Tag: Clinical-Nursing

Essay – health issues that face marginalized/minority women

DETAILS

The health issues that face marginalized/minority women

Write a 1200 word (Approximately five typed pages using a 12 point font) essay on the topic listed below. The purpose of the assignment is to give you a chance to make connections between the ideas in the various modules in the course.

When preparing your paper 
you should draw on at least three Modules and at least five assigned readings
. You may draw on personal experience and observation, 
but the course material must always take precedence.

See “
Expectations for the Final Essay”
 below.

BUY A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HERE

Final Essay Topic

THIS ASSIGNMENT IS CANADIAN BASED

In your final paper you are to discuss:

“The health issues that face marginalized/minority women”

You can concentrate on one minority group such as women of colour, women from the LGBT community or Aboriginal women or you can discuss various groups – but no more than three different groups. (The ones listed are suggestions only; you can choose the one(s) that you believe are of greatest interest to you). Keep in mind that this is a short paper and you are to follow the parameters for the assignment set out above.

To conclude, consider what measure or measures (discuss no more than two) that can be taken to address the health care needs of marginalized women.

You will be graded on the choices you make, the resources you use, and the way that you expressed yourself.

Do not hesitate to contact the Course Supervisor if you want to discuss your choices. Contact information is included on the course’s homepage. Essay – health issues that face marginalized/minority women

Expectations for the Final Essay

Included here are some of the expectations I have regarding the final essay assignment in this course. Please note that marks may be deducted for not following these directions:

Sources: 
You are to use only the course material for the preparation of your final paper. I expect that you will draw broadly from across the course in developing the ideas in your paper. You should use material from at least three different modules and you should use at least five assigned readings. For example, if you were addressing the question “Why is aging a women’s issue?” you could use material from Module 1 on the demographics of aging, from Module 2 on the double standard of aging and on Module 5 regarding health issues, and so on. I also expect that you will draw heavily on the assigned readings under content on D2L. If you approach your sources in this light you will have a wealth of material from which to draw.

Length: 
the essay should be approximately 6 pages (1200 words) plus a bibliography. A paper much shorter than this would not cover the topic adequately. I calculate a page to be 25 typed double-spaced lines of 10 words each, making a total of 250 words per page. If you are handwriting your essay, you must adjust accordingly for length.

Cover Page: 
Your paper should have a cover page, which would clearly set out the following: your name, the course number, the professor’s name, the essay title, and any other information you think is important.

Title: 
Academic essays should have a title, which suggests the content of your paper. If your paper is on heart disease, your title will read something about the topic such as “Heart Disease: A History of Neglecting Women.” As noted above, your title will be set out on your cover page.

Reference Notes: 
You must use proper references throughout your paper (parenthetical notes, endnotes or footnotes). If using parenthetical notes, simply use the module and the page when citing the Manual, i.e. (Module 1 9). When referencing articles and formatting your bibliography use the Manual as a guide, or use any recognized academic reference guide (APA, MLA, U of Chicago Press, etc.) but be consistent. Essays that do not have reference notes will not be graded.

Direct Quotes: 
Limit yourself to no more than two direct quotes. You must learn to take an idea from an author, shape it into your own words, and use a reference note to show where you got the idea. You cannot have too many reference notes. Better to have more than not enough.

Bibliography: 
The final page of your essay will be your bibliography or list of references used. This will be made up of only the sources used to construct your essay but will include material from the course Manual. Don’t “pad” your bibliography with sources you did not actually use. When formatting your bibliography use any recognized academic reference guide (APA, MLA, U of Chicago Press, etc.) but be consistent (you can also use as an example, any of the bibliography or list of articles at the end of any of the articles in the course. You can access excellent style guides from the internet. For example, see 
http://owl.english.purdue.
edu
. When listing articles you have used to develop your paper cite the author of the article, the title of the article and the publication data. 
An essay that does not have a bibliography/references will not be graded.

 

The health issues that face marginalized/minority women

The health issues that face marginalized/minority women

Reproductive and Sexual Health Challenges Facing the Aboriginal Women

Introduction

Aboriginal women constitute about 4.3 percent of the female population in Canada, yet they remain as the most oppressed and marginalized minorities in the country. Aboriginal women face a disproportionately high level of adverse sexual health and reproductive outcomes, such as complicated childbirth, sexual transmitted infections as well as changes in the menstrual and menopause cycles. These challenges have complicated an already complex health care system for the First Nation Women. It is widely acknowledged that the destruction of Aboriginal cultures has placed women at heightened risk of sexual health challenges. Today, First Nation women experience enhanced rates of reproductive and sexual health issues including high incidences of reproductive tract infections, HIV/AIDS, cervical cancer, high-risk pregnancies, and maternal mortality – to mention a few. In this respect, this research paper focuses on the reproductive and sexual health challenges experienced by aboriginal women with more emphasis being placed on childbirth, sexual transmitted infections as well as changes in the menstrual and menopause cycles. Essay – health issues that face marginalized/minority women.

Childbirth Issues among the Aboriginal Women

Childbirth is a critical life activity in all societies. Midwives were the main caregivers among the Aboriginal groups. Typically, care during the period of pregnancy occurred within the woman’s locality and birth took place at home. The medicalization of health care in Canada was implemented in 1972 and has shaped the country’s maternal health care system for decades. Medicalization of maternal health has become commonplace among the non-aboriginal populace. As a matter of fact, there is sizeable evidence that suggest that many women in Canada have embraced medicalization as far as maternal health is concerned. The main motivator of enhanced maternal medicalization is the fact that women want to have healthy babies. The era of medicalization of maternal health led to a drastic drop in reproductive deaths in the West during the 20
th
century when medicalization become commonplace. Evidence suggests that death rates are lower where medicalization of birth has taken foothold. It has been established that the chances of having a healthy baby and the mother surviving increases with improved maternal medical technologies (Johanson, Newburn and Macfarlane, 2002).

However, medicalization of maternal health has had limited impact on the aboriginal women due to a number of constraints. First, the aboriginal women are confined in the rural areas which makes it very difficult for them to access to health care facilities. The rural setup encourages the traditional technique of mothers giving birth from home and this is the main contributor to high rates of maternal deaths among the aboriginal women. Second, the cost of maternal health is prohibitive to the aboriginal women. Most aboriginal women in Canada do not have access to health insurance and this makes it very difficult for them to access medicalized childbirth programs aimed at improving maternal health (Kornelsen et al. 2010). Essay – health issues that face marginalized/minority women

Sexual Transmitted Infections

The rate of sexual transmitted infections is higher among the aboriginal populace than in the general Canadian populace. Low socioeconomic status, marginalization as well as high incidences of sexual abuse are the primary motivators of aboriginal women engaging in unprotected sex with new partners (Wershler, 2004). It is has been noted that the North American region is experiencing an explosion of sexual transmitted infections. There is a general feeling that this trend will continue going into the future because sexual activities with multiple partners has gained foothold in the Western society than ever before. Today, young women are having sex with multiple partners than ever before. What is surprising is the large percentage of women having unprotected sex without using a condom in order to shield themselves against STIs. Women are generally shy to ask their male partners to use a condom because most of the times, the male reject the idea. This situation is replicated in the Aboriginal society. HIV is more prevalent among the First Nation women. Risky sexual behavior has been acknowledged as the primary contributor to the spread of HIV/AIDs. Existing statistics point to the fact that women are more vulnerable to STIs than men are. In most incidences, rates of chlamydia for women aged between 15 to 17 were reported to be 7 times higher than it is among males of the same age group. Incidences of gonorrhea and syphilis are also high among women as compared to men within the identified age bracket (McCarthy, 2011). These incidences are even higher among the aboriginal women. The rate of cervical cancer among the Aboriginal women is three times higher than the non- Aboriginal women in Canada. The reason for this higher statistics could be due to enhanced unprotected sexual activities among the Aboriginal women. Lack of awareness has been blamed for the widespread of STIs among the Aboriginal population. There is need to enhance education and awareness among Aboriginal population on the effects of STIs.

Changing Menstrual and Menopause Cycles

           
Menstruation occurs among most women aged from 13 to 50 years. Menopause, like menstruation is a universal experience for all women. Menopause marks the end of the productive age of a woman.  Today, the Canadian populace is made up of aging women and as a result there is a high concentration of women who have hit the menopause phase of life in the country. Menstruation among the Aboriginal women, like any other society that still observes ancient cultural practices, is shrouded in secrecy. However, today, menstruation and menopause  issues are increasingly gaining populace in the world of research and academia as reproductive health issues become a widely research area. Today, menstruation occurs in women early and menopause is likely to happen earlier to changes in reproductive health. One contributor that has been assigned the blame of changing menstruation and menopause periods is the use of family planning techniques that alter hormonal imbalance (Roberts, 2000). There is a general increase in the use of family planning tools across the Canadian populace and this has been blamed for the changes experienced in the menstrual and menopause cycles (Loshny, 2004). Among the Aboriginal women, the cases are rare, but the increasingly openness of the society on the use of contraceptives is likely to have an impact on this segment of the population. Essay – health issues that face marginalized/minority women

Recommendation and Conclusion

Reproductive and sexual health issues are increasingly becoming important in the Canadian society, especially among the First Nation populace. Against this background, this paper recommends that:

Medicalization of childbirth to be enhanced among the First Nation population in order to limit incidences of maternal deaths

Awareness should be raised on the spread of STI’s among the Aboriginal population in order to reduce the prevalence

In conclusion, it has been established that although the Aboriginal women constitute about 4.3 percent of the female population in Canada, they remain as the most oppressed and marginalized minorities in the country. Aboriginal women face a disproportionately high level of adverse sexual health and reproductive outcomes, such as complicated childbirth, sexual transmitted infections as well as changes in the menstrual and menopause cycles. These incidences can be ameliorated through enhanced medicalization of maternal health and increase awareness on the effects of STIs on the Aboriginal population.

 

References

Johanson, R., Newburn, M. and Macfarlane, A. (2002). Has the Medicalization of Childbirth Gone Too Far?.
British Medical Journal
, 324(7342), 892.

Kornelsen, Jude, et al. (2010). “The geography of belonging: The experience of birthing at home for First Nations women“
in Health & Place
16(4), 638-645.

Loshny, H. (2004). From Birth Control to Menstrual Control: The Launch of the Extended Oral Contraceptive, Seasonale.
Canadian Woman Studies
, 24(1), 63-67.

McCarthy, M. (2011). Prescribing Contraception to Women with Intellectual Disabilities: General Practititioners’ Attitudes and Practices.
Sexuality and Disability
29(4), 339-349.

Roberts, D. (2000). Black Women and the Pill. Family Planning Perspectives, 32(2), 92-93

Wershler, L. (2004). Depo-Provera: Does this Contraceptive Choice Support the Health and Well-Being of Adolescents and Young Women.
Canadian Woman Studies
, 24(1), 105-107. Essay – health issues that face marginalized/minority women

Obesity essay

DETAILS:

OBESITY

According to the World Health Organization, obesity rates have more than doubled since 1980 and most of the world’s population now lives in countries where obesity kills more people than being underweight.

 

During class we will watch the film Supersize Me and review the impact an unhealthy diet can have on health and wellbeing 

This will be followed by a 4 page paper reviewing the movie by answering the following questions:

Is there anything that you heard and/or saw in the movie that you found surprising, interesting, or that was new information? What was it and what effect did it have on you?

Find the nutritional information (saturated fat, sugar, fiber, calories, etc.) for a Big Mac meal with large fries and a large coke. If Morgan ate this meal how many calories would he consume? How does this align with daily recommended values for macronutrients? Health Canada, recommends a caloric intake of 2350 for men 31-50 years old who lead a sedentary lifestyle. How many calories would Morgan have left for the day? What could he order at McDonalds that wouldn’t push him over 2350 calories and the daily values for macronutrients?

Using research, provide an overview of the health risks related to obesity/sedentary lifestyles. You must also include a minimum of 2 scholarly articles that detail ways of mitigating those risks.

Introduction

ORDER A CUSTOM-WRITTEN, PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER NOW

Obesity is a killer disease, but most people continue to underestimate its adversity. Probably due to insufficient knowledge. Although it can be caused by genetic conditions or pharmaceutical drugs that add individual’s weight, many people consider it a lifestyle disease and therefore, it is a consequence of the victims’ choices (Morgan, 2017), Morgan Spurlock affirms this in the movie The Supersize Me. Cases of obesity continue to rise around the globe. The deaths arising from it will increase. It is in good faith to address these concerns through this Obesity essay paper

 

Shocking Surprise about Fast Foods

It is quite shocking how quick the junky food tampers with the normal body system. In the movie, Spurlock gained so much weight in just one month, almost immediately, he started paying the price in the form of chest pains and nausea. It got my mind spinning with thoughts about obesity life. How do such people continue to live with that? For some addiction, craving or whatever makes them stick to this diet religiously, it does not justify their habit. They must be going through what Spurlock experienced, probably worse. It is a slow poison, and many vegans know this but stick to it anyway (Pawara, Pardeshib & Rajputc, 2014). Even more fascinating, is how people love and stick to the so-called fast foods, alluding to their convenience but in the end, cannot run or move around ‘just as fast.’ I do not see any reason to hold on to their habits, besides there are so many cafes with healthy and delicious foods. In fact, it inconveniences them big time. Obesity essay

 

Big Mac Contents

Big Mac is a trademark for fast food restaurant McDonald. It has just about 563 calories. The levels are well within the range considered healthy. Sticking to a Big Mac alone is not that bad health wise if one is to take calories into account (Corleone, 2017). However, topping up tries to it scales up the figures, a coke further shakes the calories and renders the entire meal unhealthy. To break it down, fries’ calories range between 240 to 500 depending on the variety and sizes, up to 6 grams of proteins, about 21 grams of fat, 30 to 65 grams of carb and approximately 250 grams of sodium. All this add up to 1120 calories. Morgan falls short of the 2350 mark recommended by Health Canada by more than half.

To scale up and cover the remaining gap, McDonald’s offers various drink choices, including an assortment of soft drinks, sweet tea, and milkshakes. Calories in pop beverages depend on the size and flavor, extending from as low as 140 calories for a little cola to as much as 280 calories in a huge sweet tea. Milkshake calories run from 510 to 540.

He could, for instance, order his much preferred Bug Mac and accompany it with medium coke and fries. The order will have about a total of 1080 calories. Replacing his cola drink with a milkshake will boost the calories and other nutrients to about 1420. That is about 60 percent of the recommended. He would also add a McClure and a Shamrock Shake to this to add 620 and 820 for each respectively. His total calories will be well above 2350 and an increase in macronutrients. Obesity essay

Health Risks Related to Obesity and Sedentary Lifestyle

It is quite debatable what leads to another between obesity and sedentary lifestyle. One thing is clear though. Aznar et al.,. 2013 believes that obese people lead a sedentary lifestyle – not by choice as in the opposite case. Obesity is a chronic disease. It can negatively impact some systems in a human. The obese people are at a high risk of other chronic diseases among other health complications. The increases fat s in the body fills up the blood vessels making it hard for smooth blood flow, the heart must, therefore, pump blood with much pressure to ensure blood reaches other body parts, the increased force exerts too much pressure on the wall of the blood vessel. If the condition prolongs, the heart gets overwhelmed due to excessive activity; this is what often leads to heart problem among the obese. Cases of bone and joint problems are much likely to occur among the obese because of too much weight that they have to support. It can also slow down the sexual activity of the obese couples. Obesity makes it so difficult for people to be productive due to sedentary lifestyle. It often causes many breathing problems to the victim and takes them too much effort to carry their heavyweight around. Even worse, the high fat contenting their body presents a high risk of cancer. Research has shown that too much fat in the body can encourage the growth of malignant tissues (cancer) in the breast, colon, gallbladder or the uterus (Scherer et al., 2014). The accumulation of fats is to a large extent encouraged by the sedentary lifestyle.

Mitigating Obesity and Associated Risks

To avert the obesity-related risks, it is important to understand how to prevent it. The best way is to understand what causes it and work towards mitigating the causes. So how does obesity come about? There are two major ways in which people become obese: Sedentary lifestyle, this is one in which a person has minimal or zero body activity. As such, they are not able to burn the fats in there body. As a result of the accumulation over time, it leads to overweight. The second cause it is the eating habits and diet. Obesity essay

Obesity is gauged by the body mass index (BMI), a ration of the body mass in kilograms against the square of one’s height. If it between 18 to 24.9, it is normal. Anything beyond this is obesity (Weiderpass, 2014). To reduce the index, one can only reduce the body mass. Minimizing the fats in the body is the simple solution. Physical exercises can be very instrumental in achieving this. Cena, (2014) argues that If it is not a gym aerobics, jogging and other physical activities can help burn out fats causing the overweight. Federico, (2017) however says this must be done on a regular basis to be effective.

Eating habits are the second main cause of obesity (Batra, Strecher & Keller, 2015). Eating too much and regularly makes the body system absorb too many calories and fats than it can burn. Such is the case with the regular eating of hyper-palatable foods. Such foods are engineered to be tastier so that people can buy more, but the truth is, they are junk. Remember it is business, producers care little of what it does to one’s body. That is why fighting obesity is to a great extent a matter of one’s choice or willpower as obesity specialists call it. Regular consumption of natural foods (unprocessed) and in the right amounts avert the risk of becoming obese.

We can fight obesity by creating awareness through public education. Non-governmental organizations championing healthy living can also legally challenge the misleading adverts on burgers and other junk foods targeting the minors v

Conclusion

Obesity is a serious chronic condition that can lead to even worse health complications. So far, it has caused many deaths around the globe. Fighting it will take each person’s effort because being healthy is their responsibility in the first place. Ideally, we should all adopt healthy diets that minimize accumulation of too much fats in our bodies and taking regular physical activity exercises to burn the excess fats that manage to accumulate.

References

 

Batra, R., Strecher, V. J., & Keller, P. A. (2015).
Leveraging consumer psychology for effective health communications: The obesity challenge
. Routledge.

Cena, H. (2014). Does physical activity and sport practice lead to a healthier lifestyle and eating habits in male adolescents.
J Nutr Health
,
1
, 103.

Federico, R. A. (2017). Get Up, Stand Up: A Brief History of Sedentarism and Why Movement is Good Medicine.
Journal of Evolution and Health
,
2
(1), 12.

Jill Corleone,: Oct 03, 2017 How Many Calories Are in a Big Mac Meal. Retrieved on: 10/26/2017.  
https://www.livestrong.com/article/312522-how-many-calories-are-in-a-big-mac-meal/

Kitahara, C. M., Flint, A. J., de Gonzalez, A. B., Bernstein, L., Brotzman, M., MacInnis, R. J., … & Weiderpass, E. (2014). Association between class III obesity (BMI of 40–59 kg/m2) and mortality: a pooled analysis of 20 prospective studies.
PLoS medicine
,
11
(7), e1001673.

Morgan, J. (2017). Obesity stories.

Park, J., Morley, T. S., Kim, M., Clegg, D. J., & Scherer, P. E. (2014). Obesity and cancer [mdash] mechanisms underlying tumour progression and recurrence.
Nature Reviews Endocrinology
,
10
(8), 455-465.

Pawara, S. G., Pardeshib, I. L., & Rajputc, S. G. (2014). Convenience Foods and Its Packaging Effects on Human Health: A Review.
Journal of Ready to Eat Food| October-December
,
1
(4), 127-132.

Santaliestra-Pasías, A. M., Rey-López, J. P., & Moreno Aznar, L. A. (2013). Obesity and sedentarism in children and adolescents: what should be bone?.
Nutricion hospitalaria
,
28
(5). Obesity essay

Life of a Cell Biology essay

 

Introduction

In biology the cell is the basic functional, structural, and biological unit of every known living organism. A cell is one of the smallest units of life with capabilities of replicating independently, and cells are commonly referred to as the “buildings blocks of life”. A day in the life of a cell consists of a number of aspects worth noting. Water, oxygen, and Amino acids must enter a cell. On the other hand, hormones must leave a cell. This is short story on a day in the life of a cell.

Water entering the cell

           
Water is an essential necessity in cells as it is directly involved in countless biochemical reactions such as photosynthesis and respiration. Water molecules pass directly through the cell membrane into the cell itself in a process referred to as osmosis. Here, water molecules move through a semi-permeable membrane into a region of higher concentration towards a direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides. It is important to note that in a cell where so many organelles and other large molecules exist, the water flow is always into the cell. Of importance to note is that the type of transport here is passive transport, an aspect that requires no energy from the cell (Rey, Marinov, Vogler and Sigrist, 2005). Life of a Cell Biology essay

ORDER A CUSTOM-WRITTEN, PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER NOW

Oxygen entering the cell

           
Apart from water, cells need oxygen in order to function properly. Proppe and Harrel (2007) argue that oxygen enters a cell by a process known as diffusion. When a person breathes in air, the oxygen does not just stay in the lungs. It has a lot of travelling to do. First, after entering the lungs, the oxygen enters the blood stream from the alveoli where gas exchanges take place through diffusion. After that, the oxygen-rich blood returns to the heart where it gets pumped through the aorta. From the aorta, oxygen rich blood then travels to the smaller arteries and, finally into the capillaries. Here, oxygen molecules move, by a process known as diffusion into the cells (Proppe and Harrel, 2007).

Amino acids entering the cell

           
According to Herce and Garcia (2007), proteins play a critical role in nearly all biological processes and amino acids are the major building blocks of it. Amino acids carry out important bodily functions such as giving cells their structure. However, how they enter the cell is worth knowing. The movement of amino acids into the cytoplasm takes place via biochemically and functionally amino acid transport systems defined by the basis of physic-chemical properties and amino acid selectivities. Herce and Garcia (2007) further argue that each system relates to discrete membrane-bound transporter protein residing within the cell membrane functioning to translocate amino acids from the extracellular to the cytoplasm. Majority of these transporters need sodium for maximal movement. The transporter acts as an enzyme that works on catalyzing the movement of its bound amino acid (and sodium) into the cell. Life of a Cell Biology essay

Hormones leaving the cell

           
Hormones play a number of roles in a cell, but one of its important functions is the liberation of glucose inside the cells resulting in the production of energy. Even though hormones are absorbed and enter the cell wall by diffusion, how they leave the cell is an important element worth noting. According to Pang and Südhof (2010), hormones leave the cell by a process known as exocytosis via a membrane transport mechanism. Not all cells react to hormones that are circulating in the blood stream. However, in the event that such happens, receptors in the cell membrane automatically exit the cell via a process known as exocytosis.

Conclusion

In short, the life of a cell involves very many things. Water, oxygen, and amino acids have to get in for normal functioning while hormones that do not react well with the cell have to be exited. Diffusion, osmosis and passive transport are all involved here. Life of a Cell Biology essay.

 

References

Rey, J., Marinov, D., Vogler, D., & Sigrist, M. (2005). Investigation and optimisation of a multipass resonant photoacoustic cell at high absorption levels.
Applied Physics B: Lasers & Optics
,
80
(2), 261-266.

Proppe, D., & Harrel, S. (2007). The Effects of Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration on Dissolved Oxygen Concentration.
Science Activities
,
44
(1), 10-15.

Herce, H. D., & Garcia, A. E. (2007). Cell Penetrating Peptides: How Do They Do It?.
Journal Of Biological Physics
,
33
(5-6), 345-356.

Pang, Z. P., & Südhof, T. C. (2010). Cell biology of Ca 2+-triggered exocytosis. 
Current opinion in cell biology
, 
22
(4), 496-505. Life of a Cell Biology essay

Essay – Cori Bargmann contributions to the advancement of biotechnology

 

Introduction

           
No single universal definition of what is biotechnology has been proposed. To some, biotechnology is defined as the controlled and subsequent deliberate manipulation of biological aspects/systems for efficient processing or manufacture of useful products. To others, biotechnology is defined as the use of living organisms to make or develop products. Simply put, biotechnology is defined as the exploitation of biological mechanisms for purposes of industrial and other process, especially on grounds of genetic manipulation of microorganisms for the sole purpose of the production of hormones and antibiotics among others. Today, mind-boggling advances in medicine and biology are being made daily by brilliant scientists across the globe. With their inventions, these researchers and physicians are revolutionizing the field of biotechnology like never before (Kiper, 2014). Even though there hundreds of such scientists, Cori Bargmann comes in as one of the top scientists in the field of biotechnology. essay – Cori Bargmann contributions to the advancement of biotechnology.

ORDER A CUSTOM-WRITTEN, PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER NOW

Cori Bargmann: Brief Biography

           
Cori Bargmann was born in Virginia and grew up in Athens, Georgia. Bargmann is a modern-day intellectual who received her B.S. in the field of biochemistry from the University of Georgia and her subsequent Ph.D. from MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology). She began her studies on C. elegans during her post-doc studies. She later went on to join the University of California as an assistant professor before moving to the Rockefeller University in 2004 (Marino, 2005). Her lab uses simple organisms known as C. elegans, an undertaking aimed at understanding how sensitive sense of smell determines how genes regulate neuronal development, behavior, and function (Dreifus, 2015). Her work has been recognized with a number of awards.

Cori Bargmann’s contributions to the advancement of biotechnology

           
Cori Bargmann based her studies on roundworms with the aim of uncovering how genes and neurons have the ability of affecting behavior. Bargmann was convinced that a lot of gene mechanisms in roundworms mimic those of mammals, she was successfully able to manipulate certain genes while subsequently observing how they go ahead to affect or impact changes in behavior (Bargmann, 2005). essay – Cori Bargmann contributions to the advancement of biotechnology

In one of her studies, Bargmann manipulated a gene that caused the male worms to bumble around, especially when trying to mate and ultimately failing. Bargmann went ahead to develop the Brain Research Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies Initiative, a body tasked with researching the root causes of ailments such as autism and Alzheimer’s by considering the connections between the brain function and behavior (Bargmann, 2005).

Closely related to the above, Cori Bargmann explains how individual genes affect the brain and behavior by arguing that human beings are complex creatures with as many as 99% of human genes being shared with simpler organisms. Bargmann argues that by focusing on genes for a family of proteins, the G protein-coupled receptors, Bargmann argued that just a single gene had the capabilities of causing significant behavioral changes (Marino, 2005).

Apart from the above discoveries, Bargmann is also accredited for making a discovery that ultimately contributed to the discovery of breast cancer drug Herceptin. What Bargmann did was to discover a mutated gene that triggered an obscure cancer in rats. Afterwards, Bargmann’s work in the rat cancer indicated that the immune system had the possibilities of attacking the product of this gene, thereby developing a system to deploy the immune system. That is how Herceptin was created as a form of antibody against the gene product that occupies the surface of a cancer cell. Bargmann argued that the antibody had the possibilities of attacking the cancer cells growing due to that gene (Marino, 2005). essay – Cori Bargmann contributions to the advancement of biotechnology

Impacts of Bargmann contributions

           
Cori Bargmann’s contribution to the field of biotechnology is evident. Her work on behavioral variation between and within species has furthered our understanding of the genetic architecture of a number of behavioral traits, identities of relevant genes in addition to the ways in which genetic variants do affect neuronal circuits to the extent of modifying behavior (Lewis, Martin and Orwig, 2015). It is with Bargmann’s contributions that we get to understand the genetics surrounding natural behavioral variation in non-human animals while highlighting the implications of these findings in helping to understand the complexities that come with human genetics (Marino, 2005). Marino (2005) further argues that Bargmann’s contributions help us understand that gene-environment interactions are central to natural genetic variation in forms of behavior and that gene that affect sensory processing and neuromodulatory pathways are some of the preferred sites of naturally occurring mutations.

Apart from Bargmann’s contributions of defining how genes and the environment influence behavior through dissecting the neural circuitry of C. elegans and receptors, genes, a subsequently signaling the molecules that are involved in such behavior as responses to odors among others, Bargmann is also accredited to having made significant contributions towards the discovery of Herceptin, a drug that has helped a significant number of people in the fight against breast cancer (Dreifus, 2015). Cancer, especially breast cancer is a killer disease. With Bargmann’s contributions, a lot of people have been in a position to be cured of it.

Lastly, Bargmann’s contributions have also been subjected to further research by many other biotechnology researchers, a move that has helped in coming up with latest medical solutions aimed at helping human beings with current problems that face them (Lewis, Martin and Orwig, 2015).

Conclusion

           
Biotechnology is a field lately embraced by hundreds of researchers across the globe. Brilliant scientists have embraced this field fully to the extent of coming up latest inventions, a move that has helped human beings solve much of their medical problems. essay – Cori Bargmann contributions to the advancement of biotechnology.

 

References

Bargmann, C. (2005). Making the paper.
Nature
,
438
(7065), xiii.

Dreifus, C. (2015). Putting Her Mind to How the Brain Works.
New York Times
. p. D5.

Kiper, D. (2014). Cornelia Bargmann.
Current Biography
,
75
(5), 3-8.

Lewis, T., Martin, E., & Orwig, J. (2015). 11 scientists who are transforming how we treat disease, see the brain, and engineer our genes. Retrieved from http://www.businessinsider.com/top-scientists-in-biotech-2015-7?IR=T/#cori-bargmann-is-giving-us-new-insights-into-the-brain-1

Marino, M. (2005). Biography of Cornelia I. Bargmann.
Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America
,
102
(9), 3181-3183.

Marino, M. (2005). Biography of Cornelia I. Bargmann. Retrieved from http://www.pnas.org/content/102/9/3181.full essay – Cori Bargmann contributions to the advancement of biotechnology

Nursing care and assessment case study – Determinants of Health

Determinants of Health

Introduction

There are many cases of health inequalities among people in different states in the world due to uneven distribution of the resources, which are required in order to acquire the standard health services and products necessary if we may say so. These resources are called the determinants of health and they range from social, personal, environmental, and economic factors. In Canada, we have such cases of disparities between neighborhoods- we have families with very improved healthy lives and on the other far end; we have families who cannot even be able to have access to the basic needs. This gap between the Canadians can only be reduced or even be totally depleted by dealing with the major social factors which affect health. In this paper, we are going to discuss Mrs. James family and the respective determinants of health (DOH) affecting Mrs. James’ health. Majorly, the social DOH affecting her health status are the social-economic factors, cultural factors, and biological and genetic factors. Nursing care and assessment case study.
 

ORDER A CUSTOM-WRITTEN, PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER NOW

A Brief Description Of Mrs. James Family

From the reports, this family faces health problems, including Mrs. James frequently being attacked by unhealthy conditions. She is reported to have an ankle sore which seemed not to heal, but grew worse until it was attended. This is as a result of diabetes, which she keeps on controlling. Also, she is distressed by the death of her cat and that distress causes a lot of harm to her health. The following day, she wakes up seriously sick. She feels numb on her right arm and leg and finds it hard to stand. Finally, she is diagnosed with a stroke, which was affecting her right arm and leg. The stroke affects her so much that, she is unable to stand on her own and even finds it difficult to put anything in her mouth. That forces the nurses to use the feeding tube to avoid dangers of chocking. Mrs. James has a son, but he resides far from her. Nursing care and assessment case study. When she was in the hospital, she almost lost motivation of life, thinking that all her cats would have died due to her absence, but her son had taken care of them and this really contributed to her recovery. Moreover, the visit from Karen motivated her so much

 

Social Determinants Of Healthy Relevant To Mrs. James Family

Cultural Factors

In Canada, there are many distinct cultures with different cultural values which affect people’s health status in different ways. Values such as marginalization, assessment of health services, and stigmatization activities among communities are said to be obstacles of their health status. In addition, there are cultures, which are against certain types of foods or recommend some, which affect their health. For instance, in most communities located in the desert areas, obesity is never seen as a health threat and instead people take it as a sign of good health. Consequently, there are societies which associate junk food with richness without considering its effects on their overall health status (Raphael, 2004). Nursing care and assessment case study.

Social-Economic Factors

As mentioned above in the case of Mrs. James family in Canada, there are three main DOH associated with their family health and in this section, we will discuss the social-economic factors. Actually, in the present world, the social-economic factors are the most prominent determinants of people’s health status. The data available in different health-related organizations show that individuals who are socially and economically stable have access to good health. The determinants in this class of factors include; employment, personal health practices, quality of working conditions, physical environment, social connectedness, and level of education.

Biological And Genetic Factors

The biological and genetic factors such as inherited conditions, HIV status, sex, gene composition of parents, age, and the existence of heart diseases in the family history affects people’s health status in different ways. For example, in terms of the age, old people’s health gets affected easily as compared to adolescents when exposed to the same conditions. This is biological since the aging contributes to cognitive and physical effects. Also, the genetically transferred conditions such as sickle cell anemia affects the health of an individual negatively (Raphael, 2004).

 

The Relevance Of The Above Discussed DOH To Mrs. James Family In Canada

Mrs. James family is seriously affected by the social-economic factors discussed above. When she had a wound, she would not easily acknowledge that she needed to visit a doctor. Due to her low-income status, the cashier tells her to use an alternative method- butter, which would not cost her much Nursing care and assessment case study. At the same time when she is seriously sick, she is reluctant to call an ambulance because of the associated costs. In addition, her low-income status is evident from the shoes she wore and her excitement about the free lunch at the Senior Centre nursing clinic (Public Health Agency of Canada, 2006).

Social Connectedness:
Mrs. James to some extent is affected by the social connectedness factor. She lives alone despite having a son and grandchildren. This to some extent affects her health. When in the hospital, she almost loses motivation on improving her health, since there is no one to take care of her cats. What’s more, when she is critically sick, it almost gets hard to access medical services due to lack of a family member or a relative to take her to the hospital. Moreover, the physical environment in her home is not health conducive, as the surrounding bushes are associated unhealthy practices. Nursing care and assessment case study.

The Biological And Genetic Factors
also do affect Mrs. James’ health. The diabetes she is suffering from is linked to the family history. Consequently, biologically, aged people are prone to diseases due to cognitive and physical effects of aging. Thus, Mrs. James’ wound takes time to heal mostly due to her age. Therefore, at her age, she requires a serious medical attention. Nursing care and assessment case study
 

Health Promotion Topics

Mrs. James is affected by different social-economic activities and as nurses, we have a duty to make sure that her health improves. We could advise her to stay with her son so that he can be looking after her, and get her to the hospital whenever she is sick. On the issue of using cigarettes, we could explain to her the various health dangers associated with smoking and walk with her on the journey to smoking recovery. Also, as a nurse, I would teach her about different health challenges that aged people are facing, and advise her on how to live in order to overcome those challenges. For instance, due to cognitive and physical effects that older people face, they are supposed to get medical attention immediately, they feel unwell.

Lack of basic education is also among the big problems that Mrs. James family is facing. Therefore, the nurses are required to prepare and try their best to make sure that they grasp the basic hygiene and health practices, which aged people, deserve. For instance, Mrs. James’ son can be made aware that aged persons are more susceptible to diseases and may not be able to fight them, thus require close and regular checks. In addition, that conditions such as diabetes attacks do happen anytime and therefore people, who are diabetic, require special attention and should never be left alone.

 
Conclusion

In a recap, it is evident from the above discussion above that our streets and neighborhoods in Canada are coupled with many health inequalities. Actually, the factors which are contributing to the situation are levels of education, employment, biological and genetic, physical environment, and others, which we can alleviate. Therefore, if we work together with the assistance of experts like nurses, we can make the world a better place Nursing care and assessment case study. For instance, if Brian had taken care of her mother right from the beginning with the assistance of the nurses, her mother would not have been affected by the stroke and other observable health conditions.

 
References

Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. (2002). 
Homeless in Canada
. Toronto ON: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.

Hay, D. I., & Canadian Policy Research Networks. (2007). 
Developing a Canadian economic case for financing the social determinants of health
. Ottawa, Ont: Canadian Policy Research Networks.

In Marmot, M., & In Wilkinson, R. G. (2006). 
Social determinants of health
.

Peressini, T. L., Hulchanski, J. D., McDonald, L., & Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation. (2001). 
Estimating homelessness: Towards a methodology for counting the homeless in Canada : background report
. Ottawa: The Division.

Public Health Agency of Canada. (2006). 
Sexually transmitted infections in Canadian street youth in Canada: Findings from Enhanced Surveillance of Canadian Street Youth, 1999-2003
. Ottawa: Public Health Agency of Canada Nursing care and assessment case study.

Public Health Agency of Canada. (2006). 
Street youth in Canada: Findings from Enhanced Surveillance of Canadian Street Youth, 1999-2003
. Ottawa: Public Health Agency of Canada.

Raphael, D. (2004). 
Social determinants of health: Canadian perspectives
. Toronto: Canadian Scholars’ Press.

World Health Organization. (2013).
The economics of social determinants of health and health inequalities: A resource book
.

WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health., & World Health Organization. (2008). 
Closing the gap in a generation: Health equity through action on the social determinants of health : Commission on Social Determinants of Health final report
. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Nursing care and assessment case study

Home-based care for terminally ill elderly persons Literature Review Essay

DETAILS

LITERATURE REVIEW- TERMINALLY ILL ELDERLY PERSONS

TOPIC: Home-based care for terminally ill elderly persons

Competent community nurses must be able to conduct meaningful and accurate assessments of evidence in order to promote community health that is evidence based.

The purpose of this assignment is to provide students the opportunity to effectively review current literature and develop scholarly writing skills.
         

ORDER A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HERE
                 

TASK

Conduct a literature search and choose at least five scholarly research articles from peer-reviewed journals

o   Articles must have been published from 2013-2018.

Develop your literature review using the following headings:

a) 
Introduction:
 Describe the situation or issue based on your identified topic of interest. What is the problem that needs to be addressed? Why? Identify the relevant social determinants of health.

b)
Literature Review: 
present a synthesized overview of your selected research articles.

c)
Conclusion: 
 
What where the strengths and limitations of the current evidence? What direction does your literature provide to address your topic of interest? Home-based care for terminally ill elderly persons Literature Review Essay

INTRODUCTION.

Home-based care is an extension of medical services from the hospitals to the homes. Terminal conditions are those whose survival rate is nearest to impossible due to the unavailability of cure and the speeds at which the ailment spreads into critical organs in a patient’s body (Carduff et al, 2016). These imply that the patients get medications only to ease the pains and the agony of the disease and support them for a few years before their body gives in to the sickness. Therefore, with this information, it is unnecessary for a family to continue housing their keen in a hospice and incurring bills while a nurse can check up on the patient in the comfort of their home (Ahn et al, 2013). These ease the financial burden as well as enabling the ailing to spend the little time left to live close to their loved ones. In most developed and developing countries, home-based care is by family members where they take care of their aging parents at their homes. In other instances, the elderly and ailing members are introduced to a nursing home due to the unavailability of their keen to look after them. These situations are because they have other obligations such as catering to their immediate families and furthering their careers (PĂTRU et al, 2014). These practices bring up numerous challenges and advantages to the terminally ill elderly patients as well as the caregivers in equal measure as to be discussed below. Home-based care for terminally ill elderly persons Literature Review Essay.

BODY.

SPECIALISED CARE.

Terminal illnesses being severe and a patient’s life depending on the level of expertise and accuracy of treatment, it is vital for them to acquire the most suitable and professional treatment. Japan is an example of a country of a country wherein home-based care, emphasis on specialized care is a priority.  Matthews (2015), describes the ‘nation as aging and not alone’ due to the low birth rate and the high life expectancy in the country. These indicate that the population of the elderly is more senior compared to the young. With the young working to support their families, it is nearest to impossible for them to also take care of their grandparents or aging parents. These results in having to acquire permanent residency in caregiving homes where they can receive 24-hour supervision and get specialized care from healthcare professionals. Home-based care for terminally ill elderly persons Literature Review Essay. However, according to Frank (2013), the move mentioned above has amounted to neglect of the elderly. Those put in nursing homes get forgotten and do not receive a phone call or even messages from their next of kin. These are because nursing homes enable them to efficiently concentrate on their jobs and travel away without worry of if their aging parents are well cared (Ming-Chun et al, 2017). Home-based care is a form of specialized treatment as a technique by itself. Some terminal illnesses require that the patient does not lose hope in life to recover adequately. The hospital environment is not appropriate to provide those conditions. One is therefore discharged to go home and on seeing that they must lead a healthy life the feeling of hopelessness fades away. According to Hynes (2016), community occupation therapy shows positive change and longer living in persons living with dementia. New models of the therapy are under exploration. Home-based care for terminally ill elderly persons Literature Review Essay.  It is not only useful but also improves the lives of both the patients and caregivers.

ABUSE.

Abuse is a complete violation of individual rights to decency. These numerously reported cases are problems and significant hindrances to home-based caregiving. Most of the patients subscribed to such services are often weak, non-responsive, aged and alone. These factors make them prone to acts of abuse from members of society or health care providers tasked with looking after them. Home-based care for terminally ill elderly persons Literature Review Essay. In the United States unknowing or knowingly done acts of medical negligence against an elderly patient is an abuse. Similarly, the world health organization declared harassment as a violation of fundamental human rights and practices. According to Lena (2017), approximately 10% of the aged placed in home-based care in the United States experience a form of abuse, neglect or exploitation. With these numbers, it is only logical to conclude that the violence is set to continue as the aged grow in size. It is also important to note that a significant amount of these abuses are not reported due to the patient’s unawareness of what is taking place or happening to them. Lee (2017) states that only 57% of the victimized elderly report to either the police, family members or friends. These show that 43% of all duped do not act upon it. Abuse has caused deaths and further deterioration of health (Izawa et al, 2016). It should, therefore, get addressed actively through legislation of necessary policies and setting up of laws. Home-based care for terminally ill elderly persons Literature Review Essay.

CONCLUSION.

Home-based care is an excellent program if well managed. It can reduce costs at hospitals for a family, create more time to spend with one’s kids, improve the patients’ medical and social conditions. When one gets hospitalized, the feeling of hopelessness and not recognizing the next step is agonizing, at home one can get the favourite meal see all the family, be happy and die at peace. Most patients have shown positivity in the improvement of health due to this technique by caregivers (Novokreshchenova, 2015). Home-based care for terminally ill elderly persons Literature Review Essay. However severe cases of neglect, abuse, taint a possible perfect image of what things are. Rogue nurses cause pain and suffering since the old may not understand. These have led to deaths, and in most severe cases the terminally ill patients may even take their own lives. Strategies to eliminate these unethical practices must get developed. Whether technological methods such as CCTV surveillance, or random patrols in homes like in the case of foster dwellings must take charge to reduce this suffering (Money et al, 2015) Home-based care for terminally ill elderly persons Literature Review Essay.

References.

Ahn, E., Shin, D. W., Choi, J. Y., Kang, J., Kim, D. K., Kim, H., & … Cho, B. (2013). The impact of awareness of terminal illness on quality of death and care decision making: a prospective nationwide survey of bereaved family members of advanced cancer patients.
Psycho-Oncology
,
22
(12), 2771-2778. doi:10.1002/pon.3346

Carduff, E., Jarvis, A., Highet, G., Finucane, A., Kendall, M., Harrison, N., & … Murray, S. A. (2016). Piloting a new approach in primary care to identify, assess and support carers of people with terminal illnesses: a feasibility study.
BMC Family Practice
,
17
1-9. doi:10.1186/s12875-016-0414-2 Home-based care for terminally ill elderly persons Literature Review Essay

Döpp, C. E., Graff, M. L., Teerenstra, S., Nijhuis-van der Sanden, M. G., Olde Rikkert, M. M., & Vernooij-Dassen, M. J. (2013). Effectiveness of a multifaceted implementation strategy on physicians’ referral behavior to an evidence-based psychosocial intervention in dementia: a cluster randomized controlled trial.
BMC Family Practice
,
14
(1), 70-79. doi:10.1186/1471-2296-14-70 Home-based care for terminally ill elderly persons Literature Review Essay

FEDERAL REGISTER. (2017).
Federal Register (National Archives & Records Service, Office of the Federal Register)
,
82
(89), 21677-21911.

Hynes, S. M., Field, B., Ledgerd, R., Swinson, T., Wenborn, J., di Bona, L., & … Orrell, M. (2016). Exploring the need for a new UK occupational therapy intervention for people with dementia and family carers: Community Occupational Therapy in Dementia (COTiD). A focus group study.
Aging & Mental Health
,
20
(7), 762-769. doi:10.1080/13607863.2015.1037243

Izawa, S., Nakamura-Taira, N., & Yamada, K. (2016). Stress Underestimation and Mental Health Outcomes in Male Japanese Workers: a 1-Year Prospective Study.
International Journal Of Behavioral Medicine
,
23
(6), 664-669. doi:10.1007/s12529-016-9557-8

Matthews, C. (2015). JAPAN IS AGING. IT’S NOT ALONE.
Fortune
,
172
(8), 17-18

Ming-Chun, C., Chi-Wen, K., Yu-Lung, C., Tzu-Ying, L., Yu-Ting, T., Yi-Ting Zhang, J., & … Hwang, S. (2017). Effects of home-based long-term care services on caregiver health according to age.
Health & Quality Of Life Outcomes
,
15
1-10. doi:10.1186/s12955-017-0786-6

Money, A. G., Atwal, A., Young, K. L., Day, Y., Wilson, L., & Money, K. G. (2015). Using the Technology Acceptance Model to explore community dwelling older adults’ perceptions of a 3D interior design application to facilitate pre-discharge home adaptations.
BMC Medical Informatics & Decision Making
,
15
(1), 1-15. doi:10.1186/s12911-015-0190-2 Home-based care for terminally ill elderly persons Literature Review Essay

Novokreshchenova, I. G., & Senchenco, I. K. (2015). Quality of medical care for the elderly in out-patient conditions according to the sociological survey.
Russian Open Medical Journal
,
4
(1), 1-5. doi:10.15275/rusomj.2015.0101

PĂTRU, E., CĂLINA, D. C., PĂTRU, C. L., DOCEA, A. O., & PASCU, R. M. (2014). The Physician’s Attitude towards the End of the Existence.
Current Health Sciences Journal
,
40
(2), 134-138. doi:10.12865/CHSJ.40.02.10 Home-based care for terminally ill elderly persons Literature Review Essay

Euthanasia Essay – scholarly ethics paper

Scholarly Ethics Paper – Individual Assignment

 

(CNO ETP 16, 63, 66, 68, 69, 75, 77, 79)

“Just because we can, does not always mean we should.” In today’s healthcare environment advances in technology and medical knowledge allow us to do things that were previously unthinkable. While some advances are clearly in everyone’s best interest others are less clear. The intent of this paper is for students to become familiar with ethical issues, conflicts, and ethical dilemmas. This allows students to explore one of the “grey” areas of medical advancement. Health care professionals such as nurses who have prolonged contact with patients often come across challenging ethical and legal issues, especially in times of limited resources. In light of these situations, nurses continue to provide safe, ethical, and quality patient centered care. Euthanasia Essay – scholarly ethics paper

ORDER A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HERE

Topic Chosen: 
Euthanasia: A solution or controversy in the medical world?

 
After researching your topic, you will formulate a position and then proceed to support your position from the relevant literature. Remember it is important you support your stated position with the relevant literature.

In the ethical dilemma paper, students will describe 
an ethical situation encountered in their daily life
and analyze the situation using ethical principles and theories. The paper is to be written individually using American Psychological Association (APA) format. Euthanasia Essay – scholarly ethics paper

 

Process:

1. Select ONE of the topics below 
(I HAVE CHOSEN 
Euthanasia)
 for your Ethical Dilemma Paper. Be sure to choose a topic that you have a strong interest in or a strong personal belief in.

2. Read widely about your topic to familiarize yourself with the different perspectives that exist on about your topic

3. Research a case scenario, which you will be describing in your essay, including the reference and analyze the situation

4. Next, decide on a position that you will take regarding the identified issue. Euthanasia Essay – scholarly ethics paper

5. Formulate a clear and concise thesis. The aim of your paper is then to support your position through ethical reasoning

6. 
Paper Overview:

a. Decide on a position that you will take regarding the identified issue.

b. State if you personally agree or disagree with the practice identified based on a reflection of your personal experience or your own beliefs and values as

opposed to professional values.

c. Introduction: Paragraph that engages the reader’s attention, identifies your thesis statement, and gives a brief overview of your essay, case scenario, and flow of paper

d. Identify how 2 different Ethical theories would view the ethical dilemma.

e. Identify how 2 or more Ethical Principles are conflicted in this ethical dilemma.

f. Identify relevant nursing standards or codes (CNO) relevant to the topic (
Within Canada
)

g. Identify legal considerations (RHPA, Nursing Act, Criminal Code, Human Rights, etc., 
Within Canada
)

h. Conclusion: Paragraph that provides a summary of the most salient points. Euthanasia Essay – scholarly ethics paper

 

Tips:

Be creative. Be sure to clarify about your agreement and disagreement with the practice identified. Your position should be through the utilization of relevant ethical theories, principles, nursing standards and codes and current relevant research to formulate your argument, this must include the applicable/appropriate legislation). Make sure that your paper contains a reflection on what personal values you have in relation to the issue. A good argument always presents both sides but justifies why one side is more compelling than the other.

Additional tips:

•                      • Background information and significance of the topic chosen should be included

•                      • Well-focused essay showing your understanding on the topic, clear, readable, good flow with correct grammar and spelling.

•                      • Strong argument and avoid repeated ideas and information

•                      • Discuss the implications of this topic to the nursing practice.

•                      • Conclusion; summarizes your ideas/argument/stand on the topic.

   • By the end of your paper, you will have a better understanding of ethical situations and how these issues can affect your nursing practice. Euthanasia Essay – scholarly ethics paper

Scholarly Ethics Paper – Individual Assignment

Introduction

The medical field has experienced unimaginable revolutions in the recent past. Medical practitioners are accustomed with these revolutions. One of such revolution is euthanasia. However, some of these revolutions conflict with their ethical standards, beliefs and professional values as well as the statutory provisions. Even if to some extent these revolutions are of benefit, especially to the patient, the question that comes along is: “do we kill for mercy to relieve them (patients) or is it unethical or immoral to do so” (Brill, 1935). As a result, the medical practitioners find themselves at the cross road (dilemma); not being able to decide what it right and what is wrong. Euthanasia Essay – scholarly ethics paper

One such case happened in 2015 in Chile where a 14 year old girl, Maureira, pleaded with the president to “let her die”. The plea elicited different debates; one because euthanasia is illegal in the country and second because it is against the values of the Chileans of whom majority are Catholics (CNN Spanish, 2015).

Based of the fact that we need and want it, and that we can be able to control it, the following argumentative paper argues for euthanasia while highlighting the position of ethical theories and ethical principles, ethical standards or codes (CNO), and the legal considerations (Nursing Act, Human Rights Criminal Code and RHPA among others) with reference to the ethical dilemma. Euthanasia Essay – scholarly ethics paper

Topic: Euthanasia: A solution or controversy in the medical world?

Case scenario: The 14 year old Chilean Girl who asked the President to let her die
(CNN Spanish, 2015
)

Conflicting Ethical Theories And The Ethical Dilemma

There are two main theories that give conflicting views about euthanasia. These include:

Utilitarian Theory

A utilitarian approach to this ethical dilemma only argues for the mercy killing if and only if certain conditions are met (Mapes, 2016). The proposers of this theory (utilitarian) don’t abide by it based on any Holy Scripture guidance; nor any divine command (Mapes, 2016). Euthanasia Essay – scholarly ethics paper

After weighing the circumstances, a utilitarian would come to a conclusion that what is right to do is “whatever results in the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people involved” (Mapes, 2016). For example, if it is the choice of the involved to choose the process while a few of his/her family members are against it, euthanasia would be okay (Mapes, 2016).

However, more family member’s objection, the utilitarian principles would be pushed to them to ask “what would result in the greatest amount of pain?” (Mapes, 2016). In a euthanasia case, such as that of Maureira, the family member’s unnecessary suffering that inevitably results in death is not to choose the greatest amount of happiness (CNN Spanish, 2015). Thus it would be logical to allow euthanasia to take place. Euthanasia Essay – scholarly ethics paper.

The Kantian Theory

This approach disagrees with mercy killing arguing that the result would lead to an acceptable murdering behavior (Mapes, 2016). They (Kantians) do not believe in divine command and universal law creation exceptions (Mapes, 2016). However, they agree to retributivism-capital punishment allowed by criminal justice (thus creating a contradiction) (Mapes, 2016).  That is, they disagree “killing is acceptable under certain conditions” (Mapes, 2016).

It is contradicting when they argue for killing through criminal justice and disagree in the killing of an individual who is terminally ill. The contradiction arises because, whether it is killing through euthanasia or through retributivism, it is still killing. Euthanasia Essay – scholarly ethics paper

In Maureira’s case, application of utilitarian theory would lead to compliance with her request by if the Kantian theory was to be followed, her request would be denied.

Conflicting Ethical Principles Of Euthanasia

Ethical principles are fundamental truth or position that serves for a foundation of a system of behavior or for a given reasoning chain (Fernandes, 2001). Different principles exist in euthanasia whether voluntary or involuntary. These include:

Ethical Principle For Voluntary Euthanasia

This principle states that every individual (who can be said to have sound mind) has their own right to implement plans that lead to the end of life in such a manner that their death will be reliable, peaceful and conducted at the time they deem necessary (Fernandes, 2001). This kind of euthanasia has to be confined into the individual rights where every individual is entitled to making a choice and implementation of a peaceful death at the time they deem necessary (Fernandes, 2001). These ethical rights are not in agreement to the fact that some organizations’ moral values, (whether religious or not), must be accepted or applied by other people (Fernandes, 2001).

Medically-Assisted Suicide

On the other hand, there are several arguments against the legal feasibility and moral acceptability of involving the doctors to end the life of an individual (Fernandes, 2001). One of such argument is the Bible’s Commandment “thou shall not kill” (Fernandes, 2001). It argues that it is against moral acceptability for an individual to end the life of another person. This applies to the medical doctors as seen in Hippocratic Oath (forbids euthanasia and abortion) (Fernandes, 2001). Similarly, the slippery-slope argument states that permitting euthanasia; it would come along with a downhill motion which would make doctors to feel compelled to assist terminally ill patients to terminate their lives (Fernandes, 2001). Paradoxically, doctors would find it normal to kill an individual who they think are not useful to the society. Euthanasia Essay – scholarly ethics paper

Nursing Standards Or Codes In Canadian Euthanasia Process

The nurses must be able to support patients in maintenance of their dignity and integrity (Healey, 2013). E.g. in the case of Maureira, the process should not result in demeaning of her dignity and integrity; if she was a Canadian citizen that is.

Besides, the nurses are supposed to listen carefully to a competent patient’s plea to be assisted in the suicide euthanasia (Healey, 2013). Same case should apply to Maureira.

Also, any discussion between Maureira and/her family members and the nurses is supposed to be documented; concerning the end-of-life process and procedure (Healey, 2013). Euthanasia Essay – scholarly ethics paper

In addition, the nurses are mandated to offer their professional assistance and experience in this area after making the appropriate consultation in the public forum (Healey, 2013). The consultation is at the federal, provincial or territorial levels in order to prepare for the undertaking of the process (Healey, 2013).

Finally, the nurses should make constant reference to their code of ethics throughout the process and abide by its provisions in addition to the “carter case” who were suffering from progressive and intractable diseases (Healey, 2013).

Canadian Legal Considerations For Euthanasia

The Canadian law for medical assistance dying was enacted in 2016 in the Canadian parliament (Murphy, 2017). The law outlines a strict laws governing assisted suicide in the country. Any violation of the law’s provision is regarded as a crime of committing murder (Murphy, 2017). The law does not allow advance directives, minors or mentally ill citizens (Murphy, 2017). Some of the provisions include:

The patient must be suffering from an irremediable grievous medical condition (Murphy, 2017).

The patient must give a reasonable judgment after being informed about the process (Murphy, 2017).

The patient must be eligible (Murphy, 2017). Euthanasia Essay – scholarly ethics paper

For the case of Maureira, she will not qualify for the medical assisted dying because she is a minor (14 years of age).

In the process, the law provides legal safeguards that need to be abided with in order to prevent the error and abuse of human rights in the provision of euthanasia (Murphy, 2017). The argument behind this legal safeguard is to prevent a probable inducement of vulnerable persons to agree with the medically-assisted suicide. These safeguards include:

Presence of two independent witnesses- who must be above 18 years of age and is cognizant with the law provisions (Murphy, 2017).

Availability of two independent medical opinions-that is from the nurse and/medical practitioner that the patient is suffering from an irremediable and grievous disease (Murphy, 2017).

Allowance of ten days period of waiting-this is due to the irrevocable nature of end-of life (Murphy, 2017).

The patient must be informed about palliative care- that on the available means, and options (Murphy, 2017).

There has to be an express consent by the patient right before the process is undertaken- this is because it is the right of a medically assisted to die patient to revoke his or her decision at any given time (Murphy, 2017). Besides, it is their right to refuse the medically-assisted dying (Murphy, 2017). Euthanasia Essay – scholarly ethics paper

Conclusion

For the patients suffering from irremediable and grievous diseases, it would be rational to terminate the life of that patient under his or her express consent. However, a lot of caution need to be taken not violates the beliefs, values and standards of both the medical practitioner and the patient. This is only possible if strict laws governing the process are clearly and elaborately constituted and most importantly adhered to. In the process, the medical practitioners will not be able to violate the right of a patient either from their own consent or through coercion simply because they have the ability. The law should stipulate consequences of violating the provisions of such an act. On my part, I agree on self consent to end one’s life if that would be the best thing to do give the prevailing circumstances; the advance in medical practices has allowed perfect prediction into the future of a client. Therefore, it would be ethical to end the life of a suffering patient whose medical situation is not likely to improve (as seen in Maureira case). Euthanasia Essay – scholarly ethics paper.

 

References

Brill, A. (1935). Is ‘Mercy Killing’ Justified?.
Vital Speeches Of The Day
,
2
(6), 165.

CNN Spanish. (2015). Chilean Girl Who Asked To Be Allowed To Die Passes Away.       May.15.2015 / 6:03 PM ET

https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/chilean-girl-who-asked-president-let-her-die-          passes-away-n359486

Fernandes, A. K. (2001). Euthanasia, Assisted Suicide, and the Philosophical Anthropology of     Karol Wojtyla.
Christian Bioethics: Non-Ecumenical Studies In Medical Morality
,
7
(3),       379-402.

Healey, J. (2013).
Voluntary Euthanasia Debate
. Thirroul, N.S.W.: Spinney Press.

Murphy, S. (2017). Legalization of Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia: Foundational Issues and      Implications.
BYU Journal Of Public Law
,
31
(2), 333-394. Euthanasia Essay – scholarly ethics paper

Mapes, T., (2016). Ethical Theories on Human Euthanasia/Mercy Killing. Updated on July 27,      2016

https://owlcation.com/humanities/Ethical-Theories-on-Human-EuthanasiaMercy-Killing

Savage, T. A. (2003). An Argument against Mercy Killing: A Response to Catlin’s             “Normalization, Chronic Sorrow and Murder”.
Pediatric Nursing
,
29
(4), 329-330. Euthanasia Essay – scholarly ethics paper

negligence in nursing Scholarly Ethics Paper – Individual Essay Assignment Sample

Scholarly Ethics Paper – Individual Assignment

“Just because we can, does not always mean we should.” In today’s healthcare environment advances in technology and medical knowledge allow us to do things that were previously unthinkable. While some advances are clearly in everyone’s best interest others are less clear. The intent of this paper is for students to become familiar with ethical issues, conflicts, and ethical dilemmas. negligence in nursing Scholarly Ethics Paper – Individual Essay Assignment Sample. This allows students to explore one of the “grey” areas of medical advancement. Health care professionals such as nurses who have prolonged contact with patients often come across challenging ethical and legal issues, especially in times of limited resources. In light of these situations, nurses continue to provide safe, ethical, and quality patient centered care. After researching your topic, you will formulate a position and then proceed to support your position from the relevant literature. Remember it is important you support your stated position with the relevant literature.

ORDER A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HERE

In the ethical dilemma paper, 
students will describe an ethical situation encountered in their daily life and analyze the situation using ethical principles and theories.

Process:

1 The selected topic is “NEGLIGENCE” 
(
NB//
Your topic should be a specific one in relation to negligence and concerning your ethical situation that you encountered
).

2. Read widely about your topic to familiarize yourself with the different perspectives that exist on about your topic

3. Research a case scenario, which you will be describing in your essay, including the reference and analyse the situation negligence in nursing Scholarly Ethics Paper – Individual Essay Assignment Sample

4. Next, decide on a position that you will take regarding the identified issue.

5. Formulate 
a clear and concise thesis
. The aim of your paper is then to support your position through ethical reasoning

6. Paper Overview:

a. Decide on a position that you will take regarding the identified issue.

b. State if you personally agree or disagree with the practice identified based on a reflection of your personal experience or your own beliefs and values as opposed to professional values.

c. Introduction: Paragraph that engages the reader’s attention, identifies your thesis statement, and gives a brief overview of your essay, case scenario, and flow of paper

d. Identify how 2 different Ethical theories would view the ethical dilemma.

e. Identify how 2 or more Ethical Principles are conflicted in this ethical dilemma.

f. Identify relevant nursing standards or codes (CNO) relevant to the topic

g. Identify legal considerations (RHPA, Nursing Act, Criminal Code, Human Rights, etc.)

h. Conclusion: Paragraph that provides a summary of the most salient points.

 

Scholarly Ethics Paper – Individual Assignment

Introduction

Harding, Connolly & Wilkerson (2011) argue that as the nursing profession continues to evolve and progresses in the quest for excellence, the discipline is becoming increasingly complex in the light of adhering to the set standards by the implementing agencies. These set standards are the consequence of careful evaluation and observation drawn from the desire to end concerns and issues dealing to the ethical obligations and legal responsibilities of nurses.  Many of these encompasses the duty to carry out and interpret orders, delegation of authority, confidentiality of healthcare records, consent to surgical and medical procedures, negligence among others (Jeffreys, 2008). Among the issues identified above, negligence is one of the most controversial concerns and it has caught the attention of many in the world of nursing. Today, nurses have acquired advanced role to intervene in healthcare decisions. Previously, the distinction between doctors and nurses was clear. negligence in nursing Scholarly Ethics Paper – Individual Essay Assignment Sample. Nurses are no longer performing orders from doctors anymore. The role of the nurse in patient care has been expanded. In addition, this expansion has come with a number of ethical concerns in the discipline. Negligence in the world of nursing refers to the failure to apply care such as a reasonable careful and prudent person would apply under similar situations. Common aspects of negligence in nursing include inadequate hydration, physical injury and malnutrition occurred because of lack of care on the path of the nurse. For a case of negligence to be valid in the nursing field, three main aspects must be proved. These are: a breach in the care standard, the nurse’s duty absconded and a breach in the care standard of duty (Hansen-Turton, Ware & McClellan, 2009). In this respect, this paper will examine the malpractice as an aspect of negligence in the nursing world. Ethical theories and ethical principles will be evoked in order to achieve this end. negligence in nursing Scholarly Ethics Paper – Individual Essay Assignment Sample.

Weld & Garmon Bibb (2009) asserts that malpractice is often viewed as medical malpractice is the failure of a professional in the medical field to meet the set standards of practice. Malpractice is occasioned when a nurse does something contrary to the expectations of the discipline. An example of a malpractice in nursing is a case in which a 45- year-old man is admitted for suffering a sore throat and ends up receiving pain medication and antibiotics known to be a cause of labored breathing. When the patient developed further breathing complications, additional medication was given. The nurse failed to inform the emergency physician and her supervisor about the patient’s condition. Due to the respiratory problems, this man experienced hypoxia, which led to brain damage and developed into a permanent coma. In order to prove a malpractice occurred, it must be proven that negligence occurred and that the nurse breached the care standards and did not act in a cautious manner that a similar nurse would do in the same scenario (Kjervik & Brous, 2010). negligence in nursing Scholarly Ethics Paper – Individual Essay Assignment Sample. In addition, it must be proven that the infringement of the care standard occasioned the harm or injury. A more serious form of negligence is gross negligence. Gross negligence is where there is a complete failure to reveal care and implies a willful disregard or recklessness for the safety of a patient, according to Jonsson & Øvretveit (2008). An example of gross violation is restricting a patient who is experiencing dementia and is difficult to control and watch throughout the day and night can cause bedsores and fractures. In order to prove that gross negligence occurred, a person has to show that the person indicted acted in a manner that was not safe and caused harm or injury to another person. In addition, it has to be demonstrated that the person liable violated his responsibility to the other person, that his / her actions lead to the injury or harm to the said person, and that the said harm or injury could have been averted (Painter, et al. 2011). negligence in nursing Scholarly Ethics Paper – Individual Essay Assignment Sample.

Another example of negligence in nursing is a case of a patient who was subjected to amputation below the right knee rather than below the left knee amputation. This mishap occurred because of the surgical team negligence. The healthcare provider was negligent for the reason that the nurses and the doctors involved in the procedure failed to give appropriate care and execute their role to ensure that the right leg was being amputated. This was a breach of care since the nurses and doctors had a legal duty to safeguard the patient form injury or harm (Stein, 2011). The damages and injury that the patient experienced was a direct negligence on the part of the doctors and nurses.  Health care providers have a duty to safeguard their patients from injury and harm – an aspect that did not occur in this scenario. Due to the negligence of the health care providers, the patient will have to experience suffering throughout his life. In today’s health care, nurses are responsible for documentation of information on a patient and this information must accurately reflect, plan of care, nursing assessment, intervention as well as evaluation of the condition of the patient (Zalon, Constantino & Andrews, 2008). negligence in nursing Scholarly Ethics Paper – Individual Essay Assignment Sample.

In order to satisfy legal and ethical conditions, documentation in this situation should reveal that the standard of care was achieved by adhering to the set care standards by regulation bodies. Ethically, the primary goal of the nurse is to safeguard the patient and act as the patient’s advocate. Therefore, the process of documentation will entail the verification procedure, site marking by the doctor handling the patient as well as time out. The process of verification will entail identifying the accurate patient with double identifiers, obtaining the medical records of the patient, completing a checklist and obtaining the patient’s imaging studies (Harding, Connolly & Wilkerson, 2011).

Verification of the patient allows for time out, surgical site as well as the process in the operations theatre by each member of the surgical team (Jeffreys, 2008). By adhering to these procedures, the patient will be protected legally and ethically. Because the health care providers did not observe the set standard of care in the above case of amputation by enforcing the time out, the patient had the wrong leg cut off.  This means that the patient’s rights were ethically and legally violated.  The case of wrongful amputation of the leg arose from negligence. This situation could be avoided by adhering to a pre-procedure checklist, site marking as well as time out and correct documentation of such processes. negligence in nursing Scholarly Ethics Paper – Individual Essay Assignment Sample.

Nurses have multiple ethical responsibilities to their patients. The main ethical principles are: fidelity, justice, veracity, beneficence and nonmaleficence (Hansen-Turton, Ware & McClellan, 2009). The ethical principles that can guide a nurse in the amputation case are nonmaleficence and beneficence. In a sense, the duty of beneficence is on the opposing side of nonmaleficence. On the one hand, beneficence refers to the duty to better other people’s condition. On the other hand, nonmaleficence means the duty not to inflict injuries on others such as imposing suffering and pain. The first duty of the nurse is to ask himself or herself what is the end harm to the patient. When a nurse injects a patient he or she is causing pain to the patient, but he or she is also averting additional harm or injuries such as prolonged pain or disease development. As a result, the nurse must himself or herself the extent of the harm that can be tolerated by the patient (Weld & Garmon Bibb, 2009). In the case of the amputated patient, the proper identification of the accurate site for surgery would have bettered his condition and averted the amputation of the patient’s good leg. In addition, the nurse would also act as the patient’s advocate by ensuring that he was subjected to the best treatment and care. By adhering to these ethical principles, the nurse would have helped improve the patient’s safety, also avert any harm unintentionally subjected to the patient, and offer him the best health care he deserves. negligence in nursing Scholarly Ethics Paper – Individual Essay Assignment Sample.

In conclusion, the nursing profession continues to evolve and progresses in the quest for excellence, the discipline is becoming increasingly complex in the light of adhering to the set standards by the implementing agencies. These set standards are the consequence of careful evaluation and observation drawn from the desire to end concerns and issues dealing to the ethical obligations and legal responsibilities of nurses. The wrong surgical site discussed in this paper was as a result of negligence on the part of the surgical team. It has been established throughout the discussion that liability from negligence, malpractice and gross negligence arise from deviating from the set medical procedures of care that results in injury or harm to a patient. In order to meet the required standards, documentation of verification procedure, site marking as well as time out are a prerequisite in order to adhere to the set practice standards either ethically or legally and to avert any wrong surgeries. Adhering to ethical principles can help health care professionals and nurses to offer effective and safe care and treatment to their patients negligence in nursing Scholarly Ethics Paper – Individual Essay Assignment Sample.

 

References

Hansen-Turton, T., Ware, J., & McClellan, F. (2009). Nurse practitioners in primary care.
Temp. L. Rev.
,
82
, 1235.

Harding, A. D., Connolly, M. W., & Wilkerson, T. O. (2011). Nurses’ risk without using smart pumps.
JONA’S healthcare law, ethics and regulation
,
13
(1), 17-20.

Jeffreys, M. (2008). Dynamics of diversity.
Becoming better nurses through diversity awareness. NSNA Imprint
, 36-41.

Jonsson, P. M., & Øvretveit, J. (2008). Patient claims and complaints data for improving patient safety.
International journal of health care quality assurance
,
21
(1), 60-74. negligence in nursing Scholarly Ethics Paper – Individual Essay Assignment Sample.

Kjervik, M. D. K., & Brous, M. E. A. (2010).
Law and ethics in advanced practice nursing
. Springer Publishing Company.

Painter, L. M., Dudjak, L. A., Kidwell, K. M., Simmons, R. L., & Kidwell, R. P. (2011). The nurse’s role in the causation of compensable injury.
Journal of nursing care quality
,
26
(4), 311-319.

Stein, A. (2011). Toward a Theory of Medical Malpractice.
Iowa L. Rev.
,
97
, 1201.

Weld, K. K., & Garmon Bibb, S. C. (2009, January). Concept analysis: malpractice and modern‐day nursing practice. In
Nursing forum
(Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 2-10). Blackwell Publishing Inc.

Zalon, M. L., Constantino, R. E., & Andrews, K. L. (2008). The right to pain treatment: a reminder for nurses.
Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing
,
27
(3), 93-101. negligence in nursing Scholarly Ethics Paper – Individual Essay Assignment Sample.

SNAPPS WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT TEMPLATE

What is the self-directed learning issue that was identified in your oral presentation?

Triple vs quadruple treatment against H.pylori

 

Research the self-directed learning issue and provide a summary of your findings which is fully supported by appropriate, scholarly, EBM references.

[Research should be confined to within this textbox. Reference page is on a separate page] SNAPPS written assignment template

 

 

 

ORDER A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HERE

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

REFERENCES

[Must be in APA format]

SNAPPS ORAL PRESENTATION TEMPLATE

 

This template should only be used to organize your oral presentation, IT SHOULD NOT BE SUBMITTED.

 

SUMMARIZE

Using a patient seen in the practicum setting, summarize the H&P into an organized and concise format. SNAPPS written assignment template

 

CC

HPI statement using OLDCARTS data

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Pertinent ROS

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Pertinent PE

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

NARROW

Based on the H&P key findings, identify an appropriate differential. SNAPPS written assignment template

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ANALYZE

Analyze the differential by comparing and contrasting the possibilities.  Use pertinent positive and negative findings to argue for or against each diagnosis in your differential. Rank your diagnoses in order of most likely to least likely with EBM references. SNAPPS written assignment template

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

PROBE

Verbalize any knowledge gaps, points of confusion or dilemmas that you have regarding your understanding of the case by identifying questions that you would (or did) ask your preceptor.

 

 

 

 

PLAN

At a novice level, propose an appropriate plan to confirm and/or manage the problem.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

SELF-DIRECTED LEARNING

Identify one issue for self-directed learning.

 

In the written portion of this assignment, you will present your findings. SNAPPS written assignment template

HEAL Term Paper – DEMENTIA PREFERENCE IN THE AGING POPULATION IN CANADA

DETAILS
 

HEAL  Term Paper

HEAL  Term Paper Instructions

ORDER A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HERE

 
CHOSEN TOPIC:
 
DEMENTIA PREFERENCE IN THE AGING POPULATION IN CANADA

Provide a descriptive overview of a health or well-being-related topic of your choice

(10 marks)
:

Describe the problem you have chosen to cover in terms of how many people it affects (prevalence/incidence).

Describe who is most at risk of the problem in terms of age, gender, sexual orientation, race/cultural group, and/or other relevant demographic characteristics. HEAL Term Paper – DEMENTIA PREFERENCE IN THE AGING POPULATION IN CANADA

Describe where the health event is most likely to occur (i.e., your community of choice).

Identify the relevant time component, that is, whether the health-related issue has increased or decreased over the years.  Also discuss whether the relevant person/place components have changed over time. That is, are different people (in different places) at risk today, compared to the past?

To complete this section, 
you will need to provide statistics as supporting evidence. Be sure to reference them appropriately.

 

Describe how each applicable 
Public Health Agency of Canada
 (PHAC) health determinant (see 
https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/health-promotion/population-health/what-determines-health.html#determinants
) affects your chosen health issue. To complete this part, you will have to provide 
at least two references
for each health determinant that you use. Make sure you describe how the health determinant influences the issue, i.e., does it make people more vulnerable, or is it protective? Does it interact with other health determinants to exacerbate risk? If there are explicit statistics you can use as evidence of the effect(s), be sure to include them and reference them appropriately (e.g., “Poor people are three times less likely …” ; HEAL Term Paper – DEMENTIA PREFERENCE IN THE AGING POPULATION IN CANADA

(10 marks
).

Choose 
only one
 focal health determinant from #2 above, and develop a health promotion or prevention strategy for your chosen community. You are strongly encouraged to use an existing strategy, but to put a novel spin on it. Be sure to provide sufficient rationale for choosing the community you have chosen, and for why you have selected the specific health determinant and strategy that you chose to focus on. This section should include an application of steps necessary for community organizing and building. Be sure to reference appropriately throughout 
(10 marks).

The paper must be typed and double-spaced. It must be written using APA 6
th
Edition formatting, and incorporate proper sentence and paragraph structure. It must flow well, and be free of grammatical and spelling errors. The length limit is 10 pages not counting the title page and reference list. HEAL Term Paper – DEMENTIA PREFERENCE IN THE AGING POPULATION IN CANADA

Dementia Preference in the Aging Population in Canada

 

Introduction

           
Dementia is not an identifiable or specific disease. It is an overall term that has been used for decades to describe a huge range of symptoms that are associated with decline in thinking or memory that are severe enough to minimize or reduce an individual’s ability to carry out everyday activities (Luck et al, 2014). Many countries across the globe have a wide range of patients being diagnosed with dementia. In Canada, for instance, the number of people being diagnosed with dementia seems to be increasing on a yearly basis. As of 2017, Canada had 16,000 citizens under the age of 65 living with dementia. HEAL Term Paper – DEMENTIA PREFERENCE IN THE AGING POPULATION IN CANADA. There are 25,000 numbers of new cases of dementia that are diagnosed every year. According to Axmon, Karlsson, and Ahlström (2016), there are more than 56,000 people in Canada that are suffering from dementia that are being cared for in healthcare facilities or hospitals across the country. This paper examines dementia preference across the aging population in Canada as these are the people most likely to be victims of dementia. More importantly, high rates of dementia among the impoverished nations such as the Aborigines will be explored in addition to how health determinants are related to demenatia. HEAL Term Paper – DEMENTIA PREFERENCE IN THE AGING POPULATION IN CANADA

Brief Overview of Dementia in Canada

Dementia is a medical condition that countries across the globe should not ignore anymore. In Canada, more than 564,000 people are currently living with dementia. In the next 15 years, it is estimated that 937,000 Canadians will be living with dementia with the country expected to spend a lot of cash in caring for the populations of people living with dementia (Tam-Tham et al, 2016). According to Axmon, Karlsson, and Ahlström (2016), this is an increase of 66%, while considering the country’s health care system that is ill-equipped to handle such staggering costs. Today, more than 56,000 Canadians are suffering from dementia, and are being cared for in hospitals and other locations that are not ideal for care.

Lately, scientists have identified factors that increase the risk of developing dementia. According to them, some of the most well-known factors include age, heredity, and family history of the disease that cannot be changed. Of importance to note is that there may be other factors or emerging evidence suggesting that there may be more factors that can influence dementia (Tam-Tham et al, 2016). HEAL Term Paper – DEMENTIA PREFERENCE IN THE AGING POPULATION IN CANADA

Age is identified as one of the largest determining factors in cases that involve dementia. In Canada, for instance, the latest statistics are indicating that close to 10% of the population over the age of 65 are having to deal with dementia. In fact, if such people make it to their 85 birthday, their chance of developing serious cases of dementia jumps to nearly 39%. Old age is one of the largest risk factors for dementia with statistics indicating that dementia mostly affects old people (Axmon, Karlsson, and Ahlström, 2016).

Apart from age, other risk factors include a person’s genes. Individuals often seem perplexed as to why dementia is inherited. Some of the most common forms of dementia are caused by a combination of environmental and genetic factors. According to Luck et al (2014), individuals with a family history of dementia have a higher risk of developing the condition later in life as they may have ‘susceptibility genes’ inherited from parents that increase the risk of developing dementia. HEAL Term Paper – DEMENTIA PREFERENCE IN THE AGING POPULATION IN CANADA

Foster (2016) contends that race is another factor that may determine whether a person will develop dementia later in life or not. In Canada, for instance, research has shown that the First Nations are one-and-a-half likely as the rest of the population to develop the condition than the rest of the population. The reasons for such differences are not well understood, but researchers believe that increased rates of vascular diseases in these groups put them at higher risk of developing dementia. Other lifestyle choices such as drinking, eating habits, smoking, sport that may cause head injuries may also cause dementia at some point (Foster, 2016).

The Aborigines or First Nations as they are known are most likely to be affected by cases of dementia. As noted above, the reasons for such are not well known. Sadly, across these communities too, dementia mainly affects women the most. Aboriginal women who represent almost two thirds of the total population are mainly diagnosed with cases of dementia. In some of the country’s long-term health care facilities, this proportion is even higher, as statistics indicate that 72% of Aboriginal women over the age of 65 are living with dementia (Foster, 2016).

Overall, the Aboriginal communities of Canada are the ones most affected with cases of dementia. The number of men and women in these communities affected by dementia seems to be increasing on a daily basis. Some scholars argue that post traumatic stress disorder linked to residential school attendance, lower levels of education, low income, and stress from racism are factors that increase the vulnerability of these people to develop cases of dementia (Foster, 2016). In short though, dementia is most likely to occur across indigenous communities in Canada in higher numbers as opposed to the rest of the population. HEAL Term Paper – DEMENTIA PREFERENCE IN THE AGING POPULATION IN CANADA

Across the globe, the tide of dementia is swelling. Canada is one of the countries across the globe that has to deal with rising cases of dementia. This is not a problem for old people only, but every citizen’s problem across Canada. Dementia is rising in Canada with latest reports indicating that more than 747,000 people across the country have dementia. That is equal to the whole population of Brunswick, 14Rogers Centres or 72 times the number of Canadians that are seriously injured in car crashes on a yearly basis (Axmon, Karlsson, and Ahlström, 2016).

Unlike the past, dementia rates in Canada are rapidly rising as the country’s population ages. Over the years, statistics have indicated that in all provinces across Canada, cases of people being diagnosed with dementia have increased. As of now, 1 in every 20 people across Canada is living with dementia (Tam-Tham et al, 2016). Between 2011 and 2031, it is projected that there will be a two-fold increase in the number of individuals living with dementia in Canada, and sadly, a significant number of them will be from the country’s First Nation communities (Luck et al, 2014). In short, there is a host of issues such as lifestyle, age, and genes that may cause dementia. In Canada, the number of people living with dementia seems to be increasing with each day that passes. Sadly, a significant number of them are Aborigines or indigenous communities living in the country.

 

How Public Health Agency of Canada Health Determinants Impact Dementia

           
What makes other people healthy and others in the community unhealthy? It is all about the determinants of health. There are many factors that combine together to determine or affect the health of people in communities. Whether individuals are healthy or not, is determined by their environment and circumstances. To a large extent, factors or aspects such as where individuals live, the state of their environment, the relationships with friends and families, their education and income levels, among others, all have a significant considerable impact on their health (Patrick, 2017). Of importance to note is that other factors such as access and subsequent use of health care services often have a less impact.

According to Pega et al (2017), the context of individual’s lives determines their health, and for this reason, blaming them for their poor health or crediting them for good health is actually inappropriate as individuals may not be in a position to directly control the determinants of health. In Canada, for instance, there are 12 health determinants according to the country’s public health agency, and each one of them determines impacts the development of dementia in some way (Patrick, 2017). The 12 determinants of health are culture, health services, healthy child development, biology and genetic endowment, gender, income and social status, physical environments, education and literacy, social support networks, and social environments. Others are personal health practices and coping skills and employment/working conditions (Lucyk and McLaren, 2017). HEAL Term Paper – DEMENTIA PREFERENCE IN THE AGING POPULATION IN CANADA

All of the aforementioned determinants of health can directly be linked to dementia.  For instance, culture may impact on the experience of dementia in a number of ways. While dementia is present in all communities across Canada, it is understood and subsequently dealt in different ways across different communities in the country. Whites seem to have a fair, consistent understanding of dementia as medical condition brought about by other conditions such as Alzheimer’s while people from other cultures view it as a normal condition of aging (Lucyk and McLaren, 2017). Apart from culture, access to health services can impact dementia. Lack of access, or limited access to health services may greatly accelerate or increase a person’s case of dementia as such persons are less likely to take part in preventive care or delay their treatment (Patrick, 2017).

As noted earlier, healthy child development also has a long-term impact on dementia. Apart from being influenced by other multiple diseases, research has shown that healthy child development determines whether one will develop dementia or not later in life (Glouberman and Millar, 2003). Glouberman and Millar (2003) further argue that biology and genetics endowment also determines whether a person will develop dementia or not. Family history matters a lot, and individuals from families with dementia-prone cases are likely to inherit such genes.

Surprisingly, gender is lately being linked to increased cases of dementia in Canada. Studies investigating incidences of dementia across gender have shown that there seems to be a relationship between dementia and gender. In Canada, for instance, studies have indicated that more than 50% of women aged 65 years are living with dementia with less than 40% of men being affected (Lucyk and McLaren, 2017). According to Pega et al (2017), this is likely to reflect the fact that women tend to live longer than men with age being the largest known risk factor for dementia.

Income and social status also make a difference when it comes to cases of dementia. If a well-off family has a patient suffering from dementia, the chances of them getting him or her best medical care to improve his or her condition is high. Poorer people are more likely to have their patient’s condition deteriorate as they cannot afford some of the best healthcare facilities around that can sufficiently take care of a family member living with dementia (Pega et al, 2017). According to the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), physical environments are also related to cases of dementia. The living environment can impact people’s lives, their feelings, behaviours, and how they relate with others. Of importance to note is that individuals living with dementia are no different. The physical space or the manner in which a certain room is laid out can bring hidden triggers for a person living with dementia (Lucyk and McLaren, 2017).

Education and literacy is another health determinant linked to dementia. A lot of research has been undertaken with the intention of determining the impact of literacy and years of education on subsequent diagnosis of dementia, and the result has shown that there seems to be a correlation between these two elements. Of importance, older adults with limited literacy were found to be at an increased risk of developing dementia (Pega et al, 2017). In fact, exposure to digital technology can help people fight the progression of this disease. HEAL Term Paper – DEMENTIA PREFERENCE IN THE AGING POPULATION IN CANADA

Social support networks and social environments are also linked to the progression and development of dementia. First, social support is one of the best strategies that individuals and societies can use in preventing dementia. By showing such people that they are loved and cared for, their perceived strain and level of depression (aspects that may contribute to dementia) may reduce, an aspect that will slow back the progress of dementia (Patrick, 2017). Additionally, social environments are health determinants that can directly be linked to dementia. Dementia is linked to a number of losses. However, it is the social environment, including relationships with these people that influence how these losses affect the quality of their lives. Taking care of their social needs may halt the progression dementia significantly (Lucyk and McLaren, 2017).

Last, health practices and coping skills and employment/working conditions are other determinants of health that can directly be linked to dementia. Personal health practices and coping skills are those actions that an individual can take so as to avoid certain diseases while promoting self-care, and the ability to cope with challenges. Smoking, over drinking, and taking part in sports such as boxing are health choices that may lead to dementia, an aspect that may affect their coping skill to the extent of requiring help (Pega et al, 2017). On the other hand, employment/working conditions have a positive correlation with dementia. Studies have indicated that adverse conditions of the workplace may lead to depression, increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, and after some time, it may lead to cases of dementia (Patrick, 2017).

 

A Health Promotion Strategy on Health Services for the Aging People with Dementia in Canada

           
With the increased interest in the health of people across the country, health promotion seems to be the best way to assist people by enabling them to take control and actively improve their health. Health promotion focuses on addressing several determinants of health, and do not require elaborate technology or expensive drugs to achieve. Instead, it requires social interventions, which, the basic level, need some personal investment of energy and time (Clarke, 2007).

The aging community in Canada is increasing at an unprecedented pace. For the first time, seniors in the country have outnumbered children based on a report published by Statistics Canada’s latest data. For the first time, the country is witnessing an aging baby Boomer scenario, as well as other societal trends such as longer life expectancies and lower rates of fertility, and the combination of the combination of these factors seems to have rapidly led to the rapid increase in the number of 65-year olds in the country living with dementia (Clarke, 2007).

A study carried out in 2013-2014 indicated that there were more than 402,000 individuals in Canada aged 65 years and above living with dementia. Of this number, close to two-thirds were women (Foster, 2016). It is for this reason that this section of the paper seeks to address this disturbing trend. HEAL Term Paper – DEMENTIA PREFERENCE IN THE AGING POPULATION IN CANADA.

As noted earlier, health services are those services designed to promote health, restore health, and prevent diseases to contribute to population health. Getting access to healthcare services may play a huge role towards determining the health of individuals in a country or a certain location (Foster, 2016). Again, health care services is the chosen health determinant since it is common for people aged 65 years and above living with dementia to lack sufficient access to the required health services due to forgetfulness, inability to go alone to healthcare facilities, and the probability of their families to make sure that they get access to better healthcare facilities on the assumption that dementia is a disease of the old (Clarke et al, 2007).

In line with the above, there is an urgent need to come up with a health promotion strategy to ensure that the aging population in Canada living with dementia can adequately get access to health care services whenever they need them. Health promotion surpasses health care as it puts the health of people on the agenda of policy makers in all levels and in all sectors by directing them to become aware of the health consequences of decisions made and subsequently accept responsibility for their health (Axmon, Karlsson, and Ahlström, 2016).

For the aging community to have access to health care services, a health promotion strategy is required, and here Achieving Health for All is an exceptional framework that can be adopted in this case for better results. This framework calls for attention to key health promotion challenges that include reducing or minimizing inequities in health, increasing the prevention of disease, and enhancing the capacity to cope with disability and chronic disease (Clarke et al, 2007).

The first challenge is about reducing inequities in health of high and low income groups in Canada. Here, there is a huge chance that dementia patients with a low income may not get a chance to be taken care of by the best hospitals around. Within the low-income bracket, there will always be a huge number of individuals who will be locked out of efficient healthcare system as they cannot get access to the best hospitals in the country. In Canada, there are those people for whom “longer life, but worsening health conditions” is a stark reality (Clarke et al, 2007). A lot should be done to reduce such health inequities. HEAL Term Paper – DEMENTIA PREFERENCE IN THE AGING POPULATION IN CANADA.

The second challenge in the health promotion strategy should be to boost or increase prevention efforts. One of the most effective ways of ensuring that a healthy generation of aging people is promoted is by undertaking prevention efforts aimed at ensuring that complications such as dementia do not begin early enough. According to Clarke et al (2007), even though dementia cannot be avoided, its occurrence can be greatly minimized or prevented to some extend by finding out the factors that are likely to cause the condition and then reducing or trying to fight them. Many preventive measures that people take for granted today were actually initiated decades ago. It is estimated that the adoption of preventive measures can lead to more than 50% increase in the early onset of dementia (Clarke et al, 2007).

Enhancing the capacity of people to cope is the last element of health promotion strategy. Today, chronic conditions seem to have replaced a lot of communicable diseases, and the third challenge should be to enhance the capacity of people to manage and cope with chronic conditions such as dementia. Canada is one of the countries across the globe that is experiencing an “age boom” and if efforts to enhance people’s coping capacities are not undertaken, then problems will be faced later (Tam-Tham et al, 2016).

The above cannot be achieved without having in place steps necessary for community organizing and building. To achieve a certain end, Holgate (2015) advocates for six important steps that people need to follow. The first is the listening process followed the first meeting to determine what needs to be done. This is then followed by regular meeting, research, action, and finally implementing an action.

 

 

 

Conclusion

           
In a recap, Dementia is a condition that affects millions of people in many countries across the globe. One of the most affected countries is Canada with millions of its aging citizens being diagnosed with dementia on a yearly basis. The older generation of Canadian citizens seems to be the ones affected the most with cases of dementia. Much worse, dementia seems to be prevalent across Canada’s original inhabitants (the Aborigines).There are many causes that accelerate the progress of dementia, but as it appears, old age seems to be the biggest culprit. Coupled with this, there are a number of health determinants that will determine whether a person has a higher chance of developing dementia or not. To reverse or minimize the trend, health promotion campaigns need to be undertaken in earnest, especially across the aging population in Canada. HEAL Term Paper – DEMENTIA PREFERENCE IN THE AGING POPULATION IN CANADA.
 

References

Axmon, A., Karlsson, B., & Ahlström, G. (2016). Health care utilisation among older persons with intellectual disability and dementia: a registry study.
Journal of Intellectual Disability Research
, 60 (12), 1165-1177.

Clarke, A., Gatineau, M., Thorogood, M., & Wyn-Roberts, N. (2007). Health promotion research literature in Europe 1995-2005.
European Journal of Public Health
, 1724-1728.

Foster, C. (2016). Aboriginal Health Care: The Seven Grandfathers Trump the Four Principles.
American Journal of Bioethics
, 16 (5), 54-56.

Glouberman, S., & Millar, J. (2003). Evolution of the Determinant of Health Policy, and Health Information Systems in Canada.
American Journal of Public Health
, 93 (3), 388-392.

Holgate, J. (2015). An International Study of Trade Union Involvement in Community Organizing: Same Model, Different Outcomes.
British Journal of Industrial Relations
, 53 (3), 460-483.

Luck, T., Riedel-Heller, S. G., Luppa, M., Wiese, B., Bachmann, C., Jessen, F., & Maier, W. (2014). A hierarchy of predictors for dementia-free survival in old-age: results of the AgeCoDe study.
Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
, 129 (1), 63-72.

Lucyk, K., & McLaren, L. (2017). Taking stock of the social determinants of health: A scoping review.
PLOs ONE
, 12 (5), 1-24.

Patrick, L. (2017). Determinants of Indigenous Peoples’ Health in Canada:
Beyond the Social. Canadian Geographer
, 61 (1), 3-4.

Pega, F., Valentine, N. B., Rasanathan, K., Hosseinpoor, A. R., Torgersen, T. P., Ramanathan, V., & … Neira, M. P. (2017). The need to monitor actions on the social determinants of health.
Bulletin of the World Health Organization
, 95 (11), 784-787.

Tam-Tham, H., Nettel-Aguirre, A., Silvius, J., Dalziel, W., Garcia, L., Molnar, F., & Drummond, N. (2016).
Provision of dementia-related services in Canada: a comparative study. BMC Health Services Research
, 161-169. HEAL Term Paper – DEMENTIA PREFERENCE IN THE AGING POPULATION IN CANADA