Tag: Clinical-Nursing

NURS 6501 Pathophysiology Crohn’s Disease essay

Assignment: Pathophysiology Crohn’s Disease

Write a 1500-2000 word APA formatted essay of the following topics: Explain the pathogenesis with common clinical presentation of celiac’s disease Analyze the pathophysiology Crohn’s disease and relate genetic issues Differentiate between hepatitis A, B, C, and viral hepatitis Elaborate on the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of pancreatic cancer Complete Case Study #26 (nausea and vomiting) in the Bruyere textbook

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You must proofread your paper. But do not strictly rely on your computer’s spell-checker and grammar-checker; failure to do so indicates a lack of effort on your part and you can expect your grade to suffer accordingly. Papers with numerous misspelled words and grammatical mistakes will be penalized. Read over your paper – in silence and then aloud – before handing it in and make corrections as necessary. Often it is advantageous to have a friend proofread your paper for obvious errors. Handwritten corrections are preferable to uncorrected mistakes.

Use a standard 10 to 12 point (10 to 12 characters per inch) typeface. Smaller or compressed type and papers with small margins or single-spacing are hard to read. It is better to let your essay run over the recommended number of pages than to try to compress it into fewer pages. NURS 6501 Pathophysiology Crohn’s Disease essay

Likewise, large type, large margins, large indentations, triple-spacing, increased leading (space between lines), increased kerning (space between letters), and any other such attempts at “padding” to increase the length of a paper are unacceptable, wasteful of trees, and will not fool your professor.

• The paper must be neatly formatted, double-spaced with a one-inch margin on the top, bottom, and sides of each page. When submitting hard copy, be sure to use white paper and print out using dark ink. If it is hard to read your essay, it will also be hard to follow your argument. NURS 6501 Pathophysiology Crohn’s Disease essay.

SOC 320: Public Policy & Social Services Essay

SOC 320: Public Policy & Social Services

For your journal entry, you will explore aspects of your personal experience and beliefs regarding significant public policies and what you have learned in your readings.  For this journal assignment review the following resources:

Rebecca Onie: What if our healthcare system kept us healthy?

Health Reform Hits Main Street: The YouToons Explain the New Health Law.

Illustrating Health Care Reform: How Health Insurance Coverage Will Work.

As you reflect on these resources, please address the following questions:

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What are the major current health care issues and policies in the United States today?

In my opinion, the policies surrounding this health care issue and the people who make them, are not thinking twice about preventative care and are not concerned with preventing illness but seemingly are willing to promote the use of more medication instead of treating the real issues at hand. Medication is not always the correct answer, there are problems at home that cause the illness, but no one seems to care. If we chose to care, then we would realize that prescribing medicine isn’t the one and only answer. One of the interesting things about the policy treatment was when Rebecca Onie spoke to Dr. Geiger about how the Washington beaurocrats expressed to him how he was not allowed to prescribe food for patients, and Dr. Geiger explained to them that food is the prescription for malnutrition (Onie, 2012). SOC 320: Public Policy & Social Services Essay. I am not sure that everyone has the best intent in mind for the health of the nation. Everyone has this straight and narrow path they are supposed to follow, but no one ever bothers to take a turn and consider the other options. It always comes down to how much money matters, whatever is cheaper wins.

What is the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act – 2010?  How did this policy change the health care system in the United States?

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Acts are the actions of the government to help Americans become insured so that everyone has the chance to see a doctor and become a healthier person in the process. Before this, the government did not guarantee any access to healthcare and did not provide access for certain groups (Theodoulou & Kofonis, 2012). What this means, is that there were no legal protections or any way around to receiving healthcare for individuals with certain health conditions. If you did not have any way to pay for your healthcare, then you were not insured plain and simple. Insurance plans were able to discriminate against you based on your health condition or concerns. If you had something severely wrong with you, the health insurance companies were allowed to say no, simply because you were too much of a risk. Also, the access to care was a choice and not necessarily a right of a citizen (Theodoulou & Kofonis, 2012). This quote talks about the rights of doctors, hospitals, and other physicians to have the choice not to see neither accept an individual as a patient based upon current health status and any pre-existing condition which the patient may be dealing with. This system was based solely on one’s ability to pay for services and not for the medical need neither necessity of the service SOC 320: Public Policy & Social Services Essay.

Describe one strength and one weakness of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act – 2010.

Since the (ACA), Affordable health care is now guaranteed, the ability to put a decision back into the hands of the individuals and not of the hands of the physician, is the best modification. Also, the name of the Affordable Care Act can be somewhat of a misleading term. Personally, I thought that it meant that insurance would be affordable for everyone to get However, I have learned that affordability is not always what we believe. I’m glad that we now have somewhat of choice and that those who could previously not be covered can now have coverage. However, affordability has a lot to do with our health status as well! In this way, the naming of the ACA is somewhat of a misleading term. However, it is still a good plan that has been put in place so that people may have some way to guarantee they can receive insurance benefits. The requirements of the required health insurance is a weakness of the ACA. Some people cannot afford insurance and trying to base it on someone’s income with rising costs of living it is not so simple to say based on one’s income that someone should be able to afford a certain amount for insurance payments.

How are you affected by healthcare policies in the United States? If you are not affected, why not?

I do not believe that there is a single person that has not been affected by the healthcare policies in the United States. The policies do not deal with only one set of health insurance, but they are also involved in the stipulations for help with Medicare, Medicaid and other federally funded aid programs to cover healthcare. Personally, I do not have to pay for health care because my husband is in the military SOC 320: Public Policy & Social Services Essay. Lucky for me none of this is a concern but what about the individuals who are not military and do have to worry about this? Those people could die, God forbid, from complications with illnesses simply because they don’t have the money obtain medical insurance. Or, they don’t have money to purchase the food required to keep them healthy. The policies that are currently in place are better policies which have positively affected many people. However, those same policies also drive insurances out of the State exchange programs and into private sectors which lead to less competition within the exchanges and thereby driving the costs higher even for those who will get “extra help” to cover some of the costs of insurance. So, although tax credits are received with the ACA, those credits are not always enough to get someone over the hurdle of affordability (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2010).

What were your thoughts on the healthcare system in the United States prior to this week’s readings? How has your perspective been either reinforced or changed now that you are more informed?

My thoughts on the healthcare system have not changed before reading this week’s required readings, and will probably not change soon. The ACA is a game changer, and it is a good thing that it has been implemented. However, the costs that are associated with healthcare are not beneficial to individuals who are healthy. If it is mandatory that people purchase health insurance, there must be some added value to those purchases. Having to pay more than 4,000 dollars a year for heath insurance is a little outrageous. Realistically speaking, many young people are healthy and are being forced to pay for this health insurance that they can not afford. At the end of the day, I’m not sure how to change the healthcare system for the better but forcing someone who can not afford health care is not the road to go down. Although there were a few things I liked in the Paul Ryan’s replacement plan, it also still lacks the fundamentally of what we need as a country. SOC 320: Public Policy & Social Services Essay.

The purpose of the journal activity is to allow you to thoroughly reflect upon what you have learned during this course, particularly this week, and to provide you with an opportunity to relate this what you have learned this week to your experiences. The reflective journal is not a formal written assignment. However, you are expected to adhere to conventional rules of grammar, sentence structure, spelling, and punctuation while focusing on clearly conveying your thoughts.

References:

Kaiser Family Foundation. (n.d.). Illustrating health care reform: How health insurance coverage will work [Interactive map]. Available from http://healthreform.kff.org/profiles.aspx

Kaiser Family Foundation (Producer). (2010).
Health reform hits Main Street: The YouToons explain the new health law
[Video file]. Available from http://healthreform.kff.org/the-animation.aspx

Onie, R. (2012).
Rebecca Onie: What if our healthcare system kept us healthy?
[Video file]. TEDMED. Available from http://www.ted.com/talks/rebecca_onie_what_if_our_healthcare_system_kept_us_healthy.html

Theodoulou, S. Z. & Kofinis, C. (2012).
The policy game: Understanding U.S. public policy making
. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. SOC 320: Public Policy & Social Services Essay.

 

Public policy is one way that society addresses social problems through the use of laws and regulations adopted by governments.  In this discussion, review the American Sociological Association article
Sociology and Public Policy
(Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
and address the following:

1. Consider and explain the following statement, “Public policy is both what government does and what it does not do” (Theodoulou & Kofinis, 2012).

2. What determines whether a policy is enacted or not?

3. Who holds the power and authority to create, enact and/or change public policy?

4. What is the difference between public versus private concerns in relation to policy making and the government’s role in this process?

5. Describe two ways that social science research helps to design good public policies.  Why are social science research skills important for analyzing the impact of existing policies?

Your initial post should be at least 300 words in length. Support your points with scholarly references, appropriate citations, and full references at the conclusion of your post. Cite your sources in APA format.

http://www.asanet.org/sites/default/files/savvy/footnotes/apr09/asa-forum_0409.html

https://content.ashford.edu/books/AUSOC320.13.1/sections/sec1.2 SOC 320: Public Policy & Social Services Essay

 

SOC 320 Public Policy & Social Services

Public Policy on Social Security

Introduction

Thesis Statement

It is not difficult to understand why Social Security is our country’s most popular government program. The Social Security program began as a way to implement “social insurance” during the Great Depression when poverty rates exceeded more than 50 percent for senior citizens living in America when a great number of people were negatively affected by economic conditions. According to Theodoulou & Kofinis (2012) the Depression indicated that many were not saving sufficiently for retirement, much less an economic emergency. With that being said, Social Security has sparked a debate between public and private perspectives as funding for the program has become more an issue than ever before. Therefore, this paper will look at the issues and changes in Social Security and how it seems to teeter on promoting “equality” and efforts to provide “adequate” and affordable protection for the citizens of the United States.

Body paragraph #1- Topic Sentence #1

The original purpose of Social Security was to offer an insurance policy for retirees. This plan had an employee work force providing money for the Social Security fund in an effort to pay those in retirement. However, along the way the life expectancy of individuals increased and the ratio of those actively working and those in retirement started to drop (Anders & Hulse, 2006). This meant that the money that was coming in would not be enough to support the money that was going out. SOC 320: Public Policy & Social Services Essay.

Supporting Evidence

In 1983, a Social Security Trust Fund was created to use the excess funds from payroll tax revenue in an attempt to overcome the shortfall in future Social Security needs (Morse, 2011). These funds were to be invested so that the funds would grow and protect the system for years to come.

Explanation

The system that was created to grow and protect the funds, instead the funds were placed into non-negotiable treasure bonds, which would be just like having an “IOU” from the government.

So What?

 
References

Anders, S. B., & Hulse, D. S. (2006). Social security: The past, the present, and options for reform.
The CPA Journal, 76
(5), 20-31. Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/212258051?accountid=32521

Morse, D. E. (2011). Social security is in the red.
Benefits Law Journal, 24
(2), 1-3. Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/866765228?accountid=32521

Theodoulou, S. Z. & Kofinis, C. (2012).
The policy game: Understanding U.S. public policy making
. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. SOC 320: Public Policy & Social Services Essay.

NURS 6501 – Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease sample essays

Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a term given to chronic and recurring conditions that affect the gastrointestinal tract (Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC), 2017). Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a condition that affects the movement of the intestine (CDC, 2017). Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease are the two most common IBD. In ulcerative colitis lesions are mostly contained in the large intestine especially on the left side. With ulcerative colitis, the crypt of Lieberkuhn in the large bowel becomes infiltrated with T cells that damage the epithelium.  Immunoglublin E and G, along with B cells and plasma cells increase at the site of inflammation and goblet cells release mucus (Basson, 2017). Ulceration occurs in the mucosa with rare narrowing of the lumen of the large intestine; polyps form throughout the large intestine (Dudley-Brown & Huether, 2012).  Crohn disease lesions may range from the mouth to the anus called skip lesions. The inflammation of Crohn disease is thought to be triggered by cell-mediated response and increased levels of interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha.    In IBD, Crohn disease, the increase in interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, along with stimulation of Th1 cells, produces inflammation throughout the small and large intestine mucosa and serosa layers. NURS 6501 – Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease sample essays. Injury to bowel tissue occurs as neutrophils and macrophages infiltrate the site of inflammation.  Granuloma ulcerations occur in some areas of the bowel and skip other areas (Dudley-Brown & Huether, 2012).

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Pathophysiology of Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Irritable bowel syndrome is a functional gastrointestinal bowel disorder causing increased contractions of the colon.  IBS is diagnosed by characteristic cluster of symptoms without detectable structural abnormalities. The pathophysiology of IBS is complex and involves a number of factors.  Hypersensitivity to pain in the visceral gut occurs by either malfunctioning of the central nervous system or receptors in the wall of the gut; known as the brain-gut axis.  Malfunction of the brain-gut axis can increase gastrointestinal motility causing diarrhea or decease gastrointestinal motility causing constipation.  A decreased transit time is, also, associated with normal intestinal flora overgrowth.  Individuals with IBS have minimal intestinal inflammation, permeability alterations, and decreased immune response in the gut.  Intolerance or allergy to certain foods stimulate an immune response in the mucosa, change the normal gut flora and increase visceral hypersensitivity.  Furthermore, changes in the brain-gut axis and pain perception increase with psychosocial issues such as stress (Dudley-Brown & Huether, 2012).

 

Similarities/Differences with Inflammatory Bowel Disorder and Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Similarities and differences between IBS and IBD can be addressed by the interactions of the gut immune system and the central nervous system. Both inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) have similar symptoms of altered bowel patterns associated with abdominal pain or discomfort. Both diseases share pathophysiologic mechanisms include altered mucosal permeability; the mucosal immune system alters the interaction of luminal flora, mucosal immune triggering, gut motility alterations, and severe, prolonged life stressors in symptom alteration.  IBD is characterized by inflammation or ulcerations in the small or large intestine; thus these changes are not linked with IBS. Classic signs and symptoms of the inflammatory process in the gastrointestinal tract are diarrhea, rectal bleeding, weight loss, and fever, sometimes related with extra intestinal signs.  Usually, abdominal pain is not the most obvious symptom in IBD, whereas, the main symptom in IBS is abdominal pain.  Unlike IBS, the cause of IBD is caused by genetic predisposition, environmental factors, infectious agents, altered gut epithelial permeability, and impaired immune responses. NURS 6501 – Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease sample essays.

Treatments for Inflammatory Bowel Disorder and Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Diagnosis and treatment of Irritable Bowel Disease is based on clinical presentation, history, physical and exclusion of other causes of symptoms (Huether & McCance, 2017). To rule out other causes of the symptoms, endoscopies, CT scans, blood tests, abdominal ultrasounds and tests to rule out illnesses such as lactose intolerance and celiac disease could be done (Huether & McCance, 2017). The patient is diagnosed using the Rome III criteria which basically says that the patient has abdominal pain or discomfort for at least 3 days per month for the past 3 months with at least two incidences if improvement with bowel movement, change in frequency of stool or change in appearance of stool (Huether & McCance, 2017). Mesalamine products are often prescribed; steroids and aminosalicylates are used to suppress the inflammatory response and help to alleviate cramping pain. Immunosuppressants and immunomodulatory agents may induce and maintain remission. For severe cases, hospital admission for the administration of intravenous fluids and steroids may be needed. Surgical intervention to manage complications may also be necessary. There is no cure for IBS and the treatment is not specific, but based on each patient symptoms and is often started with incorporation of fiber in the diet. Laxatives, anti-diarrheals, antispasmodics and analgesics are often a part of the treatment plan (Huether & McCance, 2017). Evaluations for food allergies, parasites, and bacterial infections are also performed. Alternative therapies may include: probiotics, hypnosis, acupuncture, and psychotherapy. The treatment of IBD and IBS are very different and cannot be used interchangeably.

 

Genetics Impact on
Inflammatory Bowel Disorder and Irritable Bowel Syndrome

There is a strong genetic factor with IBD with a positive family history. UC is more predominate in the white population and is associated with other auto immune disorders. CD includes genetic factor with positive family history and altered immune responses (Huether & McCance, 2017). According to McPhee & Hammer (2014), “a combination of genetic risk and environmental factors are recognized key elements in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. There are many newly recognizable genes that are susceptible for both Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. It is postulated that the stigma associated with IBS led to relatives not sharing information with others, resulting in underestimates of familial aggregation of IBS (Saito, et al., 2008).  An estimated 33 percent of individuals with IBS have a positive family history of the disorder (p. 790).  A positive family history of any of these disorders can alarm the examining practitioner and can lead to early diagnosis and treatment.

References

Basson, M. (2017). Ulcerative colitis. Retrieved from 
http://emedicine.medscape.com/ article/183084-overview# aw2aab6b2b4aa
.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). Inflammatory bowel disease. Retrieved from
www.cdc.gov/ibd/

 

Dudley-Brown, S. & Huether, S. (2012). Alterations of digestive function. In S.J. Huether & K.L. McCance (Eds.). 
Understanding pathophysiology
 (5
th
 ed, p. 894-937). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.

Heitkemper, M., Kohen, R., Jun, S., & Jarrett, M. (2011). Genetics and gastrointestinal symptoms. 
Annual Review Of Nursing Research
, 
29
261-280. doi:10.1891/0739-6686.29.261

Huether, S. E., & McCance, K. L. (2017). 
Understanding pathophysiology 
(6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.

Hammer, G. G. , & McPhee, S. (2014). 
Pathophysiology of disease: An introduction to clinical medicine
. (7th ed.) New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.

Saito, Y., Zimmerman, J., Harmsen, W., De Andrade, M., Locke, G., Petersen, G., & Talley, N. (2008). Irritable bowel syndrome aggregates strongly in families: a family-based case-control study. Neurogastroenterology And Motility, 20, 790-797. NURS 6501 – Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease sample essays.

 

Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) and Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

WEEK 8 DISCUSSION

As we know all know, our gastrointestinal tract which extends from the mouth to anus is a hallow organ (Huether &Re McCance, 2017, p. 906).  Sometimes, it may often be challenging to come up with a diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) due to the presence of overlapping mechanism which still makes both as separate conditions. IBD is divided into two types of condition namely ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease. NURS 6501 – Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease sample essays. According to rectum (Dudley-Brown and Huether, ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that causes an ulceration of the colon and rectum. It is characterized with a period of remission followed with relapse.  According to (Hammer & McPhee, 2014, p. 372).  It is unknown what triggers inflammatory bowel disease. Ulcerative colitis is superficial and most likely developed in the colonic mucosa While crohn diseases granulomatous and is located throughout the gastrointestinal tract (Hammer & McPhee, 2014). Patient with crohn disease may exhibit symptoms such as diarrhea, rectal bleeding, weight loss and abdominal pain along with vitamin b12 and vitamin D malabsorption, while those patients with ulcerative colitis may present with fever, tachycardia, dehydration, weight loss, bleeding and inflammation (Huether & McCance, 2017).

Pathophysiology of IBD

(Huether & McCance, 2017).

Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Inflammatory Bowel Disorder and Irritable Bowel Syndrome

It is unclear what the triggers are for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but what we do know is that there are two forms; Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis (Hammer & McPhee, 2014, p. 372).  Crohn disease (CD) is transmural and granulomatous which can be found throughout the GI track, whereas ulcerative colitis (UC) is superficial and limited to the colonic mucosa (Hammer & McPhee, 2014).  CD symptoms include diarrhea, rectal bleeding, weight loss and abdominal pain along with vitamin b12 and vitamin D malabsorption (Huether & McCance, 2017).  In UC a patient may experience fever, tachycardia, dehydration, weight loss, bleeding and inflammation (Huether & McCance, 2017) NURS 6501 – Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease sample essays.

Pathophysiology of IBD

           
There are two forms of IBD.  Crohn disease “is transmural and granulomatous in character, occurring anywhere along the GI tract while ulcerative colitis is superficial and limited to the colonic mucosa” (Hammer & McPhee, 2014, p. 372).  Under normal circumstances, the intestine is able to control mucosal epithelieum inflammatory responses to dietary and microbial antigens.  In IBD, this process is defective, resulting in uncontrolled inflammation.  Common symptoms for both CD and UC are diarrhea and abdominal pain though it is important to note that constipation may associated with UC.  The diarrhea can be quite severe, resulting in dehydration, malnutrition, and weight loss.  Diarrheal blood loss can result in anemia.

 

Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) and Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

IBD is categorized into two sections: ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease. Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that causes an ulceration of the colon and rectum (Dudley-Brown and Huether, 2017). Ulcerative colitis is characterized by remition and relapse. According to Stratton (2017), ulcerative colitis results from aberrant immune response to gut luminal antigen in a genetically susceptible individual. Phagocyte’s response to gut flora and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines activates the T cells, causing mucosal inflammation and damage NURS 6501 – Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease sample essays. It is also believed that an abnormal or deficient interleukin (IL)-25 that controls some T helper cell responses is involved in the mechanism of ulcerative colitis. In Crohn disease, the inflammation results from the activation of cell-mediated responses, elevated interferon-gamma, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. The inflammation originates from the intestinal submucosa and proliferates to the mucosa and serosa. The inflammation and tissue injury seen in this disorder is associated with the activation of neutrophils and marcophages (Dudley-Brown and Huether, 2017) NURS 6501 – Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease sample essays.

 

References

Hammer, G. G., & McPhee, S. (2014).
Pathophysiology of disease: An introduction to clinical medicine
. (7
th
ed.) New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education

Huether, S. E., & McCance, K. L. (2017).
Understanding pathophysiology
(6
th
ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.

Dudley-Brown, S., & Huether, S. E. (2017). Alterations of digestive function. In Huether, S. E., & McCance, K. L. (2017). 
Understanding pathophysiology
 (6
th
ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby NURS 6501 – Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease sample essays

NURS 6050 Politics and the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

Politics and the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

There have been many concerns and controversies about the population health not just in America but all over the world.  However, as with anything else, the world has its eye on how America will improve health care. In America, health care was financed by “public payers (Federal, State, and local government), as well as private insurance and individual payments” (Lew et al. 1992). Health care cost is an area of concern to many, and depending on the political party, there is a push for health care for all. However, consumers, patients, or individuals are not concerned about party relationships but rather how will government interest and decision affect and influence the lives of their families and themselves. Local, State, and Federal member members can institute policies that are beneficial to society rather than focusing on their political status(re-election), which requires political support NURS 6050 Politics and the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. Nevertheless, legislators must consider and make cost-benefit policies with the community in mind (Feldstein, 2006).

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There are three significant parts to health care, which are quality and safety, access,  and cost of care (Milstead and Short, 2019). As a result, in 2010 Affordable Care Act (ACA) became law giving, focusing on giving access to healthcare to everyone while curbing health costs and improving care (ACA, 2019). Affordable Care Act(ACA) provides coverage to anyone with pre-existing conditions, children up to age 26 on their parent policy, care for the mental health, addiction, and preventive care for chronic disease. Even though the Affordable Care Act (ACA) is not perfect, it does have and consider the benefit of society. According to RAND (2019, approximately 20 million people newly insured, and 24 million have achieved free or financed care through marketplace tax credits and Medicaid expansion.

In contrast, the current administration’s focus is to repeal the ACA which would affect the health benefit of the majority of society is political. Just like Obama Care changes to changes to the Affordable Care Act(ACA) can be useful and bad.  Trump signed an executive order in 2017, affecting parts of Obamacare. The bill insurance writers the ability to increase the premium by thirty percent if continuous coverage is lost, ending the state’s option to expand Medicaid, ending personal and employers mandates(taxes) NURS 6050 Politics and the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.

As  O’Rourke, 2017 states “ right to health care means that the government is morally obligated and responsible to do all within its means to ensure that medically necessary care, regardless of ability to pay, whether provided in the private or public sectors, is available and accessible to all” pg. 140.

 

References

Affordable Care Act (ACA), (2019). History and Timeline of the Affordable Care Act (ACA). Retrieved
https://www.ehealthinsurance.com/resources/affordable-care-act/history-timeline-affordable-care-act-aca

 

De Lew, N., Greenberg, G., & Kinchen, K. (1992). A layman’s guide to the U.S. health care system. Health care financing
review
,
14
(1), 151–169. NURS 6050 Politics and the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

 

Feldstein, P. (2006).
The politics of health legislation: An economic perspective
(3rd ed.). Chicago, IL: Health Administration Press.

 

O’Rourke, T.W.  (2017) Lost in the Health Care Reform Discussion: Health Care as a Right or Privilege, American Journal of Health Education, 48:3, 138-141, DOI:10.1080/19325037.2017.1292879

 

Rand healthcare, (2019). The Future of U.S. Health Care: Replace or Revise the Affordable Care Act? Healthcare Reform; Retrieved from
https://www.rand.org/health-care/key-topics/health-policy/in-depth.html

 

 

 

Politics and the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

Regardless of political affiliation, individuals often grow concerned when considering perceived competing interests of government and their impact on topics of interest to them. The realm of healthcare is no different. Some people feel that local, state, and federal policies and legislation can be either helped or hindered by interests other than the benefit to society. NURS 6050 Politics and the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.

 

The suppliers of legislative benefits are legislators, and their primary goal is to be re-elected. Thus, legislators need to maximize their chances for re-election, which requires political support. Legislators are assumed to be rational and to make cost-benefit calculations when faced with demands for legislation. However, the legislator’s cost-benefit calculations are not the cost-benefits to society of enacting particular legislation. Instead, the benefits are the additional political support the legislator would receive from supporting legislation and the lost political support they would incur as a result of their action. When the benefit to legislators (positive political support) exceeds their costs (negative political support) they will support legislation. (page 27)

 

Source: Feldstein, P. (2006). The politics of health legislation: An economic perspective (3rd ed.). Chicago, IL: Health Administration Press.

 

To Prepare:

 

Review the Resources and reflect on efforts to repeal/replace the Affordable Care Act (ACA).

Consider who benefits the most when policy is developed and in the context of policy implementation.

 

Post
an explanation for how you think the cost-benefit analysis in the statement from page 27 of Feldstein (2006) affected efforts to repeal/replace the ACA. Then, explain how analyses such as the one portrayed by the Feldstein statement may affect decisions by legislative leaders in recommending or positioning national policies (e.g., Congress’ decisions impacting Medicare or Medicaid). NURS 6050 Politics and the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

 

Main Post:

The Affordable Care Act (ACA)

The introduction of the Affordable Care Act by President Obama had the target of ensuring that all American residents could afford quality and safe healthcare services. Healthcare is a vital sector that contributes to providing the best healthcare services (Dawes, 2020). Politics is crucial in determining the healthcare outcome and the type of healthcare services the community is entitled to. President Obama’s administration availed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2020, a progressive strategy for improving care delivery by addressing the existing social injustices in the American healthcare system (Willison, 2017). The policy was met with hostility from Republican lawmakers. The lawmakers prioritize repealing the Affordable Care Act. After the election of President Trump, lawmakers wanted to have some changes to the legislation. After analysis, the lawmakers understood that repealing the Affordable Care Act would significantly affect medium- and low-income earning voters. The legislators thought their chances of being reelected back to the government would be slim if they pushed for the repeal and replacement of the ACA.

Repeal/ Replace ACA

There have been numerous attempts to repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act. The first attempt was in May 2017, after the House of Representatives passed the American Health Care Act (AHCA). Rice et al. (2018) illustrate that trump’s government and the Republicans invented the American Health Care Act (AHCA) as a tool for repealing and replacing the Affordable Care Act (Manchikanti & Hirsch, 2018). All the health insurance initiatives were good, but it was evident that the ACA was the best solution for the American government. After further analysis, it is evident that repealing the ACA and replacing it with it will have enormous consequences for healthcare consumers. The new policy could contribute to approximately 24 million people losing their health insurance coverage. The AHCA suggested that tax credits be based on age rather than income levels (Walensky et al., 2017). Therefore, the policy will entail the increased cost of healthcare services for many people. Another effort was the introduction of the Patient and State Stabilization Fund, which aimed at reducing the premiums by 20% after 2026. The effects of the policy will include increasing the cost of premiums, especially for individuals having pre-existing conditions. The replacement of the ACA could provide states with more powers that ACA limited. For example, health insurance coverage could ensure increased high premiums, especially for Americans with chronic conditions.

Impact of Re-election Prospects on ACA

Lawmakers, including the Republicans, ensure a cost-benefit analysis. Cost-benefit analysis entails the evaluation of both the positive and negative outcomes of a decision. The negative outcomes entail making decisions that may risk their chances of being reelected in the next elections. Therefore, repealing and replacing the act entails many Americans losing their ability to access healthcare services. The initial objective of the introduction of Obamacare was to ensure that as many Americans access quality healthcare services as possible.   For instance, AHCA was opposed by the American Academy of Family physicians because it increases health insecurities. The insecurities will be attributed to the increases in health premiums and limit the ability of individuals to access quality healthcare services due to age.

 Conclusion

The lawmakers prioritize repealing the Affordable Care Act. After the election of President Trump, lawmakers wanted to have some changes to the legislation. After analysis, the lawmakers understood that repealing the Affordable Care Act would significantly affect medium- and low-income earning voters. Lawmakers, including the Republicans, ensure a cost-benefit analysis. Cost-benefit analysis entails the evaluation of both the positive and negative outcomes of a decision. The negative outcomes entail making decisions that may risk their chances of being reelected in the next elections.

 

References

Dawes, D. E. (2020). 
The Political Determinants of Health
. Johns Hopkins University Press. 
https://books.google.co.ke/books?hl=en&lr=&id=XijNDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=politics+in+healthcare&ots=cam6gmBa3e&sig=4M3rej49dZ-Zw7CvKIv-nt1uJBg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=politics%20in%20healthcare&f=false
Links to an external site.

Manchikanti, L., & Hirsch, J. A. (2018). Repeal and Replace of Affordable Care: A Complex, but Not an Impossible Task. 
Pain Physician
, 
19
(8), E1109–E1113. 
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27906931/
Links to an external site.

Rice, T., Unruh, L. Y., van Ginneken, E., Rosenau, P., & Barnes, A. J. (2018). Universal coverage reforms in the USA: from Obamacare through Trump. 
Health Policy
, 
122
(7), 698-702. 
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168851018301544
Links to an external site.

Wilensky G. (2017). The Economics and Politics of the American Health Care Act. 
The Milbank Quarterly
, 
95
(3), 462–465. 
https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.12268
Links to an external site.

Willison, C. E., & Singer, P. M. (2017). Repealing the Affordable Care Act Essential Health Benefits: Threats and Obstacles. 
American Journal of Public Health
, 
107
(8), 1225–1226. 
https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.303888
Links to an external site.

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Amber Marie Boulrice

Dec 14, 2022 5:12pm
| 
Last reply Dec 16, 2022 3:18pm

Reply from Amber Marie Boulrice

The affordable care act (ACA) has been a crucial healthcare policy in the United States and has helped most people access care through health insurance (Buntin, 2020). The law provides consumers with subsidies that lower costs for households with incomes between 100% and 400% of the poverty level. (HHS, 2022).

Republican legislators have tried, without success, to repeal the ACA since it was signed into law on March 10, 2010. The 2016 election of President Trump prompted renewed attempts to abolish the ACA through 2017. Congress and federal agencies have chipped away at several ACA requirements and restricted enforcement of others, but healthcare and insurance systems continue to operate under its framework and the law remains largely intact. With the political promises of decreased spending leading to a decreased tax burden on the American people, legislators can attempt to swing voted their way by bartering more cash in your pocket, for a ballot in the box.

The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) was the most concrete threat to the ACA. It reduced the dollar amount of the tax from $5000 to zero, eliminating any financial penalty for failure to enroll in a health benefits program beginning January 1, 2019. While the tax penalty is gone for not enrolling in an employer or marketplace-sponsored healthcare plan, this still leaves the uninsured exposed to escalating medical costs and potential financial ruin in the event of illness and/or injury. At least the politicians who wanted to “Save A Buck” were re-elected.

 

 

References:

Buntin MB. (2020). The Affordable Care Act at 10 Years. 
JAMA Health Forum
; 1(7):e200896. doi:10.1001/jamahealthforum.2020.0896

 

U.S. Department of health and human services. (2022, March 17). 
About the affordable care act
. HHS.gov. Retrieved December 13, 2022, from 
www.hhs.gov

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Shelly Bailey

Dec 14, 2022 5:06pm
| 
Last reply Dec 18, 2022 2:12pm

Reply from Shelly Bailey

Week 3 Discussion

The purpose of the ACA was to make possible universal healthcare coverage needed to prevent Americans from facing financial difficulties due to illness or accident without insurance coverage (Gaffney & McCormick, 2017). The Affordable Care Act (ACA) was the answer to address healthcare inequalities and make possible medical care equality for all Americans. The ACA also expanded Medicaid, a combined state and federal insurance program, by making it more accessible to poor individuals (Gaffney & McCormick, 2017). In 2010 the ACA was passed into law, and it was in 2014 that it became fully implicated. From the birth of the ACA, republicans were utterly against it and vowed to repeal or replace it. The ACA passed without one republic vote for it (Nadash et al., 2018).

Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is the federal government’s process of examine, estimating, or comparing a new rule or law’s potential cost or benefits. In the case of Republicans, after the 2016 election results of a republican President and the republican party controlling both the house and senate. The Republican party saw their chance to repeal and replace the ACA. According to Gaffney & McCormick (2017), in March of 2017, the Republican House speaker introduced the bill American Health Care Act (AHCA) which mimicked the ACA, except that it would have displaced older and lower-income Americans providing inadequate coverage. The AHCA would create healthcare inequalities which was the opposite of the ACA. Although wealth still plays a significant role in health and care access. In 2017 the republican legislators were still faced with the issue of how passing the AHCA would affect their re-election by causing both poor and elderly Americans who can already receive affordable coverage under ACA from not being able to receive affordable healthcare coverage with the new AHCA bill (Gaffney & McCormick, 2017). It would be a loss of political support for re-election amongst the poor and elderly voters of our nation (Milstead & Short, 2019). They were especially considering that these two groups of citizens rely on Medicare and Medicaid programs for their healthcare needs, and both are government-funded programs

Medicare and Medicaid are popular government programs that provide insurance for Americans who otherwise could not afford it. According to Nadash et al. (2018), the ACA made health insurance more accessible and affordable to protect Americans against high healthcare costs and focused on the poorer and elderly classes of people. The ACA made improvements to both government programs Medicare and Medicaid. In this situation, the intelligent choice or best CBA of a legislator looking at the chance to be re-elected must focus on the majority needs of the voters that elect them.

References

Gaffney, A. & McCormick, D. (2017, April 18). The Affordable Care Act: Implications for

health-care equity. The Lancet, 8:389, 1442-1452.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28402826/
Links to an external site.

Milstead, J. A. & Short, N. M. (2019). Health policy and politics: A nurse’s guide. Jones and

Barlett Learning LLC.

Nadash, P., Miller, E. A., Jones, D. K., Gusmano, M. K. & Rosenbaum, S. (2018). A series of

Unfortunate events: Implications of Republican efforts to repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act for older adults.

            Journal 
 of Aging and Social Policy,
 30:3-4, 259-281.

           https://doi.org/10.1080/08959420.2018.1462683
Links to an external site.

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Dewona K Wilson

Dec 14, 2022 4:09pm
| 
Last reply Dec 18, 2022 2:20pm

Reply from Dewona K Wilson

Initial Post

The Affordable Care Act helps support and help Americans with health insurance coverage. The law provides consumers with subsidies (“premium tax credits”) that lower costs for households with incomes between 100% and 400% of the federal poverty level (FPL) (HHS, 2022). Expand the Medicaid program to cover all adults with income below 138% of the FPL (HHS, 2022). Policy makers are not necessarily focused on how real people will be affected by the changes but rather on how the changes will affect their own re-election chances (Milstead, 2019). The cost-benefit analysis plays an important role with the government leaders and legislation. The government decides how the tax dollars will be used and where the money will be utilized at. When new or reevaluated policies are being considered the cost is monitored closely. The government wants to know if the cost will benefit the American people or if it’ll cause a hardship.

Several attempts have been made to repeal and even replace the
ACA policy
. An attempt could help a person’s reelection process in the future. The decision to repeal or replace can also become costly. For so many negatives’ outcomes legislators have become hesitant in the decision. Legislators aren’t ready to make the final decision for the proposal of losing elections and political stance. Change in Presidents can result in citizens wondering if they will still have healthcare coverage and any out-of-pocket expenses.

In 2017, President Trump wanted to repeal and replace Obamacare. The easier road for repeal led Republicans to consider doing that first and then dealing with a replacement, which could take several years. But that strategy has been challenged as health-insurance experts and others have warned that large numbers of people could lose coverage and prices could rise sharply if a replacement is delayed by years, as some Republicans have suggested (Mangan, 2017). That in turn has raised fears that Republicans could suffer politically if they repealed Obamacare without replacing it (Mangan, 2017).  In return the legislators will support the cost benefit legislation if they can benefit from it being cost effective.

On May 2019, the CBO released its score showing that 23 million more Americans will be without coverage in a decade than under the ACA (PSCA, 2019).  The bill overall saves $119 billion over a decade – this number comes from $1.1 trillion in cuts to Medicaid and premium subsidies offset by repealing $874 billion in ACA taxes and fees and spending $117 billion on premium-reduction payments (PSCA, 2019). When policies are created and implemented in regard to healthcare, I believe nurses and the patients will be impacted the most. The ones who benefit the most would be ones who are in charge of the legislation. After all, the President is behind all decisions that will be made, and I believe they also will impact on how the decision will affect future votes.

References

Affordable Care Act (“ACA”) Repeal and Replace. (2019, December 19). 
Plan Sponsor Council of America.
 https://www.psca.org/affordable-care-act-aca-repeal-and-replace

Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs (ASPA). (2022, March 16). 
About the Affordable Care Act.
 HHS.gov. 
https://www.hhs.gov/healthcare/about-the-aca/index.html
Links to an external site.

Mangan, D. (2017, January 10). Donald Trump says he wants Obamacare repealed and replaced “very quickly or simultaneously.” 
CNBC.
 
https://www.cnbc.com/2017/01/10/donald-trump-says-he-wants-obamacare-repealed-and-replaced-very-quickly-or-simultaneously.html
Links to an external site.

Milstead, J. A., & Short, N. M. (2019). 
Health policy and politics: A nurse’s guide
 (6th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning

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Lima Vadakkedam

Dec 14, 2022 10:49am
| 
Last reply Dec 17, 2022 10:39am

Reply from Lima Vadakkedam

Low income citizens unfortunately are finding that the cost of care is becoming more difficult to afford quality healthcare. Unfortunately , politics plays a huge role in making these decisions. Since March 23 2010 the Affordable Care Act (ACA) also known as Obamacare. Obamacare is a law that was created to address the concerns of the high healthcare cost throughout the United States including preventative care and prescription medications. The law was amended by the Health Care and Education Act that helped millions of Americans who unfortunately suffered without the proper healthcare insurance and coverage in order to cover the cost of their expensive treatments. Unfortunately, when the republican party took over they made it their mission to get rid of the ACA. Once the republican party took over the House of Representative in 2016 the republican party tried to abolish what was passed of the ACA (Milstead & Short, 2019). The initial efforts to repeat and replace the ACA were in 2017 after the AHCA was made into law by the House of Representatives (Buntin 2020). President Trump and is party wanted to abolish Obamacare stating that it was costing too much to the American people. Yet, what the Trump administration fails to see is that these individuals were in fact benefiting from Obamacare because they were able to now seek medical attention without fearing how they will pay for it. They failed to realize that this would leave 24 million people out of access to healthcare coverage. Voters were starting become concerned about the extent of their healthcare coverage because the proposed policy would further raise care cost (Courtemacnhe et al., 2021). This would be a huge hit and cause those individuals who have chronic illnesses that require for them to constantly have various treatments and medications now force them to have to pay at a higher rate compared to others. A greater population of Americans were relying on Obamacare as their primary source of healthcare coverage. Regardless of thoughts on the Obamacare Act. The act was created in order to cut cost while also providing those who could not afford healthcare with healthcare benefits. Cost-benefit analysis is what it simply boils down to. What is going to be the most affordable for the individuals who are seeking this care. In the end the goal is to minimize the cost but also be able to provide those individuals with the resources that they need in order to receive the medical help that they need. Unfortunately, those who are opposed to the ACA believe that the conception of this act is not necessary. America is one of the very few countries who have complex checks and balances that we do on the federal, state, and local level (Jarman & Greer, 2020). Unfortunately we as Americans are watching our own healthcare system fall to the ground and the people in the Office do not seem to care since they have money at their leisure.

 

References:  

Milstead. J. A., & Short, N.M. (2019). Health policy and politics: A nurse’s guide (6th ed.) Jones & Bartlett Learning

Buntin MD. (2020). The Affordable Care Act at 10 Years. JAMA Health Forum: 1(7):e200896. Doi:10.1001/jamahealthforum.2020.0896

Courtemanche, C., Fazlul, I., Marton, J., Eckert, B., Yelowitz, A., & Zapata, D. (2021). The   Affordable Care Act’s Coverage Impacts in the Trump Era. Inquiry: a journal of medical Care organization , provision, and financing, 58. 469580211042973. http://doi.org/10.1177/004695801211042973

Jarman, H., & Greer, S.L. (2020). What is the affordable care act a case of? Understanding the  ACA through the comparative method. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 45(4).  677-691

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Anna Fortenberry Williams

Dec 14, 2022 8:47am
| 
Last reply Dec 16, 2022 8:02pm

Reply from Anna Fortenberry Williams

 

The Affordable Care Act or “ACA” is the comprehensive health care reform law enacted in March 2010. The goal of this healthcare system was to make health insurance affordable and available to more people. It also allows low-income citizens to obtain health insurance. (U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 2018) The supporters of the ACA allege it has helped many people to obtain affordable health care and discontinuing it would cause low-income families to suffer financially. (Economic Policy Institute, 2016) There has been much controversy surrounding the legalities of this act and analysis related to cost benefits.

As we approach legislative elections, the number one goal of any legislator is to be re-elected. With that said the politician must appeal to his voters. The larger number of votes currently in America is in the hand of a population that is low-income. (
State Laws and Actions Challenging Certain Health Reforms
, 2018) The decision to remove or continue ACA is in the hands of the voters. Each politician has their own agenda. Therefore, their platforms are not exactly what they seem.

The cost of medical care even with the ACA is skyrocketing. People still cannot get healthcare. The underserved don’t contribute financially to our country, so the middle and upper-class float the bill for them. It’s an abuse of the system, it encourages people to not work and it dips into the pockets of those that do. I am not in support of this act.  The politicians in support of ACA argue the act is cost-effective, but how much has the ACA cost the taxpayers? How much has the ACA cost taxpayers? 73 million taxpayers earn approximately or under a little under $200,000. This class, the ones that work, will see their taxes rise. The initial estimation of the cost of ACA was much lower than what we have spent. The current cost is now $1.683 trillion a year. (
Explaining Health Care Reform: Questions about Health Insurance Subsidies
, 2020) This is absurd and working citizens should not have to pay for medical care for those who do not work.

 

Explaining Health Care Reform: Questions About Health Insurance Subsidies
. (2020, October 30). KFF. https://www.kff.org/health-reform/issue-brief/explaining-health-care-reform-questions-about-health-insurance-subsidies/

‌

State Laws and Actions Challenging Certain Health Reforms
. (2018). Ncsl.org. https://www.ncsl.org/research/health/state-laws-and-actions-challenging-ppaca.aspx

‌

Economic Policy Institute. (2016). 
How would repealing the Affordable Care Act affect health care and jobs in your state?
 Economic Policy Institute. 
https://www.epi.org/aca-obamacare-repeal-impact/
Links to an external site.

 

U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. (2018, December 7). 
About the ACA
. HHS.gov. https://www.hhs.gov/healthcare/about-the-aca/index.html

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Cheryl Athurine Spence

Dec 13, 2022 11:31pm
| 
Last reply Dec 16, 2022 9:43pm

Reply from Cheryl Athurine Spence

Discussion of ACA Repeal/Replacement

Healthcare challenges in the United States continue to affect millions of patients. The care costs are increasing and becoming difficult for low-income citizens to afford quality healthcare. Important healthcare decisions are made through the political setting such as using the legislators. For instance, the affordable care act (ACA) has been a crucial healthcare policy in the United States and has helped most people access to care through health insurance (Buntin, 2020). The ACA addressed in a big manner the social justice issues across the country and brought a revolution to healthcare. However, the legislators politicized this policy with the coming of Trump’s administration. Attempt to repeal or replace the ACA policy have been in many times affected and the cost-benefit analysis. For instance, legislators realized that their efforts to repeal or replace the ACA policy would end up negatively affecting the common citizen and their reelection. This would mean that when citizens are hurt then the reelection of members into the political seats would be hindered (Schatman, 2020). Thus, after making the cost-benefit analysis it is clear that the legislators are not ready to make the said proposals for fear of losing their political positions during the election.

The voters’ views regarding the ACA appeal or replacement affect the decisions of the legislators and their positioning of national policies such as Medicare and Medicaid. This is because the voters and their families are concerned only about whether they will still have access to health coverage after the elections. The common voters largely determine the legislators to send to congress and only when their campaign ideas and manifesto resonate with those of the common citizens. The repeal and replacement of the affordable care act emerged as a threat to many legislators who risked being voted out for altering this policy. Thus, the ultimate motive of the politicians is first to get reelected into office hence they fear losing their seats by pushing for such policy changes. The voters aim to have the policy improved to ensure it covers every person in the country in terms of health. For example, the repeal introduced by President Trump’s administration aims at ending the Medicaid expansion to low-income persons and also by reducing federal funding to the beneficiaries. Such motives are seen by voters as a way of eliminating health coverage that has been beneficial to their well-being (Schatman, 2020). Such views by voters greatly affect the legislators’ abilities to make and change policies because they fear being punished through the ballot.

The initial efforts to repeal and replace the ACA were in 2017 after the American health care act (AHCA) was made into law by the House of Representatives (Buntin, 2020). President Trump’s administration’s main ambition was to use the AHCA to eliminate Obamacare. It was however realized that fully adopting the AHCA would remove about 24 million people from health coverage. The voters were getting concerned about the extent of their health coverage because even the proposed policy would further raise care costs (Courtemanche et al., 2021).  Also, Americans suffering from chronic illnesses would be forced to pay higher rates compared to others. The repeal and replacement policy under the AHCA would be more costly and would eliminate most low-income earners from health insurance coverage (Schatman, 2020). Considering such moves the voters were determined to remove most of the legislators and even the entire Trump administration. This has caused the current legislators to be less determined to change health policies that harm the voters because of fear of getting punished like the past regime.

 

References

Buntin MB. (2020). The Affordable Care Act at 10 Years. 
JAMA Health Forum
; 1(7):e200896. doi:10.1001/jamahealthforum.2020.0896

Courtemanche, C., Fazlul, I., Marton, J., Eckert, B., Yelowitz, A., & Zapata, D. (2021). The Affordable Care Act’s Coverage Impacts in the Trump Era. 
Inquiry: a journal of medical care organization, provision, and financing
, 
58
, 469580211042973. 
https://doi.org/10.1177/00469580211042973
Links to an external site.

Schatman, M. E., Shapiro, H., & Fudin, J. (2020). The Repeal of the Affordable Care Act and Its Likely Impact on Chronic Pain Patients: “Have You No Shame?”. 
Journal of pain research
, 
13
, 2757–2761. 
https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S289114
Links to an external site.

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Stephen Blickley

Dec 13, 2022 8:35pm
| 
Last reply Dec 15, 2022 8:51pm

Reply from Stephen Blickley

The first thing that stuck out to me for this week’s discussion prompt was the statement in the prompt, “the number one job of a legislator is to be re-elected”. It is such an obvious statement but helps one understand much about the frustrating nature of politics.  Currently we have a system that relies on incentives, “in the incentives embodied in the system, leaving the task of deciding how to configure the production of care in response to these incentives up to the actors in the market (Pauly, 2011). The goal of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) was to increase the amount of insured individuals in the United States as a way to increase healthcare outcomes. Due to political polarization, the final Act that was passed was viewed as too little action by those left of the aisle, and too much of an overreach by Republicans in congress and the Senate. As a matter of fact, we never got to see the final product as originally conceived due to the changes that were made when the Republican Party took control of the Senate and the House of Representatives in 2016. Shortly after they tried to dismantle what was passed of the ACA (Milstead & Short, 2019). Broadly speaking, the argument over this topic should be one aimed at getting the best insurance for the most amount of people, with one side asking for more government control over insurance, and one asking for less. Ideally, it comes down to a question of cost-benefit analysis and what would be most affordable for the population and the individuals involved. However, the structure of the current political debate regarding healthcare reform seems more like one side is trying to improve things while the other is content with the way things are. The arguments aren’t being made in good faith either. As I mentioned earlier, the ideal conversation regarding healthcare policy would be the most intelligent people in the room debating their two plans at maximizing benefits while minimizing costs. Unfortunately, the ACA has been framed as radical healthcare reform since its conception by those who appose it and thus it has been deemed a luxury and not a necessity. The reality is that in comparison to the healthcare systems of other civilized countries, the ACA, while it extends coverage and promotes equity in a variety of ways, is still only a partial coverage extension by the standards of other rich countries, and it came with a furious and racialized backlash (Jarman & Greer, 2020).

It seems like the United States is far more complex demographically and governmentally than your typical country. Most countries have smaller, more autonomous populations and don’t face the segmentalism that we face in the United States. Most countries don’t have the complex checks and balances that we do on the federal, state, and local level (Jarman & Greer, 2020). In many cases, this system is beneficial. Still, in an instance like this, where the truth of the story is getting lost behind a political narrative, the marginalized members of our society are suffering. Sadly, the reality is that we could get a completely effective government option, or Medicare, for all at not too large of a cost, but we collectively buy into the narrative that we can’t while our healthcare system slowly crumbles and costs escalate.

Jarman, H., & Greer, S. L. (2020). What is the affordable care act a case of? understanding the ACA through the comparative method. 
Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law
, 
45
(4), 677–691. 
https://doi.org/10.1215/03616878-8255589
Links to an external site.

Milstead, J. A., & Short, N. M. (2019). Government Response:Legislation. In 
Health policy and politics
 (pp. 37–56). Jones & Bartlett learning

Pauly, M. V. (2011). Patient protection and affordable care act cost-containment choices: The case for incentive-based approaches. 
Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law
, 
36
(3), 591–596. https://doi.org/10.1215/03616878-1271315

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Nchetaka Okeke

Dec 13, 2022 4:49pm
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Last reply Dec 17, 2022 10:35am

Reply from Nchetaka Okeke

The Affordable Care Act (ACA), also known as “Obamacare,” is the comprehensive health care reform law and its amendments. The law addresses health insurance coverage, health care costs, and preventive care. The law was enacted in two parts: The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act was signed into law on March 23, 2010, and was amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act on March 30, 2010 (Health and Human Services, n.d.). The ACA has helped millions of Americans who have lived years without healthcare afford coverage and seek treatment for acute and chronic illnesses.

“Cost-benefit analysis is a way to compare the costs and benefits of an intervention, where both are expressed in monetary units” (CDC, n.d.). Cost-benefit analysis plays an important role when government leaders decide how tax dollars are distributed. When elected officials examine a specific policy, they consider the amount it will cost and the benefit it will have for the American people. The Senate passed the ACA with a 60-39 vote, with zero Republican party votes (Ballotpedia, n.d.). This vote reflected the voters’ views because they voted along party lines to please their voters in exchange for re-election. Attempts have been made to repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act. The Republican Party has prioritized repealing and replacing the Affordable Care Act. In 2016, the Republican Party took control of the Senate and the House of Representatives, and they began to advocate for repealing and replacing the Affordable Care Act (Milstead & Short, 2019).  In May 2017, the Trump administration passed The American Health Care Act (AHCA) through the House of Representatives (Amadeo, 2019). This was to replace the ACA with AHCA, but this would have left 24 million Americans uninsured and would have also given states the power to suspend many rules that the ACA has and would result in Americans paying more for pre-existing or chronic conditions (Amadeo,2019). The Trump administration failed to do that because not many supported the idea of replacing the ACA NURS 6050 Politics and the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.

The primary goal of the legislator is to be re-elected. Legislators must increase their chances of re-election, which necessitates political backing. When presented with legislative demands, legislators are believed to be reasonable and undertake cost-benefit evaluations and their political support. Legislators will support the legislation if the benefit (positive political support) outweighs the cost (negative political support).

                                                                     References

Amadeo (2018). Obamacare repeal and replacement plans: What a congressional

plan to repeal Obamacare would look like. 
The Balance
. Retrieved December 11, 2022, from 
https://www.thebalance.com/congressional-plans-to-repeal-and-replace-obamacare-4160599
Links to an external site.

Ballotpedia. (n.d.). Timeline of ACA repeal and replace efforts. Retrieved December 11, 2022, from 
https://www.ballotpedia.org/Timeline_of_ACA_repeal_and_replace_efforts
Links to an external site.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). Cost-benefit analysis. Retrieved December 12, 2022, from 
https://www.cdc.gov/policy/polaris/economic/cost-benefit/
Links to an external site.

Health and Human Services. (n.d.). Health Care: About the affordable care act. Retrieved December 12, 2022, from 
https://www.hhs.gov/healthcare/about-the-aca/index.html
Links to an external site.

Milstead, J. A., & Short, N. M. (2019). 
Health policy and politics: A nurse’s guide
 (6th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning

 

 

 

Expand discussion thread from Nchetaka Okeke

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Sara Catherine Tuck

Dec 13, 2022 1:36pm
| 
Last reply Dec 17, 2022 7:29pm

Reply from Sara Catherine Tuck

The Affordable Care Act’s benefit is to make health insurance more affordable to people. The law provides consumers with subsidies that lower costs for households with incomes between 100% and 400% of the poverty level. (HHS, 2022). It has been reported that the ACA repeal would reduce federal government spending on health care for the nonelderly, which appears to be  on the goals of those advocating repeal. According to the CDC, cost-benefit analysis is a way to compare the costs and benefits of an intervention, where both are expressed in monetary units.(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020) I do not think legislators being reelected will affect efforts to repeal or replace the ACA seeing as how the benefits of the ACA are  so impactful. On another hand, the re election of legislatures was seldom challenged, and voters became convinced that policy making would be better served by changing the lawmakers on a more regular basis. (Milstead & Short, 2019)

Voter views most certainly affect decisions being made by legislatures. For example, the desire to win reelection makes legislators work harder in key legislative areas that are visible to constituents. Voters who are relying on government-backed insurance such as Medicare and Medicaid provide the data that legislatures need to support voters. I would like to believe that legislatures believe that they are doing the right thing and that during difficult decisions, will use their own beliefs and morals. I am also 100% sure this is not always the case.

References

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020, May 12). 
The Affordable care act:policy and law
. CDC.gov. Retrieved December 13, 2022, from 
www.cdc.gov

Milstead, J. A., & Short, N. M. (2019). Government Response:Legislation. In 
Health policy and politics
 (pp. 37–56). Jones & Bartlett learning .

U.S. Department of health and human services. (2022, March 17). 
About the affordable care act
. HHS.gov. Retrieved December 13, 2022, from 
www.hhs.gov  NURS 6050 Politics and the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

Hypertension or COPD Medication Essay Assignment

Assignment: Hypertension or COPD Medication

Choose either hypertension or COPD. Discuss at least three symptoms caused by physiologic changes and consequences of the disease and how pharmaceutical treatments are designed to alleviate those symptoms. What are the risks and benefits of these treatments? What patient education is needed? Locate at least one scholarly website or video that discusses a hypertension or COPD medication.

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Hypertension Management

CASE SUMMARY:
Mr. James Franks is a 64-year-old African-American male. Presents today with complaints of occasional headache. Mr. Franks has a 14-year history of hypertension with co-morbid diagnoses of diabetes mellitus type 2 for 16 years, COPD GOLD 3/group c, Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH), Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), and Gout. He has been taking Naproxen Sodium to relieve gout pain. Plan of care today will focus on Mr. Franks hypertension, with reeducation to lower salt intake, education to not consume alcohol with current medications, weigh daily while on diuretic and report losses and gains of three pounds daily and five pounds in one week, and refer to home health for nurse to educate patient on medications and manage medications administration times, monitor vital signs, monitor for adverse side effects, and educate on disease process.

5334 CASE SUMMARY TABLE 

1.
      Symptoms: 
List two pertinent signs and symptoms

Headache

Dizziness

14-year history of hypertension with current blood pressure readings in office 162/90 sitting and 164/92 standing

2.
       Recommended Drugs:     
**Drug of choice – list at least 3 recommended drugs

List recommended drugs as indicated for this diagnosis

·         Demadex (Torsemide) 2.5–5 mg once daily, may increase to 10 mg once daily after 4–6 wk (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

·         Prinivil, Zestril (Lisinopril) 10mg daily with Creatinine Clearance (CCr) of >60mL/minute, 5mg daily CCr of 30 – 60mL/minute, 2.5mg daily CCr of 10 – 30mL/minute (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

·         Norvasc (Amlodipine) 5 – 10mg daily (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

·         Tylenol (Acetaminophen) 500mg one to two tabs every six hours as needed for pain (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

3.
      Drug Categories and Subcategories: 
Identify the category of each recommended drug.

·         Demadex (Torsemide) is therapeutically an antihypertensive, pharmacologically a loop-diuretic, and a pregnancy B category medication (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

·         Prinivil, Zestril (Lisinopril) is therapeutically an antihypertensive and pharmacologically classified as an angiotensin-converting enzyme and a pregnancy category D medication (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

·         Norvasc (Amlodipine) is therapeutically an antihypertensive and pharmacologically a Calcium Channel Blocker and is a pregnancy category C medication (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

·         Tylenol (Acetaminophen) therapeutically a non-opioid pain reliever and an antipyretic and a pregnancy B category medication (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

4.
      Drug(s) of Choice: FOR THE MAIN DIAGNOSIS ONLY, provide the chosen drug(s) of choice for treatment.

5.
      Rationale: 
Provide rationale, clinical guidelines, or evidence for the selected drug of choice

·         Demadex (Torsemide) blocks the active reabsorption of sodium and does not have a profound effect on the glomerular filtration rate (Vadivelan, 2013).

·         Prinivil, Zestril (Lisinopril) Angiotensin-Converting Enzymes are recommended in those hypertensive individuals with concomitant diagnoses of DM and CKD (NKF, n.d.).

·         Tylenol (Acetaminophen) Non-Steroid Anti-Inflammatory Drugs carry a greater risk to increase blood pressure at levels for pain relief (NSAIDs, n.d.).

6.
     
Contraindications and or Risks, as appropriate: 
Identify contraindications and risks as appropriate

·         Demadex (Torsemide) hypersensitivity; cross-sensitivity may occur with thiazides and sulfonamides; use with caution in sever liver disease as a potassium sparing diuretic may be needed in conjunction, decreased electrolytes, diabetes, increased azotemia, the elderly as they may have an increased risk of side effects like hypotension and electrolyte imbalances, pregnancy, lactation, and pediatric populations (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

·         Prinivil, Zestril (Lisinopril) hypersensitivity, a history of angioedema previously, concurrent use of aliskiren in individuals with diabetes or CKD with CCr less than 60mL/minute, do not use in pregnancy as fetal death can occur, do not breastfeed; use cautiously in renal impairment, hepatic impairment, concurrent diuretic therapy, as a monotherapy in African American patients, hyponatremia, hypovolemia, women of childbearing age, surgery, anesthesia, excessive hypotension may occur when used with other antihypertensive medications or diuretics (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

·         Tylenol (Acetaminophen) previous hypersensitivity; consumption of alcohol, aspartame, saccharine, yellow dye number five, sugar, tartrazine, active liver disease, hepatic impairment (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

7.
     
What Patients Must Understand:  Identify at least 3 appropriate teaching points for the patient and/or family (HINT: 3 teaching points is rarely adequate for good patient care)

Demadex (Torsemide)

·         Side effects/Adverse reactions include:

Dermadex (Torsemide) headache, dizziness, hypotension, nervousness, ringing of the ears, hearing loss, constipation, diarrhea, dry mouth, vomiting, indigestion, increased blood urea nitrogen, increased urination, hyperglycemia, rash, Steven’s Johnson Disease, light sensitivity, hyperuricemia, hypocalcemia, hyponatremia, metabolic acidosis, dehydration, hypovolemia, Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, arthralgia, hypochloremia, myalgia, and muscle cramps (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

Prinivil, Zestril (Lisinopril) dizziness, headache, fatigue, drowsiness, vertigo, weakness, cough, dyspnea, vomiting, anorexia, tachycardia, chest pain, edema, abdominal pain, taste disturbances, problems getting, or maintaining erections, constipation, diarrhea, hyperuricemia, renal dysfunction, renal failure, rashes, proteinuria, flushing, pruritis, hyperkalemia, angioedema, agranulocytosis, muscle pain, back pain, myalgia (Vallerand, Deglin, Sanoski, 2017).

Demadex (Toresemide) increases low blood pressure when used with other blood pressure medications, nitrates or consumption of alcohol take blood pressure prior to taking and avoid drinking alcohol; use of NSAIDs such as aspirin, naproxen sodium, and ibuprofen may decrease the effects of this medication and increase your risk of salicylate poisoning (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

Tylenol (Acetaminophen) agitation, headache, anxiety, fatigue, atelectasis, insomnia, difficulty breathing, hepatoxicity, hypotension, hypertension, constipation, nausea, increased liver enzymes, vomiting, hypokalemia, renal failure in chronic use of high doses, neutropenia, pancytopenia, trismus, Steven’s Johnson’s Disease, muscle spasms, rash, Acute Generalized Exthematous Pustulosis, Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis, urticaria (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

·         Avoid using salt substitutes and foods with high potassium unless directed by your primary care provider (Vallerand, Deglin, Sanoski, 2017).

·         Take Demadex (Torsemide) as directed, take missed doses as soon as you have missed them unless it is close to the next dose, do not double doses (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

·         Take Lisinopril as directed at the same time every day even if you are feeling well, take any missed doses as soon as you notice unless it is time for your next dose, do not double up on dose, and do not stop taking unless directed to do so (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

·         Avoid driving and other activities that require you to be mentally alert until you know how you react on Lisinopril (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

·         Change positions slowly and allow yourself time to get acclimated to the new position prior to walking to decrease your chances of sudden low blood pressure (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

·         Avoid drinking alcohol, exercising in hot weather, or standing for long periods of time as this will increase your chance of low blood pressure (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

·         When you first start taking Lisinopril you may notice a change in how things taste, this usually subsides after eight to 12 weeks with continued therapy (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

·         If you are scheduled for surgery it is important for you to advise the surgeon of use of Lisinopril (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

·         Weigh daily and contact the office if you gain two to three pounds in one day (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

·         Do not take any over-the-counter medications, including herbal and vitamin supplements without consulting primary care provider first (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

·         Contact office if you notice a rash, muscle cramps, weakness, nausea, numbness, dizziness, tingling of extremities (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

·         Monitor your blood sugar closely as this medication may increase your blood sugar (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

·         Take Demadex (Torsemide) even if you start feeling better, it is not a cure for your hypertension (Vallerand, Deglin, Sanoski, 2017).

·         It is important that you keep a close watch on your salt intake and decrease this intake, exercise by walking daily, reduce your stress, and avoid drinking alcohol to assist in decreasing your blood pressure (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

·         Do not take naproxen sodium for your gout pain, take acetaminophen as they can increase your blood pressure (NSAIDs, n.d.).

·         Do not drink alcohol while taking, or limit your alcohol consumption to less than three glasses if taking one or two doses of Tylenol (Acetaminophen) as this increases hepatoxic effects (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

·         Do not take Tylenol (Acetaminophen) NSAIDs with this medication as this may further damage your renal system (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

·         Do not exceed 2grams of Tylenol (Acetaminophen) daily to limit your chances of hepatoxicity (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

·         Do not take Tylenol (Acetaminophen) longer than 10 days unless directed to do so by your primary care provider (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

·         Stop taking Tylenol (Acetaminophen) if you develop a rash and call the office (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoskin, 2017).

·         Read all over-the-counter medication labels to determine if they contain acetaminophen to avoid taking more than your recommended daily amount (Vallernad, Deglin, & Sanoski, 207).

The Prescription(s)

 

 

 

Shannon Delite Leake, RN, Student FNP

727 I Live Here Lane

Mt. Pleasant, TX 75455

Cell #: (903) 867-5301

Fax #:  (903) 867-5302

DEA # DL55599999

NPI # 012345678

License # 99991006

 

Name:
 
xxxx
             DOB:­­­­­­­­­­­­­­
08/17/19xx    

Address: 
  123 Pharmacology Drive, Mt. Pleasant, TX 75455  
  Date:
October 26, 2017

Male / F
: Circle one

Allergies
:
No known drug allergies       .
      Weight:
 95 killograms 209 pounds)

Pt Phone
:
903-903-9033

Rx

Drug: Demadex (Torsemide)

Sig: 5
mg daily for 4 weeks

Dispense: #28
(Twenty-eight)

Refills
:
  No Refills
.

Void after
:
   
October 26, 2018
.

Substitution Permitted
:

yes

Dispense as written
:

no

Signature:

Shannon Delite Leake

Shannon Delite Leake, RN, Student FNP

727 I Live Here Lane Hypertension or COPD Medication Essay Assignment

Mt. Pleasant, TX 75455

Cell #: (903) 867-xxxx

Fax #:  (903) 867-xxxx

DEA # DL5559

NPI # 012345

License # 99991

 

Name:
 
xx
             DOB:­­­­­­­­­­­­­­
08/17/19xx    

Address: 
  123 Pharmacology Drive, xx 
  Date:
October 26, 20xx

Male / F
: Circle one

Allergies
:
No known drug allergies       .
      Weight:
 95 killograms 209 pounds)

Pt Phone
:
903-903-xxxx

Rx

Drug: Zesril (Lisinopril)

Sig: 5
mg daily for 4 weeks

Dispense: #28
(Twenty-eight)

Refills
:
  No Refills
.

Void after
:
   
October 26, 2018
.

Substitution Permitted
:

yes

Dispense as written
:

no

Signature:

Shannon Delite Leake

9.
    
Supplementary Documentation:

 

Hypertension

*Population: Known as the “Silent Killer”, hypertension is the most diagnosed condition in the United States, affecting roughly one in three adults over 29-years-old and increased to nearly two-thirds of the population who are over 60, affects men and women equally, with African Americans ranking with higher rates of high blood pressure (McNance, et al, 2014).

*Pathophysiology: Increased cardiac output, total peripheral resistance, or both cause hypertension. Cardiac output is increased by any condition that increases either blood viscosity or vasoconstriction (McNance, et al, 2014).

*Symptoms: In the early stages the only symptom is increased blood pressure, which leads to its alias of the “Silent Killer” (McNance, et al, 2014).

*Goals of Treatment: Slow progression of disease process by controlling high blood pressure at or below specified range for age of individual and co-morbid diagnoses Traynor, 2014). Hypertension or COPD Medication Essay Assignment

Demadex (Lisinopril)

*Class:  Antihypertensive, Loop-Diuretic (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

*Indications: Edema due to heart failure, renal disease, hepatic disease, or hypertension (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

*Mechanism of Action: Inhibits the reabsorption of chloride and sodium in the Loop of Henle and the distal renal tubule; increases excretion of water, sodium, chloride, hydrogen, magnesium, and calcium with its effect persisting in the presence of renal function impairment; decreased blood pressure (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

*Pharmacodynamics: 80% absorbed orally, widely distributed, with around 99% protein binding (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

*Pharmacokinetics: 20% excreted in urine and 80% metabolized in the liver (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

Generic Name: Demadex (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017). Hypertension or COPD Medication Essay Assignment

Brand Name: Torsemide (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

*Indications: Edema due to heart failure, renal disease, hepatic disease, or hypertension (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

Outcomes: Slow progression of disease process by controlling high blood pressure at or below specified range for age of individual and co-morbid diagnoses Traynor, 2014).

Instructions: Take 5mg by mouth daily for four weeks and return to office.

Zestril (Lisinopril)

Class: Antihypertensive, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACEi) inhibitor (Vallerand, Deglin, Sanoski, 2017).

Indications: Monotherapy, or polytherapy to manage hypertension, manage heart failure, reduce risk of death following myocardial infarction, reduce risk of heart failure following myocardial infarction (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017)

Mechanism of Action: ACEi’s block conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II (a vasoconstrictor), prevent the degradation of bradykinin and other vasodialatory prostaglandins (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

Pharmacodynamics: 25% is absorbed in oral administration, cross the placenta, minimal penetration of Central Nervous System (CNS), enters breast milk (Vallerand, Deglin, &B Sanoski, 2017).

Pharmacokinetics: 100% excreted via the kidney (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017) Hypertension or COPD Medication Essay Assignment.

Generic Name: Lisinopril

Brand Name: Zestril, Prinivil

Dose: 5mg daily by mouth

Indications: Monotherapy, or polytherapy to manage hypertension, manage heart failure, reduce risk of death following myocardial infarction, reduce risk of heart failure following myocardial infarction (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017)

Instructions: Take 5mg by mouth daily for four weeks then return to office.

Side/Adverse Effects: dizziness, headache, fatigue, drowsiness, vertigo, weakness, cough, dyspnea, vomiting, anorexia, tachycardia, chest pain, edema, abdominal pain, taste disturbances, problems getting, or maintaining erections, constipation, diarrhea, hyperuricemia, renal dysfunction, renal failure, rashes, proteinuria, flushing, pruritis, hyperkalemia, angioedema, agranulocytosis, muscle pain, back pain, myalgia (Vallerand, Deglin, Sanoski, 2017).

Demadex (Toresemide) increases low blood pressure when used with other blood pressure medications, nitrates or consumption of alcohol take blood pressure prior to taking and avoid drinking alcohol; use of NSAIDs such as aspirin, naproxen sodium, and ibuprofen may decrease the effects of this medication and increase your risk of salicylate poisoning (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017) Hypertension or COPD Medication Essay Assignment.

Outcomes: Reduction of blood pressure

Tylenol (Acetaminophen)

Class: Non-Opioid pain reliever, antipyretic  (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

Indications:

Mechanism of Action:

Pharmacodynamics:

Pharmacokinetics:

 

GENERIC NAME

Generic Name:  Acetaminophen (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

Brand Name: Tylenol (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

Dose: 500mg

Indications: Relief of mild to moderate pain (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

Instructions:  Take one tablet for mild pain by mouth every six hours as needed for pain and take two tablets every six hours for moderate pain (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017) Hypertension or COPD Medication Essay Assignment.

Side/Adverse Effects: Tylenol (Acetaminophen) agitation, headache, anxiety, fatigue, atelectasis, insomnia, difficulty breathing, hepatoxicity, hypotension, hypertension, constipation, nausea, increased liver enzymes, vomiting, hypokalemia, renal failure in chronic use of high doses, neutropenia, pancytopenia, trismus, Steven’s Johnson’s Disease, muscle spasms, rash, Acute Generalized Exthematous Pustulosis, Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis, urticaria (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

Outcomes: Relief of mild to moderate pain (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

Side/Adverse Effects include: headache, dizziness, hypotension, nervousness, ringing of the ears, hearing loss, constipation, diarrhea, dry mouth, vomiting, indigestion, increased blood urea nitrogen, increased urination, hyperglycemia, rash, Steven’s Johnson Disease, light sensitivity, hyperuricemia, hypocalcemia, hyponatremia, metabolic acidosis, dehydration, hypovolemia, Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, arthralgia, hypochloremia, myalgia, and muscle cramps (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).*Outcomes: Increased ability to tolerate physical activity and walk further due to reduction of IC  (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017) Hypertension or COPD Medication Essay Assignment.

Counseling: Side effects/Adverse reactions include:

Dermadex (Torsemide) headache, dizziness, hypotension, nervousness, ringing of the ears, hearing loss, constipation, diarrhea, dry mouth, vomiting, indigestion, increased blood urea nitrogen, increased urination, hyperglycemia, rash, Steven’s Johnson Disease, light sensitivity, hyperuricemia, hypocalcemia, hyponatremia, metabolic acidosis, dehydration, hypovolemia, Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, arthralgia, hypochloremia, myalgia, and muscle cramps (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

Prinivil, Zestril (Lisinopril) dizziness, headache, fatigue, drowsiness, vertigo, weakness, cough, dyspnea, vomiting, anorexia, tachycardia, chest pain, edema, abdominal pain, taste disturbances, problems getting, or maintaining erections, constipation, diarrhea, hyperuricemia, renal dysfunction, renal failure, rashes, proteinuria, flushing, pruritis, hyperkalemia, angioedema, agranulocytosis, muscle pain, back pain, myalgia (Vallerand, Deglin, Sanoski, 2017).

Tylenol (Acetaminophen) agitation, headache, anxiety, fatigue, atelectasis, insomnia, difficulty breathing, hepatoxicity, hypotension, hypertension, constipation, nausea, increased liver enzymes, vomiting, hypokalemia, renal failure in chronic use of high doses, neutropenia, pancytopenia, trismus, Steven’s Johnson’s Disease, muscle spasms, rash, Acute Generalized Exthematous Pustulosis, Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis, urticaria (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017) Hypertension or COPD Medication Essay Assignment.

Demadex (Toresemide) increases low blood pressure when used with other blood pressure medications, nitrates or consumption of alcohol take blood pressure prior to taking and avoid drinking alcohol; use of NSAIDs such as aspirin, naproxen sodium, and ibuprofen may decrease the effects of this medication and increase your risk of salicylate poisoning (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

Avoid using salt substitutes and foods with high potassium unless directed by your primary care provider (Vallerand, Deglin, Sanoski, 2017) Hypertension or COPD Medication Essay Assignment.

Take Demadex (Torsemide) as directed, take missed doses as soon as you have missed them unless it is close to the next dose, do not double doses (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

Take Lisinopril as directed at the same time every day even if you are feeling well, take any missed doses as soon as you notice unless it is time for your next dose, do not double up on dose, and do not stop taking unless directed to do so (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

Avoid driving and other activities that require you to be mentally alert until you know how you react on Lisinopril (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

Change positions slowly and allow yourself time to get acclimated to the new position prior to walking to decrease your chances of sudden low blood pressure (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

Avoid drinking alcohol, exercising in hot weather, or standing for long periods of time as this will increase your chance of low blood pressure (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

When you first start taking Lisinopril you may notice a change in how things taste, this usually subsides after eight to 12 weeks with continued therapy (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

Do not drink alcohol while taking, or limit your alcohol consumption to less than three glasses if taking one or two doses of Tylenol (Acetaminophen) as this increases hepatoxic effects (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

Do not take Tylenol (Acetaminophen) NSAIDs with this medication as this may further damage your renal system (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017) Hypertension or COPD Medication Essay Assignment.

Do not exceed 2grams of Tylenol (Acetaminophen) daily to limit your chances of hepatoxicity (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

Do not take Tylenol (Acetaminophen) longer than 10 days unless directed to do so by your primary care provider (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

Stop taking Tylenol (Acetaminophen) if you develop a rash and call the office (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoskin, 2017).

Read all over-the-counter medication labels to determine if they contain acetaminophen to avoid taking more than your recommended daily amount (Vallernad, Deglin, & Sanoski, 207).

If you are scheduled for surgery it is important for you to advise the surgeon of use of Lisinopril (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

Weigh daily and contact the office if you gain two to three pounds in one day (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

Do not take any over-the-counter medications, including herbal and vitamin supplements without consulting primary care provider first (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

Contact office if you notice a rash, muscle cramps, weakness, nausea, numbness, dizziness, tingling of extremities (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017) Hypertension or COPD Medication Essay Assignment.

Monitor your blood sugar closely as this medication may increase your blood sugar (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

Take Demadex (Torsemide) even if you start feeling better, it is not a cure for your hypertension (Vallerand, Deglin, Sanoski, 2017).

It is important that you keep a close watch on your salt intake and decrease this intake, exercise by walking daily, reduce your stress, and avoid drinking alcohol to assist in decreasing your blood pressure (Vallerand, Deglin, & Sanoski, 2017).

Do not take naproxen sodium for your gout pain, take acetaminophen as they can        increase your blood pressure (NSAIDs, n.d.).

 

References

McCance, K. L., & Huether, S. E., Brashers, V. L., Rote, N.S… (2014).
Pathophysiology: the biologic basis for disease in adults and children
. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier

v2n2a7

 

NKF KDOQI GUIDELINES. (n.d.). Retrieved October 28, 2017, from http://www2.kidney.org/professionals/kdoqi/guideline_diabetes/guide3.htm

NSAIDs and Hypertension, (n.d.). Retrieved October 28, 2017, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/nsaids-and-acetaminophen-effects-on-blood-pressure-and-hypertension

Traynor, K. (2014). New hypertension guidelines may simplify treatment.
American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy,

71
(4), 263-264. doi:10.2146/news140014

Vadivelan, M. (2013). Torsemide: A New Loop Diuretic.
Indian Journal of Clinical Practice,

24
(4), 385-388. Retrieved from medind.nic.in/iaa/t13/i9/iaat13i9p385.pd Hypertension or COPD Medication Essay Assignment.

Vallerand, A. H., Deglin, J. H., & Sanoski, C. A. (2017).
Davis’s drug guide for nurses
. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company. Hypertension or COPD Medication Essay Assignment

Legislation Comparison Grid Template

Legislation Comparison Grid Template

 

Use this document to complete Part 1 of the Module 2 Assessment
Legislation Comparison Grid and Testimony/Advocacy Statement

BUY A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HERE

Health-related Bill Name

The Opioid Crisis Response Act of 2018

 

Description

The bill was passed to help improve the ability of the Department of Health and Human services, the Food and Drug Administration, the National Institutes of Health, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, and the Health Resources and Services Administration, to help address the opioid crisis that is shattering and effecting the lives of children, families and communities, to help states implement their plans for safe care and help improve data between states (U.S. Senate, 2018). Legislation Comparison Grid Template

Federal or State?

Federal

Legislative Intent

The Legislative Intent is to bring awareness to pharmaceutical companies to formulate new medications with non-addictive properties that work as pain-killers.

-To bring awareness to decreasing the amount of opioids prescribed by physicians daily.

-To manage safe disposal systems for opioid medications and used syringes.

-To improve and secure borders from selling and distributing medications such as fentanyl.

-To provide individual with opioid addiction with resources and additional support groups and recovery centers.

-To regulate and make the opioid prescription limits stricter to prevent addiction.

-First responder training to respond to fentanyl overdoses and training on naloxone to help treat an opioid overdose.

-Youth prevention and recovery programs focused on helping children, adolescents and young adults to help prevent abuse and misuse.

-Collection of data on controlled substances, neonatal abstinence syndrome, and infections associated with injection drug use. 

Target Population

The target population would be from teenagers to adults.

 

Status of the bill (Is it in hearings or committees? Is it receiving press coverage?)

The bill was passed on September 17, 2018 by the U.S. Senate. The bill did receive press coverage due to the ongoing opioid epidemic.  The media had covered the passing of the bill and explained the benefits of the bill and what the bill entails.

General Notes/Comments

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Legislation Comparison Grid Template

The Assignment: (1- to 2-page Comparison Grid; 1- to 2-page Legislation Testimony/Advocacy Statement)

Part 1: Legislation Comparison Grid

Based on the health-related bill you selected, complete the Legislation Comparison Grid Template. Be sure to address the following:

Determine the legislative intent of the bill you have reviewed.

Identify the proponents/opponents of the bill.

Identify the target populations addressed by the bill.

Where in the process is the bill currently? Is it in hearings or committees?

Is it receiving press coverage?

Part 2: Legislation Testimony/Advocacy Statement

Based on the health-related bill you selected, develop a 1- to 2-page Legislation Testimony/Advocacy Statement that addresses the following:

Advocate a position for the bill you selected and write testimony in support of your position.

Describe how you would address the opponent to your position. Be specific and provide examples.

Recommend at least one amendment to the bill in support of your position.

Legislation Comparison Grid Template

Use this document to complete Part 1 of the Module 2 Assessment Legislation Comparison Grid and Testimony/Advocacy Statement

Health-related Bill Name

Description

Federal or State?

Legislative Intent

Target Population

Status of the bill (Is it in hearings or committees? Is it receiving press coverage?)

General Notes/Comments

 

 

Legislation Comparison Grid Template

 

Use this document to complete Part 1 of the Module 2 Assessment
Legislation Comparison Grid and Testimony/Advocacy Statement

 

 

Health-related Bill Name

 

 

Description

 

 

 

 

 

Federal or State?

 

Legislative Intent

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Target Population

 

 

Status of the bill (Is it in hearings or committees? Is it receiving press coverage?)

 

 

 

 

General Notes/Comments

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Legislation Comparison Grid Template

Legislation Comparison Grid Template

 

Use this document to complete Part 1 of the Module 2 Assessment
Legislation Comparison Grid and Testimony/Advocacy Statement Legislation Comparison Grid Template

 

 

Health-related Bill Name

“Autism Collaboration, Accountability, Research, Education, and Support Act of 2019” or “Autism Cares ACT of 2019”

 

Description

This Bill was made to amend the public health service act to enhance activities of the National Institutes of Health with respect on autism spectrum disorder and enhance programs relating to autism, and for other purposes.

 

 

 

 

Federal or State?

federal

Legislative Intent

 

 

This bill is currently in the 1
st
stage of the legislative process. It was introduced into Congress on 2-7-19. It will be considered by committee next and then be sent on to the House or Senate as a whole.

Legislation Comparison Grid Template

 

 

 

 

 

Target Population

People and families of people with autism spectrum disorder and/or other disabilities.

 

Status of the bill (Is it in hearings or committees? Is it receiving press coverage?)

This bill is still in the first stage of the legislative process. It was just introduced into the congress on Feb. 7
th
, 2019.

 

 

 

General Notes/Comments

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The goal of this bill is to reduce disparities and provide access to clinical services for youth and adults from diverse racial, ethnic, geographic, or linguistic backgrounds in decisions about awarding grants to applicants which meet the scientific criteria for funding under this section.

 

This bill will promote evidence-based screening techniques and interventions for individuals with autism spectrum disorder and other developmental disabilities across their lifespan.

 

The bill will see how information on how states use home- and community- based services and other supports to ensure that individuals with autism spectrum disorder and other developmental disabilities are living, working, and participating in their community. Legislation Comparison Grid Template

 

 

 

REFERENCES:

 

GovTrack.us. (2019). S. 427 — 116th Congress: Autism CARES Act of 2019. Retrieved from https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/116/s427 Legislation Comparison Grid Template

 

PART 2: Legislation Testimony/Advocacy Statement

There are many reasons why I feel strongly about this certain health related bill. First and foremost, I have a 8 year old son who was diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) around a year ago. This was something that I was very hard for my family to get adjusted to. I knew that my son was struggling in not only school work but also home life. This includes daily tasks such as daily routine, and getting along with his brother and sister. Since his diagnosis we have begun many things. He now is attending occupational therapy, speech therapy, and visits with a psychologist every week. We are a very busy family now but now my son is doing so much better in school with not only his school work but also socially at school. He is getting a lot so much better with his brother and sister and daily activities. Legislation Comparison Grid Template.

Ways that I would address this bill would be to provide examples of my life and my sons experience and what can be gained from this bill for someone with ASD or any other disability. We would have to be clear and stress the benefits of the bill and what it would entail. This bill, as listed above in the table, will have many benefits. The goal of this bill is to reduce disparities and provide access to clinical services for youth and adults from diverse racial, ethnic, geographic, or linguistic backgrounds in decisions about awarding grants to applicants which meet the scientific criteria for funding under this section. This bill will also promote evidence-based screening techniques and interventions for individuals with autism spectrum disorder and other developmental disabilities across their lifespan. Finally, this bill will see how information on how states use home- and community- based services and other supports to ensure that individuals with autism spectrum disorder and other developmental disabilities are living, working, and participating in their community. As you can see this bill would be very beneficial to all families and people affected with ASD and other disabilities. Autism Spectrum Disorder is something that is downplayed and ignored a lot throughout the country. This is a disability that needs more resources. This is also something that is completely manageable and with the appropriate resources people can thrive while living with this diagnosis Legislation Comparison Grid Template.

NURS 6050 Legislation Comparison Grid and Testimony/Advocacy Statement Example

Post
 an explanation for how you think the cost-benefit analysis in the statement from page 27 of Feldstein (2006) affected efforts to repeal/replace the ACA. Then, explain how analyses such as the one portrayed by the Feldstein statement may affect decisions by legislative leaders in recommending or positioning national policies (e.g., Congress’ decisions impacting Medicare or Medicaid).

Assignment: Legislation Comparison Grid and Testimony/Advocacy Statement

As a nurse, how often have you thought to yourself, 
If I had anything to do about it, things would work a little differently?
 Increasingly, nurses are beginning to realize that they do, in fact, have a role and a voice.

ORDER A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HERE

Many nurses encounter daily experiences that motivate them to take on an advocacy role in hopes of impacting policies, laws, or regulations that impact healthcare issues of interest. NURS 6050 Legislation Comparison Grid and Testimony/Advocacy Statement Example Of course, doing so means entering the less familiar world of policy and politics. While many nurses do not initially feel prepared to operate in this space effectively, the reward is the opportunity to shape and influence future health policy.

The Assignment: (1- to 2-page Comparison Grid; 1- to 2-page Legislation Testimony/Advocacy Statement)

Part 1: Legislation Comparison Grid

Based on the health-related bill you selected, complete the Legislation Comparison Grid Template. Be sure to address the following:

Determine the legislative intent of the bill you have reviewed.

Identify the proponents/opponents of the bill.

Identify the target populations addressed by the bill.

Where in the process is the bill currently? Is it in hearings or committees?

Is it receiving press coverage?

Part 2: Legislation Testimony/Advocacy Statement

Based on the health-related bill you selected, develop a 1- to 2-page Legislation Testimony/Advocacy Statement that addresses the following:

Advocate a position for the bill you selected and write testimony in support of your position.

Describe how you would address the opponent to your position. Be specific and provide examples.

Recommend at least one amendment to the bill in support of your position. NURS 6050 Legislation Comparison Grid and Testimony/Advocacy Statement Example

 

Legislation Comparison Grid and Testimony/Advocacy Statement

Legislation Comparison Grid Template

Legislation Comparison Grid Template

 

Use this document to complete Part 1 of the Module 2 Assessment
Legislation Comparison Grid and Testimony/Advocacy Statement

Health-related Bill Name

 

H.R.1390 – Mobile Health Record Act of 2019

Description

 

The bill was introduced in the house on 27
th
February 2019 under the sponsorship of Susan Brooks the representative from Indiana and co-sponsorship of New York representative Yvette Clarke.

 

Federal or State?

Federal

Legislative Intent

 

The legislation aims to amend the Social Security Act, titles explicitly XVIII and XIX. The objective is to provide to benefit from part A or part B if the Medicare programs. This also includes individuals who have enrolled under a State program under Medicaid all of who will be empowered to access personal medical data including prescriptions, providers, diagnosis and tests through the mobile health record application of their choice. NURS 6050 Legislation Comparison Grid and Testimony/Advocacy Statement Example

Target Population

 

Beneficiaries of Medicaid

Status of the bill (Is it in hearings or committees? Is it receiving press coverage?)

 

The bill was introduced to Congress on February 27, 2019, and as later referred to the Committee on Energy and Commerce as well as the House Committee on Ways and Means. It is still at this stage of legislation.

This is a relatively new bill given it was introduced less than a month ago, hence it has not received significant news coverage.

 

 

General Notes/Comments

 

 

 

Universal health coverage is a significant issue in the United States. Considerable efforts have been placed in enhancing access to not only quality care but also healthcare information. This bill seeks to improve such access by allowing Medicaid beneficiaries to access personal health information through the mobile platform. NURS 6050 Legislation Comparison Grid and Testimony/Advocacy Statement Example

 

 

 

Legislation Testimony/Advocacy Statement

Access to healthcare has been one of the fundamental goal for different administrations. However, the cost associated  to delivery of healthcare to all is immeasurable. Different health insurance programs have been put in place. Healthcare insurance for all has been an essential agenda for different regimes in the United States history. Subsequent governments have attempted to improve the level of access to quality healthcare services, universal coverage, especially among the vulnerable populations, and enhanced access to care information. The H.R.1390 – Mobile Health Record Act of 2019 aims to improve access to care information at a personal level through the adoption of novice technology. In his assessment Dameff, Clay, and Longhurst (2019) argues that the mobile health records platform is yet to prove its usefulness, scalability, sustainability, and its capacity to improve health delivery and outcomes.

The main question is whether the platform through the provision of personal health information can enhance care outcomes at minimal costs while maintaining the quality of services delivered. However, it should be considered that the advent of electronic health records combined with the increased adoption of internet platforms as well as smart technologies have facilitated to flow of crucial clinical information across care organizations and providers (Dameff, Clay, &Longhurst, 2019) NURS 6050 Legislation Comparison Grid and Testimony/Advocacy Statement Example. The same, if achieved at the individual level, will improve patient inclusion in decision making and also enhance the people’s ability to make informed medical decisions with regards to their consumption of healthcare.

Opposition to this Act can result from the unproven status of such technology in enhancing access and quality of care services. Such concerns can be quelled through referencing the success achieved through Electronic Health Records which according to Bouayad, Ialynytchev, and Padmanabhan (2017), have made significant achievements in the improving quality and reducing errors. The same can be delivered through the proposed platform by enhancing how information is shared between care providers and patients.

Same with other information technologies adopted in the healthcare industry, mobile patient health information systems are susceptible to ethical concerns with regards to the safety of this information and the protection of individual rights to privacy. According to Bouri and Ravi (2014), such matters are compounded by the role played by third-party vendors who might mine or store patient information for alternative uses other than the individual’s care needs. As such, the legislators need to include amendments that clarify the accountability, rights to access, liabilities, and obligations of the parties involved in the input, storage, and transfer of patient information NURS 6050 Legislation Comparison Grid and Testimony/Advocacy Statement Example.

References

All Information (Except Text) for H.R.1390 – Mobile Health Record Act of 2019. (2019). Retrieved https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/1390/all-info?r=1

Bouri, N., & Ravi, S. (2014). Going mobile: How mobile personal health records can improve health care during emergencies.
JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 2
(1), e8.

Bouayad, L., Ialynytchev, A., & Padmanabhan, B. (2017). Patient health record systems scope and functionalities: Literature review and future directions.
Journal of Medical Internet Research, 19
(11), e388.

Dameff, C., Clay, B., Longhurst, C. A. (2019). Personal Health Records: More Promising in the Smartphone Era?
JAMA, 321
(4):339–340. NURS 6050 Legislation Comparison Grid and Testimony/Advocacy Statement Example.

 

Legislation Comparison Grid and Testimony/Advocacy Statement

Legislation Comparison Grid Template

Legislation Comparison Grid Template

 

Use this document to complete Part 1 of the Module 2 Assessment
Legislation Comparison Grid and Testimony/Advocacy Statement NURS 6050 Legislation Comparison Grid and Testimony/Advocacy Statement Example

 

Health-related Bill Name

 

H.R.1346 – Medicare Buy-In and Health Care Stabilization Act of 2019

Description

 

The legislation was introduced to the House by New York district 26 representative Brian Higgins on February 25, 2019.

 

Federal or State?

Federal

Legislative Intent

 

The legislation intends to amend title XVIII of the national Social Security Act to allow people aged between fifty and sixty-four to buy into Medicare. In addition to this, the bill aims to enhance the stability of the nation’s health insurance market. In this light, the bill seeks to mitigate gaps within Medicare to improve coverage for medical need linked to dental, vision and hearing care. Further, it aims at introducing a buy-in clause for persons facing financial challenges in securing coverage for Medicare, and individuals aged between 50 and 64 by making them eligible for enrolment.

 

Target Population

Vulnerable populations

Individuals aged 50 to 64

 

Status of the bill (Is it in hearings or committees? Is it receiving press coverage?)

 

The bill was introduced to the floor of the house on 25
th
February 2019. It has been subsequently referred to the Committee on Ways and Means and the Committee on Energy and Commerce. It has yet to receive considerable media coverage NURS 6050 Legislation Comparison Grid and Testimony/Advocacy Statement Example.

 

General Notes/Comments

 

Various gaps have been identified in Medicare provisions. Among other factors, the differences mean that beneficiaries do receive coverage on hearing, vision, and dental care resulting in high off-the-pocket costs. The proposed bill will go a long way in addressing these gaps as well as stabilizing the nation’s care insurance market.

 

Legislation Testimony/Advocacy Statement

As a care provider, I am in support of the H.R.1346 – Medicare Buy-In and Health Care Stabilization Act of 2019 given its potential effects in sealing gaps within Medicare that result in higher costs for the consumers and the program itself. Willink, Shoen, and Davis (2018) positions that when it was created almost fifty years ago, Medicare did not include provisions to cover the expenses associated with dental, vision, and hearing care. As a result, the program has had to pay for much higher amounts on severe illnesses and complications arising from or aggravated by the inadequacies in hearing, vision and dental coverage. NURS 6050 Legislation Comparison Grid and Testimony/Advocacy Statement Example.

The impact of this gap is compounded when one considers the number of individuals suffering from these problems but could not receive the needed care. In 2017, 70%, 43% and 75% of people with difficulties in eating, trouble in seeing, and those who required hearing aids respectively did not receive treatment for their respective issues (Willink, Shoen, & Davis, 2018). The proposed bill, if passed, will provide a considerable reprieve for these individuals as well as significantly reducing the consequential costs linked to the impact of these conditions on Medicare and the public NURS 6050 Legislation Comparison Grid and Testimony/Advocacy Statement Example.

Advocacy for the passage of the Medicare Buy-In and Health Care Stabilization Act of 2019 should also consider potential opposition to its passage. To alleviate this challenge, it is advisable to conduct educative programs on how the bill will benefit the nation in addition to Medicare beneficiaries. However, as advised by Burke, Crist, and Goldberg (2019), it is also vital for the legislators to consider real-life consequences of Medicare beneficiaries, especially older adults, who have difficulties in accessing oral, visual, and hearing care because of the expensive nature of paying for these services from their pockets. As it stands, the proposed act does not mention individuals older than sixty-five years. This points to an overlook over a patient population that significantly suffer from these problems. NURS 6050 Legislation Comparison Grid and Testimony/Advocacy Statement Example.

References

Burke, G., Christ, A., & Goldberg, J. (2019). Creating an oral health benefit in Medicare: A statutory analysis.
Issue Brief, 2019
(1), 1-7.

H.R.1346 – Medicare Buy-In and Health Care Stabilization Act of 2019. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/1346/text?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22GAPS+IN+MEDICARE%22%5D%7D&r=2

Willink, A., Shoen, C., & Davis, K. (2018). How Medicare could provide dental, vision, and hearing care for beneficiaries
. Issue Brief (CommonWealth Fund), 2018
(1), 1-12. NURS 6050 Legislation Comparison Grid and Testimony/Advocacy Statement Example

Portfolio Assignment: The Role of the Nurse Informaticist in Systems Development and Implementation Sample Essay

Portfolio Assignment: The Role of the Nurse Informaticist in Systems Development and Implementation

Assume you are a nurse manager on a unit where a new nursing documentation system is to be implemented. You want to ensure that the system will be usable and acceptable for the nurses impacted. You realize a nurse leader must be on the implementation team.

ORDER A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HERE

To Prepare:

• Review the steps of the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) and reflect on the scenario presented.

• Consider the benefits and challenges associated with involving a nurse leader on an implementation team for health information technology Portfolio Assignment: The Role of the Nurse Informaticist in Systems Development and Implementation Sample Essay.

The Assignment: (2-3 pages)

In preparation of filling this role, develop a 2- to 3-page role description for a graduate-level nurse to guide his/her participation on the implementation team. The role description should be based on the SDLC stages and tasks and should clearly define how this individual will participate in and impact each of the following steps:

• Planning and requirements definition

• Analysis

• Design of the new system

• Implementation

• Post-implementation support McGonigle, D., & Mastrian, K. G. (2017). Nursing informatics and the foundation of knowledge (4th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

READING/RESOURCES

Chapter 9, “Systems Development Life Cycle: Nursing Informatics and Organizational Decision Making” (pp. 175–187)

Chapter 12, “Electronic Security” (pp. 229–242)

Chapter 13, “Workflow and Beyond Meaningful Use” (pp. 245–261)

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. (n.d.a). Health IT evaluation toolkit and evaluation measures quick reference guide. Retrieved September 27, 2018, from https://healthit.ahrq.gov/health-it-tools-and-resources/evaluation-resources/health-it-evaluation-toolkit-and-evaluation-measures-quick-reference

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. (n.d.b). Workflow assessment for health IT toolkit. Retrieved September 27, 2018, from https://healthit.ahrq.gov/health-it-tools-and-resources/evaluation-resources/workflow-assessment-health-it-toolkit

McGonigle, D., & Mastrian, K. G. (2017). Nursing informatics and the foundation of knowledge (4th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

• Chapter 9, “Systems Development Life Cycle: Nursing Informatics and Organizational Decision Making” (pp. 175–187)

• Chapter 12, “Electronic Security” (pp. 229–242)

• Chapter 13, “Workflow and Beyond Meaningful Use” (pp. 245–261)

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. (n.d.a). Health IT evaluation toolkit and evaluation measures quick reference guide. Retrieved September 27, 2018, from https://healthit.ahrq.gov/health-it-tools-and-resources/evaluation-resources/health-it-evaluation-toolkit-and-evaluation-measures-quick-reference

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. (n.d.b). Workflow assessment for health IT toolkit. Retrieved September 27, 2018, from https://healthit.ahrq.gov/health-it-tools-and-resources/evaluation-resources/workflow-assessment-health-it-toolkit

Required Media

Louis, I. (2011, August 17). Systems development life cycle (SDLC) [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xtpyjPrpyX8

Laureate Education (Producer). (2018). Interoperability, Standards, and Security [Video file]. Baltimore, MD: Author.

 

The Role of the Nurse Informaticist in Systems Development and Implementation

The Role of the Nurse Informaticist in Systems Development and Implementation

The potential for information and communication technology application in nursing is limitless. The systems development life cycle (SDLC) is an iterative process or a series of actions used for planning and implementing change within an organization (McGonigle & Mastrian, 2018). According to McGonigle and Mastrian (2018), this conceptual model is particularity useful in project management and the development of new health information technologies (HIT) or systems. The purpose of this paper is to describe the role of a graduate-level nurse to guide their participation on the implementation team during the execution of a new nursing documentation system. Additionally, this paper will clearly define how this individual will participate in and impact each of the five steps in the SDLC which are as follows; planning, analysis, design, implementation, and post-implementation support (Laureate Education, 2018).

It is important for the nurse manager to consider both the benefits and challenges associated with involving a nurse leader on an implementation team for HIT to ensure that the new system will be usable and acceptable for the nurses impacted. Nurse leaders can be instrumental in facilitating the SDLC for informatics in health care, as their role includes synthesizing knowledge of how technology can enhance the quality of care (McKay & Vanaskie, 2018).

Role Description

Planning.
The planning stage, the first and most critical of the SDLC stages, provides direction to the entire project that will ultimately affect the outcomes of successive stages (Rehani, n.d.). In this stage, the role of the graduate-level nurse collaborates with the interdisciplinary team members to accomplish the following tasks; define the scope and problems, explore and select potential solutions, assimilate required resources, determine a project schedule and timeline, and launch the project (Rehani, n.d.). Clinical knowledge of the workflow and processes, in conjunction with critical thinking skills, allows nurses to help identify objectives, establish project goals, and set realistic expectations (Rehani, n.d.). Portfolio Assignment: The Role of the Nurse Informaticist in Systems Development and Implementation Sample Essay. Nurse involvement in this stage is necessary to provide a clinical nursing perspective to assist in the development of safe and effective systems (Rehani, n.d.).

Analysis.
During the analysis phase, the role of the nurse is to help prioritize project requirements, generate and evaluate possible alternatives, and make recommendations for management (Weckman & Janzen, 2009). As stated by Thomas, Seifert, and Joyner (2016), failure to complete these tasks efficiently and meet organizational and user needs could result in project delays, data loss, errors, and breakdown of communication processes. According to Rojas and Seckman (2014), an internal part of the analysis process includes analyzing the workflow processes, communication, and decision-making tools. Another important component of the analysis stage is to analyze technical requirements and additional demands such as hardware, software, staffing and space needs (Rehani, n.d.). Nurse involvement in this stage is also imperative to review relevant organizational policies and changes required to accommodate new work processes and new technology (Dennis, Wixom, & Roth, 2015) Portfolio Assignment: The Role of the Nurse Informaticist in Systems Development and Implementation Sample Essay.

Design.
The nurse plays a vital role in the design phase, which is a critical part in the SDLC. It ensures that the software’s overall configuration is defined properly and determines the architecture and operation of the system with regard to the following; processes, hardware, software, networking, data retrieval, archiving and use, and user interface (Rehani, n.d.). Nurses play an integral role in reinforcing the primary purpose of the system, to improve patient safety (Rehani, n.d.). The nurse will assist in customizing the system to provide clinical decision support to accommodate practices in different specialties (Rehani, n.d.). Portfolio Assignment: The Role of the Nurse Informaticist in Systems Development and Implementation Sample Essay.

Implementation.
In the implementation stage, the nurse works closely with the team to further customize, test, and install the system (Rehani, n.d.). The role of the nurse in this phase is critical because it involves staff training, system maintenance, and evaluation of outcomes (Rehani, n.d.). The nurse is also responsible for ensuring two-way communication between the staff and management to solicit feedback that may be useful when redesigning the system for better outcomes (Rehani, n.d.). According to Rehani (n.d.), “the feedback received from users is critical to the adaptive process of SDLC for customization and optimization of HIT.” Making safety rounds to identify workflow and system issues have been found to be an effective strategy the nurse can engage it (Rehani, n.d.).

Post-implementation Support.
In this phase, the nurse is involved in providing continual support and adequate training, including understanding of the technology and its implications, to ensure there is acceptance and compliance of the new system by the staff (Rehani, n.d.). This will also help increase satisfaction and adherence to the best practices (Rehani, n.d.). Portfolio Assignment: The Role of the Nurse Informaticist in Systems Development and Implementation Sample Essay. As a result, it will minimize any potential negative effects caused by technical failures (Rehani, n.d.). Nurse involvement in this stage is important to identify flaws, thus reinforcing the need for constant upgrade and maintenance of databases (Rehani, n.d.).

Conclusion

In conclusion, nurse leaders are valuable members of the implementation team and play a key role in facilitating the SDLC for informatics in health care; their role includes synthesizing knowledge of how technology can enhance the quality of care (McKay & Vanaskie, 2018).

It is imperative that nurses maximize this opportunity to collaborate with technologists and informaticists to create efficient and effective programs that have a positive impact on patient care and population management (Blahna, 2015). Portfolio Assignment: The Role of the Nurse Informaticist in Systems Development and Implementation Sample Essay

References

Blahna, B. L. (2015). How nurses can collaborate with EHR design.
Nursing, 45
(12), 25-26. doi:10.1097/01.NURSE.0000473404.97294.02

Darvish, A., Bahramnezhad, F., Keyhanian, S., & Navidhamidi, M. (2014). The role of nursing informatics on promoting quality of health care and the need for appropriate education.
Global Journal of Health Science, 6
(6), 11–18. doi:10.5539/gjhs.v6n6p11

Dennis, A., Wixom, B. H., & Roth, R. M. (2015).
Systems analysis and design
(6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Laureate Education (Producer). (2018). Managing Health Information Technology [Video file]. Baltimore, MD: Author. Portfolio Assignment: The Role of the Nurse Informaticist in Systems Development and Implementation Sample Essay.

McGonigle, D., & Mastrian, K. G. (2018).
Nursing informatics and the foundation of knowledge
(4th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning.

McKay, C., & Vanaskie, K. (2018). Partnering for success: The role of the nurse leader in Health information technology implementation for coordination of care.
Nurse Leader, 16
(6), 385–388. Retrieved from
https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1016/j.mnl.2018.07.012

Rehani, N. (n.d.).
Using SDLC methodology to implement HIT.
[PDF file]. Retrieved from
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7fbd/35017b7085209694cd56373e8eab62b84b2a.pdf

Rojas, C., & Seckman, C. (2014). The informatics nurse specialist role in electronic health record usability evaluation.
Computers, Informatics, Nursing, 32
(5), 221–222. doi: 10.1097/CIN.0000000000000042

Thomas, T. W., Seifert, P. C., & Joyner, J. C. (2016). Registered nurses leading innovative changes.
The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 21
(3). doi: 10.3912/OJIN.Vol21No03Man03

Weckman, H., Janzen, S. (2009). The critical nature of early nursing involvement for introducing new technologies.
The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 14
(2), 1-13.  doi:10.3912/OJIN.Vol14No02Man02 Portfolio Assignment: The Role of the Nurse Informaticist in Systems Development and Implementation Sample Essay

NURS 4115 weekly discussion essays

NURS 4115 Role of the Nurse in Public and Global Health Week 1 Discussion

NURS 4115 Week 1 Discussion

In this week’s media presentation, Dr. Louise Fitzpatrick shared how health and disease are global issues. She pointed out that with the mobility of today’s population, health issues experienced in one area of the world are easily brought to other areas of the world through such means as travel and immigration. They can also be brought to a nation’s doorstep through the migration of animals, insects, and birds. Consider the spread of infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, avian flu, H1N1, or SARS. These diseases have quickly crossed oceans and spread to multiple countries. They are a public health concern in the United States as well as other countries.

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To prepare for this Discussion:

Reflect on Dr. Mancuso’s comments in this week’s media presentation; specifically, on the role of the BSN nurse in public and global health.

Select one health problem that you will use as a basis of comparison between countries.

Identify one developed and one developing country NURS 4115 weekly discussion essays.

Compare and contrast the health problems and countries you selected with the United States in terms of World Health Organization (WHO) outcomes. In your analysis, be sure to include information about workforce availability to deal with the country’s disease burden.

Based on your examination of the research, how well is the United States performing in terms of public health as compared to the developed and developing countries you selected?

Think about what countries with worse outcomes could learn from countries with better outcomes.

Think about why nurses should be concerned with global health issues and what the role of the nurse should be in public health. NURS 4115 weekly discussion essays.

By Day 3

Post your analysis of one health problem between one developed and one developing country in comparison with the United States in terms of the WHO outcomes and criteria listed above. State your opinion about how well the United States is doing in terms of public health. Share what you think countries with worse outcomes could learn from countries with better outcomes. Explain the nurse’s role in public and global health and why nurses should be concerned with global health issues. Conclude by summarizing your view of the role of the nurse in public health.

Support your response with references from the professional nursing literature.

NURS 4115 Week 2 Discussion Task

Nurses Working to Improve the Socioeconomic Status of Impoverished Citizens Through Government Actions

The influence of poverty on health is a problem that transcends national borders. This week’s readings discussed some of the political, economic, and ethical issues that lead to health disparities in developed and developing countries. In addition, in this week’s first media presentation, Dr. Mancuso and Dr. Huijer shared insights on working within political systems to bring about positive changes in health care. Think about the importance of nurses in addressing these needs and in bringing about change NURS 4115 weekly discussion essays.

To prepare for this Discussion:

Review the case study “Improving the Health of the Poor in Mexico.” Then, prepare your response to the following questions:

How do politics and economics influence health and health care?

What might the benefits be of awarding the mothers cash grants?

What social problems might be created by giving the mothers cash grants?

Do you think the resources were ethically distributed? (Think about stereotyping.)

What changes do you think should be made to the program, if any?

If the program were to be discontinued for any reason, what could you, as a nurse, say that might help to maintain funding?

Do you think a similar program might work in your community? Why or why not?

By Day 3

Post your response to the following prompts:

Explain how politics and economics may influence health and the health care system from your own perspective. Analyze whether the political and/or economic systems play a major role in your or your family’s access to health and explain why. Then, describe how government intervention might benefit a health care system. Be specific and provide examples.

Support your response with references from the professional nursing literature.

Note Initial Post: A 3-paragraph (at least 350 words) response. Be sure to use evidence from the readings and include in-text citations. Utilize essay-level writing practice and skills, including the use of transitional material and organizational frames. Avoid quotes; paraphrase to incorporate evidence into your own writing. A reference list is required. Use the most current evidence (usually ? 5 years old). NURS 4115 Week 2 Discussion Task

 

NURS 4115

Week 2 Discussion

To prepare for this Discussion:

Review the case study “Improving the Health of the Poor in Mexico.” Then, prepare your response to the following questions:

How do politics and economics influence health and health care?

What might the benefits be of awarding the mothers cash grants?

What social problems might be created by giving the mothers cash grants?

Do you think the resources were ethically distributed? (Think about stereotyping.)

What changes do you think should be made to the program, if any?

If the program were to be discontinued for any reason, what could you, as a nurse, say that might help to maintain funding?

Do you think a similar program might work in your community? Why or why not?

By Day 3

Post 
your response to the following prompts:

Explain how politics and economics may influence health and the health care system from your own perspective. Analyze whether the political and/or economic systems play a major role in your or your family’s access to health and explain why. Then, describe how government intervention might benefit a health care system. Be specific and provide examples.

Support your response with references from the professional nursing literature.

 

1. Explained how politics and economics influence health and healthcare.

In the United States, politics and economics play a significant role in health and healthcare. The largest healthcare program in the United States since the 1960s is Medicare and Medicaid, which are funded via payroll taxes (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, 2014). The government has regulations in place for determining who can have access healthcare in this country. Medicare, which is regulated by the federal government, provides health insurance for Americans aged 65 and older regardless of income or medical history (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, 2014). Some younger individuals also may qualify that have disabilities that receive Social Security Disability Insurance (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, 2014). Therefore, politics do influence health and healthcare in this country since the government has the power to regulate and set special requirements for use.

 

Analyzed possible benefits and problems that might be generated by giving the mothers the cash grants.

 

For the reading by Levine (2007, pp. 65-72) possible benefits for giving the mothers the cash grant include helping to increase the families’ income, thereby providing them with food and other necessary resources. The cash grants helped to increase school enrollment and attendance by giving the families money to access preventative care for immunizations to prevent illnesses, basic health care services, and nutrition counseling (Levine, 2007, pp. 65-72). Possible problems that may arise from giving the cash grants could be that once so many people have money to access healthcare, that there may not be enough medical providers to care for those in need. The healthcare system may not be prepared for the increasing number of individuals who now have the financial means to receive care. Therefore, it may not be enough “supply” to meet the increased “demand” for healthcare services.

 

Analyzed possible ethical dilemmas when promoting health for a select population using cash grants such as equal distribution within the population, possible social problems, or continuation of the program.

 

Possible dilemmas that could be created by this program could be that the community-at-large may want to have input on how the money is spent by the mothers receiving the grants. People may also feel that singling out the poor is unethical as well. When I think of the cash grants it sort of reminds my of the food stamp welfare program, as only certain people qualify and the money can only be spent on certain items. The food stamps can only be spent for cold food items but many people want more restrictions on how the government assistance should be spent, as well as more restrictions on who qualifies for services. I feel that the cash grants could also create the same issues due to people wanting to ensure that the money is being spent appropriately and being provided to those with the greatest need.

 

Recommended approaches to assure continuation of the program if funding were threatened.

 

If the program funding were to be threatened, I would show statistical evidence on how the program works. As the article mentioned, that many rural children dropped out of school by the 6
th
or 9
th
grades, that there were high incidence of preventable childhood and adult illnesses, high infant mortality, and poor reproductive outcomes (Levine, 2007, pp. 65-72). The cash grant program has helped to improve school attendance and enrollment, as well as improving child and adult health, reduce illnesses, and improve nutritional health (Levine, 2007, pp. 65-72).

 

Determine whether a similar program might work in the community the student lives in.

 

I currently do not live in the typical community that may need a program of this sort but I grew up in a single parent home in a poor neighborhood. A program of this type may have benefited the community I grew up in, and may have even helped my mom who was a single parent. I do believe that the program would need regulations for who would qualify and regulations set on how the money can be spent to ensure the money is not being misused.

 

References

 

Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (2014). Medicare program- General information.

Retrieved January 18, 2018, from https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Medicare-General-Information/MedicareGenInfo/index.html

Levine, R. (2007). Improving the Health of the Poor in Mexico. In
Case studies in global

 

health: Millions saved
. Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett.

 

NURS 4115 Role of the Nurse in Public and Global Health Week 3 Discussion

Preventing Disease in Communities: The Role of Public Health, the Silent Sentinel

Week 3 Discussion-Preventing Disease in Communities

In this Discussion, you will visit a site and interview people who work there about risks for disease transmission, then report on your findings. NURS 4115 weekly discussion essays.

To prepare, select which site you will visit from the following options:

High school nurse’s office

Water treatment plant

Public health department

Pediatrician’s office

Create a brief description of your setting, providing some context; for example, how many patients are seen, size or capacity of the facility as applicable, and/or the location of the office or organization.

Take pictures of the building and surrounding area/neighborhood to provide context. You do not have to include the interior/s of the building/s or people/clients who may be there.

Then, during your site visit, pose the questions listed in the following chart:

High school nurse

What is the school’s policy on giving students advice about birth control?

How often do you get requests for information about birth control or how to protect oneself from an STD?

How do you track vaccination compliance, and what happens to students who fall out of compliance?

Local water treatment plant

Where does your community’s water come from? NURS 4115 weekly discussion essays

Where is it stored?

How often is it tested for purity?

What safeguards are in place to prevent tampering with the water supply?

Local public health department

Does this department have an STD clinic?

In addition to testing, does the department offer treatment of one party or both parties?

What is the most frequently diagnosed STD?

A pediatrician’s office

What is your policy on accepting patients who refuse vaccinations?

What are the most common reasons parents decline vaccinations for their children in this particular office?

What is the policy at this office for giving antibiotics to treat viral syndromes?

Now, look at the site you visited through the eyes of the public health nurse (PHN). Imagine you are the PHN and have been asked to investigate an outbreak at this facility NURS 4115 weekly discussion essays.

What questions would you ask?

What suggestions could you make to avoid a disease outbreak at the facility?

What would your role as a change agent be for any deficiencies you find in your on-site inspection?

Our “world” starts with our own community, county, and state, then moves out in concentric rings from that point to include our country and eventually the world. Disease is transmitted from person to person through direct contact, or from a source such as a vector or contaminated water through a variety of means, such as flood waters or even terrorist actions. Individuals with limited or no knowledge of safe sex methods may have unprotected sexual relations and knowingly or unknowingly transmit disease to their partners, then to their partners’ partners, and on and on. Often it is the role of the public health nurse to investigate a disease outbreak, contain it, and then educate others so that the same situation doesn’t happen again.

By Day 3

Post your brief description and pictures of the site you visited. Share the answers you were given to the questions you posed. Then, respond to the above prompts through the eyes of a PHN asked to investigate an outbreak at this facility.

Support your response with references from the professional nursing literature. Week 3 Discussion-Preventing Disease in Communities NURS 4115 weekly discussion essays

Week 4 Discussion-Nurses Working to Prevent Disease at Home

NURS 4115 Role of the Nurse in Public and Global Health Week 4 Discussion

Nurses Working to Prevent Disease at Home

Week 4 Discussion-Nurses Working to Prevent Disease at Home

In general, the CDC (2016) has recommended that people wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants when outside and apply insect repellant beforehand to avoid getting bitten. People who possibly have been infected with the Zika virus are urged to use a condom during sexual contact to avoid spreading the virus to others. In fact, some countries, such as El Salvador, have recommended that women avoid pregnancy for the next two years (The New York Times, 1/25/16). The CDC has also recommended that any vessels or containers of open water be protected from access to mosquitoes so that breeding cycles are disrupted. NURS 4115 weekly discussion essays. Brazil has begun a massive campaign to stop mosquitoes from accessing breeding grounds by closing their access to water collection systems and other sources of standing or still water. Could something like the Zika virus begin in your neighborhood?

 

In this Discussion, you will examine your neighborhood through the eyes of the public health nurse or a nurse epidemiologist.

To prepare for this Discussion:

Walk around a two-block radius near where you live or work.

Look to see if you can spot any areas where mosquitoes may reproduce. These sites may include abandoned tires, rainwater collection systems that have been installed at homes, parks or golf courses, low sections at roadsides or near sidewalks, and the like. You may include pictures of sites that you find to enhance your discussion thread.

Note any positive or negative findings that you observe. Have steps been taken to prevent mosquito breeding?

Find out what your community health department does for mosquito abatement NURS 4115 weekly discussion essays.

Discover who in your community you would contact to report deficiencies/negative findings.

Determine what you can do, as a PHN, to change policy to reduce mosquito breeding grounds in your neighborhood.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2016), a vaccination has not been found to prevent the Zika virus, a disease that has been transmitted to humans through mosquito bites from mosquitoes that are most active during the day. Zika has been found in many countries around the globe, and its range is expanding. The symptoms of Zika are generally mild, last about a week, and include fever, rash, joint pain, and/or conjunctivitis. Symptoms are generally so mild that many victims will not know they have been infected, but about 20% of those individuals who are bitten will develop Zika. The most concerning symptom of Zika affects pregnant women, whose babies may develop microcephaly. Week 4 Discussion-Nurses Working to Prevent Disease at Home

By Day 3

Post your findings regarding mosquito breeding grounds in a two-block radius near where you live or work. Include any preventative strategies you can see that are already in place. Report on the role your local health department plays in mosquito abatement and to whom you would report negative findings. Then, describe your role as a BSN in changing policy to ensure a healthier climate (reduced mosquito breeding grounds) in your neighborhood NURS 4115 weekly discussion essays.

Support your response with references from the professional nursing literature. Week 4 Discussion-Nurses Working to Prevent Disease at Home

 

NURS 4115 Role of the Nurse in Public and Global Health 
Week 5 Discussion

Cultural Considerations in Nursing

Week 5 Discussion-Cultural Considerations in Nursing

Many factors influence maternal health. In many countries, an unacceptable number of women die in childbirth or shortly after giving birth. As discussed by Dr. Leslie Mancuso in this week’s first media presentation, culture and religious beliefs influence childbirth practices.

To prepare for this Discussion:

Review Case 6, “Saving Mothers’ Lives in Sri Lanka.”

Review Dr. Mancuso’s comments on cultural beliefs that influence maternal health.

In addition, consider the following questions:

NURS 4115 Role of the Nurse in Public and Global Health 
Week 5 Discussion-
What cultural and historical features of Sri Lanka contributed to the success of the country’s maternal health program?

What are some assumptions that a person might make about you based on your appearance or cultural background? All cultural diversity is not about ethnicity, religious affiliation, or traditional backgrounds. When you consider what cultural issues affect you and/or your community, think about whether you represent diversity of another kind, such as; rural versus urban, east coast versus west coast, employed in a small hospital versus a large research center, or providing nursing practice to young versus elderly, acute care versus clinic care or mental health care. Each of these “types” of diversity contribute to you as a person and how you practice nursing NURS 4115 weekly discussion essays.

What cultural information would you want a nurse or doctor to know about you?

What would you want a health promotion program to include that addresses a health concern for your cultural or ethnic community?

By Day 3

Post your response to the following prompts:

After considering the different aspects of cultural beliefs and practices, explain how culture influences health beliefs and how might most health programs address these beliefs? Describe how you would apply this to care you receive and care you provide to others.

Support your response with references from the professional nursing literature NURS 4115 weekly discussion essays.

NURS 4115 Week 4 Discussion-Nurses Working to Prevent Disease at Home

NURS 4115 Role of the Nurse in Public and Global Health Week 4 Discussion

Nurses Working to Prevent Disease at Home

Week 4 Discussion-Nurses Working to Prevent Disease at Home

In general, the CDC (2016) has recommended that people wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants when outside and apply insect repellant beforehand to avoid getting bitten. People who possibly have been infected with the Zika virus are urged to use a condom during sexual contact to avoid spreading the virus to others. In fact, some countries, such as El Salvador, have recommended that women avoid pregnancy for the next two years (The New York Times, 1/25/16) NURS 4115 Week 4 Discussion-Nurses Working to Prevent Disease at Home. The CDC has also recommended that any vessels or containers of open water be protected from access to mosquitoes so that breeding cycles are disrupted. Brazil has begun a massive campaign to stop mosquitoes from accessing breeding grounds by closing their access to water collection systems and other sources of standing or still water. Could something like the Zika virus begin in your neighborhood?

ORDER A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HERE

In this Discussion, you will examine your neighborhood through the eyes of the public health nurse or a nurse epidemiologist. NURS 4115 Week 4 Discussion-Nurses Working to Prevent Disease at Home.

To prepare for this Discussion:

Walk around a two-block radius near where you live or work.

Look to see if you can spot any areas where mosquitoes may reproduce. These sites may include abandoned tires, rainwater collection systems that have been installed at homes, parks or golf courses, low sections at roadsides or near sidewalks, and the like. You may include pictures of sites that you find to enhance your discussion thread.

Note any positive or negative findings that you observe. Have steps been taken to prevent mosquito breeding?

Find out what your community health department does for mosquito abatement.

Discover who in your community you would contact to report deficiencies/negative findings.

Determine what you can do, as a PHN, to change policy to reduce mosquito breeding grounds in your neighborhood. NURS 4115 Week 4 Discussion-Nurses Working to Prevent Disease at Home.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2016), a vaccination has not been found to prevent the Zika virus, a disease that has been transmitted to humans through mosquito bites from mosquitoes that are most active during the day. Zika has been found in many countries around the globe, and its range is expanding. The symptoms of Zika are generally mild, last about a week, and include fever, rash, joint pain, and/or conjunctivitis. Symptoms are generally so mild that many victims will not know they have been infected, but about 20% of those individuals who are bitten will develop Zika. The most concerning symptom of Zika affects pregnant women, whose babies may develop microcephaly. Week 4 Discussion-Nurses Working to Prevent Disease at Home NURS 4115 Week 4 Discussion-Nurses Working to Prevent Disease at Home

By Day 3

Post your findings regarding mosquito breeding grounds in a two-block radius near where you live or work. Include any preventative strategies you can see that are already in place. Report on the role your local health department plays in mosquito abatement and to whom you would report negative findings. Then, describe your role as a BSN in changing policy to ensure a healthier climate (reduced mosquito breeding grounds) in your neighborhood.

Support your response with references from the professional nursing literature. Week 4 Discussion-Nurses Working to Prevent Disease at Home NURS 4115 Week 4 Discussion-Nurses Working to Prevent Disease at Home