Tag: Clinical-Nursing

  • NURS 6640 Psychotherapy With Individuals week 1 – 11 discussions and assignments

    NURS 6640 Psychotherapy With Individuals week 1 – 11 discussions and assignments

    Week 1 Journal Entry

    Counseling Theory to Guide my Practice

    The cognitive theory developed by Aaron Beck will be used to guide my practice. The focus of this theory is on how an individual’s thinking can influence and change their feelings and behaviors. Therefore, cognitive theory attempts to explain an individual’s behavior by understanding their thought process (Wampold, 2015). For instance, the cognitive theory is used by therapists to teach clients how to identify their maladaptive thought patterns and change such thoughts into constructive ones. NURS 6640 Psychotherapy With Individuals week 1 – 11 discussions and assignments. This theory is focused on problem-solving and the focus is more on the present situation of the client and distorted thinking, rather than focusing on their past (Biesecker et al, 2017). The cognitive theory assumes that thoughts determine an individual’s emotions and behavior due to the information processing process. While using cognitive theory, I will ask clients questions to identify “thoughts” of the client when they are feeling depressed or anxious and then a discussion is facilitated to examine if such thinking is a reality. Secondly, I will listen to the client empathically and with an unconditional acceptance and then ask the client to summarize the key points in order to underpin the learned aspects and have any misunderstanding addressed. Finally, I will ask the client questions that allow them to synthesize and analyze the new and more realistic perspective of their mental disturbance and hence such clients are able to restructure their thought patterns. Accordingly, the client is able to identify the maladaptive thoughts and replace them with more adaptive and positive patterns (Tougas et al, 2017). The rationale of selecting cognitive theory to guide my practice is because this theory is the basis of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and evidence shows that CBT is effective in treating symptoms of many mental health problems (Tougas et al, 2017). NURS 6640 Psychotherapy With Individuals week 1 – 11 discussions and assignments

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    Nursing Theory to Guide my Practice

    The nursing theory that will be used to guide my practice is Orem’s self-care theory. The rationale for selecting Orem’s self-care theory is because it provides a clinical guideline to plan and implement good self-care principles. Orem hypothesized that people have the capacity to take care of their health; in case the ability to take care of self is distorted, healthcare providers can help such individuals regain the ability by care provision and education (Afrasiabifar et al, 2016). Therefore, during my practice, Orem’s self-care theory will guide me in being the facilitator and change agent for all my clients. This will be achieved through the provision of direct care and educating my clients to improve their self-care ability and positively influence their quality of life (Hasanpour-Dehkordi et al, 2016). In addition, I will always provide information to clients regarding their disease status, treatment regimen and emphasize that their health is their own responsibility; this will promote the clients to make positive lifestyle changes to improve their health (Khatiban et al, 2018).

    Goals

    I will base my practicum objectives and goals on the seven domains of nursing practice. Accordingly, my goals will be to play a helping role for my clients, educate my clients, perform accurate diagnosis and documentation and ensure effective monitoring and observation of my clients. In addition, I hope to always manage clients in crisis, administer therapy effectively, and effectively coordinate the client’s needs and activities.

    Objectives

    By the end of the practicum:

    I will be in a position to effectively conduct accurate diagnosis for my clients

    I will be able to effectively provide different forms of psychotherapies to my clients in accordance with my selected nursing and counseling theories

    I will be able to effectively organize and manage all clients’ needs

    I will base my practice on the most recent research evidence

     

    Timeline of Practicum Activities

    During the first week, I will be adequately inducted and familiar with the organization and all my expected roles. Within the first week, I will effectively perform observations in order to learn what is expected of me

    During the second and third week, I will have developed a good interpersonal relationship and alliance with my preceptor, mentor, as well as other healthcare practitioners. This means by the third week I will be a good team player and be in a position to collaborate with the multidisciplinary team

    For week four and five, I will have learned how to conduct differential diagnosis and come up with an accurate diagnosis for my clients

    By week 6, I will have learned how to effectively assess clients and deliver the appropriate psychotherapy

    By the end of the practicum, I will be in a position to effectively provide different types of psychotherapies to my clients using the cognitive theory, prioritize client needs, adequately develop care plans, and finally I will be able to educate clients about their mental health and lifestyle changes in accordance with Orem’s self-care theory (Hasanpour-Dehkordi et al, 2016).

     

     

    References

    Afrasiabifar H, Mehri Z, Sadat S, Reza H & Shirazi G. (2016). The Effect of Orem’s Self-Care Model on Fatigue in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: A Single-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial Study.
    Iran Red Crescent Med J
    . 18(8), e31955.

    Biesecker B, Austin  & Colleen C. (2017).Theories for Psychotherapeutic Genetic Counseling: Fuzzy-Trace Theory and Cognitive Behavior Theory.
    J Genet Couns
    . 26(2), 322–330.

    Hasanpour-Dehkordi A, Mohammadi N &Alireza N. (2016). Re-designing Orem’s Self-care Theory for Patients with Chronic Hepatitis.
    Indian J Palliat Care
    . 22(4): 395–401.

    Khatiban M, Shirani F & Oshvandi K. (2018). Orem’s Self-Care Model With Trauma Patients: A Quasi-Experimental Study.
    Nursing Science Quarterly
    . 31(4).

    Tougas E, Hayden A, McGrath J, Huguet A & Rozario S (2015). A Systematic Review Exploring the Social Cognitive Theory of Self-Regulation as a Framework for Chronic Health Condition Interventions.
    PLoS ONE
    . 10(8): e0134977.

    Wampold B. (2015). How important are the common factors in psychotherapy? An update.
    World Psychiatry
    . 14(3), 270–277.

     

     

    Week 1 Discussion: Foundations of Psychotherapy

    Course Schedule – NURS 6640: Psychotherapy With Individuals

    This Course Schedule outlines the assignments and due dates for the course. For full assignment details and directions, refer to the corresponding area in the course. Week 1 Discussion: Foundations of Psychotherapy

    NURS 6640 Week 1 Foundations of Psychotherapy

    Resources Readings

    Wheeler, K. (Ed.). (2014). Psychotherapy for the advanced practice psychiatric nurse: A how-to guide for evidence-based practice (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.

    Chapter 1, “The Nurse Psychotherapist and a Framework for Practice” (pp. 3–52)

    Fournier, J. C., & Price, R. B. (2014). Psychotherapy and neuroimaging. Psychotherapy: New Evidence and New Approaches, 12(3), 290–298. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4207360/

    Holttum, S. (2014). When bad things happen our brains change but psychotherapy and support can help the recovery of our brains and our lives. Mental Health and Social Inclusion, 18(2), 52–58. doi:10.1108/MHSI-02-2014-0006Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases. NURS 6640: Psychotherapy With Individuals.

    Petiprin, A. (2016). Psychiatric and mental health nursing. Nursing Theory. Retrieved from http://www.nursingtheory.org/theories-and-models/psychiatric-and-mental-healthnursing.phpORDER A CUSTOM-WRITTEN PAPER NOW

    Fisher, M. A. (2016). Introduction. In Confidentiality limits in psychotherapy: Ethics checklists for mental health professionals (pp. 3–12). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/14860-001 © 2017 Laureate Education, Inc. Page 2 of 31 Week 1 Foundations of Psychotherapy. NURS 6640: Psychotherapy With Individuals.

    Document: Practicum Journal Template Note: This template is provided by the School of Nursing and is designated to document practicum activity. You are required to use this template for all journal entry submissions.

    Document: Midterm Exam Study Guide

    Document: Final Exam Study Guide

    Document: Nurse Practitioner (NP) Student Clinical Orientation (PowerPoint file)

    Document: Practicum Manual (PDF). Retrieved from http://academicguides.waldenu.edu/ld.php?content_id=735692Media

    Laureate Education (Producer). (2016). Introduction to psychotherapy with individuals [Video file]. Baltimore, MD: Author.Note: The approximate length of this media piece is 4 minutes. NURS 6640: Psychotherapy With Individuals.

    Laureate Education (Producer). (2015e). Therapies are helpful: Dodo bird conjecture [Video file]. Baltimore, MD:Author.Provided courtesy of the Laureate International Network of Universities.Note: The approximate length of this media piece is 2 minutes.

    Laureate Education (Producer). (2015f). Therapies change and integrate different approaches over time [Video file]. Baltimore, MD: Author.Provided courtesy of the Laureate International Network of Universities.Note: The approximate length of this media piece is 1 minute.

    Sommers-Flanagan, J., & Sommers-Flanagan, R. (2012). Clinical interview: Intake, assessment & therapeutic alliance [Video file]. Mill Valley, CA: Psychotherapy.net. NURS 6640: Psychotherapy With Individuals.

    Note: You will access this media from the Walden Library databases. The approximate length of this media piece is 124 minutes.© 2017 Laureate Education, Inc. Page 3 of 31Week 1 Foundations of Psychotherapy

    Sommers-Flanagan, J., & Sommers-Flanagan, R. (2013). Counseling and psychotherapy theories in context and practice [Video file]. Mill Valley, CA: Psychotherapy.net.

    Note: For this week, view the Introduction and Psychoanalytical Approaches only. You will access this media from the Walden Library databases.

    Week 1 Discussion: Foundations of Psychotherapy Discussion

    Does Psychotherapy Have a Biological Basis? Post on or before Day 3 an explanation of whether psychotherapy has a biological basis.

    Explain how culture, religion, and socioeconomics might influence one’s perspective of the value of psychotherapy treatments. Support your rationale with evidence based literature.

    Read a selection of your colleagues’ responses.Respond on or before Day 6 to at least two of your colleagues by providing an additional scholarly resource that supports or challenges their position along with a brief explanation of the resource. Week 1 Discussion: Foundations of Psychotherapy

    Practicum Week 1 Journal Entry

    In preparation for this course’s practicum experience, address the following in your Practicum Journal:

    Review the media Clinical Interview: Intake, Assessment, & Therapeutic Alliance in your Learning Resources.

    Select one nursing theory and one counseling theory to best guide your practice in psychotherapy. Note: For guidance on nursing and counseling theories, refer to the Wheeler textbook in this week’s Learning Resources. NURS 6640: Psychotherapy With Individuals.

    Explain why you selected these theories. Support your approach with evidence-based literature.

    Develop at least three goals and at least three objectives for the practicum experience in this course.

    Create a timeline of practicum activities based on your practicum requirements.Note: Be sure to use the Practicum Journal Template, located in this week’s Learning Resources.

    Submit your Assignment by Day 7 of Week 4.

    Psychotherapy with Individuals

     

     

    Credit & Practicum Hours

    Quarter Credit Hours: 5 credits

    Didactic – 3 credits

    Practicum – 2 credits (144 practicum hours)

    Practicum Hours:  This course requires a minimum of 160 practicum hours.   

     

    Course Learning Outcomes

    Evaluate evidence-based psychotherapeutic counseling theories

    Apply psychotherapeutic counseling techniques and tools

    Assess clients presenting for psychotherapy

    Develop psychiatric diagnoses for clients across the lifespan

    Evaluate the use of psychopharmacological agents with clients across the lifespan

    Evaluate ethical and legal implications of counseling clients presenting for psychotherapy

    Analyze strategies to become a social change agent for psychiatric mental health

     

    Practicum Activities

    The practicum experience in this course will assist your transition from the role of learner to that of scholar-practitioner. To achieve this transition, you will engage in a relationship with a clinical instructor and preceptor, focusing on roles and role functions and the achievement of individualized learning objectives. The primary objective of your practicum is to provide you with the basic skills necessary to serve as a mid-level provider of primary care to selected populations and prepare you to take the appropriate national certification exam.

    The practicum component of the course will be graded as Satisfactory or Unsatisfactory. In order to pass the course, you must earn a grade of Satisfactory on all required practicum activities including journal entries and time logs.

    At the end of the course, you must also ensure that your practicum preceptor submits an online evaluation of your performance. You will also complete an online evaluation of your practicum experience at the end of the course. These evaluations will not only provide information about the progress of individual students, but also help program leadership to continuously work on the course review and improvements. You will receive an Incomplete (I) as a grade if any of the above evaluations are not received by the posted deadlines.

    All assignments must be completed to pass the course.

    Time Logs:
     Students are required to keep a log of the time spent related to their practicum experience 
    and enter every patient they see each day
    . Students can access their time log from the Welcome Page in their Meditrek account. Students will track time individually for each patient they work with. Students are required to continuously input their hours throughout the term. Logs are reviewed by instructors in weeks 4, 7 and 10. Please print and keep your completed Meditrek Log at the end of your clinical experiences for future use as a component of your portfolio.

     

    NURS 6640 Week 8 Discussion:

    In 3- to 5-minute Kaltura video, you will discuss a client you have observed and/or counseled during your practicum experience. Be sure to make arrangements with your preceptor so you can fulfill the requirements of the Discussion. Refer to the Week8 Discussion for additional guidance.

    NURS 6640 Week 10 Discussion:

    In 3- to 5-minute Kaltura video, you will discuss an older adult client you have observed and/or counseled during your practicum experience. Be sure to make arrangements with your preceptor so you can fulfill the requirements of the Discussion. Refer to the Week 10 Discussion for additional guidance.

    Looking Ahead Practicum Assignments

    Each week, you will complete practicum-related assignments. It is highly recommended that you review the practicum assignments for Weeks 2–10 before Day 7 of Week 1. This will give you time to connect with your preceptor so that you can fulfill the requirements of each practicum assignment.

    NURS 6640 Week 2: Assessment and Diagnosis in Psychotherapy

    Resources Readings

    Wheeler, K. (Ed.). (2014). Psychotherapy for the advanced practice psychiatric nurse: A how-to guide for evidence-based practice (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company. Chapter 3, “Assessment and Diagnosis” (pp. 95–168) Chapter 4, “The Initial Contact and Maintaining the Frame” (pp. 169–224). NURS 6640: Psychotherapy With Individuals.

    American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Note: It is highly recommended that you use this resource as a reference guide throughout the course. You will access this text from the Walden Library databases.

    American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. (1995). Practice parameters for the psychiatric assessment of© 2017 Laureate Education, Inc. Page 5 of 31Week 2 Assessment and Diagnosis in Psychotherapy children and adolescents. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from https://www.aacap.org/App_Themes/AACAP/docs/practice_parameters/psychiatric_assessment_practice_parameter.pdf

    American Psychiatric Association. (2016). Practice guidelines for the psychiatric evaluation of adults (3rd ed.). Arlington, VA:Author. Retrieved from http://psychiatryonline.org/doi/pdf/10.1176/appi.books.9780890 426760

    Walden Library. (2017). NURS 6640 week 2 discussion guide.Retrieved from http://academicguides.waldenu.edu/nurs6640week2discussion. Week 1 Discussion: Foundations of Psychotherapy

    Walden University. (n.d.). Tests & measures: Home. Retrieved February 6, 2017, from http://academicguides.waldenu.edu/library/testsmeasuresNote: This database may be helpful in obtaining assessment tool information for this week’s Discussion.

    Media

    Laureate Education (Producer). (2015a). Counseling competencies—The application of ethical guides and laws to record keeping [Video file]. Baltimore, MD: Author.Provided courtesy of the Laureate International Network of Universities. Note: The approximate length of this media piece is 23minutes.

    NURS 6640 Week 2 Discussion: Assessment Tools

    Post on or before Day 3 an explanation of the psychometric properties of the assessment tool you were assigned. Explain when it’s appropriate to use this assessment tool with clients, including whether the tool can be used to evaluate the efficacy of psychopharmacologic medications. Support your approach with evidence-based literature.NURS 6640: Psychotherapy With Individuals.

    Read a selection of your colleagues’ responses. Respond on or before Day 6 to at least two of your colleagues by comparing your assessment tool to theirs.

     

    NURS 6640 Practicum Week 2 Journal Entry

    Select a client whom you observed or counseled this week. Then,address the following in your Practicum Journal:

    Describe the client (without violating HIPAA regulations) and identify any pertinent history or medical information, including prescribed medications.

    Using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5), explain and justify your diagnosis for this client.

    Explain any legal and/or ethical implications related to counseling this client.

    Support your approach with evidence-based literature.Submit your Assignment by Day 7 of Week 4.

    “A sensitively crafted intake assessment can be a powerful therapeutic tool. It can establish rapport between patient and therapist, further the therapeutic alliance, alleviate anxiety, provide reassurance, and facilitate the flow of information necessary for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment plan.”

    —Pamela Bjorklund, clinical psychologist

    Whether you are treating patients for physical ailments or clients for mental health issues, the assessment process is an inextricable part of health care. To properly diagnose clients and develop treatment plans, you must have a strong foundation in assessment. This includes a working knowledge of assessments that are available to aid in diagnosis, how to use these assessments, and how to select the most appropriate assessment based on a client’s presentation.

    This week, as you explore assessment and diagnosis in psychotherapy, you examine assessment tools, including their psychometric properties and appropriate use. You also develop diagnoses for clients receiving psychotherapy and consider legal and ethical implications of counseling these clients.

    Client Description

    A 30-year-old Caucasian female S K was referred by her primary care physician to our outpatient clinic with complaints of : extreme worry, stress, difficulty to concentrate, a lot of anxiety and thoughts. She had also been unable to sleep for the past one month. These symptoms were her first and were as a result of a divorce with her husband. She had reportedly not felt as bad before. She denied panic attacks but admitted to experiencing excess worry. The husband left her with three children for another woman and she was worried that her job was well paid to support her with the children. For approximately four months, she has persistently been in court about the divorce and has used a lot of finances to seek support for the children from her divorced husband. SK denied delusions, homicidal and suicidal ideation, audio and visual hallucinations. The client had been undergoing counseling for four months now but the counseling had not proven to be effective. She had also been started on Sertraline 100 mg daily and Xanax 0.25 mg before going to bed but had also not proven to be effective. Due to poor progress in treatment, she was thus referred by her primary care physician for further management.

    Pertinent History, Medical Information, and Prescribed Medications

    The client’s paternal grandfather suffered from the major depressive disorder. The paternal grandmother abused ETOH. Her senior sister had previously suffered from general anxiety disorder when she lost her job the year 2005 and was managed with Paxil. Both her parents are alive but her father has mild cognitive deficits. Her mother and other four siblings are alive and well. The client was previously diagnosed with moderate anxiety immediately she had been laid off her first job in the year 2017. She consulted a counselor who helped to relieve some of the symptoms but was not prescribed any medications and neither was she hospitalized. Despite the client denying childhood history of abuse and trauma, she reported psychological and verbal abuse and physical trauma by the husband. The client suffered from varicella at 2 years of age, frequently suffers from recurrent tonsillitis, had appendicitis in the year 1999 and underwent an appendectomy the same year. The client denied use of tobacco, ETOH, and illicit drug use. She was taking sertraline 100mg orally QD and Xanax 0.25mg orally at bedtime (Lader, 2015).

    Justifying the Diagnosis Based on DSM-V Criteria

    According to American Psychiatric Association (2013), a client is diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder when he/she presents with complaints of excessive worry and anxiety over an event or activity that has occurred for more than 6 months, the client has found it difficult to control the worry and anxiety which may be associated with any three of the following symptoms: easy fatigue, irritability, restlessness, muscle tension, difficulty in paying attention and sleep disturbance.  Besides, a patient’s focus on anxiety should not be associated with panic attacks, social phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, separation anxiety disorder or post-traumatic stress disorder(Er, 2015).

    The client’s symptoms, worry, and anxiety experienced by a client should cause significant distress that can clinically be observable. These symptoms should cause impairment to a client’s occupational, educational and social functioning (Cuijpers et al., 2014).  Lastly, the symptoms should not be as a result of the direct physiological effects of a substance, medications or an underlying medical illness and should not occur exclusively during a development, psychotic or mood disorder (Stein & Sareen, 2015).

    Similarly, in the context of this client, SK presented with the complaints of extreme worry, stress, difficulty to concentrate, a lot of anxiety and thoughts for more than six months and inability to sleep for approximately one month. SK did not abuse drugs, had no chronic underlying medical illnesses and denied having panic attacks. These symptoms resulted in significant social and occupational impairment on her life to an extent that she only wanted to be alone most of the time. Besides, SK had also started performing poorly at work. These signs and symptoms meet the diagnostic criteria for General Anxiety Disorder.

    Legal and Ethical Implications Related To Counseling This Client

    One of the ethical implications in counseling this client is confidentiality. This client will greatly benefit from individual, group and family counseling. However, the information shared by the client during individual counseling ought to remain confidential during family counseling with her children. This confidentiality limit can only be violated in case the patient proves to be suicidal or self-harm. However, there is a likelihood that at some point during counseling, some confidential information about the divorce will have to be shared with the children. However, information should only be shared with the client’s consent and understanding (Sori & Hecker, 2015).

    Another ethical implication is whether the client will be able to make well-informed decisions regarding her involvement in psychotherapy. This means that some of the decisions made by the client might be influenced by emotions and this would only contribute to failure (Sori & Hecker, 2015). However, the client ought to undergo prior counseling to be informed of the positive and negative implications of her decisions regarding treatment before being given the opportunity to make individual decisions.

     

    References

    American Psychiatric Association. (2013). 
    Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®)
    . American Psychiatric Pub.

    Cuijpers, P., Sijbrandij, M., Koole, S., Huibers, M., Berking, M., & Andersson, G. (2014). Psychological treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: a meta-analysis. 
    Clinical psychology review
    , 
    34
    (2), 130-140.

    Er, I. (2015). Diagnosis and management of generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder in adults. 
    Am Fam Physician
    , 
    91
    (9), 617-624.

    Lader, M. (2015). Generalized anxiety disorder. In 
    Encyclopedia of psychopharmacology
     (pp. 699-702). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

    Stein, M. B., & Sareen, J. (2015). Generalized anxiety disorder. 
    New England Journal of Medicine
    , 
    373
    (21), 2059-2068.

    Sori, C. F., & Hecker, L. L. (2015). Ethical and legal considerations when counseling children and families.
    Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy
    , 
    36
    (4), 450-464.

     

    NURS 6640 Week 3: Psychodynamic Psychotherapy

    Resources Readings

    Wheeler, K. (Ed.). (2014). Psychotherapy for the advanced practice psychiatric nurse: A how-to guide for evidence-based practice (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company. Chapter 5, “Supportive and Psychotherapy” (pp. 225–238 and pp. 245–258)

    American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington,DC: Author.Note: You will access this text from the Walden Library databases.

    Young, J. M., & Solomon, M. J. (2009). How to critically appraise an article. Nature Clinical Practice. Gastroenterology& Hepatology, 6(2), 82–91.

    For the Assignment:

    Select one of the following articles on psycho-dynamic therapy to evaluate in your Assignment:

    1. Aznar-Martinez, B., Perez-Testor, C., Davins, M., &Aramburu, I. (2016). Couple psychoanalytic psychotherapy© 2017 Laureate Education, Inc. Page 7 of 31 Week 3 Psychodynamic Psychotherapyas the treatment of choice: Indications, challenges, and benefits. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 33(1), 1–20.doi:10.1037/a0038503

    2. Karbelnig, A. M. (2016). “The analyst is present”: Viewing thepsychoanalytic process as performance art. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 33(supplement 1), S153–S172.doi:10.1037/a0037332

    3. LaMothe, R. (2015). A future project of psychoanalytic psychotherapy: Revisiting the debate between classical/commitment and analytic therapies. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 32(2), 334–351. doi:10.1037/a0035982

    4.Migone, P. (2013). Psychoanalysis on the Internet: A discussion of its theoretical implications for both online and offline therapeutic technique. Psychoanalytic Psychology,30(2), 281–299. doi:10.1037/a0031507

    5. Tummala-Narra, P. (2013). Psychoanalytic applications in adiverse society. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 30(3), 471–487.doi:10.1037/a0031375

    Note: You will access all of these articles from the Walden Library databases.

    Media

    Laureate Education (Producer). (2015c). The importance of a therapeutic relationship: Mary Boyle [Video file]. Baltimore,MD: Author. Provided courtesy of the Laureate International Network of Universities. Note: The approximate length of this media piece is 2 minutes.

    Laureate Education (Producer). (2015b). Foundations of counseling techniques [Video file]. Baltimore, MD: Author. Provided courtesy of the Laureate International Network of Universities.Note: The approximate length of this media piece is 32minutes.

    Laureate Education (Producer). (2013b). Hernandez family genogram [Video file]. Baltimore, MD: Author. Note: The approximate length of this media piece is 5 minutes.

    NURS 6640 Week 3 Assignment Applying Current Literature to Clinical Practice

    In a 5- to 10-slide PowerPoint presentation, address the following:

    Provide an overview of the article you selected.© 2017 Laureate Education, Inc. Page 8 of 31Week 3 Psychodynamic Psychotherapy

    What population is under consideration?o What was the specific intervention that was used? Is this a new intervention or one that was already used?o What were the author’s claims?

    Explain the findings/outcomes of the study in the article. Include whether this will translate into practice with your own clients. If so, how? If not, why?

    Explain whether the limitations of the study might impact your ability to use the findings/outcomes presented in the article. Support your position with evidence-based literature.

    Note: The presentation should be 5–10 slides, not including the title and reference slides. Include presenter notes (no more than ½ page per slide) and use tables and/or diagrams where appropriate. Be sure to support your work with specific citations from the article you selected. Support your approach with evidence-based literature. Submit your Assignment by Day 7 of Week 3.

    Practicum Assessing Clients

    Part 1: Comprehensive Client Family Assessment

    With this client in mind, address the following in a Comprehensive Client Family Assessment (without violating HIPAA regulations):

    Demographic information

    Presenting problem

    History or present illness

    Past psychiatric history

    Medical history

    Substance use history

    Developmental history

    Family psychiatric history

    Psychosocial history

    History of abuse/trauma

    Review of systems

    Physical assessment

    Mental status exam

    Differential diagnosis

    Case formulation

    Treatment plan

    Part 2: Family Genogram

    © 2017 Laureate Education, Inc. Page 9 of 31Week 3 Psychodynamic Psychotherapy

    Prepare a genogram for the client you selected. The genogram should extend back by at least three generations (great grandparents,grandparents, and parents). Submit your Assignment by Day 7 of Week 4.

    NURS 6640 Week 4 Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

    Resources Readings

    Wheeler, K. (Ed.). (2014). Psychotherapy for the advanced practice psychiatric nurse: A how-to guide for evidence-basedpractice (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company. Chapter 8, “Cognitive Behavioral Therapy” (pp. 313–346)

    American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington,DC: Author. Note: You will access this text from the Walden Librarydatabases.

    Media

    Sommers-Flanagan, J., & Sommers-Flanagan, R. (2013). Counseling and psychotherapy theories in context and practice[Video file]. Mill Valley, CA: Psychotherapy.net.

    Note: For this week, view Behavior Therapy and CognitiveBehavioralTherapy only. You will access this media from the Walden Library databases.

    Beck, A. (1994). Aaron Beck on cognitive therapy [Video file]. Mill Valley, CA: Psychotherapy.net. Note: You will access this media from the Walden Library databases. The approximate length of this media piece is 50minutes.

    Eysenck, H. (n.d.). Hans Eysenck on behavior therapy [Videofile]. Mill Valley, CA: Psychotherapy.net. Note: You will access this media from the Walden Library databases. The approximate length of this media piece is 50minutes. © 2017 Laureate Education, Inc. Page 10 of 31

    NURS 6640 Week 4 Cognitive Behavioral Assignment

    Cognitive Behavioral Theory Versus Rational Emotive Behavioral Theory

    In a 1- to 2-page paper, address the following:

    Briefly describe how cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and rational emotive behavioral therapy (REBT) are similar.

    Explain at least three differences between CBT and REBT.Include how these differences might impact your practice as a mental health counselor.

    Explain which version of cognitive behavioral therapy you might use with clients and why. Support your approach evidence-based literature. Note: The School of Nursing requires that all papers submitted include a title page, introduction, summary, and references. The Sample Paper provided at the Walden Writing Center provides an example of those required elements (available athttp://writingcenter.waldenu.edu/57.htm). All papers submitted must use this formatting.Submit your Assignment by Day 7 of Week 4.

    Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in the Family and Individual Settings

    CBT, or Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, is a mental treatment that was created through logical research. That is, the entirety of the parts of CBT have been tried by analysts to decide if they are compelling and that they do what they are expected to do. Research has demonstrated that CBT is one of the best medications for the administration of tension. Fortunately in spite of the fact that it is best finished with a prepared CBT advisor, you can apply CBT standards at home to deal with your own nervousness and overcome your feelings of dread. What are the Principles of CBT? CBT includes adapting new aptitudes to deal with your manifestations. It shows you better approaches for deduction and carrying on that can assist you with dealing with your nervousness over the long haul. There are a couple of rules that are critical to comprehend when utilizing CBT (Corey, 2013). .

    CBT centers around the present time and place. A significant standard of CBT is that treatment includes managing the indications that you are battling with this moment, instead of concentrating on the reason for your concern. Despite the fact that it very well may be fascinating to see how your uneasiness grew, simply knowing why you have nervousness issues is regularly insufficient to assist you with dealing with your tension.

    CBT underscores the significance of schoolwork. Regardless of whether you are getting CBT from a prepared advisor or you are utilizing self improvement CBT systems at home, schoolwork is a key part. Doing schoolwork for CBT fundamentally implies that from week to week, you should rehearse the new abilities that you are learning and apply them to your day by day life. Furthermore, similar to the schoolwork that you were given in school, you have to rehearse those abilities consistently. For what reason is schoolwork so significant? Except if you practice the new procedures that you figure out how to oversee uneasiness, you won’t utilize them well indeed, and you will likely neglect to utilize them when you need them most: when you are feeling exceptionally on edge. Adapting better approaches to oversee uneasiness is similar to building up another solid propensity. On the off chance that for instance, you needed to begin practicing normally, you would need to fit in another activity routine into your timetable. It would be troublesome from the start, however on the off chance that you kept at it, that new standard would turn into a propensity, and in the end a piece of your customary exercises. The equivalent is valid with CBT abilities: on the off chance that you practice them consistently, they will end up being a piece of your every day schedule. Fortunately the more you utilize your CBT aptitudes, the simpler it gets, and the better you will become at dealing with your tension.

    Components of cognitive behavioral family therapy

    A measured way to deal with psychological conduct treatment incorporates a few fundamental parts, which are successively conveyed. Self-observing, self-guidance, balanced examination, and social order speak to the major systems.

    Self-checking expects patients to watch and record explicit physiological, subjective, social, enthusiastic, and relational procedures. Recording these information focuses gives a springboard to intercession and grapples assessment of progress. The Circle of Perception practice is a fantastic self-observing undertaking, which uncovers the level of coalition/distance individuals see. He prescribed every part get a perfect bit of unlined white paper, a pen or pencil, and gets the guidance to draw the family framework utilizing one hover to speak to every part. They are advised to make an outline where individuals’ circles are put because of their impression of enthusiastic closeness. In the event that circles contact or interface, they are viewed as adjusted and close. On the off chance that a separation isolates them, it speaks to less closeness. In the second piece of the activity, the relatives’ take another bit of paper and draw how they might want to see the family. One creator recommended handling the drawings by asking what experienced their brains about the activity, regardless of whether they saw contrasts in the first and second drawings and in what ways did the drawings vary from one another? A few specialists change this activity utilizing hovers cut out of development paper marked with the relatives’ names.

    Every relative makes an outline and afterward shares it with the others. The paper circles make the errand fairly increasingly concrete for families who experience issues with progressively equivocal or dynamic undertakings. Day by day Thought Records (DTR) are effectively coordinated into family work. Consider the accompanying model where all the relatives experience a typical stressor (for example a family contention). Be that as it may, every individual part has various attributions and sentiments related with the difference. The twelve-year-old little girl considers her to be’s responses as nonsensical because of an infringement of her apparent rights (for example “They reserve no privilege to instruct me. They are too bossy.”). The dad is discouraged and says to himself, “My family is a wreck and I am defenseless to transform it.” The mother then again is angered at both the girl and father thinking the two of them cheapen her for example “(I am the one in particular who successfully make things work out. Nobody in the family acknowledges me.”). Contrasting the idea journals for a similar circumstance gives the establishment to ensuing self-instructional or reasonable investigation intercession. Self-guidance Simply, self-instructional systems target thought content (for example programmed considerations) and psychological procedures (for example subjective contortions). They change misappraisals of explicit circumstances to increasingly precise clarifications. Self-instructional mediations work to change the idea of every relative’s interior exchange. A few creators prescribe testing programmed musings within the sight of other relatives so they bolster each other’s rebuilding endeavors (Huether and McCance, 2017; Hammer and McPhee, 2014).

    References

    Corey, G. (2013).
    Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy
    , 9th ed. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning.

    Hammer, D.G., & McPhee, S.J. (Eds). (2014).
    Pathophysiology of disease: An introduction to clinical medicine, 7
    th
    ed
    . New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.

    Huether, S.E. & McCance, K.L. (2017).
    Understanding pathophysiology, 6
    th
    ed
    . St. Louis, MO: Elsevier, Inc.

    Katzung, B.G. (Ed) (2018).
    Basic and clinical pharmacology, 14
    th
    ed
    . New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.

     

    Practicum Week 1 Journal Entry

    Students will:

    Analyze nursing and counseling theories to guide practice in psychotherapy

    Develop goals and objectives for personal practicum experiences*

    Create timelines for practicum activities**

    The Learning Objectives are related to the Assignment presented in Week 1. Submit your Assignment by Day 7 of Week 4. Refer to Week 1 for additional guidance.

    Practicum Week 2 Journal Entry

    Students will:

    Develop diagnoses for clients receiving psychotherapy

    Analyze legal and ethical implications of counseling clients with psychiatric disorders*© 2017 Laureate Education, Inc. Page 11 of 31

    NURS 6640 Week 4 Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

    The Learning Objectives are related to the Assignment presented in Week 2.Submit your Assignment by Day 7 of Week 4. Refer to Week 2 for additional guidance.

    Practicum Week 4 Journal Entry

    Select a client whom you observed or counseled this week. Then,address the following in your Practicum Journal:

    Describe the client (without violating HIPAA regulations) and identify any pertinent history or medical information, including prescribed medications.

    Using the DSM-5, explain and justify your diagnosis for this client.

    Explain whether cognitive behavioral therapy would be effective with this client. Include expected outcomes based on this therapeutic approach. Support your approach with evidence-based literature.

    Explain any legal and/or ethical implications related to counseling this client.Submit your Assignment by Day 7 of Week 4. NURS 6640 Psychotherapy With Individuals week 1 – 11 discussions and assignments.

    Practicum Reminder Time Logs

    You are required to keep a log of the time you spend related to your practicum experience and enter every patient you see each day. You can access your time log from the Welcome Page in your Meditrek account. You will track time individually for each patient you work with. Please make sure to continuously input your hours throughout the term.

    NURS 6640 Week 5 Psychotherapy With Trauma

    Resources Readings

    Wheeler, K. (Ed.). (2014). Psychotherapy for the advanced practice psychiatric nurse: A how-to guide for evidence-basedpractice (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company. © 2017 Laureate Education, Inc. Page 12 of 31Week 5 Psychotherapy With Trauma Chapter 13, “Stabilization for Trauma and Dissociation” (pp.469–508) NURS 6640 Psychotherapy With Individuals week 1 – 11 discussions and assignments.

    American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington,DC: Author.Note: You will access this text from the Walden Library databases.

    Media

    Laureate Education (Producer). (2012a). Academic year in residence: Thompson family case study [Multimedia file].Baltimore, MD: Author.

    Ochberg, F. (2012). Psychotherapy for chronic PTSD [Videofile]. Mill Valley, CA: Psychotherapy.net. Note: You will access this media from the Walden Library databases. The approximate length of this media piece is 84minutes.

    NURS 6640 Discussion Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

    Post on or before Day 3 an explanation of your observations of the client William in Thompson Family Case Study, including behaviors that align to the PTSD criteria in DSM-5. Then, explain therapeutic approaches you might use with this client, including psychotropic medications if appropriate. Finally, explain expected outcomes for the client based on these therapeutic approaches. Support your approach with evidence-based literature.Read a selection of your colleagues’ responses.Respond on or before Day 6 to at least two of your colleagues by providing one alternative therapeutic approach. Explain why you suggest this alternative and support your suggestion with literature and/or your own experiences with clients. NURS 6640 Psychotherapy With Individuals week 1 – 11 discussions and assignments.

    Practicum Week 5 Journal Entry

    Select a client whom you observed or counseled that suffers from adisorder related to trauma. Then, address the following in your Practicum Journal: © 2017 Laureate Education, Inc. Page 13 of 31

    NURS 6640 Week 5 Psychotherapy With Trauma

    Describe the client (without violating HIPAA regulations) and identify any pertinent history or medical information, including prescribed medications.

    Using the DSM-5, explain and justify your diagnosis for this client.

    Explain whether any of the therapeutic approaches in this week’s Learning Resources would be effective with this client. Include expected outcomes based on these therapeutic approaches. Support your approach with evidence-based literature.

    Explain any legal and/or ethical implications related to counseling this client. Submit your Assignment by Day 7 of Week 7.

    NURS 6640 Week 6 Psychotherapy for Addictive Disorders

    Resources Readings

    Wheeler, K. (Ed.). (2014). Psychotherapy for the advanced practice psychiatric nurse: A how-to guide for evidence-based practice (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company. Chapter 7, “Motivational Interviewing” (pp. 299–312) Chapter 16, “Psychotherapeutic Approaches for Addictions and Related Disorders” (pp. 565–596)

    American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington,DC: Author. Note: You will access this text from the Walden Library databases.

    Albrecht, U., Kirschner, N. E., & Grusser, S. M. (2007). Diagnostic instruments for behavioral addiction: An overview.German Medical Science Psycho-Social-Medicine, 4, 1–11.Retrieved fromhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2736529/ NURS 6640 Psychotherapy With Individuals week 1 – 11 discussions and assignments.

    Fisher, M. A. (2016). The ethical ABCs of conditional confidentiality. In Confidentiality limits in psychotherapy: Ethics checklists for mental health professionals (pp. 13–25). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.doi:10.1037/14860-002© 2017 Laureate Education, Inc. Page 14 of 31

    NURS 6640 Week 6 Psychotherapy for Addictive Disorders

     Walden University. (2016). ASC success strategies: Studyingfor and taking a test. Retrieved fromhttp://academicguides.waldenu.edu/ASCsuccess/ASCtesting

    Media

    Laureate Education (Producer). (2013c). Levy family: Episodes1–5 [Video file]. Baltimore, MD: Author. Note: The approximate length of this media piece is 25minutes.

    Laureate Education (Producer). (2012c). In their own words[Video file]. Baltimore, MD: Author. Note: The approximate length of this media piece is 25minutes.

    Assignment Assessing Clients With Addictive Disorders

    In a 2- to 3-page paper, address the following:

    After watching Episode 1, describe:o What is Mr. Levy’s perception of the problem?o What is Mrs. Levy’s perception of the problem?o What can be some of the implications of the problem onthe family as a whole?

    After watching Episode 2, describe:o What did you think of Mr. Levy’s social worker’s ideas?o What were your thoughts of her supervisor’s questions about her suggested therapies and his advice to Mr.Levy’s supervisor?

    After watching Episode 3, discuss the following:o What were your thoughts about the way Mr. Physiotherapist responded to what Mr. Levy had to say?o What were your impressions of how the therapist worked with Mr. Levy? What did you think about the therapy session as a whole?o Informed by your knowledge of pathophysiology,explain the physiology of deep breathing (a common technique that we use in helping clients to manage© 2017 Laureate Education, Inc. Page 15 of 31

    NURS 6640 Week 6 Psychotherapy for Addictive Disorders anxiety).

    Explain how changing breathing mechanics can alter blood chemistry.o Describe the therapeutic approach his therapist selected. Would you use exposure therapy with Mr.Levy? Why or why not? What evidence exists to support the use of exposure therapy (or the therapeutic approach you would consider if you disagree with exposure therapy)?

    In Episode 4, Mr. Levy tells a very difficult story about Kurt, his platoon officer.o Discuss how you would have responded to this revelation.o Describe how this information would inform your therapeutic approach. What would you say/do next?

    In Episode 5, Mr. Levy’s therapist is having issues with his story.o Imagine that you were providing supervision to this therapist, how would you respond to her concerns?

    Support your approach with evidence-based literature.

    Note: The School of Nursing requires that all papers submitted include a title page, introduction, summary, and references. The Sample Paper provided at the Walden Writing Center provides an example of those required elements (available athttp://writingcenter.waldenu.edu/57.htm). All papers submitted must use this formatting.Submit your Assignment by Day 7 of Week 6. NURS 6640 Psychotherapy With Individuals week 1 – 11 discussions and assignments.

    NURS 6640 Exam Midterm Exam

    Students will:

    Assess knowledge of concepts and principles related to the psychotherapy of individuals. This exam will cover the following topics, which relate to psychotherapy with individuals in the Wheeler textbook and the Fisher textbook excerpts:

    The Nurse Psychotherapist and a Framework for Practice

    Confidentiality Limits in Psychotherapy: Ethics Checklists forMental Health Professionals© 2017 Laureate Education, Inc. Page 16 of 31Week 6 Psychotherapy for Addictive Disorders

    Assessment and Diagnosis

    The Initial Contact and Maintaining the Frame

    Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

    Supportive and Psychodynamic Psychotherapy

    Stabilization for Trauma and Dissociation Motivational Interviewing

    Psychotherapeutic Approaches for Addictions and Related Disorders

    Complete the Midterm Exam by Day 7 of Week 6. Prior to starting the exam, you should review all of your materials. There is a 2-hour time limit to complete this 75-question exam. You may only attempt this exam once.

    NURS 6640 Practicum Week 6 Journal Entry

    Select a client whom you observed or counseled this week. Then,address the following in your Practicum Journal:

    Describe the client (without violating HIPAA regulations) and identify any pertinent history or medical information, including prescribed medications.

    Using the DSM-5, explain and justify your diagnosis for this client.

    Explain whether motivational interviewing would be effective with this client. Include expected outcomes based on this therapeutic approach. Support your approach with literature.

    Explain any legal and/or ethical implications related to counseling this client.Submit your Assignment by Day 7 of Week 7. NURS 6640 Psychotherapy With Individuals week 1 – 11 discussions and assignments.

    NURS 6640 Week 7 Supportive and Interpersonal Psychotherapy

    Resources Readings

    Wheeler, K. (Ed.). (2014). Psychotherapy for the advanced practice psychiatric nurse: A how-to guide for evidence-based practice (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.o Chapter 5, “Supportive and Psychotherapy” (pp. 238–242)o Chapter 9, “Interpersonal Psychotherapy” (pp. 347–368)© 2017 Laureate Education, Inc. Page 17 of 31Week 7 Supportive and Interpersonal Psychotherapy

    American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington,DC: Author.Note: You will access this text from the Walden Library databases.

    Abeles, N., & Koocher, G. P. (2011). Ethics in psychotherapy.In J. C. Norcross, G. R. VandenBos, D. K. Freedheim, J. C.Norcross, G. R. VandenBos, & D. K. Freedheim (Eds.), History of psychotherapy: Continuity and change (pp. 723–740).Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.doi:10.1037/12353-048Note: You will access this resource from the Walden Librarydatabases.

    Cameron, S., & Turtle-Song, I. (2002). Learning to write case notes using the SOAP format. Journal of Counseling and Development, 80(3), 286–292. Retrieved from the Academic Search Complete database. (Accession No. 7164780)Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases NURS 6640 Psychotherapy With Individuals week 1 – 11 discussions and assignments.

    Nicholson, R. (2002). The dilemma of psychotherapy note sand HIPAA. Journal of AHIMA, 73(2), 38–39. Retrieved fromhttp://library.ahima.org/doc?oid=58162#.V5J0__krLZ4http://library.ahima.org/doc?oid=58162#.V5J0__krLZ4 U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. (n.d.). Privacy rule and sharing information related to mental health.Retrieved from http://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/forprofessionals/special-topics/mental-health/Media

    Sommers-Flanagan, J., & Sommers-Flanagan, R. (2013). Counseling and psychotherapy theories in context and practice[Video file]. Mill Valley, CA: Psychotherapy.net.Note: For this week, view Reality Therapy, Feminist Therapy,and Solution-Focused Therapy only. You will access this media from the Walden Library databases.© 2017 Laureate Education, Inc. Page 18 of 31 Week 7 Supportive and Interpersonal Psychotherapy

    Stuart, S. (2010). Interpersonal psychotherapy: A case of postpartum depression [Video file]. Mill Valley, CA:Psychotherapy.net.Note: You will access this media from the Walden Library databases. The approximate length of this media piece is 110minutes.

    Assignment Supportive Psychotherapy Versus Interpersonal Psychotherapy

    In a 1- to 2-page paper, address the following:

    Briefly describe how supportive and interpersonal psychotherapies are similar.

    Explain at least three differences between these therapies. Include how these differences might impact your practice as a mental health counselor.

    Explain which therapeutic approach you might use with clients and why. Support your approach with evidence-based literature.Note: The School of Nursing requires that all papers submitted include a title page, introduction, summary, and references. The Sample Paper provided at the Walden Writing Center provides an example of those required elements (available athttp://writingcenter.waldenu.edu/57.htm). All papers submitted must use this formatting.Submit your Assignment by Day 7 of Week 7 NURS 6640 Psychotherapy With Individuals week 1 – 11 discussions and assignments.

    Practicum Assessing Client Progress

    Part 1: Progress Note

    Using the client from your Week 3 Assignment, address the following in a progress note (without violating HIPAA regulations):

    Treatment modality used and efficacy of approach

    Progress and/or lack of progress toward the mutually agreed upon client goals (reference the Treatment plan—progress towards goals)

    Modification(s) of the treatment plan that were made based on progress/lack of progress

    Clinical impressions regarding diagnosis and/or symptoms

    Relevant psychosocial information or changes from original assessment (i.e., marriage, separation/divorce, new© 2017 Laureate Education, Inc. Page 19 of 31Week 7 Supportive and Interpersonal Psychotherapy relationships, move to a new house/apartment, change of job,etc.)

    Safety issues

    Clinical emergencies/actions taken

    Medications used by the patient (even if the nursepsychotherapist was not the one prescribing them)

    Treatment compliance/lack of compliance

    Clinical consultations

    Collaboration with other professionals (i.e., phoneconsultations with physicians, psychiatrists, marriage/familytherapists, etc.)

    Therapist’s recommendations, including whether the client agreed to the recommendations Referrals made/reasons for making referrals

    Termination/issues that are relevant to the termination process(i.e., client informed of loss of insurance or refusal of insurance company to pay for continued sessions)

    Issues related to consent and/or informed consent fortreatment

    Information concerning child abuse, and/or elder or dependent adult abuse, including documentation as to where the abuse was reported

    Information reflecting the therapist’s exercise of clinical judgment

    Note: Be sure to exclude any information that should not be found in a discoverable progress note.

    Part 2: Privileged Note

    Based on this week’s readings, prepare a privileged psychotherapy note that you would use to document your impressions of therapeutic progress/therapy sessions for your client from the Week 3 Practicum Assignment.

    The privileged note should include items that you would not typically include in a note as part of the clinical record.

    Explain why the items you included in the privileged note would not be included in the client’s progress note. Explain whether your preceptor uses privileged notes, and if so, describe the type of information he or she might include. If not, explain why.© 2017 Laureate Education, Inc. Page 20 of 31Week 7 Supportive and Interpersonal Psychotherapy

    Submit your Assignment by Day 7 of Week 7.

    Practicum Week 5 Journal Entry

    Students will:

    Develop diagnoses for clients receiving psychotherapy*

    Evaluate the efficacy of therapeutic approaches for clients*

    Analyze legal and ethical implications of counseling clients with psychiatric disorders

    **These Learning Objectives are related to the Assignment from Week5. Submit your Assignment by Day 7 of Week 7. Refer to Week 5 for additional guidance. NURS 6640 Psychotherapy With Individuals week 1 – 11 discussions and assignments.

    NURS 6640 Practicum Week 6 Journal Entry

    Students will:

    Develop diagnoses for clients receiving psychotherapy*

    Evaluate the efficacy of motivational interviewing techniques for clients*

    Analyze legal and ethical implications of counseling clients with psychiatric disorders

    **These Learning Objectives are related to the Assignment from Week6. Submit your Assignment by Day 7 of Week 7. Refer to Week 6 for additional guidance. Week 1 Discussion: Foundations of Psychotherapy

    Practicum Reminder Time Logs

    You are required to keep a log of the time you spend related to your practicum experience and enter every patient you see each day. You can access your time log from the Welcome Page in your Meditrekaccount. You will track time individually for each patient you work with. Please make sure to continuously input your hours throughout the term.

    Looking Ahead Week 8 Clinical Supervision Discussion Week 8

    Discussion: In 3- to 5-minute Kaltura video, you will discuss client you have observed and/or counseled during your practicum experience. Be sure to make arrangements with your preceptor so© 2017 Laureate Education, Inc. Page 21 of 31 Week 7 Supportive and Interpersonal Psychotherapy you can fulfill the requirements of the Discussion. Refer to the Week 8 Discussion for additional guidance. NURS 6640: Psychotherapy With Individuals.

    NURS 6640 Week 8 Existential-Humanistic Therapy

    Resources Readings

    Wheeler, K. (Ed.). (2014). Psychotherapy for the advanced practice psychiatric nurse: A how-to guide for evidence-basedpractice (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company. Chapter 10, “Humanistic-Existential and Solution-Focused Approaches to Psychotherapy” (Review pp.369–406)

    American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington,DC: Author.Note: You will access this text from the Walden Library databases.

    Nagy, T. F. (2011). Ethics in psychotherapy. In Essential ethics for psychologists: A primer for understanding and masteringcore issues (pp. 185–198). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/12345-010 Note: You will access this resource from the Walden Librarydatabases.Media

    Sommers-Flanagan, J., & Sommers-Flanagan, R. (2013). Counseling and psychotherapy theories in context and practice[Video file]. Mill Valley, CA: Psychotherapy.net.Note: For this week, view Existential Therapy, Person Centered Therapy, and Gestalt Therapy only. You will access this media from the Walden Library databases NURS 6640 Psychotherapy With Individuals week 1 – 11 discussions and assignments.

    Laureate Education (Producer). (2012b). Clinical supervision follow-up [Video file]. Baltimore, MD: Author.Note: This is a follow-up to the Thompson family media piece in Week 5. The approximate length of this media piece is 9minutes.© 2017 Laureate Education, Inc. Page 22 of 31Week 8 Existential-Humanistic Therapy

    Laureate Education (Producer). (2015d). On a hamster wheel[Video file]. Baltimore, MD: Author.Note: The approximate length of this media piece is 2 minutes.

    Bugental, J. (n.d.). Existential-humanistic psychotherapy[Video file]. Mill Valley, CA: Psychotherapy.net.Note: You will access this media from the Walden Library databases. The approximate length of this media piece is 108minutes.

    NURS 6640 Discussion Clinical Supervision

    Post on or before Day 3 a 3- to 5-minute Kaltura video that addresses the following:

    Describe a client you are counseling whom you do not think is adequately progressing according to expected clinical outcomes. Note: Do not use the client’s actual name.

    Explain your therapeutic approach with the client, including the perceived effectiveness of your approach.

    Identify any additional information about this client that may potentially impact expected outcomes.

    Note: Nurse practitioners must have strong oral communication skills.This Discussion is designed to help you hone these skills. When filming your Kaltura video, be sure to dress and speak in professional manner.

    View a selection of your colleagues’ responses.Respond on or before Day 6 to at least two of your colleagues by providing feedback based on an existential-humanistic therapeutic perspective. Support your feedback with evidence-based literature and/or your own experiences with clients.Note about uploading media: Refer to the Kaltura Media Uploader instructions document, which provides guidance on how to upload media for the Clinical Supervision Discussions.

    NURS 6640 Week 8 Practicum Week 8 Journal Entry

    This week, you complete a two-part journal entry. For Part 1, select a client whom you observed or counseled this week(other than the client used for this week’s Discussion). Then, address the following in your Practicum Journal:

    Describe the client and identify any pertinent history or medical information, including prescribed medications.

    Using the DSM-5, explain and justify your diagnosis for this client. NURS 6640: Psychotherapy With Individuals.

    Explain whether existential-humanistic therapy would be beneficial with this client. Include expected outcomes based on this therapeutic approach.

    Explain any legal and/or ethical implications related to counseling this client.

    Support your approach with evidence-based literature.For Part 2, reflect on your clinical supervision experiences. Then,address the following in your Practicum Journal:

    How often are you receiving clinical supervision from your preceptor?

    What are the sessions like?

    What is the preceptor bringing to your attention?

    How are you translating these sessions to your clinical practice?

    Submit your Assignment by Day 7 of Week 10.

    NURS 6640 Week 9 Psychotherapy With Children and Adolescents

    Resources Readings

    Wheeler, K. (Ed.). (2014). Psychotherapy for the advanced practice psychiatric nurse: A how-to guide for evidence-basedpractice (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.o Chapter 17, “Psychotherapy With Children” (pp. 597–624) NURS 6640 Psychotherapy With Individuals week 1 – 11 discussions and assignments.

    American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington,DC: Author. Note: You will access this text from the Walden Library databases.© 2017 Laureate Education, Inc. Page 24 of 31Week 9 Psychotherapy With Children and Adolescents

    Bass, C., van Nevel, J., & Swart, J. (2014). A comparison between dialectical behavior therapy, mode deactivationtherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and acceptance and commitment therapy in the treatment of adolescents.International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy,9(2), 4–8. doi:10.1037/h0100991Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.

    Koocher, G. P. (2003). Ethical issues in psychotherapy with adolescents. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59(11), 1247–1256. PMID:14566959

    Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.

    McLeod, B. D., Jensen-Doss, A., Tully, C. B., Southam-Gerow,M. A., Weisz, J. R., & Kendall, P. C. (2016). The role of setting versus treatment type in alliance within youth therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 84(5), 453–464.doi:10.1037/ccp0000081 Note: You will access this article from the Walden Librarydatabases.

    Zilberstein, K. (2014). The use and limitations of attachment theory in child psychotherapy. Psychotherapy, 51(1), 93–103.doi:10.1037/a0030930Note: You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.

    Media

    Laureate Education (Producer). (2013a). Disruptive behaviors[Multimedia file]. Baltimore, MD: Author.

    Walker, R. (n.d.). Making child therapy work [Video file]. MillValley, CA: Psychotherapy.net.Note: You will access this media from the Walden Library databases. The approximate length of this media piece is 95minutes.© 2017 Laureate Education, Inc. Page 25 of 31 Week 9 Psychotherapy With Children and Adolescents

    NURS 6640 Week 9 Discussion Counseling Adolescents

    Post on or before Day 3 an explanation of your observations of the client in the case study you selected, including behaviors that align to the criteria in DSM-5. Then, explain therapeutic approaches you might use with this client, including psychotropic medications if appropriate. NURS 6640 Psychotherapy With Individuals week 1 – 11 discussions and assignments. Finally, explain expected outcomes for the client base on these therapeutic approaches. Support your approach with evidence-based literature.Read a selection of your colleagues’ responses.Respond on or before Day 6 to at least two of your colleagues by providing one alternative therapeutic approach. Explain why you suggest this alternative and support your suggestion with evidence based literature and/or your own experiences with clients.

    NURS 6640 Practicum Week 9 Journal Entry

    Select a child or adolescent client whom you observed or counseled this week. Then, address the following in your Practicum Journal:

    Describe the client (without violating HIPAA regulations) and identify any pertinent history or medical information, including prescribed medications.

    Using the DSM-5, explain and justify your diagnosis for this client.

    Explain any legal and/or ethical implications related to counseling this client.

    Support your position with evidence-based literature.Submit your Assignment by Day 7 of Week 10.

    Looking Ahead Week 10 Clinical Supervision Discussion: Week 10

    Discussion: In 3- to 5-minute Kaltura video, you will discuss an older adult client you have observed and/or counseled during your practicum experience. Be sure to make arrangements with your preceptor so you can fulfill the requirements of the Discussion. Refer to the Week 10 Discussion for additional guidance.© 2017 Laureate Education, Inc. Page 26 of 31 NURS 6640 Psychotherapy With Individuals week 1 – 11 discussions and assignments.

    NURS 6640 Week 10 Psychotherapy With Older Adults

    Resources Readings

    Wheeler, K. (Ed.). (2014). Psychotherapy for the advanced practice psychiatric nurse: A how-to guide for evidence-based practice (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company. Chapter 18, “Psychotherapy With Older Adults” (pp. 625–660) Chapter 20, “Termination and Outcome Evaluation” (pp.693–712)

    American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington,DC: Author.Note: You will access this text from the Walden Library databases.

    McGuire, J. (2009). Ethical considerations when working with older adults in psychology. Ethics & Behavior, 19(2), 112–128.doi:10.1080/10508420902772702 Note: You will access this article from the Walden Librarydatabases.

    Swift, J. K., & Greenberg, R. P. (2015). What is premature termination, and why does it occur? In Premature termination in psychotherapy: Strategies for engaging clients and improving outcomes (pp. 11–31). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/14469-002. Note: You will access this resource from the Walden Library databases.

    NURS 6640 Discussion Clinical Supervision

    Post on or before Day 3 a 3- to 5-minute Kaltura video that addresses the following:

    Describe an older client you are counseling whom you do not think is adequately progressing according to expected clinical outcomes. Note: Do not use the client’s actual name.

    Explain your therapeutic approach with the client, including the perceived effectiveness of your approach.

    Identify any additional information about this client that may potentially impact expected outcomes.© 2017 Laureate Education, Inc. Page 27 of 31Week 10 Psychotherapy With Older Adults NURS 6640 Psychotherapy With Individuals week 1 – 11 discussions and assignments

    Note: Nurse practitioners must have strong oral communication skills.This Discussion is designed to help you hone these skills. When filming your Kaltura video, be sure to dress and speak in a professional manner.

    View a selection of your colleagues’ responses.Respond on or before Day 6 to at least two of your colleagues by sharing additional insights or alternative perspectives. Support your feedback with evidence-based literature and/or your own experiences with clients.Note about uploading media: Refer to the Kaltura Media Uploader instructions document, which provides guidance on how to uploadmedia for the Clinical Supervision Discussions.

    Practicum Client Termination Summary

    With the client you selected in mind, address the following in a client termination summary (without violating HIPAA regulations):

    Identifying information of client (i.e., hypothetical name, age,etc.)

    Date initially contacted therapist, date therapy began, duration of therapy, and date therapy will end

    Total number of sessions, including number of missed sessions

    Termination planned or unplanned

    Presenting problem

    Major psychosocial issues

    Types of services rendered (i.e., individual, couple/familytherapy, group therapy, etc.)

    Overview of treatment process

    Goal status (goals met, partially met, unmet)

    Treatment limitations (if any)

    Remaining difficulties and/or concerns

    Recommendations

    Follow-up plan (if indicated)

    Instructions for future contact

    Signatures

    Submit your Assignment by Day 7 of Week 10.© 2017 Laureate Education, Inc. Page 28 of 31

    Week 10 Psychotherapy With Older Adults

    Practicum Week 8 Journal Entry

    Students will:

    Develop diagnoses for clients receiving psychotherapy*

    Evaluate the efficacy of existential-humanistic therapy for clients*

    Analyze legal and ethical implications of counseling clients with psychiatric disorders*

    Analyze clinical supervision experiences

    NURS 6640 Psychotherapy With Individuals week 1 – 11 discussions and assignments

    **These Learning Objectives are related to the Assignment from Week8. Submit your Assignment by Day 7 of Week 10. Refer to Week 8 for additional guidance.

    Practicum Week 9 Journal Entry

    Students will:

    Develop diagnoses for clients receiving psychotherapy

    Analyze legal and ethical implications of counseling clients with psychiatric disorders

    **These Learning Objectives are related to the Assignment from Week9. Submit your Assignment by Day 7 of Week 10. Refer to Week 9 for additional guidance.

    NURS 6640 Practicum Week 10 Journal Entry

    Reflect on your overall practicum experience in this course. Then,address the following in your Practicum Journal:

    Explain whether your therapeutic theory has changed as result of your practicum experiences. Recall the theories you selected in Week 1.

    Explain how you integrated the therapeutic approaches from this course in your clinical practice. Include how this helped you achieve the goals and objectives you developed in Week1.

    Explain how you might impact social change through your work with clients who have mental health issues.© 2017 Laureate Education, Inc. Page 29 of 31Week 10 Psychotherapy With Older Adults

    Support your approach with evidence-based literature.Submit your Assignment by Day 7 of Week 10.

    Practicum Logs  REMINDER

    You are required to keep a log of the time you spend related to yourpracticum experience and enter every patient you see each day. Youcan access your time log from the Welcome Page in your Meditrekaccount. You will track time individually for each patient you workwith. Please make sure to continuously input your hours throughoutthe term. NURS 6640 Psychotherapy With Individuals week 1 – 11 discussions and assignments

    NURS 6640 Week 11 Psychotherapy With Personality Disorders

    Resources Readings

    Wheeler, K. (Ed.). (2014). Psychotherapy for the advancedpractice psychiatric nurse: A how-to guide for evidence-basedpractice (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Springer PublishingCompany.o Chapter 20, “Termination and Outcome Evaluation”(Review pp. 693–712)

    American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington,DC: Author.Note: You will access this text from the Walden Librarydatabases.

    Dixon-Gordon, K. L., Turner, B. J., & Chapman, A. L. (2011).Psychotherapy for personality disorders. International Reviewof Psychiatry, 23(3), 282–302.doi:10.3109/09540261.2011.586992Note: You will access this article from the Walden Librarydatabases.

    Lorentzen, S., Ruud, T., Fjeldstad, A., & Høglend, P. A.(2015). Personality disorder moderates outcome in short- andlong-term group analytic psychotherapy: A randomized clinical trial. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 54(2), 129–146.doi:10.1111/bjc.12065Note: You will access this article from the Walden Librarydatabases.© 2017 Laureate Education, Inc. Page 30 of 31Week 11 Psychotherapy With Personality Disorders

    Paris, J. (2004). Personality disorders over time: Implications for psychotherapy. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 58(4),420–429. PMID: 15807086 Note: You will access this article from the Walden Librarydatabases.

    Swift, J. K., & Greenberg, R. P. (2015). What is prematuretermination, and why does it occur? In Premature terminationin psychotherapy: Strategies for engaging clients andimproving outcomes (pp. 11–31). Washington, DC: AmericanPsychological Association. doi:10.1037/14469-002Note: You will access this resource from the Walden Librarydatabases.

    Discussion Therapy for Clients With Personality Disorders

    Post on or before Day 3 a description of the personality disorder youselected.

    Explain a therapeutic approach (including psychotropicmedications if appropriate) you might use to treat a client presentingwith this disorder, including how you would share your diagnosis ofthis disorder to the client in order to avoid damaging the therapeutic relationship. NURS 6640 Psychotherapy With Individuals week 1 – 11 discussions and assignments.

    Support your approach with evidence-based literature.Read a selection of your colleagues’ responses.

    Respond on or before Day 6 to at least two of your colleagues byproviding one alternative therapeutic approach.

    Explain why yousuggest this alternative and support your suggestion with evidencebasedliterature and/or your own experiences with clients.

    Exam Final Exam

    Students will:

    Assess knowledge of concepts, principles, and theories relatedto the psychotherapy of individuals

    This exam will cover the following topics from the Wheeler textbook,which relate to psychotherapy of individuals:

    Supportive and Psychodynamic Psychotherapy

    Interpersonal Psychotherapy

    Humanistic-Existential and Solution-Focused Approaches toPsychotherapy© 2017 Laureate Education, Inc. Page 31 of 31Week 11 Psychotherapy With Personality Disorders

    Psychotherapy With Children

    Psychotherapy With Older Adults NURS 6640 Psychotherapy With Individuals week 1 – 11 discussions and assignments.

    Termination and Outcome EvaluationComplete the Final Exam by Day 7 of Week 11. Prior to starting theexam, you should review all of your materials. There is a 2-hour timelimit to complete this 75-question exam. You may only attempt thisexam once. NURS 6640: Psychotherapy With Individuals.CourseEvaluationComplete your Course Evaluation by Day 7.NURS 6640: Psychotherapy With Individuals

    Therapy for Clients with Personality Disorders

    A description of borderline personality disorder

    Jenny is an 80 year old female diagnosed with borderline personality disorder. Her major symptoms include emotional instability, suicidal thoughts, low mood feelings, outbursts of rage and anxiety.  According to Stoffers-Winterling et al (2012), borderline personality disorder is marked by widespread pattern of variability in impulse control, affect regulation, self- image and interpersonal relationships.

    Clinical hallmarks entail impulsive aggression, emotional deregulation, and repetitive self-injury along with chronic suicidal ideation. Patients with borderline personality disorder usually have problems regulating their impulses and emotions, and find it difficult to maintain relationships. They may suffer swift alterations in mood, experience feelings of desolation and may injure themselves (Stoffers-Winterling et al, 2012).

    Therapeutic approach i might use to treat a client presenting with borderline personality disorder

    The most effective therapeutic therapy that I can use to treat a client presenting with the disorder is dialectical behavioral therapy. This therapy is a form of cognitive behavioral therapy that provides patients with novel skills of managing painful emotions and lessening struggles in relationships. According to Biskin and Paris (2012), dialectical behavioral therapy has a strict order of targets for treatment and life-threatening behavior at the topmost of the hierarchy. A major dialectics in the treatment of borderline personality disorder is the equilibrium that the psychotherapist must attain in authenticating the behaviors and experiences of the client whilst enhancing change.

    The therapy entails weekly life-skills sessions that impart skills in four domains, including mindfulness, interpersonal effectiveness, emotions regulation, distress tolerance and mindfulness. Distress tolerance focuses on increasing an individual’s tolerance to adverse emotion, other than attempting to run away from it. Mindfulness focuses on promoting the ability of the client to acknowledge the present moment. Interpersonal effectiveness comprises techniques that permit the client to communicate with other people in an assertive way that strengthens relationships and maintains self-respect. NURS 6640 Psychotherapy With Individuals week 1 – 11 discussions and assignments. Emotion regulation entails strategies of managing and changing extreme emotions that cause problems in the life of the client (Biskin & Paris, 2012),

    Use of psychotropic medications to treat a client presenting borderline personality disorder

    Psychotropic medications that i can use to treat a client with this disorder include antidepressants, mood stabilizers, antipsychotic medications, and sedatives. Bradford and Holt (2015) argue that psychotropic medications are normally regarded as second-line treatment after psychotherapy, though they can be used to treat borderline personality disorder.  Nevertheless, there is no evidence for the single best medication for borderline personality disorder and the majority of researchers recommends that drug therapy must be targeted towards individual symptoms of the disorder. NURS 6640 Psychotherapy With Individuals week 1 – 11 discussions and assignments.

    As Martinho et al (2015) indicate, people with borderline personality disorder receive as –needed psychotropic drugs, regardless of lack of evidence of their effectiveness.  Psychotropic medication is used in patients with a borderline personality disorder to alleviate symptoms like agitation, sleep disturbance, anger, impulsivity, transient psychosis and intensified emotional liability.  When a patient represents these symptoms, the caregiver, patient or nurse decides when the medications are administered, under a preceding prescribed medication regimen (Martinho et al, 2015).

    How I would share my diagnosis of borderline personality disorder in order to avoid damaging the therapeutic relationship

    I would share my diagnosis of the disorder by offering a detailed description of the disorder in an honest manner. Cultivating a productive emotional relationship is an effective strategy for developing and sustaining a progressive therapeutic relationship. According to McMain et al (2015), emotional awareness is important in therapeutic interaction since emotional reactivity and sensitivity of either the therapist or the client can hinder therapeutic procedure and obstruct a positive therapeutic connection from developing. Tension and conflict in therapeutic relationship are intensified when either the client or therapist disregards them until they overwhelm both parties. So as to cultivate a positive therapeutic relationship, it will be crucial that diagnosis and therapy take in the emotions of both the therapist and the client.

     

    References

    Bradford, R., & Holt, C. (2015). The Use of Psychotropic Drug Therapy in Borderline Personality Disorder: A Case Report.
    Psychiatric Danubina
    , 27(Suppl 1): S371- S374.

    Biskin, R., & Paris, J. (2012). Management of borderline personality disorder.
    Canadian Medical Association Journal,
    184(17): 1897-1902.

    Martinho, E., Frankenburg, F., Fitzmaurice, G., & Zanarini, M. (2015). PRN (As-Needed) Psychotropic Medication Use in Borderline Patients and Other Personality –Disorder Subjects over 14 Years of Prospective Follow-up. 
    Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology
    , 34(4): 499-503.

    McMain, S., Labyman, M., & Boritz, T. (2015). Common strategies for cultivating a positive therapy relationship in the treatment of borderline personality disorder.
    Journal of Psychotherapy Integration
    , 25(1): 20-29.

    Stoffers-Winterling, J., Vollom, B., & Rucker, G et al. (2012). Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder.
    Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
    , 15(8): CD 005652. NURS 6640 Psychotherapy With Individuals week 1 – 11 discussions and assignments.

  • PUB 540 Principles of epidemiology Topic 2 DQ 2

    PUB 540 Principles of epidemiology Topic 2 DQ 2

    Topic 2 DQ 2

     

    Explain the importance of validity and reliability in diagnostic testing or research. Describe how validity relates to sensitivity and specificity in diagnostic testing. Identify a health screen specific to a diagnostic test that is currently being debated regarding its use, recommended ages, or frequency, and discuss how validity and reliability play into this debate. What other factors should you consider when you assess the recommendations for a diagnostic test or screen? PUB 540 Principles of epidemiology Topic 2 DQ 2.

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    Topic 2 DQ 2

    Validity is crucial in research and testing because it ensures that no external forces like bias are skewing the results and it supports generalizability, application to real-life settings, and application in other contexts (Andrade, 2018). Simply put, validity measures how well a research or diagnostic testing instrument is performing its intended task (Andrade, 2018). This concept relates to sensitivity and specificity because it allows researchers or diagnosing providers to describe a tool’s ability to produce sensitive and specific results (Andrade, 2018). Reliability is also incredibly important because it relates to consistency in the methods used to obtain such research and testing results, furthermore allowing for the calculation of specificity (Andrade, 2018). PUB 540 Principles of epidemiology Topic 2 DQ 2.

    One example where validity and reliability may become debatable is in the use of genetic testing as a means of a diagnostic approach (Burke, 2014). For example, a genetic disease called multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2), can benefit greatly from genetic testing where sensitivity can be seen at 95% to 98% and specificity approaches 100% (Burke, 2014). However, this positive predictive value of the genetic testing in this case is seen to be strongly effected by how prevalent the disease is in the population being tested (Burke, 2014). This creates a low positive predictive value when the same genetic testing is conducted amongst a population with little likelihood of the same disease (Burke, 2014). Furthermore, other forms of genetic testing typically have low sensitivity due to limitations of causative mutations that the test is able to identify (Burke, 2014). Because of these issues and as with all other diagnostic testing, the genetic testing results should always be compared against the “gold standard” method for a particular diagnosis (Burke, 2014). A definitive diagnosis should always be based on a combination of new medical data and well-trusted standards (Burke, 2014). PUB 540 Principles of epidemiology Topic 2 DQ 2.

    References

    Andrade, C. (2018). Internal, external, and ecological validity in research design, conduct, and evaluation. 
    Indian journal of psychological medicine
    , 
    40
    (5), 498.

    Burke, W. (2014). Genetic tests: clinical validity and clinical utility. 
    Current protocols in human genetics
    , 
    81
    (1), 9-15.

    Topic 2 DQ 2

    When using a test to distinguish between individuals with normal and abnormal results, it is imperative to understand how characteristics of the disease are distributed in varying populations (Celentano & Szlko, 2019). This is why validity and reliability are so important to the success of diagnostic testing. The validity of a test is the ability to differentiate between those that have a disease and those who do not (Celentano & Szlko, 2019). The reliability of a test indicates the extent to which it is without bias and ensures dependable measurement across time and the various items of the tools given in the research (Bajpai & Bajpai, 2013). PUB 540 Principles of epidemiology Topic 2 DQ 2.

    There are two key factors to validity: (1) sensitivity of the test and (2) specificity of the test (Celentano & Szlko, 2019). The sensitivity of the test is the ability to determine who has the disease PUB 540 Principles of epidemiology Topic 2 DQ 2. The specificity of the test is the ability to determine who does not have the disease (Celentano & Szlko, 2019).

    A health screen that is currently being debated is a breast exam for women, specifically a mammogram to screen for breast cancer. Young women experience a breast exam at routine women appointments, but the mammogram is not performed until the age of 45 (Pratt, 2018). New research suggests that women with specific risk factors should begin breast screenings at the age of 30, but some experts say it may not be effective for women of this age group (Pratt, 2018).

    Validity and reliability play into this debate because it is important to know what age group of women are affected are which are not. Only then will experts be able to determine whether or not mammograms will prove to be beneficial at a younger age.

    Other factors that should be considered are the health risks and drawbacks associated with the test itself. One large drawback in mammography screening is breast cancer overdiagnosis and overtreatment (Kresser, 2017). For this example, it is critical for research experts to take this factor into consideration before determining whether or not to lower the age for mammograms PUB 540 Principles of epidemiology Topic 2 DQ 2.

    References

    Bajpai, S. & Bajpai, R. (2013). Goodness of Measurement: Reliability and Validity. Retrieved from https://www.ejmanager.com/mnstemps/67/67-1380953319.pdf

    Celentano, D.D. & Szklo, M. (2019). 
    Gordis Epidemiology 
    (6
    th
     Ed). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Inc.

    Kresser, C. (2017). The Downside of Mammograms. Retrieved from https://kresserinstitute.com/the-downside-of-mammograms/

    Pratt, E. (2018). Should Some Women Get Mammograms at 30? Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health-news/some-women-should-have-mammograms-starting-at-age-30 PUB 540 Principles of epidemiology Topic 2 DQ 2

  • PUB 540 Principles of epidemiology Topic 2 DQ 1

    pub 540 Principles of epidemiology Topic 2 DQ 1

    Disease surveillance is a necessary public health role. Passive surveillance relies on individuals and local authorities “pushing” information to national agencies who then compile, analyze, and disseminate the information. Unfortunately, significant gaps occur in reporting.

    BUY A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HERE

    Review your textbook, and the CDC’s National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System (NNDSS). Discuss the strengths of the current surveillance systems, the gaps you identified, and why these gaps occur. Discuss the global challenges of coordinating surveillance between multiple countries and provide an example highlighting the challenges. What could other governments and agencies, such as the World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, do to strengthen global disease surveillance systems? pub 540 Principles of epidemiology Topic 2 DQ 1

     

    Topic 2 DQ 1

    Before I address this week’s topic, I will write about a personal experience that illustrates a gap in surveillance. Many years ago while still living in New Jersey, I contracted food poisoning from eating undercooked chicken at a picnic. I knew it was raw the moment I put it in my mouth. I sought care because I was very ill and a stool sample was sent to the lab who, I assume, was mandated to report the illness under jurisdictional law. I do not recall the offending organism, but it was most likely 
    Salmonella
    . Six months after I was ill, I received a call from the health department asking where I had eaten. Six months! I always think of this and about how many people could have been made ill if I had eaten in a restaurant rather than a picnic pub 540 Principles of epidemiology Topic 2 DQ 1. Potentially six months of customers could have been at risk.

    Disease surveillance is the mechanism by which public health organizations monitor changes in disease distribution, congenital malformations, toxic environmental hazards, noncommunicable diseases, and other injuries (Celentano & Szklo, 2019). This was done by analyzing and interpreting data that has been collected from local, state, and territorial health departments (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], n.d.). While there are various modes of surveillance, there are strengths gaps associated with each. Passive surveillance, or passive reporting, is the mandated reporting of reportable diseases, such as sexually transmitted infections, to local health departments (Celentano & Szklo, 2019). Mandated reporting allows public health departments to constantly monitor for these reportable diseased with little effort or cost. Some of the gaps caused by passive surveillance are related to the small numbers of cases and that it relies on the conscientiousness of the reporter (Celentano & Szklo, 2019). In Active surveillance, or active reporting, people are specifically recruited and trained to perform surveillance duties which inherently makes them more conscientious (Celentano & Szklo, 2019). Surveyors may conduct interviews of providers or patients or pull data from medical records (Celentano & Szklo, 2019). Sentinel surveillance consists of a well-designed system of selected reporting sites and are employed when high-quality data are needed (World Health Organization [WHO], 2020). Selected reporting sites serve a large population, have providers trained in diagnosing and treating the disease that is under surveillance, and high-quality diagnosis equipment (WHO, 2020). Because this type of surveillance if focused on specific geographic areas and monitoring for certain diseases, it is likely to miss diseases outside of that geographic area or rare diseases that are seen in small numbers (WHO, 2020). pub 540 Principles of epidemiology Topic 2 DQ 1

    “No single agency can confront all global health challenges alone” (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], n.d., para. 6). This is why the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) partners with the World Health Organization (WHO), and others, to coordinate global health monitoring and strategies. Surveillance can be challenging in undeveloped areas related to the difficulty in physically accessing these areas and in maintaining communication with health departments (Celentano & Szklo, 2019). Sometimes, lack of up-to-date diagnostic equipment in these areas results is underreporting of diseases because they simply were not detected (Celentano & Szklo, 2019). Another challenge that exists when attempting to coordinate surveillance is the use of common terms, forms, surveillance systems. An example of this is the WHO report, World Malaria Report of WHO, that reported 584,000 deaths from malaria worldwide in 2014 while another group of researchers reported 854,000 deaths from malaria that same year (Celentano & Szklo, 2019).

    What can be done to improve our global surveillance? Standardization of terms and methods. The National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance Systems (NNDSS) is doing just that by implementing reporting systems based on the National Electronic Disease Surveillance System (NEDSS) architectural standards (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2018). This will standardize communication between health care systems and health departments, increase interoperability, provide resources to local health departments, and assist health departments to manage and report reportable disease data to the CDC (CDC, 2018). pub 540 Principles of epidemiology Topic 2 DQ 1

    .

    References

    Celentano, D. D., & Szklo, M. (2019). 
    Gordis epidemiology
     (6th ed.). Retrieved from https://www.gcumedia.com/digital-resources/elsevier/2019/gordis-epidemiology_6e.php

    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018). 
    National notifiable diseases surveillance system
    [Fact sheet]. Retrieved from https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss/document/NNDSS-Fact-Sheet-508.pdf pub 540 Principles of epidemiology Topic 2 DQ 1

    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). Global health: What CDC is doing. Retrieved January 11, 2020, from https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/what/default.htm

    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). National notifiable diseases surveillance system (NNDSS). Retrieved January 11, 2020, from https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss/ pub 540 Principles of epidemiology Topic 2 DQ 1

    World Health Organization. (2020). Types of surveillance. Retrieved January 11, 2020, from https://www.who.int/immunization/monitoring_surveillance/burden/vpd/surveillance_type/en/

  • PUB 540 Principles of epidemiology

    PUB 540 Principles of epidemiology

    An epidemiologic profile is a summary of a significant public health issue, or issues, in your community, county, state, or country. An epidemiological profile helps to coordinate activities and policies from various agencies and organizations to improve health.

    Review the available data, reports, and documents for your locale. Assess how the methods of epidemiology (study designs, data collection, measures of association, etc.) are used to determine who needs what services, where the services are needed, and how those services should be delivered. Define your community as your city, metropolitan area, or county and write a 2,000-2,250 word epidemiological profile (word limit excludes references and title page) PUB 540 Principles of epidemiology. The profile can be a general profile that provides a landscape picture of several significant chronic and infectious diseases in your defined community, or it can be a specific profile that targets one health issue, such as diabetes, asthma, STDs, flu, heart disease, obesity, alcohol abuse, or other drug use. Include the following:

    ORDER A CUSTOM-WRITTEN, PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HERE

    Executive Summary

    Describe the purpose of the epidemiologic profile and the health issue(s) it addresses. Discuss its importance to the community and how it will be utilized.

    Summarize the key findings from your review of available data, reports, and documents for the community.

    Introduction

    Describe the defined community and population using demographic and socio-economic information and data.

    Briefly describe the history and cultural background of the community.

    Explain any unique contextual information that pertains to the public health of the defined community.

    Describe any key public health projects, grants, or existing epidemiology-related working groups or committees in the community/county PUB 540 Principles of epidemiology.

    Description of Available Data

    Identify at least two different data sources relevant to your profile. Discuss data from these sources and their relation to the issue or community.

    Discuss the methods used in the data collection process (data source and organization providing the data; how often the data are collected; data limitations including response rates, missing data, selection of participants, etc.). Potential data sources and databases might include the following depending on what is available for your community or county:

    Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data

    Youth risk behavioral survey

    Surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) program data

    CDC Wonder (multiple data sources)

    County health rankings data (multiple data sources)

    Alcohol-related disease impact data

    Demographic health survey data (international)

    Global school-based student health survey (international)

    Local evaluation reports from the department/ministry of health or other nonprofit organizations

    Interpretation of Results Regarding Key Health Issue

    Size and magnitude of the measures

    Trends and comparisons

    Economic costs

    Discussion of Problems and Strategies

    Discuss disparities, limitations, and gaps in the information available regarding the health issue(s).

    Describe potential public health strategies to address these gaps.

    Use graphs and tables where appropriate.

    Conclusion

    You are required to cite to at least five sources to complete this assignment. Sources should be published within the last 5 years and appropriate for the assignment criteria and public health content.

    General Requirements

    Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.

    This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

    You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Refer to the 
    LopesWrite Technical Support articles
     for assistance.

    Benchmark Information

    This benchmark assignment assesses the following programmatic competency:

    MPH

    2.1 Apply epidemiological methods to the breadth of settings and situations in public health practice.

    MSN Public Health Nursing

    6.2 Apply epidemiological methods to the breadth of settings and situations in public health practice.

     

    Historical Review of Epidemiology

     

    Key individuals and historical events have helped shape the field of epidemiology. Research the following individuals and their roles in shaping contemporary epidemiology:

    John Graunt

    James Lind

    Edward Jenner

    Ignaz Semmelweis

    John Snow

    Choose three of the individuals from your research. In a 1,000-1,250 word paper, describe the epidemiological advancements that were influenced by these individuals. Include the following:

    Describe the disease and the event. Using descriptive epidemiology, discuss how common the disease was at the time, who was infected, when it occurred (time of year or season), and the mode of transmission. If the individual is not associated with a specific disease, discuss a significant disease happening during that period.

    Discuss how the individuals influenced or advanced epidemiological methods and the process they used to describe and control disease. Discuss how their contributions helped to inform the definition of epidemiology. Consider whether they used qualitative, quantitative, or both types of data collection methods, and the approach they used to test their hypotheses.

    Discuss how similar epidemiological methods have been used to understand one current public health issue (not one for each individual). Discuss the key research studies used to understand the risk factors associated with the problem or disease. Two potential examples include lung cancer (Doll and Hill, 1950) or cardiovascular disease and the Framingham Heart Study (Drawber, Meadors, & Moore, 1950; Kannel, 2000).

    Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

    This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for succes.

    You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Refer to the 
    LopesWrite Technical Support articles
     for assistance.

     

    Topic 2: Disease Surveillance and Measurement

     

    Objectives:

    Evaluate the effectiveness of disease surveillance in public health.

    Apply measurement tools to assess the impact of disease, its burden, and associated risk factors.

    Discuss the importance of validity and reliability.

    Evaluate the steps for investigating the occurrence of disease.

    Oswego Outbreak Case Study

     

    Read the “Oswego Outbreak Investigation,” located in the Topic Materials.

    Part 1

    Complete the following:

    Using the line listing in the Excel “Oswego Line Listing Workbook,” calculate the attack rate ratios for each food item using the table in the Excel “Oswego Attack Rate Table.” Create a separate 2×2 table for the food item you think is responsible for the outbreak and interpret the attack rate ratio for this food item. Refer to the “Creating a 2×2 Contingency Table” resource for guidance.

    Using the line listing in Excel “Oswego Line Listing Workbook,” construct an epidemic curve by the time of onset of illness. What does this curve tell you regarding the average incubation period, source, and transmission?

    Using the incubation range and clinical symptoms, identify potential infectious agents that could be responsible for the outbreak (refer to the Topic Material, “Compendium of Acute Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases”). Discuss your rationale.

    Part 2

    In a 500-750 word paper, evaluate the situation and present your findings. Including the following:

    Does this case meet the definition of an “outbreak?” Why or why not?

    Identify the steps required to investigate an outbreak. How did these steps help in investigating the Oswego event? Include the relevant information needed for each step to be successful.

    Discuss the possible routes of transmission for the expected agent.

    Based on this information, what control measures would you recommend? State whether they are primary, secondary, or tertiary prevention strategies.

    General Requirements

    Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

    This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

    You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Refer to the 
    LopesWrite Technical Support articles
     for assistance.

    Topic 2 DQ 1

     

    Disease surveillance is a necessary public health role. Passive surveillance relies on individuals and local authorities “pushing” information to national agencies who then compile, analyze, and disseminate the information. Unfortunately, significant gaps occur in reporting.

    Review your textbook, and the CDC’s National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System (NNDSS). Discuss the strengths of the current surveillance systems, the gaps you identified, and why these gaps occur. Discuss the global challenges of coordinating surveillance between multiple countries and provide an example highlighting the challenges. What could other governments and agencies, such as the World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, do to strengthen global disease surveillance systems?

    Topic 2 DQ 2

     

    Explain the importance of validity and reliability in diagnostic testing or research. Describe how validity relates to sensitivity and specificity in diagnostic testing. Identify a health screen specific to a diagnostic test that is currently being debated regarding its use, recommended ages, or frequency, and discuss how validity and reliability play into this debate. What other factors should you consider when you assess the recommendations for a diagnostic test or screen?

    Topic 3: Causal Inference, Confounding, and Bias

     

    Objectives:

    Determine sources of bias within a study design.

    Describe confounding relationships.

    Evaluate the types of causal relationships associated with causation.

    Assess measures of morbidity.

    Measuring Morbidity: Prevalence and Incidence

     

    Read the scenario below and complete the assignment as instructed.

    Scenario

    In Community X (population 20,000), an epidemiologist conducted a prevalence survey in January of 2012 and reported an HIV prevalence of 2.2%. Over the next 12 months, the department of health reported an additional 50 new HIV cases between February 2012 and January 2013. The total population stayed constant at 20,000.

    Part 1

    How many people had HIV in January 2012? Present or describe the formula you used to arrive at your answer.

    Calculate the incidence rate assuming no HIV-related deaths over the 12-month period. Present or describe the formula you used to arrive at your answer. Be sure to clearly indicate the numerator and denominator used in your calculation and include an appropriate label for the rate.

    In a summary of 200-250 words, interpret the results and discuss the relationship between incidence and prevalence. Discuss whether or not the epidemiologist should be concerned about these new HIV infections, assuming a previous incidence rate of 0.5 per 1,000 person-years prior to this updated risk assessment.

    Part 2

    A rapid test used for diagnosing HIV has a sensitivity of 99.1% and a specificity of 90%. Based on the population prevalence of 2.2% in 2012, create a 2×2 table showing the number of true positives, false positives, false negatives, and true negatives. Calculate the positive predicative value and negative predictive value for this test. Refer to the “Creating a 2×2 Contingency Table” resource for guidance.

    In 200-250 words, discuss whether or not the epidemiologist should recommend this test as part of a universal HIV screening program. Provide rationale for your recommendation applying the positive and negative predictive values. Present or describe the formula you used to arrive at your answer.

    General Requirements

    APA style is not required, but solid academic writing is expected.

    This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

    You are not required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite.

    Topic 3 DQ 1

     

    Differentiate between bias and confounding. Discuss the criteria necessary to establish a factor as a confounder and provide an example applying these criteria. What is one way to adjust for a confounding relationship in the study design or the analysis?

    Topic 3 DQ 2

     

    Explain the two major types of bias. Identify a peer-reviewed epidemiology article that discusses potential issues with bias as a limitation and discuss what could have been done to minimize the bias (exclude articles that combine multiple studies such as meta-analysis and systemic review articles). What are the implications of making inferences based on data with bias? Include a link to the article in your reference.

    Topic 4: Study Designs I

    Objectives:

    Compare and contrast randomized trials and cohort studies.

    Differentiate between experimental and observational categories of study designs.

    Multicausality: Confounding Assignment

     

    These estimates include the influence of other extraneous variables, such as confounders. Confounding is often considered a type of bias, but it is a real relationship that requires an adjustment in the study design or analysis. Understanding how to identify confounding is important as most associations have multiple causal factors. Recognizing if a study adjusted for the appropriate confounding variables is important to determine the validity of the association. To assist your proficiency with the concept of confounding, and how it ultimately affects public health, this practice assignment has been provided.

    Complete Problems 1 to 4 from the “Multicausality: Confounding – Assignment” by Schoenbach, located in your Topic Materials. Check your answers against the solutions presented in the “Multicausality: Confounding – Assignment Solutions” Topic Material. PUB 540 Principles of epidemiology.

    While APA style is not required for the body of this assignment, solid academic writing is expected, and documentation of sources should be presented using APA formatting guidelines, which can be found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.

    You are not required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite.

    Topic 4 DQ 2

    Describe the characteristics and design of a cohort study. Based on a disease or health condition identified from the “2020 LHI Topics” on the Healthy People 2020 website, or an article from the GCU library, discuss a real example of a cohort study (include the link to the article in your post to the forum). Include the participants, exposures or treatment groups, timeframe, and outcomes that were measured. Why is a cohort study described as an “observational” study rather than an “experimental” study design?

    Topic 5 DQ 1

    Describe the common characteristics and design of a case-control study. Discuss the three important features when it comes to selecting cases and controls, and identify a situation when one of these might be violated. Discuss the limitations of using questionnaires for determining exposure status and provide examples of alternative strategies for collecting this information in a case-control study. PUB 540 Principles of epidemiology.

    Topic 5 DQ 2

    Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of cross-sectional studies and examples of how they can be “descriptive” or “analytic” study designs. Discuss an example of a disease where survival could influence the association between a possible exposure and the disease when measured with a cross-sectional study. Do not discuss examples used in the textbook.

    Topic 6: Measures of Association and Application

    Objectives:

     

    Differentiate between association and causal relationships.

    Determine the relative risk and odds ratio as measures of association.

    Evaluate the utility of the population attributable risk.

    Evaluate the types of causal relationships and associated guidelines for establishing causality.

    Calculating Odds Ratio

    Data can be qualitative or quantitative. Qualitative data is helpful to generate a hypothesis and gather information if little is known about an expected association. Focus groups, key informant interviews, and case studies are types of qualitative data collection methods used to identify common themes from which to build a hypothesis. Quantitative data collection and analysis is used to test a hypothesis and make comparisons to determine the direction and strength of a potential association. The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) is cross-sectional panel survey used to collect quantitative data on adult behaviors and risk factors. It is one of the largest U.S. health data collection efforts. The data can be used to analyze associations on a state or country level. Follow the steps to obtain a 2×2 contingency table (also known as a “cross tabulation”) crossing binge drinking with depression PUB 540 Principles of epidemiology.

    Retrieve the “BRFSS Web-Enabled Analysis Tool” resource provided in the Topic Materials.

    Select “Cross Tabulation.”

    Select “2015” for the year.

    Select “Arizona” for the state.

    Select “Alcohol Consumption: Binge drinkers (males having five or more drinks on one occasion, females having four or more drinks on one occasion)” for Step 2 Select Row.

    Select “Chronic Health Conditions: Ever diagnosed with a depressive disorder, including depression, major depression, dysthymia, or minor depression” for Step 3 Select Column.

    Skip Steps 4 and 5.

    Select “Sample Size” for Step 6 Select Statistics and run the report for the cross tabulation.

    Part 1

    Using the data from the cross tabulation results, calculate the odds ratio for depression among those exposed to binge drinking. Interpret the odds ratio and discuss if the odds ratio is a good estimate of the relative risk in this situation. Why or why not? Show your 2×2 table and all calculations. Present or describe the formula you used to arrive at your answer. PUB 540 Principles of epidemiology.

    Part 2

    Use the Topic Material, “BRFSS Web-Enabled Analysis Tool,” located on the CDC website, and run a report for two variables of interest to you. Create a 2×2 table and calculate the odds ratio for this association. Interpret the odds ratio and discuss the public health importance of the association. Show your
    2×2 table
    . Present or describe the formula you used to arrive at your answer.

    Refer to the “Creating a 2×2 Contingency Table” resource for guidance in creating 2×2 contingency tables.

    General Requirements

    APA style is not required, but solid academic writing is expected.

    This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

    You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Refer to the 
    LopesWrite Technical Support articles
     for assistance.

    Topic 6 DQ 1

    Differentiate between association and causation using the causal guidelines. Discuss which of the guidelines you think is the most difficult to establish. Discuss the four types of causal relationships and use an example not listed in the textbook to describe each relationship. PUB 540 Principles of epidemiology.

    Topic 6 DQ 2

    Explain the difference between 
    relative risk
    , 
    attributable risk
    , and 
    population attributable risk
    . Provide an example (not from the textbook) of how each type of risk is used in epidemiology. How would you propose using population attributable risk to advocate for a health policy or intervention relative to your health interest?

    Topic 7: Applying Epidemiology to Policy

    Objectives:

    Apply epidemiological methods to the breadth of settings and situations in public health practice.

    Discuss the means by which social inequities, and racism undermine health and create challenges to achieving health equity at organizational, community and societal levels.

    Benchmark – Epidemiologic Profile Assignment

    An epidemiologic profile is a summary of a significant public health issue, or issues, in your community, county, state, or country. An epidemiological profile helps to coordinate activities and policies from various agencies and organizations to improve health.

    Review the available data, reports, and documents for your locale. Assess how the methods of epidemiology (study designs, data collection, measures of association, etc.) are used to determine who needs what services, where the services are needed, and how those services should be delivered. Define your community as your city, metropolitan area, or county and write a 2,000-2,250 word epidemiological profile (word limit excludes references and title page).The profile can be a general profile that provides a landscape picture of several significant chronic and infectious diseases in your defined community, or it can be a specific profile that targets one health issue, such as diabetes, asthma, STDs, flu, heart disease, obesity, alcohol abuse, or other drug use. Include the following:

    Executive Summary

    Describe the purpose of the epidemiologic profile and the health issue(s) it addresses. Discuss its importance to the community and how it will be utilized. PUB 540 Principles of epidemiology.

    Summarize the key findings from your review of available data, reports, and documents for the community.

    Introduction

    Describe the defined community and population using demographic and socio-economic information and data.

    Briefly describe the history and cultural background of the community.

    Explain any unique contextual information that pertains to the public health of the defined community.

    Describe any key public health projects, grants, or existing epidemiology-related working groups or committees in the community/county.

    Description of Available Data

    Identify at least two different data sources relevant to your profile. Discuss data from these sources and their relation to the issue or community.

    Discuss the methods used in the data collection process (data source and organization providing the data; how often the data are collected; data limitations including response rates, missing data, selection of participants, etc.). Potential data sources and databases might include the following depending on what is available for your community or county:

    Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data

    Youth risk behavioral survey

    Surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) program data

    CDC Wonder (multiple data sources)

    County health rankings data (multiple data sources)

    Alcohol-related disease impact data

    Demographic health survey data (international) PUB 540 Principles of epidemiology

    Global school-based student health survey (international)

    Local evaluation reports from the department/ministry of health or other nonprofit organizations

    Interpretation of Results Regarding Key Health Issue

    Size and magnitude of the measures

    Trends and comparisons

    Economic costs

    Discussion of Problems and Strategies

    Discuss disparities, limitations, and gaps in the information available regarding the health issue(s).

    Describe potential public health strategies to address these gaps.

    Use graphs and tables where appropriate.

    Conclusion

    You are required to cite to at least five sources to complete this assignment. Sources should be published within the last 5 years and appropriate for the assignment criteria and public health content.

    General Requirements

    Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.

    This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

    You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Refer to the 
    LopesWrite Technical Support articles
     for assistance.

    Benchmark Information

    This benchmark assignment assesses the following programmatic competency:

    MPH

    2.1 Apply epidemiological methods to the breadth of settings and situations in public health practice.

    MSN Public Health Nursing

    6.2 Apply epidemiological methods to the breadth of settings and situations in public health practice.

     

    Topic 7 DQ 1

    Epidemiological methods are used in a variety of public health areas (including infectious disease, chronic disease, and social health) and settings (including the community, schools, and the workplace). Epidemiological methods are used to assess, describe, analyze, and make comparisons of populations to inform evidence-based practices, policies, and interventions. Propose a study based on the methods you have learned thus far designed to investigate an association within one of the public health areas listed (infectious disease, chronic disease, or social health) and the methods you would apply. Discuss and define the risk factor or exposure that is being assessed, the method of comparison that is used, and the setting or situation (community, school, workplace, etc.) your study would look to address. Consider the concepts of causal inference, measures of association, and study design. PUB 540 Principles of epidemiology.

    Topic 7 DQ 2

    Race is often used as a descriptor of disease burden and helps us to determine where health disparities exist in order to address them, which is important. It is helpful to differentiate between race as a descriptor and race as a risk factor. Think about institutional racism and its influence on health. Consider the factors related to race and ethnicity that might be influencing disease status more than the genetics of race when answering this discussion question.

    Consider the following statement: “Race is not a risk factor and should not be used in public health data collection.” Discuss the ethical and public health implications of this statement. When might collecting data on race perpetuate institutional racism leading to health disparities and when is it necessary to improve public health? Provide support and examples for your answer. Consider ethical issues related to respect for persons, beneficence, and justice as described in “The Belmont Report.”

    Topic 8: Environment and Genetics

    Objectives:

    Discuss how genetic and environmental factors interact in causing disease.

    Explain the biological and genetic factors that affects a population’s health.

    Topic 8 DQ 1

     

    One method to investigate gene-environment interactions is to study monozygotic twins. Identify an example of a twin study not listed in the textbook used to examine the gene-environment interaction of a specific disease or condition. Briefly summarize the gene-environment interaction investigated, the methods, and the results. What are other possible methods for studying gene-environment interactions as they relate to improving population health?

    Topic 8 DQ 2

     

    Using the CDC Wonder website, set the query criteria for pancreatic cancer for the United States as illustrated below. Compare the rates by race for Wisconsin and Colorado. Discuss possible biological, genetic, and environmental reasons for differences. What are potential social determinants that contribute to the disparity presented between the two states? PUB 540 Principles of epidemiology.

    Use this query upon entering the CDC Wonder website:

    Select “Cancer Statistics” under the Wonder Systems tab

    Select “Cancer Incidence 1999 – 2013” and click “Data Request”

    Organize table layout:

    Group results by 1. States and 2. Race (leave the rest of the group options as “None”)

    Measures – click “Count” (default) and “Age Adjusted Rates”

    Select location – select “States” and “The United States”

    Select year and demographics

    Year – 2014

    Sex – All genders

    Age groups – All ages

    Ethnicity – All ethnicities

    Race – All races

    Select cancers of interest – select “Pancreas”

    Other options – keep default settings PUB 540 Principles of epidemiology

  • Historical Review of Epidemiology

    Historical Review of Epidemiology

    Key individuals and historical events have helped shape the field of epidemiology. Research the following individuals and their roles in shaping contemporary epidemiology:

    John Graunt

    James Lind

    Edward Jenner

    Ignaz Semmelweis

    John Snow

    Choose three of the individuals from your research. In a 1,000-1,250 word paper, describe the epidemiological advancements that were influenced by these individuals. Include the following:

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    Describe the disease and the event. Using descriptive epidemiology, discuss how common the disease was at the time, who was infected, when it occurred (time of year or season), and the mode of transmission. If the individual is not associated with a specific disease, discuss a significant disease happening during that period.

    Discuss how the individuals influenced or advanced epidemiological methods and the process they used to describe and control disease. Discuss how their contributions helped to inform the definition of epidemiology. Consider whether they used qualitative, quantitative, or both types of data collection methods, and the approach they used to test their hypotheses. Historical Review of Epidemiology.

    Discuss how similar epidemiological methods have been used to understand one current public health issue (not one for each individual). Discuss the key research studies used to understand the risk factors associated with the problem or disease. Two potential examples include lung cancer (Doll and Hill, 1950) or cardiovascular disease and the Framingham Heart Study (Drawber, Meadors, & Moore, 1950; Kannel, 2000).

    Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

    This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for succes.

    You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Refer to the 
    LopesWrite Technical Support articles
    for assistance. Historical Review of Epidemiology.

  • PUB 540 Principles of epidemiology Topic 1 DQ 1

    PUB 540 Principles of epidemiology Topic 1 DQ 1

    Define 
    endemic
    , 
    epidemic
    , and 
    pandemic,
     and provide an example of each. Describe a current epidemic. Describe one example of each of the prevention types (primary, secondary, and tertiary) that could be applied to control the epidemic.

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    Topic 1 DQ 1

    According to MacIntyre and Bui (2017) a true epidemic has a rise in case rates over days or weeks, whereas an endemic disease may rise or fall over years or decades. The words epidemic and pandemic are often misused. A pandemic is simply a global epidemic, and an epidemic is an outbreak of disease that attacks many people at about the same time and spreads through a defined population (MacIntyre and Bui, 2017). It is defined by rate of growth of the epidemic curve. Epidemics have a sudden and immediate impact on the health system and require surge capacity. The rapid increase in cases observed during an epidemic or pandemic is what causes immediate impacts on health systems, stressing these systems beyond normal operating capacity. A pandemic of a highly infectious microbe will evolve rapidly and affect many people within a short period of time (MacIntyre and Bui, 2017). PUB 540 Principles of epidemiology Topic 1 DQ 1.

    According to Troncoso (2015), an influenza pandemic once it begins, would be expected to reach its peak within 2 months. Malaria, TB and AMR organisms, are usually endemic diseases. Endemic diseases may occur in very high numbers, but their rate is constant or changes slowly, over months or years, sometimes decades (Troncoso, 2015). An unprecedented epidemic of Ebola virus has been causing thousands of deaths in West Africa since 2014 (Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria and Sierra Leone). The Ebola virus was first identified in 1976 in Yambuku, Zaire (now Democratic Republic of Congo) and Nzara, South Sudan. The Ebola virus is a zoonotic pathogen, and its circulation among humans is rare, which explains the fact that the outbreaks are intermittent and unpredictable. The most likely reservoir seems to be a fruit bat, although the link has not been confirmed (Chowell and Nishivra, 2014).

    The virus has caused more than 30 outbreaks since it was identified in 1976, with less than 1600 deaths before 2014. In most cases, the virus started in rural areas and the epidemics were controlled with routine public health measures, such as the identification of cases, contact tracing, and isolation and quarantine of the patient to break the chain of transmission. PUB 540 Principles of epidemiology Topic 1 DQ 1. These public health measures have a proven efficacy record for the control of epidemics (Chowell and Nishivra, 2014).

    According to Chowell and Nishivra (2014) proven treatments or vaccines against Ebola are still not available. Hence, thus the current working toolbox available to control the spread of Ebola still hinges on supportive medical care to increase the survival of those infected and basic non-pharmaceutical public health measures to prevent transmission, namely: 1) infection control measures including standard precautions in health care settings; 2) rapid contact tracing and isolation of infectious individuals; and 3) social distancing interventions in the community which may include the dissemination of awareness campaigns to inform the population on how to avoid contracting the disease, quarantining individuals potentially exposed to infectious individuals and restricting the movement of communities exhibiting local transmission to prevent onward transmission PUB 540 Principles of epidemiology Topic 1 DQ 1. These actions must be conducted in close collaboration with local community leaders to effectively reach the population at large (Chowell and Nishivra, 2014).

    MacIntyre, C. R., & Bui, C. M. (2017). Pandemics, public health emergencies and antimicrobial resistance – putting the threat in an epidemiologic and risk analysis context.

    Troncoso, A. (2015). Ebola outbreak in West Africa: a neglected tropical disease. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 5: 4, pgs. 255-259.

    Chowell, G., & Nishivra, H. (2014). Transmission dynamics and control of Ebola virus disease (EVD): a review. BMC Medicine, 12: 196. PUB 540 Principles of epidemiology Topic 1 DQ 1.

     

    Topic 1 DQ 1

    Endemic is a disease that exists permanently in a region or population. An example of this is Mexico. The water in Mexico is known for having parasites that locals have built up an immunity to that people not from that region often get very sick over. Epidemic outbreaks are a disease that attacks many peoples at about the same time and may spread through one or several communities. An example of this would be the bird flu or mad cow disease. The areas that are affected and many different government agencies act with notifications and action plans to bring it under control. Pandemic would be something that spreads worldwide. Our ability to travel has brought this to the forefront of the governments and disease control PUB 540 Principles of epidemiology Topic 1 DQ 1. The ability to work with other countries and knowing who is going where allows the population to be safe from a disease making itself present so quickly because of the people transporting the issues with them. Bed bugs would be an example of this.

     

    Prevention
    :

    Primary Prevention – When you are trying to prevent yourself from getting a disease. An example of this is sunscreen to prevent skin cancer

     

    Secondary Prevention – This would be having a doctor give you an once over and check your skins condition to see if you have skin cancer and if you do be able to treat it as early as possible.

     

    Tertiary Prevention – Is needed once something like skin cancer has happen and is now part of your life. The person learns to best adapt to the situation and learns the rules of living with such a situation.

     

    World Health Organization. (2019). Dengue and severe dengue. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue PUB 540 Principles of epidemiology Topic 1 DQ 1

  • PUB 540 Principles of epidemiology Topic 1 DQ 2

    PUB 540 Principles of epidemiology Topic 1 DQ 2

    Discuss the role the CDC’s 
    Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
     (MMWR) plays in conveying public health information and recommendations. Describe the type of data and information provided by the 
    MMWR
    . Choose a report posted within the last 2 years from the “Publications – Weekly Report” tab. Provide a brief summary of the disease report, including the natural history and mode of transmission, and whether the report is an example of descriptive epidemiology or analytical epidemiology.

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    Topic One, discussion question 2:

    This assignment was to review the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR). The MMWR is created and distributed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). It is said to be the “voice of the CDC,” and the main chancel for scientific publication that is accurate, objective, and reliable for public health information and the recommendations of the CDC (CDC, 2018). PUB 540 Principles of epidemiology Topic 1 DQ 2

    The MMR has different types of data and information published such as (CDC, 2018):

    Recommendations and Reports

    Which are articles that supply policy statements for prevention and treatment

    Surveillance Summaries

    Analyzes data from to find trends and or patterns

    Supplements

    As indicated this data is historical events or information, proceedings from conferences, etc. that can was formed from the MMWR Recommendations and Reports or Surveillance Summary.

    The second part of this assignment was to pick a publication from the weekly report to review. I have selected the January 3, 2020 article, Characteristics of patients experiencing rehospitalization or death after hospital discharge in a nationwide outbreak of e-cigarette, or vaping, product use – associated lung injury – United States, 2019.

    The center of diseases controls and prevention as well as the food and drug administration, public health departments at the state and local levels have been investigating the growth and negative effects of e-cigarettes and vaping as it is associated with lung injuries (Mikosz, et al. 2019).  PUB 540 Principles of epidemiology Topic 1 DQ 2

    One of the main areas with this article is the understanding that at least 25 percent of those re-hospitalized and deaths occur within two days after discharge. Due to this there needs to be a review of the current discharge process and review ways to improve the process, such as a follow-up within 48 hours after hospital discharge, especially those with a chronic condition e.g., diabetes, leads to higher morbidity and mortality (Mikosz, et al. 2019).

    The CDC has confirmed as of December 10, 2019 that 52 individuals have died from lung injuries associated with these products (Mikosz, et al. 2019). The CDC has developed a special task force to look at data collected from state health departments as well as hospitalization reports to find areas of opportunity to understand more about the products (Mikosz, et al. 2019). PUB 540 Principles of epidemiology Topic 1 DQ 2

    This report is an example of Descriptive epidemiology as it provides a way of organizing and analyzing data on e-cigarettes and vaping in order to understand the lung injuries occurring and how it impacts different individuals based on their unique characteristics (Descriptive Epidemiology n.d.).

    References:

    Boston University School of Public Health (n.d.) Descriptive epidemiology. Retrieved from http://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPHModules/EP/EP713_DescriptiveEpi/EP713_DescriptiveEpi_print.html.

    Center of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2018). Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Retrieved from 
    https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/author_guide_rrss.html

    Mikosz, C., Danielson, M., Anderson, K., et al. (2019). Characteristics of patients experiencing rehospitalization or death after hospital discharge in a nationwide outbreak of e-cigarette, or vaping, product use–associated lung injury — United States, 2019. 
    MMWR and Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (68)
    1183-1188. DOI: 
    http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm685152e1external icon

     

    Re: Topic 1 DQ 2

    The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) is a weekly published report by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). It is the main vehicle for publishing public health information and recommendations that have been received by the CDC from state health departments. It contains in-depth articles that relay policy statements for prevention and treatment on all areas in CDC’s scope of responsibility. MMWR delivers useful information to readers in the public health community, private clinicians, researchers, educators, students, and news media. Reports are based on science (especially epidemiology) or on public health policy or practice. Recommendations contained within reports must be acceptable to the CDC (CDC, 2019) PUB 540 Principles of epidemiology Topic 1 DQ 2

    On December 20
    th
    , 2019, the CDC published an article on Driving Under the Influence of Marijuana and Illicit Drugs Among Persons Aged ≥16 Years. In the United States, driving while impaired is illegal. Nonetheless, an estimated 10,511 alcohol-impaired driving deaths occurred in 2018. The contribution of marijuana and other illicit drugs to these and other impaired driving deaths remains unknown. Data from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration’s National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) indicated that in the United States during 2014, 12.4% of all persons aged 16–25 years reported driving under the influence of alcohol, and 3.2% reported driving under the influence of marijuana. The impairing effects of alcohol are well established, but less is known about the effects of illicit substances or other psychoactive drugs (e.g., marijuana, cocaine, methamphetamines, and opioids, including heroin). This report provides the most recent national estimates of self-reported driving under the influence of marijuana and illicit drugs among persons aged ≥16 years, using 2018 public-use data from NSDUH (Azofeifa et al., 2019).

    Since descriptive epidemiology is described as the identification of disease patterns among cases and in populations by time, place and person (CDC, 2012), the above MMWR article would be an example of descriptive epidemiology. PUB 540 Principles of epidemiology Topic 1 DQ 2

     

    References:

    Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (
    MMWR
    ) Weekly. Retrieved from

    https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/author_guide.html

     

    Azofeifa, A., Rexach-Guzman, B., Hagemeyer, A., Rudd, R., and Sauber-Schatz, E. (2019). Driving Under the Influence of Marijuana and Illicit Drugs Among Persons Aged ≥16 Years — the United States, 2018. Retrieved from

    https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/mm6850a1.htm?s_cid=mm6850a1_w#

     

    Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012). Introduction to Epidemiology. Retrieved from

    https://www.cdc.gov/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson1/section7.html 
      PUB 540 Principles of epidemiology Topic 1 DQ 2

  • Benchmark – Epidemiologic Profile Assignment

    Benchmark – Epidemiologic Profile Assignment

    An epidemiologic profile is a summary of a significant public health issue, or issues, in your community, county, state, or country. An epidemiological profile helps to coordinate activities and policies from various agencies and organizations to improve health.

    Review the available data, reports, and documents for your locale. Assess how the methods of epidemiology (study designs, data collection, measures of association, etc.) are used to determine who needs what services, where the services are needed, and how those services should be delivered. Define your community as your city, metropolitan area, or county and write a 2,000-2,250 word epidemiological profile (word limit excludes references and title page).The profile can be a general profile that provides a landscape picture of several significant chronic and infectious diseases in your defined community, or it can be a specific profile that targets one health issue, such as diabetes, asthma, STDs, flu, heart disease, obesity, alcohol abuse, or other drug use. Include the following: Benchmark – Epidemiologic Profile Assignment.

    ORDER A CUSTOM-WRITTEN, PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HERE

    Executive Summary

    Describe the purpose of the epidemiologic profile and the health issue(s) it addresses. Discuss its importance to the community and how it will be utilized.

    Summarize the key findings from your review of available data, reports, and documents for the community.

    Introduction

    Describe the defined community and population using demographic and socio-economic information and data.

    Briefly describe the history and cultural background of the community.

    Explain any unique contextual information that pertains to the public health of the defined community.

    Describe any key public health projects, grants, or existing epidemiology-related working groups or committees in the community/county. Benchmark – Epidemiologic Profile Assignment

    Description of Available Data

    Identify at least two different data sources relevant to your profile. Discuss data from these sources and their relation to the issue or community.

    Discuss the methods used in the data collection process (data source and organization providing the data; how often the data are collected; data limitations including response rates, missing data, selection of participants, etc.). Potential data sources and databases might include the following depending on what is available for your community or county: Benchmark – Epidemiologic Profile Assignment

    Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data

    Youth risk behavioral survey

    Surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) program data

    CDC Wonder (multiple data sources)

    County health rankings data (multiple data sources)

    Alcohol-related disease impact data

    Demographic health survey data (international)

    Global school-based student health survey (international)

    Local evaluation reports from the department/ministry of health or other nonprofit organizations

    Interpretation of Results Regarding Key Health Issue

    Size and magnitude of the measures

    Trends and comparisons

    Economic costs

    Discussion of Problems and Strategies

    Discuss disparities, limitations, and gaps in the information available regarding the health issue(s).

    Describe potential public health strategies to address these gaps.

    Use graphs and tables where appropriate. Benchmark – Epidemiologic Profile Assignment

    Conclusion

    You are required to cite to at least five sources to complete this assignment. Sources should be published within the last 5 years and appropriate for the assignment criteria and public health content.

    General Requirements

    Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.

    This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion. Benchmark – Epidemiologic Profile Assignment

    You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Refer to the 
    LopesWrite Technical Support articles
     for assistance.

    Benchmark Information

    This benchmark assignment assesses the following programmatic competency:

    MPH

    2.1 Apply epidemiological methods to the breadth of settings and situations in public health practice.

    MSN Public Health Nursing

    6.2 Apply epidemiological methods to the breadth of settings and situations in public health practice. Benchmark – Epidemiologic Profile Assignment

  • Complimentary or Alternative (CAM) Therapy Essay

    Complimentary or Alternative (CAM) Therapy Essay

    Question 1

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    Herb Name

    Rationale

    Benefits

    Consequences

    Drug interaction

    Vasambu (Acorus calamus)

    Relieves gastric issues such as peptic ulcers by regulating digestive acids for easy digestion. It also eases counter-acidity and heartburn issues.

     

    Eases Indigestion, acid reflux and constipation

    Complimentary or Alternative (CAM) Therapy Essay

    Nausea and vomiting

    Interacts with Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) used in the management of depression, interacts with sedatives and can potentially lead to too much sleepiness, interacts with H2-blockers and proton-pump inhibitors causing hyperacidity which reduces the effectiveness of antacids (Tachjian, Maria & Jahangir, 2010)

    Yohimbine(
    Pausinystalia johimbe
    )

    Increases blood pressure, levels of epinephrine, the heart rate and central sympathetic outflow.

    Anxiety, depression, erectile dysfunction (impotence), dry mouth and exhaustion.

     

    Paralysis, difficulty breathing, sleeps difficulties, irritability, frequent urination, low blood pressure and death in high doses.

    Interacts with MAOIs, clonidine, Tricyclic antidepressants, antihypertensives, stimulants, naloxone, and phenothiazine’s.

    Gynura (
    Gynura procumbens
    )

    Reduces blood pressure and improves microcirculation by inhibiting  angiotensin-converting enzyme

    Lowers cholesterol, reduces hypertension, treats sinusitis, relives constipation

    Weight gain, hepatic toxicity
    ,
    jaundice and hepatomegaly, and hypotension when used in high doses(Tachjian, Maria & Jahangir, 2010).

    Can reduce the effectiveness of  antihypertensives

    Black cohosh(
    Actaea racemosa)

    Increases or decreases the effects of estrogen in some parts of the body as a selective estrogen receptor modulator

    Improves sleep patterns and mood and reduces hot flashes for menopausal women. Used in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome, acne, osteoporosis, and dysmenorrhea.

    Camping, stomach upsets, weight gain, rash and vaginal spotting/bleeding, hepato-toxicity, dark urine, and jaundice.

    Interacts with Atorvastatin and may cause damage to the liver and reduces the effectiveness of cisplatin.

    Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra)

    Reduces swelling, thin mucus secretions reduces cough and increase  the production of chemicals that promote ulcer healing

    Eczema, dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome and stomach ulcers.

    High blood pressure, low potassium, headaches, retention of sodium and water, decreased libido in men

    Increases the breakdown of warfarin hence reducing its effectiveness, reduces levels of potassium in the body which increases digoxin side effects, reduces the effectiveness of estrogen pills and furosemide (Tachjian, Maria & Jahangir, 2010).

    Aconite (
    Aconitum
    )

    Stimulates and causes paralysis of nerves that transmit pain signals causing pain relief.

    Joint pains, nerve pains, gout, inflammation, and wounds.

    Vomiting, nausea, palpitations, respiratory  complications and paralysis, hypotension and death

    Reduces the efficiency and effectiveness of antihypertensives.

    Echinacea
    (
    Echinacea purpurea)

    Stimulation of macrophages and other immune system cells resulting in their activation and cytokine release.

    Common cold, anxiety, gingivitis, herpes simplex virus, tonsillitis influenza and infection of the middle ear.

    Diarrhea, dry mouth, sleeping difficulties, muscle and joint aches, dermatitis, dyspnea tongue numbness, and dizziness.

    Increases the risk of liver toxicity when used together with statins and niacin, increases the absorption of midazolam in the body, and increases the QT interval when used together with amiodarone(Tachjian, Maria & Jahangir, 2010).

    Danshen(
    Salvia miltiorrhiza
    )

    Prevents clotting of blood and platelets through blood thinning. It also promotes vasodilation which improves circulation (Tachjian, Maria & Jahangir, 2010).

    Angina, coronary artery disease, venous thromboembolism, heart disease, liver cirrhosis, hyperlipidemia, stroke, and high blood pressure

    Increases the risk of bleeding among people with bleeding disorders, reduces blood pressure

    Increases digoxin side effects, slow the clotting of blood when used with anticoagulants increasing the risk of bleeding, prolongs the action duration of warfarin (Tachjian, Maria & Jahangir, 2010).

    Hawthorn(
    Crataegua monogyna
    )

    Increases blood supply to the heart through vasodilation and positive inotropic effects.

    Cerebral insufficiency, CHF, angina, and bradyarrhythmia

    Nausea, sweating, palpitations, agitation, headaches, fatigue and insomnia.

    Increases the dilation of the coronary artery with theophylline, sodium nitrate, epinephrine, and adenosine, and increases sleep induced by barbiturates(Tachjian, Maria & Jahangir, 2010)

    Saw Palmetto (
    Serenoa repens
    )

    Prevents the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone which is a more potent form of testosterone

    Benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH), androgenic hyperplasia, prostate cancer and  underactive bladder(Tachjian, Maria & Jahangir, 2010)

    Toxicity of the liver and pancreas

    Interacts with anticoagulants and can increase the risk of bleeding.

    Question 2

    Vitamin Name

    Rationale

    Benefits

    Consequences

    Complications and drug interaction

    Vitamin A

    Undergoes conversion in the retina, attaches to opsin in rhodopsin which triggers impulses to the brain that permit light perception (Ezzo, 2007).

    General healthy growth and development, healthy eyes, skin, and teeth

    Toxicity, nausea, irritability, anorexia, hair loss, blurred vision, and anemia

    Reduces the efficacy of doxycycline, warfarin, and neomycin

    Vitamin B1

    Thiamin is converted from the provitamin form to the active form and used for energy metabolism.

    Helps to maintain a healthy metabolism and normal appetite, digestion, and nerve function

    Urticaria, angioedema, anaphylaxis, cyanosis and warmth sensation

    Interacts with anti-seizure medications, chloramphenicol, and levodopa. And can result in significant renal impairment (Ezzo, 2007).

    Vitamin C

    Undergoes reversible oxidation in the body in an oxidation-reduction reaction to facilitate metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates, iron, respiration in cells and resistance to infections.

    Strengthens vascular blood vessels, increases elasticity of the skin, improves the absorption of iron and serves as an anti-oxidant (Ezzo, 2007).

    Vomiting, nausea, heartburn, trouble breathing and abdominal pains

    Limits the duration and intensity of action of coumarins.

    Complimentary or Alternative (CAM) Therapy Essay

    Vitamin D

    Vitamin D undergoes hydroxylation resulting in a primary active metabolite which binds to vitamin d receptors used in different regulatory roles (Ezzo, 2007).

    Strengthens bones

    Headaches, a metallic taste, loss of appetite, dry mouth, and fatigue

    Interacts with antacids which contain aluminum and increases its rate of absorption. Can lead to irregular heartbeats when it interacts with digoxin.

    Vitamin E

    Reacts with lipid radicals that are unstable to form stable lipids and vitamin E radicals which are then converted back to stable vit E.

    Improves  the circulation of blood and safeguards the body from free radicals

    Hemorrhagic stroke, bleeding, easy bruising, stomach cramps, and blurred vision.

    Increases the rate of absorption of cyclosporines. Increases the risk of bleeding and bruising when taken along with warfarin.

    Vitamin K

    Converts coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X  to their active forms to promote blood coagulation(Ezzo, 2007).

    Improves the blood coagulation process

    Palpitations, shortness of breath, sweating, pain and swelling at the site of injection

    Increases the risk of bleeding when taken with aspirin. Interacts with NSAIDs and Warfarin.

    Zinc

    Influences resistance to  epithelial apoptosis as an antioxidant

    Helps in building muscles and to maintain oxygen-rich blood

    fever, coughing, stomach pain, fatigue

    Reduces the efficacy and absorption of quinolones and tetracyclines (Ezzo, 2007).  .

    Calcium

     

    Promotes strong and healthy bones and teeth

    Complimentary or Alternative (CAM) Therapy Essay

     

    Iron

    Combines with chains of globin and porphyrin for hemoglobin formation which is essential for carrying oxygen (Ezzo, 2007).

    Promotes the body’s immunity, growth and development, and fertility.

    Abdominal upsets abdominal pains, constipation, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting.

    Reduces the efficacy and absorption of quinolones and tetracyclines.

    Question 3

    Acupuncture is a form of complementary therapy whose origin was based on traditional Chinese medicine with principles that are closely linked to Taoism and Confucianism. Among most of the commonly existing complementary medicines, acupuncture is widely used in Asian countries and the West as it has demonstrated to be highly efficacious in the management of various conditions. It is a technique that involves the stimulating particular points on the body through the insertion of thin needles on the skin. The stimulation from acupuncture is believed to influence inflammatory markers and induce changes in the hormone levels (Jishun & Mittelman, 2014). It has demonstrated to have numerous benefits in treating  low back pains, rheumatoid arthritis, migraine, osteoarthritis, migraine, and  post-operative vomiting and nausea,

    Among patients suffering from migraine headaches, acupuncture reduces the intensity and frequency of headaches to the extent that patients may not require the use of prophylactic treatment. Among patients who have just undergone surgery, acupuncture is not only an effective antiemetic but also reduces pain and the need for opioids post-surgery. These effects have been linked to the P6 acupoint on the wrist and the release of endorphins respectively (Chou & Chu, 2018). Ultimately, this also helps to reduce the side-effects of opioids post-surgery which negatively impacts the process of patient recovery from surgery.

    Scientific research reveals that even when used alone or when combined with other forms of treatment, acupuncture has significant benefits in clinical rheumatoid arthritis. In a study that was conducted by Chou & Chu (2018), it was established that acupuncture has no significant side effects on individuals suffering from RA. Instead, it promotes functioning capacity and the quality of life. Its mechanisms were attributed to an antioxidative and anti-inflammatory outcomes and regulating the functioning of the immune system.

    Question 4

               
    A commonly prescribed supplement by medical professionals in practice is calcium. Calcium supplements are highly recommended to prevent the deterioration of bone density and bone strength in people who may be at high risk of inadequate dietary calcium intake or osteoporosis irrespective of age. Osteoporosis has however been identified to be a common occurrence among post-menopausal women (Reid, Bristow & Bolland, 2015). Some of the factors which increase the risk of post-menopausal women to osteoporosis include lack of physical exercise, excessive weight, and low estrogen levels. Calcium performs the following roles in the body: regulating impulse transmission, regulating the secretion of hormones, maintaining basic life activities, the skeleton and vascular activities (Reid, Bristow & Bolland, 2015).

    The mode of action of calcium supplements is highly dependent on adequate amounts of total calcium levels in the body. Calcium primarily exists in the skeleton as hydroxyapatite, calcium carbonate, and amorphous calcium phosphate. Calcium which exists in the bones constantly exchanges with plasma calcium and this helps to maintain a balance of calcium levels (Reid, Bristow & Bolland, 2015). A slight disturbance in this balance to fulfill the body’s needs often results in depletion of calcium in bones. Potential concerns with patients taking calcium supplements are: constipation, rebound acidity and hypercalcemia. Overdosing/hypercalcemia can result in confusion, nausea, and vomiting among other neurological issues and manage through rigorous rehydration (Reid, Bristow & Bolland, 2015). Complimentary or Alternative (CAM) Therapy Essay

     

    References

    Chou, P. C., & Chu, H. Y. (2018). Clinical Efficacy of Acupuncture on rheumatoid arthritis and associated mechanisms: a systemic review. 
    Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
    , 
    2018
    .

    Ezzo, D. C. (2007). Drug interactions with vitamins and minerals. 
    US Pharm
    , 
    1
    , 42-55.

    Jishun, J., & Mittelman, M. (2014). Acupuncture: past, present, and future.

    Reid, I. R., Bristow, S. M., & Bolland, M. J. (2015). Calcium supplements: benefits and risks. 
    Journal of internal medicine
    , 
    278
    (4), 354-368.

    Tachjian, A., Maria, V., & Jahangir, A. (2010). Use of herbal products and potential interactions in patients with cardiovascular diseases. 
    Journal of the American College of Cardiology
    , 
    55
    (6), 515-525. Complimentary or Alternative (CAM) Therapy Essay

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    Complimentary or Alternative (CAM) Therapy Essay Assignment:

    Write a 1200-1500 word APA formatted essay with three sources of support, addressing all of the following topics:

    Compile a list of at least 10 herbal medications you have seen patients taking in your practice. Discuss the rationale for taking each medication, possible benefits and consequences of taking it, and drugs that it may interact with. This question can be completed as a grid or an essay.

    Compile a list of at least 10 vitamins and minerals, including the rationale for taking each medication and benefits and consequences of taking it. Also list any potential complications and drug interactions. This question can be completed as a grid or an essay.

    Choose one type of complementary or alternative (CAM) therapy and discuss its benefits in preventing and treating disease. Discuss how the use of this CAM therapy can reduce the need for medications. Research this therapy on ProQuest or another scholarly database.  What does the research demonstrate regarding its efficacy?

    Choose one nutritional supplement you see commonly prescribed or recommended by medical professionals in your practice.  Discuss the reasons why this supplement is recommended and its method of action. What concerns should you have regarding a patient taking this supplement? Could the patient overdose and if so what are the consequences and treatment? Complimentary or Alternative (CAM) Therapy Essay

  • Case Study or Share an Experience – End of Life Care- A Related Experience

    Case Study or Share an Experience – End of Life Care- A Related Experience

    Stephanie was a 65 year old who was enrolled to hospice after a difficult and prolonged admission in hospital. She had spent most of her time in the rural areas managing rural property and race horses. At first, Stephanie was admitted in a NSW hospital secondary to a basal cell carcinoma, which had spread, to the brain tissue despite surgical intervention. This was followed by a long duration in the ICU where she experienced seizures and was intubated. She was later discharged following successful management with anti-convulsants and intubation. Unfortunately, she thereafter developed a deep intracranial infection as a secondary complication from the surgery whose chances of resolving were minimal.

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    As the health status of Stephanie deteriorated, Stephanie’s sister requested to consult on palliative care. Since she had become unresponsive to treatment, it was unanimously decided that she was to be referred to the hospice center for end-of life care. Stephanie had a number of symptoms which significantly contributed to a deteriorating health status. The most serious symptoms were that of a hyperactive delirium, on and off headaches and seizures. Severally, Stephanie’s seizure, depression, anxiety and seizure medications were revised. Although she became very weak, symptomatic and largely dependent, she stabilized. Case Study or Share an Experience – End of Life Care- A Related Experience.

    Stephanie’s family  was her  power of attorney and   were precise that she was not to receive further interventions that would burden her such as being transferred to another facility, cannulation, resuscitation  and surgical interventions (Chan, Webster & Bowers, 2016). Her preferred place of death was hospice. Nursing care for this patient involved: continuous management of her mobility which was worsening and issues related to a high fall risk. Regularly, her mobility was reviewed by the hospitals occupational therapist and physiotherapist. Stephanie also had issues with the integrity of her skin and continence. This needed some modification in her care needs as her health status continued to deteriorate. Since the wound on her scalp was purulent and foul-smelling, her care needs had to include wound care and aesthetic matters. Since she was confused most of the time, she severally attempted to remove the dressing. Therefore, in order to suit her needs, nursing care utilized a variety of head gears.

    As her condition improved, in collaboration with the senior nursing staff and the clinical nursing counselor, we became more actively involved in her care for it to be effective such as by genuinely desiring to link with Stephanie’s love for dogs and horses. It was undeniable that Stephanie had a lot of sense of humor which made it easy and possible to positively connect with her. In order to ensure that staff had clinical and emotional support regarding her care, several education sessions were held. Despite the fact that most staff were surprised on how her condition had generally stabilized, others were concerned that a short-term special unit was not the most appropriate strategy for her in the long term.

    As recommended by Kisorio & Langley (2016), Stephanie’s care revolved in the entire nursing team for the purpose of ensuring that staff not only cared for their own health but also upheld a positive and compassionate outlook on her overall health status. A pastoral team was also contacted which provided her with the audience to discuss all her fears and other stressing issues. The hospitals social worker, who was also a highly trained counselor spent time with both the family and Stephanie discussing complex issues. After quite a long period of stability, Stephanie eventually deteriorated. Her end-of-life care was immediately initiated six days before a peaceful death in hospice. In the moths that preceded, Stephanie had developed a lot of trust in the staff working in the hospice while her friends and family came to terms that she would die in the long run. Whenever they could, the often visited and when she finally died, everyone was happy to go console and comfort Stephanie. Our mission as the care team was to ensure that Stephanie smiled which she actually did. Case Study or Share an Experience – End of Life Care- A Related Experience

    References

    Chan, R. J., Webster, J., & Bowers, A. (2016). End‐of‐life care pathways for improving outcomes in caring for the dying. 
    Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
    , (2).

    Kisorio, L. C., & Langley, G. C. (2016). Intensive care nurses’ experiences of end-of-life care. 
    Intensive and Critical Care Nursing
    , 
    33
    , 30-38.

     

     

    Week 8: Case Study or Share an Experience (graded)

    Purpose

    This week’s graded topics relate to the following Course Outcome (CO).

    CO 2 – Recognize the influence that developmental stages have on physical, psychosocial, cultural, and spiritual functioning. (PO #1)

    The Assignment

    This week you have two options for your initial discussion post. Select the option that is best for you! Please remember to use and credit the lesson or required NIH website (there was not a textbook reading this week), AND one outside scholarly source.

    Option #1 – Case Study to Consider

    Ann and Michael have been married for 55 years. Ann is 80 years-old, and suffers from lung cancer and advanced Alzheimer’s disease. She currently resides in a nursing home, and often does not recognize Michael when he visits. Last night she was admitted to the hospital with difficulty breathing. Today, you are the nurse caring for Ann, and her physician is suggesting surgery to remove part of her lung to potentially slow the progression of her cancer. Michael is feeling unsure about this course of treatment, and asks for your advice and guidance. Case Study or Share an Experience – End of Life Care- A Related Experience.

    How would you respond to Michael and serve as advocate for your patient?

    Option #2 – Share a Related Experience

    Share with your classmates a time when you cared for a patient at the end of their life. This may be a time when you assisted the patient (or their support system) with decisions related to end of life care; or a time when you were present for the death of a patient.

    What were your observations related to this experience? Do you believe it was a peaceful death? What went well? Can you think of anything that could have made the experience better for the patient and/or family?

    Grading

    **To see view the grading criteria/rubric, please click on the 3 dots in the box at the end of the solid gray bar above the discussion board title and then Show Rubric. Case Study or Share an Experience – End of Life Care- A Related Experience