017). Upper aviation route block on account of tonsillitis is an outstanding inconvenience of irresistible, particularly in a youthful tyke. Tonsiller perhaps entangled by arrangement of a tonsillar ulcer, which can additionally add to aviation route check. (Huether and McCance, 2017) NURS 6501 – Advanced Pathophysiology – Adaptive Response Essay. Peritonsiller abscess is typically one-sided and is regularly in a difficulty of intense tonsillitis.

Treatment for Tonsillitis

Bacterial tonsillitis is treated with antibiotic therapy, NSAIDs for pain and fever, rest and adequate fluid hydration, and Tonsillectomy only in advanced cases of the disorder. If the cause is a virus infection, there is no medicine to treat it. But if the cause is a bacterial infection, such as strep throat, the use of antibiotics will be required. (Huether and McCance, 2017). NURS 6501 – Advanced Pathophysiology – Adaptive Response Essay.

Scenario Number Two

Jack is a 27-year-old, presents with redness and aggravation of his hands. He reports that he has never had an issue this way, yet around 2 weeks back he saw that the two his hands appeared to be extremely red and flaky, sometimes his hands feels hot and he does not know why. Patient has no known allergies and no medical history. He is a maintenance engineer in a newspaper building, He regularly works with grating solvents and synthetic compounds. Lately he has not been wearing protective gloves because their company is short in supply. Although he stated to washing off his hands once completed with his work. Due to his complaints and symptoms he presents, a diagnosis of irritant contact dermatitis is made. NURS 6501 – Advanced Pathophysiology – Adaptive Response Essay.
 

Pathophysiology of Irritant Contact Dermatitis

When skin comes in contact with cleaning chemicals, like the ones Jack uses at work, it will cause irritation to the skin causes damage to the epidermal cells and inflammation.  Inflammation is the second line of defense; presenting as redness, heat, swelling, pain, and sometimes loss of function (Huether & McCance, 2017).  Dermatitis is limited irritation of the skin. The aggravation contact dermatitis is the irritation that is caused when some substance found in the working environment come into coordinate contact with the skin. The normal signs will incorporate rankles, redness of the skin, and scales (Proksch & Brasch, 2012). These indications might not occur immediately it depends upon the individual’s skins and the type of chemicals exposed to. The symptoms reported by Jack are the redness and irritation of the hands show that the dermatitis was caused by a chemical that irritates (Proksch & Brasch, 2012). NURS 6501 – Advanced Pathophysiology – Adaptive Response Essay.
 

Scenario Number Three

Martha is a 65-year-old female, who is retired, has history of Hypertension (HTN) and she is currently taking hydrochlorothiazide to treat the HTN. She presents today with complaints of difficulty sleeping, “racing heartbeat,” and a loss of appetite. Patient is also currently caring for elderly ill mother, who totally depends on Martha for activities of daily living and everything else. From the above changes that occurred in Martha’s life and symptoms that she is having, a diagnosis of Stress Response is made for Martha NURS 6501 – Advanced Pathophysiology – Adaptive Response Essay.

 
Pathophysiology of Stress Response

Stress is a system of interdependent processes that are moderated by the nature, intensity, and duration of the stressor and the coping efficacy of the affected individual, all of which in turn mediate the psychologic and physiology response to stress. (Huether & McCance, 2017). Stress can be caused by significant life changes, an expected human response to challenging situations, like the loss of a job, loss of a family member, trauma, and abuse.” (Huether & McCance, 2017). Life change in Martha’s life is caring for her ailing 87 old mother who is recovery from hip replacement and totally depends on Martha for activities of daily living and with no help or relieve from anyone for Martha. Stress response is initiated when a stressor is present in the body or perceived by the mind.  Physiological stress may cause or worsen several disorders, including insomnia, fatigue chronic pain et cetera. (Huether & McCance, 2017) NURS 6501 – Advanced Pathophysiology – Adaptive Response Essay.  The release of epinephrine is enhancing myocardial contractility, causing Martha’s heart rate to increase. Glucocorticoids play and important role in the homeostasis of the CNS that regulates memory, cognition, mood and sleep (Huether & McCance, 2017). People response to stress differently, depending on the person’s perception of the stressor and the coping mechanism of the person. To Martha, Stress response must have been triggered by the increased burden of caring for her of her 87-year-old mother who need total assistance from her. These are unexpected circumstances, that were never planned for after her retirement. Stress includes difficulty sleeping and increased heartrate etc (Huether & McCance, 2017).  Martha also is exhibiting these symptoms based on her chief complaints. Adaptive coping strategies are those that focus on the problem and encourage social support resulting in the beneficial reduction in perceived stress (Huether & McCance, 2017).

Treatment for Stress Response

Stress can be managing in different ways and some of those treatment options for Martha are Relaxation techniques, Relaxed deep breathing, to help Martha calm down help with the increased heart rate. Promote socialization outside of caring for her Mom, support groups for individual experiencing comparative circumstances, counseling if possible and Cognitive behavioral therapy(CBT) is the treatment that has met with the most success in combating a stress disorder. CBT has two main components. First, it aims to change cognitions, or patterns of thought surrounding the traumatic incident. Second, it tries to alter behaviors in anxiety-provoking situations (Psychology Today,2018). Cognitive behavioral therapy not only ameliorates the symptoms of acute stress disorder but also attempts to prevent the development of post-traumatic stress disorder. (Psychology Today, 2018). NURS 6501 – Advanced Pathophysiology – Adaptive Response Essay.

 

 

References

(Zimbron, 2008)

Conclusion

The versatile responses will always be activated once the infection is present. The body defense mechanism and hence generating antigen. The adaptive response to stress includes insomnia, loss of appetite , which were observed in Martha’s case.  The adaptive response to cleaning-chemicals substance includes redness, swelling, and itchiness and the symptoms expressed in Jennifer, the 2y/o old are adaptive response of viral infection that causes the inflammation of the Tonsils. Having a good knowledge of the pathophysiology of  disorders and the body’s adaptive reactions to those disorders or diseases is very important  for the Advance Practice Nurses to properly, rightly diagnose and treat their patients with those diseases. NURS 6501 – Advanced Pathophysiology – Adaptive Response Essay.

References

Huether, S. E., & McCance, K. L. (2017). Understanding Pathophysiology (6th ed.) St. Louis, MO: Mosby.

Hammer, G. G., & McPhee, S. (2014). Pathophysiology of

disease: An introduction to clinical medicine. (7th ed.) New York, NY:  McGraw-Hill Education.

Proksch, E., & Brasch, J. (2012). The abnormal epidermal barrier in the pathogenesis of contact dermatitis. Clinics in Dermatology, 30(3), 335-344.

National Institutes of Health, (2017). National Tonsillitis Also called: Tonsil Inflammation. Retrieved June 7, 2018 From https://medlineplus.gov/tonsillitis.html NURS 6501 – Advanced Pathophysiology – Adaptive Response Essay

Eunice Malapane, Elizabeth M. Solomon, Janice Pellow, (2014, November 11). Efficacy of a Homeopathic Complex on Acute Viral Tonsillitis. Retreived June , 2018 From
https://eds-a-ebscohost-com.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=2&sid=11afee78-30e5-4cb4-83f3-afed2b83da35%40sessionmgr4010

Psychology Today, (2018). Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Retrieved June 6, 2018. From
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/therapy-types/cognitive-behavioral-therapy

Tonsillitis. (2016). American Academy of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Retrieved June 9, 2018, from
http://www.entnet.org/content/tonsillitis

Zimbron, J.  (2008). Mind maps—Dementia, endocarditis, and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) [PDF]. Retrieved from
http://www.medmaps.co.uk/beta/

Harvard University, (2018). Understanding the stress response, Retrieved June 7, 2018 From
https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/understanding-the-stress-response
 NURS 6501 – Advanced Pathophysiology – Adaptive Response Essay

Professional Identity and Stawardship I

Interview a fellow peer in your class who works in a different health discipline than you. Begin your interview with the following questions:(note the answers to the interview have been provided

1.What is your role as a health care team member?

-I am the nurse specialist in the dialysis unit. I work with other disciplines in the unit to help keep our changing nursing practice current and relevant. Professional Identity and Stawardship.

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2.How do you define professionalism and how does professional responsibility influence your work?

-Professionalism can be defined as a person that presents with a set of skills and is able to skillfully perform his/her skills and also articulate the details of that particular skill set. My professional responsibilities enable me to keep current on the most current nursing practices.

3.Do you consider leaders in your organization stewards of health care? Why or Why not?

-Yes, I believe anyone can be a leader. We can all learn something new daily from our co-workers. We are all stewards of care.

4.Is it important to you that leaders exercise professional advocacy and authenticity as well as power and influence when working with colleagues? Why or why not?

-It is important that everyone, especially leaders display professional advocacy and authenticity. Leaders should be able to guide others without micro managing their staff.

In 500-750 words, summarize your interview and share your impressions of your peer’s responses.

Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required Professional Identity and Stawardship.

This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment.

You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Refer to the directions in the Student Success Center. Only Word documents can be submitted to LopesWrite. Professional Identity and Stawardship.

RUBRIC

Criteria

Achievement Levels

Description

Percentage

Unsatisfactory 0-71%

0.00 %

Less Than Satisfactory 72-75%

75.00 %

Satisfactory 76-79%

79.00 %

Good 80-89%

89.00 %

Excellent 90-100%

100.00 %

Content

80.0

Detailed Summary of Peer Interview

80.0

Summary of peer interview is not provided or is incomplete.

Summary of peer review is unclear or inconsistent with professionalism and the role of stewardship.

Summary of peer review is clear, but one of the four components of the interview is lacking.

Summary of peer review is provided with detailed explanation of each component of professionalism, stewardship, advocacy, and authenticity. Professional Identity and Stawardship.

Comprehensive summary of peer review is provided with detailed explanations of each component of professional identity and a thoughtful discussion of the interviewer’s perceptions of the interview experience.

Organization and Effectiveness

15.0

Thesis Development and Purpose

5.0

Paper lacks any discernible overall purpose or organizing claim.

Thesis and/or main claim are insufficiently developed and/or vague; purpose is not clear.

Thesis and/or main claim are apparent and appropriate to purpose.

Thesis and/or main claim are clear and forecast the development of the paper. It is descriptive and reflective of the arguments and appropriate to the purpose. Professional Identity and Stawardship.

Thesis and/or main claim are comprehensive; contained within the thesis is the essence of the paper. Thesis statement makes the purpose of the paper clear.

Paragraph Development and Transitions

5.0

Paragraphs and transitions consistently lack unity and coherence. No apparent connections between paragraphs are established. Transitions are inappropriate to purpose and scope. Organization is disjointed.

Some paragraphs and transitions may lack logical progression of ideas, unity, coherence, and/or cohesiveness. Some degree of organization is evident. Professional Identity and Stawardship.

Paragraphs are generally competent, but ideas may show some inconsistency in organization and/or in their relationships to each other.

A logical progression of ideas between paragraphs is apparent. Paragraphs exhibit a unity, coherence, and cohesiveness. Topic sentences and concluding remarks are appropriate to purpose.

There is a sophisticated construction of paragraphs and transitions. Ideas progress and relate to each other. Paragraph and transition construction guide the reader. Paragraph structure is seamless.

Mechanics of Writing (includes spelling, punctuation, grammar, language use)

5.0

Surface errors are pervasive enough that they impede communication of meaning. Inappropriate word choice and/or sentence construction are used Professional Identity and Stawardship.

Frequent and repetitive mechanical errors distract the reader. Inconsistencies in language choice (register), sentence structure, and/or word choice are present.

Some mechanical errors or typos are present, but are not overly distracting to the reader. Correct sentence structure and audience-appropriate language are used.

Prose is largely free of mechanical errors, although a few may be present. A variety of sentence structures and effective figures of speech are used.

Writer is clearly in command of standard, written, academic English.

Format

5.0

Paper Format (Use of appropriate style for the major and assignment)

5.0

Template is not used appropriately or documentation format is rarely followed correctly.

Template is used, but some elements are missing or mistaken; lack of control with formatting is apparent.

Template is used, and formatting is correct, although some minor errors may be present.

Template is fully used; There are virtually no errors in formatting style.

All format elements are correct Professional Identity and Stawardship.

Total Percentage

100

Professional Identity and Stawardship II

Interview a person in a formal position of leadership within your organization (e.g., a supervisor, a manager, a director). Begin your interview with the following questions:(Note answers to interview question have been provided afer the question below)

1.What is your role as a health care team member?

-As a healthcare team member, I am responsible for working with the interdisciplinary team to coordinate patient care efficiently.

2.How do you define professionalism and how does professional responsibility influence your work?

-I define professionalism as practicing to your core values and the hospital Core Values. I align my values with the Medical center. ICARE Professional Identity and Stawardship

3.Do you consider yourself a steward of health care? Why or Why not?

-Yes, it is important that leaders exercise professional advocacy and authenticity as well as power and influence when working with colleagues. We are each other’s customers. It is very important to exhibit characteristics we want to convey the message of care, trust and expertise.

4.Is it important to you that leaders exercise professional advocacy and authenticity as well as power and influence when working with colleagues? Why or why not?

In 500-750 words, summarize your interview and share your impressions of the leader’s responses.

Compare and contrast responses provided by your peer (in Professional Identity and Stewardship – Part I: Peer Interview assignment) with those provided by the leader. Share your impressions of their differences and similarities.

Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment.

You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Refer to the directions in the Student Success Center. Only Word documents can be submitted to LopesWrite. Professional Identity and Stawardship.

RBRIC:Criteria

Achievement Levels

Description

Percentage

Unsatisfactory 0-71%

0.00 %

Less Than Satisfactory 72-75%

75.00 %

Satisfactory 76-79%

79.00 %

Good 80-89%

89.00 %

Excellent 90-100%

100.00 %

Content

80.0

Detailed Summary of Leader Interview

70.0

Summary of leader interview is not provided or is incomplete.

Summary of leader review is unclear or inconsistent with professionalism and the role of stewardship.

Summary of leader interview is clear but one of the four components of the interview is lacking.

Summary of leader interview is provided with detailed explanation of each component of professionalism, stewardship, advocacy and authenticity. Professional Identity and Stawardship.

Comprehensive summary of leader interview is provided with detailed explanations of each component of professional identity and a thoughtful discussion of the interviewer’s perceptions of the interview experience.

Compares and contrasts the peer responses, from Professional Identify and Stewardship-Part 1, with those provided by the leader. Shares impression of differences and similarities.

10.0

No comparison and contrast of peer responses with those provided by the leader are provided.

Comparison and contrast of peer responses with those provided by the leader and student’s impression of those differences and similarities are not adequately addressed.

Comparison and contrast of peer responses with those provided by the leader and student’s impression of those differences and similarities meet the basic expectations of the assignment as indicated by the assignment instructions.

Comparison and contrast of peer responses with those provided by the leader and student’s impression of those differences and similarities demonstrate a clear understanding of roles, professionalism, stewardship, and advocacy as it applies to leadership Professional Identity and Stawardship.

Comparison and contrast of peer responses with those provided by the leader and student’s impression of those differences and similarities demonstrate a clear understanding of roles, professionalism, stewardship, and advocacy as it applies to leadership, while demonstrating higher level thinking as indicated by evidence of reflective thought.

Organization and Effectiveness

15.0

Thesis Development and Purpose

5.0

Paper lacks any discernible overall purpose or organizing claim.

Thesis and/or main claim are insufficiently developed and/or vague; purpose is not clear.

Thesis and/or main claim are apparent and appropriate to purpose.

Thesis and/or main claim are clear and forecast the development of the paper. It is descriptive and reflective of the arguments and appropriate to the purpose.

Thesis and/or main claim are comprehensive; contained within the thesis is the essence of the paper. Thesis statement makes the purpose of the paper clear. Professional Identity and Stawardship.

Paragraph Development and Transitions

5.0

Paragraphs and transitions consistently lack unity and coherence. No apparent connections between paragraphs are established. Transitions are inappropriate to purpose and scope. Organization is disjointed.

Some paragraphs and transitions may lack logical progression of ideas, unity, coherence, and/or cohesiveness. Some degree of organization is evident.

Paragraphs are generally competent, but ideas may show some inconsistency in organization and/or in their relationships to each other.

A logical progression of ideas between paragraphs is apparent. Paragraphs exhibit a unity, coherence, and cohesiveness. Topic sentences and concluding remarks are appropriate to purpose.

There is a sophisticated construction of paragraphs and transitions. Ideas progress and relate to each other. Paragraph and transition construction guide the reader. Paragraph structure is seamless.

Mechanics of Writing (includes spelling, punctuation, grammar, language use)

5.0

Surface errors are pervasive enough that they impede communication of meaning. Inappropriate word choice and/or sentence construction are used.

Frequent and repetitive mechanical errors distract the reader. Inconsistencies in language choice (register), sentence structure, and/or word choice are present.

Some mechanical errors or typos are present, but are not overly distracting to the reader. Correct sentence structure and audience-appropriate language are used.

Prose is largely free of mechanical errors, although a few may be present. A variety of sentence structures and effective figures of speech are used.

Writer is clearly in command of standard, written, academic English. Professional Identity and Stawardship.

Format

5.0

Paper Format (Use of appropriate style for the major and assignment)

5.0

Template is not used appropriately or documentation format is rarely followed correctly.

Template is used, but some elements are missing or mistaken; lack of control with formatting is apparent.

Template is used, and formatting is correct, although some minor errors may be present.

Template is fully used; There are virtually no errors in formatting style.

All format elements are correct.

Total Percentage Professional Identity and Stawardship

The future of nursing sample essay

The future of nursing is likely to experience an evolutionary shift from the current literature-based knowledge towards personalized learning frameworks. This is based on two reasons. Firstly, every individual has a subjective perspective of knowledge that is based on personal experiences both in the classroom and field as learning environments. This implies that knowledge needs may not necessarily be the same for two nurses even when they are at the same level. Secondly, learning and knowledge acquisition is a dynamic process that relies on personal reflection and interaction with the environment (Bonis, 2009). In essence, nursing theory development is likely to shift towards allowing nurses to explore humanistic and individualized care approaches that not only exhibit a good understanding of nursing care needs, but also transform the definition of nursing care within the health care environment while allowing individual nurses to find meaning in the profession. Hupcey and Penrod (2005) present similar sentiments when noting that theory development in nursing must have both meaning and purpose, in addition to finding out the ‘truth’. The future of nursing sample essay The implication is that while previous nursing theories development focused on presenting the truth, future theory development is anticipated to focus on personalized frameworks that is linked to individualized care approaches. Risjord (2009) concurs with these sentiments when noting that theory development must move away from simply finding out the truth towards realistically addressing existing problems in nursing care. Given this awareness, I anticipate that nursing theory development in maternal health nursing will focus on the patients’ experiences as part of the care process and not as an incidental outcome. This knowledge has changed my personal definition of nursing from simply supporting other medical professions (particularly physicians) towards the provision of a unique and differentiated medical service that is essential to the curative process. To be more precise, nurses enrich the care process by adopting an individualized approach that considers each patient as a singular unit with unique needs. In this respect, the future of nursing is likely to entail an increased focus on individualized and personalized care. The future of nursing sample essay.

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References

Bonis, S. A. (2009). Knowing in nursing: a concept analysis.
Journal of Advanced Nursing
, 65(6), 1328-1341. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04951.x

Hupcey, J. E., & Penrod, J. (2005). Concept analysis: examining the state of the science.
Research and Theory for Nursing Practice: An International Journal
, 19(2), 197-208.

Risjord, M. (2009). Rethinking concept analysis.
Journal of Advanced Nursing
, 65(3), 684-691. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04903.x The future of nursing sample essay

Theory Practice Gap Nursing Essay

Advancements in medical practice such as the use of medical technology for diagnosis and management of illnesses as well as the gradual population growth witnessed across the country needs individualized, prompt and highly skilled medical care.  It is for this reason that the nursing profession is urgently in need of reforms to fill the gap that currently exists between clinical practice and theory. Although there are a lot of controversies surrounding the existence of this gap, some of which are difficult to understand, the need to find strategies that meet human health needs is paramount. Theory Practice Gap Nursing Essay. This paper discusses some of the gaps that exist in nursing theory and provides highly effective strategies which can be used to fill this gap to meet population health demands.

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According to the Institute of Medicine, the quality of care delivered to American citizens is not only poor but also unsafe. Safety concerns have been associated with most healthcare organizations pushing towards making more profits as compared to providing high quality, efficient and effective care which results to good health outcomes (Institute of Medicine & Committee on the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Initiative on the Future of Nursing, 2011).   Based on this reasoning, it is strongly believed that most nursing programs only rush nursing students through their education and gets them released to provide services when they are not fully prepared or mastered some of the most important skills of creating a caring environment that is safe, culturally competent and patient-centered (Needham, McMurray & Shaban, 2016). Theory Practice Gap Nursing Essay. Based on this finding, it is probably important to consider changing the roles of nurse instructors, educators and nursing schools to provide training that imparts the mastery of skills, creativity, and knowledge which can be applied in clinical care to help fill the gap in nursing theory and practice.

Another approach of filling the gap in theory and practice as proposed by Dubé & Ducharme (2015) is embracing evidence-based practice through a constructivist approach in learning and teaching. Evidence-based practice is today a goal-standard of nursing care in clinical practice which is the reason that most education and healthcare institutions have shifted their focus to evidence-based research. A similar approach is proposed by Needham, McMurray & Shaban (2016) in an attempt to meet the healthcare demands in this century. They clearly outline that, academic strategies which focus on introducing EBP   in BSN nursing should be implemented in the preparation of nurses in the future. EBP involves reflective practice; problem-based learning and experimental learning which create a good foundation for nurses in active clinical practice (Dubé & Ducharme, 2015). With this approach, the gap in nursing theory and clinical practice can slowly be bridged since nurses will be able to apply some of the most present frameworks in obtaining and applying knowledge. Theory Practice Gap Nursing Essay.

Hatlevik (2012) outlines the recent advancements in the use of technology in medical practice and how important it is for healthcare organizations to integrate the use of EHRs systems in daily clinical practice. EHRs systems have numerous clinical advantages such as the provision of accurate, complete and up-to-date information at the point of care, more-coordinated and quick access to patient records, more reliable diagnoses and prescribing, improved work-life balance and productivity (Hatlevik, 2012). Collectively, the use of EHRs systems leads to reduced healthcare costs by improving safety, reducing paperwork and reducing the duplication of tests which improves care. He, however, notes that the ability of healthcare organizations to integrate EHRs systems in clinical practice has majorly been hindered by gaps in the classroom. Theory Practice Gap Nursing Essay.  Most nursing training programs fail to train nurses in computer systems to acquire the knowledge and skills that would be necessary for applying in the clinical setting (Hatlevik, 2012).  Therefore, upon the completion of training, they are not familiar with basic knowledge in computer systems which they are supposed to work with.

On the conflicting side, Sellman (2010) strongly advises that the gap that exists between nursing theory and practice should not only be appreciated but also preserved and respected. Although the majority in the nursing profession feels that nursing practice and theory ought to be synonymous, he highlights that when the variations between the two are not recognized, the essential differences can easily be forgotten. The differences discussed in this case is that when a theory is applied in classroom settings, it takes away the significance of clinical adaptations as well as the essence of theory on its own. Sellman (2010) is certain that there is a reason for the existence of this gap since practice and theory are totally two separate schools in terms of implementation and thoughts. From a personal perspective, I clearly understand Sellman’s argument but it’s not practical given the changing nature of nursing practice and the recommendations provided by the Institute of Medicine in their report
Leading Change

In conclusion, I feel that there is an urgent need for stakeholders in the health sector, the policymakers in the education sector, professional nursing organizations and nurses to work towards bridging the gap that exists between nursing theory and practice. Theory Practice Gap Nursing Essay. Apart from using simulations and administering knowledge-based assessments, nurse educators and clinical preceptors should consider molding nursing students to meet the standards recommended by the Institute of Medicine such that they will be able to embrace EBP and apply knowledge and skills learned in class to the clinical setting. When the significance of a coinciding nursing theory and clinical practice is understood is understood, nurses will be able to achieve some extent and sense of realism and be practical in daily practice. Theory Practice Gap Nursing Essay.

References

Dubé, V., & Ducharme, F. (2015). Nursing reflective practice: An empirical literature. 
Journal of Nursing Education and Practice
, 
5
(7).

Hatlevik, I. K. R. (2012). The theory‐practice relationship: reflective skills and theoretical knowledge as key factors in bridging the gap between theory and practice in initial nursing education. 
Journal of advanced nursing
, 
68
(4), 868-877.

Institute of Medicine (US). Committee on the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Initiative on the Future of Nursing. (2011). 
The future of nursing: Leading change, advancing health
. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

Needham, J., McMurray, A., & Shaban, R. Z. (2016). Best practice in clinical facilitation of undergraduate nursing students. 
Nurse education in practice
, 
20
, 131-138.

Sellman, D. (2010). Mind the gap: philosophy, theory, and practice. 
Nursing Philosophy
, 
11
(2), 85-87. Theory Practice Gap Nursing Essay

Empirical referents definition essay

Define empirical referents

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Empirical referents is a research term for the measurable aspect that represents a concept of interest. In fact, they refer to quantifiable features that represent the changes of interest in a concept (Brush et al., 2011).  For instance, in seeking to measure pain, they would be objective and subjective empirical referents that quantify pain. The objective empirical referents would refer to the measures of pain that an independent observer notes while subjective empirical referents would refer to how the patient interprets the pain in terms of verbal and non-verbal expressions and experiences. In this case, pain is the concept of interest while the subjective and objective empirical referents are the measurable pain attributes. Empirical referents definition essay. The attributes could include displeasure, discomfort, fear of rejection, tissue damage, neurophysiological indicators, and emotional distress (Walker & Avant, 2005). It is notable that although empirical referents are intended to present accurate quantitative and comparative representations of the concept of interest, they are influenced by antecedents of the individual participants and subjects that could include demographic characteristics and environmental influences. Despite this shortcoming, it is important to note that empirical referents present a valuable opportunity for presenting a quantifiable perspective that helps in understanding all the components within any concept of interest to a researcher (Liu et al., 2014). In this respect, an empirical referent is a measurable approach for detailing the components and occurrences of a concept, acting as a tool that quantifies the processes associated with the concept and their outcomes Empirical referents definition essay.

References

Brush, B., Kirk, K., Gultekin, L. & Baiardi, J. (2011). Overcoming: a concept analysis.
Nurs Forum
. 46(3), 160-168. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6198.2011.00227.x

Liu, Y., Avant, K., Aungsuroch, Y., Zhang, X-Y. & Jiang, P. (2014). Patient outcomes in the field of nursing: a concept analysis. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 1(1), 69-74. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnss.2014.02.006

Walker, L. O., & Avant, K., (2005).
Strategies for theory construction in nursing
(4
th
ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Empirical referents definition essay.

Rosemarie R. Parse Human Becoming theory critique

Directions:

Select one of the models
 listed on the table in Meleis (Table 10-1, page 177) and critique the theory you have selected to present.

Selected Theory is:  Rosemarie R. Parse

Address all criteria presented in the model you select.

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For
Barnum
that includes the
Internal Criticism and External Criticism
,
Chinn and Kramer
includes
Description of Theory and Critical Reflection
,
Fawcett
you should complete
Analysis & Evaluation of Nursing Models
if you are using a model  or Analysis & Evaluation of Nursing Theories if you are using a theory which most of you are using, and
Whall
  you should complete
Criteria for Practice Theory
, Criteria for Middle-Range Theory or Critieria for Conceptual Models which every is appropriate for your theory.

Assignment Details:

Maximum length five (5) pages

APA format

RUBRICS

Describes theory and rationale for selection

Identifies model for critique

Uses criteria for critique according to mode

Minimal grammar and spelling errors; adheres to page limit

Provides Appropriate Reference List in APA format

Rosemarie R. Parse Human Becoming theory critique

APA formatting

Introduction

Rosemarie R. Parse developed the theory of Human Becoming in 1981. The theory was formally known as the Man-Living-Health Theory until 1992 when it was changed (Parse, 2015). Tenets and theories of Rosemarie R. Parse’s theory borrowed from the principles and concepts of Roger and the phenomenon of existence. She has extensively written the Human Becoming theory in multiple literature materials including journals, her website, and books. This paper consists of a description, evaluation, and analysis of Human Becoming theory with regard to the guidelines of Chinn and Kramer. Rosemarie R. Parse Human Becoming theory critique.

The Chinn and Kramer model was utilized in the analysis of Parse’s Human Becoming theory. This model was formulated in 1983 by Maenoa Kramer and Peggy Chinn and it consists of a two-step process for theory evaluation. The first step entails theory description whereby assumptions, concepts, purpose, structure relationships and definitions are explored (Im, 2015). The second step is characterized by critical reflection whereby, the purpose of the theory is scrutinized. This model has been used to critique most of the traditional nursing theories and thus is effective in criticizing the Human Becoming Theory.

Description

This description of Parse’s Theory of Human Becoming section involves the identification of the purpose, definition of terms and phrases, explanation of concepts, structure, relationships, and assumptions related to the theory. The purpose of the Human Becoming Theory was developed to shift the perspective of a person to human science from the medical model (Parse, 2015). Parse sought to relate situations with the factors around them whereby, human beings are considered as participants. Rosemarie R. Parse Human Becoming theory critique. The Human Becoming Theory views the role of nurses as facilitation of healthcare decision making following the current situation and health status. As such, the nursing practice goal according to Parse theory of Human Becoming is to enhance the quality of life, based on the personal perspective of the patient. It offers alternatives to bio-psycho-social-spiritual and conventional bio-medical approaches of other theoretical frameworks of nursing.

Concepts define the central issues relating to the Human Becoming theory. Nursing theories define four concepts according to Fawcett which include; nursing, environment, health and person (Parse, 2015). The human becoming theory defines the environment as everything in the person, meaning that they are inseparable, evolve with and complement each other as they create experiences. The concept of health is related to the way of life and values which impact the wellness of an individual. Moreover, the concept of the nursing paradigm is considered by the theory of human becoming as the art of performing basic science through caring, loving and interaction of people to improve the quality of life. The person is obviously the center of Parse’s theory and is perceived as more than the summation of body parts.

Three main assumptions made by the Human Becoming theory include meaning, rhythmicity, and transcendence. The meaning assumption entails the free search for personal meaning in situations. It also presumes that personal lived experiences define the meaning of human’s reality and the surrounding and human beings in it co-create (Parse, 2015). Rhythmicity assumptions of Human becoming theory presume that mutual processes of interaction between the universe and the people are co-created by human beings in rhythmical patterns. Lastly, the transcendence stipulates that emerging possibilities are multidimensionally co-transcending with humans (Parse, 2015). It describes the transformation of people beyond their set limits.

Other assumptions relate to man and becoming. Theoretical assumptions about man state that human is coexisting while co-constituting rhythmical patterns with the universe, the human is open, freely choosing meaning in situation, bearing responsibility for decisions, the human is unitary, continuously co-constituting patterns of relating and the human is transcending multidimensionally with the possible (Current Nursing, 2011). Assumptions of becoming focused on becoming as unitary human’s emerging and human-living-health. It also assumes that becoming is an intersubjective process of transcending with the possible, the human’s patterns of relating value priorities and a rhythmically co-constituting human-universe process.

Critical Reflection

This critical reflection section of the paper seeks to provide an analysis of the clarity of the theory, its accessibility, generalizability, and simplicity with regard to the description explored in the first section. Human Becoming theory presents a transformative approach to all nursing levels.  It does not seek to fix problems; a character that differentiates it from the traditional nursing process. Rosemarie R. Parse Human Becoming theory critique. Instead, it allows nurse practitioners to practice according to the perspectives of the patient. Nurses are thus able to guide individuals towards achieving the life they perceive as quality based on their experiences. Practitioners are guided by the art of human becoming characterized by unfolding meaning, transcendence and synchronizing rhythms (Parse, 2015) Rosemarie R. Parse Human Becoming theory critique.

Human Becoming theory presents clear relationships that are consistent with the logical precision research methodology to the theoretical structures, principles, assumptions and practice dimensions. The familiarity of terminologies makes concepts clearer to the reader. Moreover, the Human Being theory is complex. However, simplicity is achieved through the differentiation of simultaneity and totality paradigms as well as the creation of nine assumptions from the analysis of concepts, principles, and tenets. Concepts are related to each other by theoretical principles.

On generalizability, Parse’s theory of human becoming is applicable to all human beings since its focus is on the unitarily of humans and their lived experiences (Parse, 2015). Consequently, the accessibility of the Human Being theory is limited in novice nurses. As such, it is not applied in the emergency room and acute care. The derivable consequence of this theory is associated with critical thinking of nurses in giving the correct guidance to patients as they select their preferable life. Rosemarie R. Parse Human Becoming theory critique. Critical thinking seeks to find meaning, mobilizes transcendence and synchronizes rhythms without judgment. On social significance, Parse’s theory makes a relevant contribution to the lives of nurses and patients. It is also congruence with personal, professional and social values which helps fulfill the nursing role expectations.

Strengths and Weaknesses

One of the strengths of Parse’s Human Becoming theory is that it differentiates other disciplines from nursing. It also provides assumptions, concepts, and principles of nursing practice and provides useful information with guidelines on administration sound practice (Current Nursing, 2011). Besides, it offers research methodologies and supports the inquiry of other theories from an effective framework.

The weaknesses include that it provides closed circle research with no room for expansion. Its results are also difficult to quantify and it does not use the nursing diagnoses. Additionally, the theory focuses on generalizes and undermines the uniqueness of an individual. It is not accessible and applicable in several healthcare departments including the emergency, acute acre and novice nursing (Current Nursing, 2011). Rosemarie R. Parse Human Becoming theory critique.

Conclusion

Theory critique using the Chinn and Kramer guidelines helps in describing and reflecting relevant aspects of theories.  The paper has criticized the Human Being theory effectively providing the purpose, concepts, assumptions and description. The weaknesses, strengths and characteristics reveal the simplicity, accessibility, social importance, clarity and generalizability of the theory and its significance in nursing practice. Rosemarie R. Parse Human Becoming theory critique.

 

References

Current Nursing (2011) Human Becoming Theory. Retrieved http://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/Rosemary_Pars_Human_Becoming_Theory.html on February 12, 2019

Im, E. O. (2015). The current status of theory evaluation in nursing. 
Journal of advanced nursing
, 
71
(10), 2268-2278.

Parse, R. R. (2015). Rosemarie Rizzo Parse’s human becoming paradigm. 
Nursing theories and nursing practice
, 263-277. Rosemarie R. Parse Human Becoming theory critique.