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Challenges of employee recruitment and retention of health care professionals

Challenges of employee recruitment and retention of health care professionals: As an administrator, address the challenges of employee recruitment and retention of health care professionals. Additional subtopics may include trends in the nursing workforce, shortage of primary care physicians, staff turnover, retention, and staffing patterns Challenges of employee recruitment and retention of health care professionals

Challenges of employee recruitment and retention of health care professionals

For this assignment, focus on a specific contemporary trend in health care and be sure to include all of the following influences:

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Changes in client characteristics

Regulation of the health care industry

Reimbursement patterns and mandates

Restructuring of health care organizations

Challenges of employee recruitment and retention of health care professionals

Impact of technology

Ongoing social and ethical factors

Address the information above as it pertains to your selected topic, in an 
eight to ten slide
 (excluding title and reference slides) PowerPoint presentation.  Must be an 
original work.

Your presentation should conclude with a summary describing the following concerns:

Overall, why should health care managers be aware of this change and trend?

What impact does this trend have on the stakeholder groups involved (e.g., patients, providers, administrators, third-party payers, legislators, etc.) for a specific organization specified (e.g., for profit, nonprofit, hospital, outpatient clinic, nursing home, etc.). Challenges of employee recruitment and retention of health care professionals.

The information in this presentation will later be used as part of your Senior Project to set the context for the audience you select for a training program on the contemporary trend identified here.

Your Challenges of employee recruitment and retention of health care professionals presentation must include detailed speaker’s notes (i.e., at least 150 words) for each slide as well as a minimum of one to two scholarly sources from the Ashford University Library and one to two current, scholarly web sources.

Challenges of employee recruitment and retention of health care professionals

Your presentation, and any citations used, must be in APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center. Examples of scholarly web sources are available in this week’s recommended websites. These sources will also count toward the required sources for your Senior Project. Your presentation must be engaging and relevant to your audience. Lines of text on a slide will not be sufficient for this assignment. It should contain images, graphics, and/or multimedia that communicate your training program clearly to your Challenges of employee recruitment and retention of health care professionals audience.

Trends that influence health care Essay

Trends that influence health care: What trends do you anticipate influencing health care or nursing curriculum content and structure in higher education in the next decade? What impact do you anticipate these trends will have on the role of the academic educator? Support your answer with a textbook or journal source

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What do you believe the curricular emphasis should be in health care or nursing education in the higher education setting? Why? Support your answer with a textbook or journal article. Trends that influence health care Essay.

Healthcare Finance Essay

Healthcare Finance: For the project we must decide on what department we will be discussing… Any ideas? My suggestion is nursing department In a nursing home of two floors and 40 beds on each floor…

Your team of employees and you are working on a big project for the hospital’s chief financial officer (CFO). Together, you will develop a system to justify the full-time employees of the laboratory department.

Address the following:

• Decide how many hours during the week the department must be staffed to fully operate.

• Calculate, using one of the FTE formulas to justify, how many full-time employees are necessary. Assume that the full-time employees will work five 8-hour shifts Healthcare Finance Essay. The minimum amount of employees per shift is: 1 pathologist, 2 laboratory technologists, and 1 front office person.

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• Provide details as to the services the laboratory offers and the revenue it can generate for the hospital to help the CFO put this information into perspective.

• Provide a cost analysis of the day-to-day operation expenses of the department.

• Analyze cost using the cost classifications of direct versus indirect and flexible/variable/semivariable.

Combine the information into a PowerPoint slide presentation to present to the hospital CFO. Make the slides informational and also visually appealing. For more information on creating PowerPoint Presentations, please visit the PowerPoint Lab Healthcare Finance Essay.

Individual Portion OF Healthcare Finance:

As an individual, you will need to contribute to your team in an effective manner. You will be graded on your individual contribution and also your group’s end product as well. For your individual portion, focus on the department your group has decided to address, and begin calculating the number of hours you feel the department needs to operate and how you would figure out how many full-time employees are necessary to achieve that level of operation. After doing so, start identifying costs that the department may incur as a result of normal operation and identify the revenue it is also capable of bring in. Write a brief summary of your findings to turn in to the instructor, and also be sure to share your information with your group. Remember that as a group, your overall objective is to combine everyone’s information into one presentation for evaluation Healthcare Finance Essay.

Please add your file.

Group Portion:

Once each group member has completed his or her own individual portion, share information and begin analyzing the information. Come together as a group to address the following questions listed in the project details:

• Decide how many hours during the week the department must be staffed to fully operate.

• Calculate, using one of the FTE formulas to justify, how many full-time employees are necessary.

• Provide details as to the services this department offers and the revenue it can generate for the hospital. Healthcare Finance Essay.

• Provide a cost analysis of the day-to-day operation expenses of the department. Analyze cost using the cost classifications of direct versus indirect and flexible/variable/semivariable.

Remember that this is a collaborative effort in which every group member should have input into the final project. The project should be formatted as a PowerPoint presentation of 5–10 slides in length Healthcare Finance Essay

SC160 Basic Biology Essay Assignment.

DNA is labeled as the genetic blueprint of life, simply because it contains the instructions that govern the development of an organism. DNA is made up of something called repetitive DNA, which is of particular use in forensic DNA analysis. Inside this region of DNA are unique repeating patterns that can be used to differentiate one person from another. These patterns are known as short-tandem repeats (STRs), they can be measured to define the DNA profile of an individual. One example of how DNA is used within forensic science is if a person touched an object or weapon, skin cells may have been left behind. SC160 Basic Biology Essay Assignment. This low-level DNA is sometimes referred to as “touch DNA”, low-level DNA samples are helpful when examining an object where retrieving a fingerprint would be difficult. Another example is liquid blood or blood stains that can be collected from a crime scene; forensic scientist can used the DNA from the blood samples to determine who blood is it to help solve a case. Forensic scientist can also collect and analyze DNA from hair samples that could be left behind or near a crime scene SC160 Basic Biology Essay Assignment. These small DNA samples are very helpful to forensic scientist in connecting missing pieces.

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Population evolution is defined by the changes a population experience over time. These changes can affect all organisms within a population whether they are single microorganisms or multicellular organism. Over time, species that are more habitable for a specific environment survive while the weaker ones will die. This process of evolution creates species that will produce off springs that will be adapted to their environment; this growth is caused from natural selection. Charles Darwin was the first to explain natural selection. Microbial life first started billions of years ago, first with the prokaryotes and later on the eukaryotes. Microorganisms are microscopic organism that cannot be seen with the naked eye but these organisms makes up life on earth as we know it today, all living things on earth is made up from microorganisms. SC160 Basic Biology Essay Assignment One example of microevolution is colonial forms, this process allow unicellular protists to stick together as loose federations of independent cells. This transition creates true multicellular organism. Another example is the Flinch bird found on the Galapagos Island, these birds are found elsewhere throughout the world but the ones on the island had larger beaks because of the natural selection to their environment. Another example is the evolution of pesticide resistant insects. Some insects have developed antibiotic-resistant bacteria because of natural selection, these insects have a resistance to the pesticides that are used kill them and the pass this gene to offspring SC160 Basic Biology Essay Assignment.

Biological diversity evolution comprises all the millions of different species that live on planet Earth, as well as the genetic differences within species Biodiversity has a key role in maintaining healthy ecosystems and thereby sustaining ecosystem services to the ever-growing human population. It also refers to the multitude of different ecosystems in which species form unique communities, interacting with one another. SC160 Basic Biology Essay Assignment. One example of biological diversity evolution is the North American garter snake which lives mainly in the water but its closely related species lives mainly on land this shows the biological diversity evolution on close related species that have evolve differently. Another example is the wheat plant which is the world most cultivated plant, sexual selection in which females choose mates to reproduce based on color has contributed to biological diversity evolution. Another example is the breeding of the spotted skunks, the western spotted skunks breed in the fall while their closely relative that live in the east breeds late in the winter SC160 Basic Biology Essay Assignment.

Plant and animal evolution is defined as the process development of plants and animal. Plants have spread more successfully than animals. Most plants can survive for a long time as small seeds. Animals often have more specific requirements than plants. While the vast majority of plants are hermaphrodites (they have both male and female reproductive organs), most animals are unisexual. SC160 Basic Biology Essay Assignment. Most animals need certain plants or prey for food, so these must be present for them to survive. One example of plant evolution is the fern plant, because of evolution ferns developed vascular tissue and these tissues move nutrients throughout the plant and allow them to grow tall. Another example of animal evolution is the birds, the birds are reptiles that have evolve from a small lineage of a two legged dinosaur called the Theropods. Today birds are different from their ancestor because they have developed feathers to assist them during flight and have become toothless compared to their prehistoric ancestor. Another example is the evolution of primates to evolve into humans SC160 Basic Biology Essay Assignment. All humans can trace their origin to primates, through natural selection primates had developed characteristic to survive in their environment. Because of evolution humans have developed enlarge brains to function and an upright posture to walk.

Population growth is defined as the increase in number of individuals in a population. Population growth can be either positive or negative over time population growth can cause an imbalance between births and deaths. SC160 Basic Biology Essay Assignment. The human population has proven this statement because the human population is expected to increase for the next several decades. An example of population growth is found in bacterium, a single bacterium can divide every 20 minutes increasing its population. In 12 hours the bacteria can be in numbered in the billions. Another example is the population growth of trees, trees are mature in their growth so that means they would not populate as rapidly as other organism. Trees one matured can populate an area over time and contribute to that environment ecosystem. Another example is the human population; the human population is growing rapidly and is expected to continue growing for the upcoming years. Because of the ever growing human population there is a greater demand for the consumption and production of energy, food and goods SC160 Basic Biology Essay Assignment.

Biomes and ecosystem are unique; a biome is a major terrestrial or aquatic life zone, an ecosystem is the interactions between the living things and the nonliving things in a place. Biomes makes up most of the earths 75%, biomes are unique in that they contain ecosystems inside them. In an ecosystem, the plants, animals, and other organisms rely on each other and on the physical environment. An example of a biome and ecosystem is a lake, inside a lake in the photic zone microscopic algae known as phytoplankton, these organism are the food source for mainly all animals that inhabit the lake. SC160 Basic Biology Essay Assignment. Another example of biomes and ecosystem is the wetlands; these wetlands support the growth of aquatic plants and have a vast number of different species. Bird would use the wetlands as a resting stop during their migration period; other animals such as frogs use this environment as a nesting station for their eggs. Another example is the tropical rain forest. The tropical rain forest is unique in that it provides a habitat for many different kind of species from the monkeys inside the trees to vast numbers of different species of snakes to name a few. Tropical rainforest have many species of plants and trees that are food source and habitats for many animals that abide in that environment SC160 Basic Biology Essay Assignment.

 

References

(n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3353341/

(n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.wwf.org.au/our_work/saving_the_natural_world/what_is_biodiversity/

(n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/evolution-of-plants-and-animals/page-3

(n.d.). Retrieved from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_growth

(n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.prb.org/Publications/Lesson-Plans/HumanPopulation/PopulationGrowth.aspx

(n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/ecosystems.html

(n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/population-and-community-ecology-45/environmental-limits-to-population-growth-251/exponential-population-growth-929-12185/

Simon, E. J., Dickey, J., & Reece, J. B. (n.d.). Campbell essential biology.

 

DNA in forensic science:

                Taking samples of DNA and analyzing them to determine if they come from the same individual is known as DNA profiling. DNA profiling is used today in such things like investigating murders, paternity testing, victim identification and evolution research.  First, DNA samples are collected and isolated. Next, selected sequences from each DNA sample are copied many times (amplified) to produce a large sample of DNA fragments. Finally, the amplified DNA samples are compared to other samples. All together, these steps provide information about which samples came from the same person and which did not. SC160 Basic Biology Essay Assignment.

DNA testing has been used in the O.J. Simpson murder trial. In that case, the DNA analysis proved that the blood in Simpson’s car belonged to the victims and the blood at the crime scene belonged to Simpson. DNA profiling can be used to identify victims.  After the World Trade towers collapsed, tissue samples from the site were matched to DNA profiles from tissue known to be from the victims.  If no samples were available, blood samples from close relatives where used to confirm identity through near matches. DNA can also prove innocence.  As of 2011, more than 270 convicted criminals in 34 states have been exonerated. In over a third of those cases, DNA profiling has also identified the real perpetrators.

Population evolution and microbial life:

                Nearly all life on Earth depends on bacteria and other microbial life in one way or another as life evolved from microorganisms. Individual organisms do not evolve during their lifetimes. The evolutionary impact is only apparent in the changes in a population over time. This process takes many years and is done with the help of natural selection. Population evolution can be seen all over the world. SC160 Basic Biology Essay Assignment. An example of this would be groups of individuals that have adapted to their surroundings, like the Tibetans. This is a population that has adapted to living in high altitudes. Their respiratory and cardiovascular systems have adapted to maintain better oxygen saturation in order to survive high up in the Himalayas.

It is believed that life began with prokaryotes whose cells lack nuclei. Within the next billion years, two distinct groups of prokaryotes, bacteria and archaea, developed.  About 2.7 billion years ago, photosynthetic prokaryotes split water molecules and released oxygen gas into the atmosphere and profoundly changed the Earth’s atmosphere.  The accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere killed off many prokaryotic organisms. Among the survivors, a diversity of metabolic modes evolved, including cellular respiration. All this metabolic evolution occurred during the 2 billion years that prokaryotes had the earth to themselves.  Eukaryotic cells evolved from the prokaryotic community.  The mitochondria of our cells and those of every other eukaryote are descendants of those smaller prokaryotes, as are the chloroplasts of plants and algae.

Plant and animal evolution:

  The evolution of more complex cells launched a time of great diversification of eukaryotic forms. These new organisms were protists. Protists are mostly microscopic and unicellular. Examples would be algae, amoebas and paramecium. The greatest diversification of animals was the Cambrian explosion.  This colonization of land was a major milestone in the history of life. Plants and fungi together led the way about 500 million years ago. Plants transformed the landscape, creating new opportunities for all life forms. The evolutionary venture onto land included vertebrate animals in the form of the first amphibians.  Further evolution by natural selection led to reptiles and mammals. Among the mammals are the primates, which is the group that contains apes, monkeys and humans. SC160 Basic Biology Essay Assignment.

Population growth:

Populations size fluctuates depending on factors that affect the population. For individuals, populations may grow as people are born or decline as they move to another area or die. But there are also factors in nature that help regulate the population. A density dependent factor is a limiting factor whose intensity is related to the population density. An example of this is the competition for the same limited resources, like food or space. A density independent factor would be a population limiting factor whose intensity is unrelated to population density.  An example of this would be the effects of weather on species.  During ideal weather conditions, the population will flourish whereas under harsh weather conditions, the population will suffer a decline.

Biological diversity evolution:

It is no surprise that human civilization has had an impact on the evolution of biological diversity.  Everything from viruses to animals have been affected by man. One example of this can be seen in the evolution of bacteria that have become resistant to certain antibiotics. Penicillin antibiotics were among the first drugs to be effective against many bacterial infections though misuse has now made many types of bacteria resistant.  Another example would be the adaptation of animal species living and thriving amongst humans since the boom of the industrial age SC160 Basic Biology Essay Assignment.

Biomes and ecosystem:

A biome is a major terrestrial or aquatic life zone, characterized by vegetation type or the physical environment. Aquatic biomes, which occupy roughly 75% of the Earth’s surface, can be divided into two groups, freshwater biomes and marine biomes. Fresh water biomes typically have a salt concentration of less than 1% and fall into two broad groups; standing water, which includes lakes and ponds, and flowing water, which includes rivers and streams.  The difference in water movement results in differences in ecosystem structures.  Marine biomes consist of oceans, intertidal zones, coral reefs and estuaries and have a salt concentration of around 3%. A wetland is a transitional biome between an aquatic ecosystem and a terrestrial one.  The communities of plants, algae and animals are distributed according to the depth of water and distance from the shore. Terrestrial ecosystems are grouped into biomes primarily based upon vegetation type which largely depend on climate, with temperature and rainfall often being key factors.  Each biome is characterized by a type of biological community rather than a group of particular species.  Ecosystems are also influenced by human actions. The effects of global warming are disrupting the normal life cycles of some plants and animals.  An example of this is warmer temperatures affecting the rate of snow melting. The melting of the snow used to help provide water during the dry season, but with snow melting sooner, the dry season lasts longer which can have an impact on forest fires and thus creating even more damage to ecosystems SC160 Basic Biology Essay Assignment.

Public Health Functions and Services Essay Assignment

Introduction and Alignment

This assignment will review the historical context of public health as a discipline, including the foundational concepts of disease prevention, health protection, and health promotion and education of populations. Public Health Functions and Services Essay Assignment. As you read about the historical factors serving as an impetus for launching the public health system, parallels with current population health needs will be established. In addition, you will explore the core functions and essential services provided by the public health system in the United States.

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Upon completion of this assignment you should be able to:

•Discuss the core functions and essential services provided to populations through the public health system. Public Health Functions and Services Essay Assignment.

Functions and Services of Public Health Resources

•Textbook: Community as Partner: Theory and Practice in Nursing

•Textbook: Public Health Nursing: Population-centered Health Care in the Community

•Website: Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health (ASPPH)

Functions and Services of Public Health Background Information

Public health plays many important roles in your community. From food and water safety, air quality, and the prevention and control of communicable diseases, to the recording of birth and death certificates, surveillance of morbidity and mortality rates, and the inspections of restaurants, campgrounds, swimming pools, and daycare centers, the public health system touches the lives of every citizen in the United States. The core functions and essential services performed by public health professionals are numerous and varied, yet each are foundational to the health of the overall population. Public Health Functions and Services Essay Assignment.

In this assignment, you will review the historical aspects of public health practice in order to discern its role in promoting the health of populations today. Additionally, you will closely examine the core functions and essential services of public health and how they relate to current healthcare issues in the United States.

Functions and Services of Public Health Instructions

(Onsite Students: Complete Steps 1-3 in the instructions below. Come to class prepared to discuss points 4a-c.) Public Health Functions and Services Essay Assignment.

1.Review Chapters 1 and 2 in the textbook, Community as Partner, Theory, and Practice in Nursing.

2.Read Chapters 1 and 46, review Chapters, 2, 7, in the textbook, Public Health Nursing: Population-centered Health Care in the Community.

3.Visit the “What is Public Health” page at the ASPPH website (http://www.aspph.org/discover/) to learn more about the impact of public health, as well as integral public health resources within the United States. Note: This website includes a large amount of information on a wide variety of different topics. Tailor your reading on this website to relevant areas of personal interest.

4.Navigate to the threaded discussion and respond to the following: Public Health Functions and Services Essay Assignment.

a.Discuss the historical significance of public health, its beginnings, and where it is today. Why was public health originated, and how does this origin relate to the three core functions currently guiding public health practice today?

b.Research as many roles and settings as you can identify of the public health nurse today. A minimum of five roles/settings should be identified. Briefly explain what they would do in this role.

c.Based on your assigned readings, compare and contrast past public health issues with present public health issues. Specifically, discuss the similarities and differences which are evident.

d.Onsite cohorts come to class prepared to discuss 4 a-c.

5.Utilize a minimum of two current scholarly sources, correctly cited and referenced, to support your information. Public Health Functions and Services Essay Assignment.

SAmple Essay

In 1988, the Institute of Medicine made a report (IOM, 1988) on “The Future of Public Health” which basically changed the way public health was planned in the USA. The committee that was set up recommended in that report that health agencies for the state levels should intensify their managerial capabilities in three essential functional areas which are assessment, policy development and assurance. The rise in attention to managerial competence has gone with the rise in interest in tracking, quantifying and improving the assessment of health impact of government agencies in the USA, (Wang, 2002) in other countries that are developed (Kemm, 2000) and all over the world (Sim, and Mackie, 2003). In the United States of America, the effort got to a serious level when the “Healthy people 2000” was published and is growing continuously. Considerable progress has been achieved in relating specific goals for the improvement of the health of the population like the rate of screening cancer and immunization to specific managerial activities like the development of human resources through programs like the Turning Point Performance Management Collaborative (Public Health Foundation, 2002). On the other hand, these programs don’t deal with some holistic questions on public health (Kemm, 2000) like is it obligatory to be competent in all three functions, or is being proficient in one or two enough to attain improvement in health status that is above-average? Public Health Functions and Services Essay Assignment.

The Institute of Medicine conducts two national programs for children. This is geared towards the improvement of the building blocks of the children. The programs are School Breakfast Program (SBP) and the National School Lunch Program (NSLP). These programs play important parts in assisting the health and nutrition of school students in the United States by offering low-cost or free lunches that are balanced nutritionally each school day Public Health Functions and Services Essay Assignment. In 2008, the School Breakfast Program (SBP) gave breakfast to 10.5 million children while over 30.5 million children received lunch from the National School Lunch Program (NSLP). At present, to get compensation from federal, school meals must meet the 1995 established regulations for standards of nutrition and requirements for meal. In the years, developments have been made in dietary guidance since those guidelines were set up.

The way in which requirements for meal are monitored and implemented will ascertain whether students take part in SBP and NSLP and eat the food that is given to them. Vital strategies of implementation to promote modification and increase the participation of student in the program include involving the school as an entity, involving parents, students, and the public; educating the students on nutrition; and providing practical assistance. Public Health Functions and Services Essay Assignment. The involvement of industry will be relevant to the process of implementation which includes introducing attractive foods that are low in saturated fat and sodium and those that have a higher ratio of whole grain to refined grain. Additionally, current methods for monitoring will guide the efforts of implementation. The support recommended from the services of food and nutrition include;

Practical support for continuously developing and improving menus, placing orders for suitable foods and controlling the cost of these foods while upholding their quality.

New methods for supervising the quality of meals in the school that lay emphasis on meeting important regulations for diet.

Activities of public health have considerably improved the quality and length of life all over the world (Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, 1999). Public Health Functions and Services Essay Assignment. In certain, the decreased incidence and occurrence of infectious disease has been a major achievement of public health. On the other hand, the progress of the future will be more problematic to achieve and assessing the public agencies’ health impact will be more difficult. As stated by Jocelyn Elders, the former surgeon General of the United States, ‘public health is poorly understood-perhaps because when it is effective, nothing happens'(Elders, 1995). As there are a variation in the interventions and health impacts, the ability to identify the activities of a health agency that is directly contributing its quota to the progress is hard to ascertain and is always dependent on debate (Coyne and Hilsenrath, 2002). Public Health Functions and Services Essay Assignment. A set of three important functions as stated above has been developed by the Federal Government’s Institute of Medicine in the USA.

Not many studies have made attempt to measure the condition of public health practice in the USA as it is linked to the recommendation of the Institute of Medicine (IOM, 1988) regarding all three important functions. Out of eight studies that were initially conducted, four laid emphasis on department of local health (Handler and Turnock, 1996; Scutchfield et al., 1997) and the other four took an approach on state level (Halverson et al., 1996). Scott et al., 1990 were the first team to carry out a complete census based on the important functions of public health indicated by the Institute of Medicine. Seven years later, Scutchfield et al., (1997) repeated the survey done by Scott et al., (1990) and found that the number of agencies involved in assurance and assessment activities was in general, unchanged. Public Health Functions and Services Essay Assignment. On the other hand, the percentage of health agencies in the state level that are enthusiastically involved in policy development dropped from 72% to 49% within the same period. For policy development as it relates to particular issues, such as genetics and the prevention of disease (Piper et al., 2001), states displayed even decreased levels of activity. This means that in just about half of the states, the functions of a formal policy development were absent even on the basis of self-report. In the research on management, approaches bases on configuration are used to look at the relationship between performance, structure of the organization and decision making, and the strategic planning capabilities of organizations. Additionally, a positive connection between financial performance and systems configuration of strategic planning has been confirmed to exist objectively (Veliyath and Shortell, 1993). On the other hand, no researches to date have made attempt to distinguish configurations on non-monetary measures of success such as the outcomes of healthcare Public Health Functions and Services Essay Assignment.

The extremely essential feature of any configuration is defining the planned purpose of the organizations that are analyzed. From the perspective of public health, it is essential to assess the effects of the important functions on the measures of population health status. Consequently, analytically linking the planning models of agency to the assessment of public health impact is a natural addition of the methodology of configuration. Public Health Functions and Services Essay Assignment.

The department of health and human services in the US has recognized 10 leading health pointers and suggested that they should be used as measures of outcome because they “help everyone understand the importance of health promotion and disease prevention… developing strategies and action plans to address one or more of these indicators can have a profound effect on increasing the quality of life and eliminating health disparities” (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2000). The principal health indicators are

Physical activity

Obesity

Use of tobacco

Abuse of substance

Sexual behavior

Mental health

Violence and injury

Quality of the environment

Immunization and

Access to health care

Other researchers and organizations (Sutocky et al., 2000) have set up a directory of the health status of community using similar measures for example, since 1989, the group called the UnitedHealth has formed yearly reports that ranks the general state of health in all 50 states. The report gives a detailed view of the health trends of the population across the US. The marks are made to pull attention to vital measures that affects the health of the public. Additionally, arranging the items into a single variable permits an all inclusive comparison of general health progress with the important functions. Public Health Functions and Services Essay Assignment. Consequently, pinpointing relationships between the configuration of important functions and the improvement of the health of the population is a relevant addition to both research in public health and management.

Background

In recent years the use of Health Impact Assessment has been on the rise in the USA, energized by an increasing awareness among professionals of transportation, public health and planning that transportation planning and land use can have a considerable impact on the health of the public. Health Impact Assessment is an instrument to help decision makers and other planners better identify the health outcome of the decisions they make. Health Impact Assessment is described as “a combination of procedures, methods, and tools by which a policy, program, or project may be judged as to its potential effects on the health of a population, and the distribution of those effects within the population” (European Centre for Health Policy, 1999). Public Health Functions and Services Essay Assignment HIA have been broadly used in Europe and other places (Kemm, 2004), and procedures are the same in the United States and Europe. Furthermore, local examples are needed to increase the suitability of politics, to increase consciousness of their use round the country, to serve as examples for further Health Impact Assessment, to be used as models in United States based training course for Health Impact Assessment and to keep record that Health Impact Assessment applies in the settings of the U.S.

Lesser resources may be needed to organize new HIAs if researchers can pull the reviews of literature and methods from related Health Impact Assessments formally done in the United States, taking note of the variations in domestic environment and specifications of project and policy. For instance, the analysis of health impact based on U.S. of additional income from a living salary order (Bhatia and Katz, 2001; Cole et al., 2005) may be important as part of the effect of health analysis that is attributed to employment created by a new business development in the United States’ data on network between income and health from Europe will be not so applicable for such an analysis because of clashing economic, social and political conditions Public Health Functions and Services Essay Assignment.

An expert team in 2004 critically looked into the possibility for increased use of HIAs in the United States and made suggestions on the next steps that could improve the use of HIAs (Dannenberg, 2006). These steps includes carrying out experimental HIA projects, creating a database of Health Impact Assessment completed, beefing up the capacity to train people to carry out HIAs, developing motivation to increase the demands for Health Impact Assessments by those who make decisions and developing practical methods for predictions (Dannenberg, 2006)

Introduction and Alignment

This assignment will review the historical context of public health as a discipline, including the foundational concepts of disease prevention, health protection, and health promotion and education of populations. As you read about the historical factors serving as an impetus for launching the public health system, parallels with current population health needs will be established. In addition, you will explore the core functions and essential services provided by the public health system in the United States Public Health Functions and Services Essay Assignment.

Upon completion of this assignment you should be able to:

•Discuss the core functions and essential services provided to populations through the public health system.

Functions and Services of Public Health Resources

•Textbook: Community as Partner: Theory and Practice in Nursing

•Textbook: Public Health Nursing: Population-centered Health Care in the Community

•Website: Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health (ASPPH)

Functions and Services of Public Health Background Information

Public health plays many important roles in your community. From food and water safety, air quality, and the prevention and control of communicable diseases, to the recording of birth and death certificates, surveillance of morbidity and mortality rates, and the inspections of restaurants, campgrounds, swimming pools, and daycare centers, the public health system touches the lives of every citizen in the United States. Public Health Functions and Services Essay Assignment. The core functions and essential services performed by public health professionals are numerous and varied, yet each are foundational to the health of the overall population.

In this assignment, you will review the historical aspects of public health practice in order to discern its role in promoting the health of populations today. Additionally, you will closely examine the core functions and essential services of public health and how they relate to current healthcare issues in the United States. Public Health Functions and Services Essay Assignment.

Functions and Services of Public Health Instructions

(Onsite Students: Complete Steps 1-3 in the instructions below. Come to class prepared to discuss points 4a-c.)

1.Review Chapters 1 and 2 in the textbook, Community as Partner, Theory, and Practice in Nursing.

2.Read Chapters 1 and 46, review Chapters, 2, 7, in the textbook, Public Health Nursing: Population-centered Health Care in the Community.

3.Visit the “What is Public Health” page at the ASPPH website (http://www.aspph.org/discover/) to learn more about the impact of public health, as well as integral public health resources within the United States. Note: This website includes a large amount of information on a wide variety of different topics. Tailor your reading on this website to relevant areas of personal interest.

4.Navigate to the threaded discussion and respond to the following:

a.Discuss the historical significance of public health, its beginnings, and where it is today. Why was public health originated, and how does this origin relate to the three core functions currently guiding public health practice today?

b.Research as many roles and settings as you can identify of the public health nurse today. A minimum of five roles/settings should be identified. Briefly explain what they would do in this role.

c.Based on your assigned readings, compare and contrast past public health issues with present public health issues Public Health Functions and Services Essay Assignment. Specifically, discuss the similarities and differences which are evident.

d.Onsite cohorts come to class prepared to discuss 4 a-c.

5.Utilize a minimum of two current scholarly sources, correctly cited and referenced, to support your information. Public Health Functions and Services Essay Assignment.

Ethical Issues and Moral Distress in Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing Essay

Assignment Practicum: Week 1 Journal Entry – Analyzing an Ethical Decision

Read the attached Article entitled “Ethical Issues and Moral Distress in Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing”

Write a 2-page paper
 in which you do the following:

Summarize the moral/ethical issue in the article (no more than 1 paragraph).

Describe the moral and ethical dilemmas surrounding the issue.

Analyze the ethical issue and compare them to the state of Texas health laws and regulations.

Outline the process of ethical decision making you would use to address this ethical dilemma.

Ethical Issues and Moral Distress in Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing Essay

Assignment Practicum: Week 1 Journal Entry – Analyzing an Ethical Decision

Review Article 227

http://www.jhealthres.org J Health Res  vol.29 no.3 June 2015

ETHICAL ISSUES AND MORAL DISTRESS

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IN PSYCHIATRIC AND MENTAL HEALTH NURSING:

A LITERATURE REVIEW

Ratchaneekorn Kertchok*

Faculty of Nursing, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand

ABSTRACT:

This review focuses on ethical issues in psychiatric and mental health nursing and moral distress that occurs with psychiatric nurses. Literature published between 2000 and 2014 was identified using the PubMed, CINAHL, ScienceDirect, and by hand search in the library before being analyzed under themes related to ethical issues and moral distress in psychiatric and mental health nursing. Ethical Issues and Moral Distress in Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing Essay. A summary of the existing literature related to challenges in psychiatric mental health nursing practiced; ethical issues in psychiatric and mental health nursing; moral distress, its definition, associated situations and consequences, and moral distress literature; and the findings need to be shared to increase awareness of the moral distress experienced in psychiatric and mental health nursing. However, the related literature does not address support strategies to help reduce moral stress. There is a growing need to better understand moral distress in psychiatric mental health nursing in order to identify ways to support encountered situations Ethical Issues and Moral Distress in Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing Essay.

Keywords: Moral distress, Mental health, Nursing, Ethical issue

DOI: 10.14456/jhr.2015.10 Received: August 2014; Accepted: December 2014

INTRODUCTION

Mental illness is a significant problem across countries and worldwide. People with mental illness

need to be treated and rehabbed by mental health professionals. It can be a challenge for these

practitioners when providing care for people with mental illness. Mental illness is defined as

“A diagnosable mental disorder that affects thinking, mood, behaviors, relationships

with others, and ability to function”, (p 503)[1] .

Psychiatric nurses are a group of mental health professionals who take actively important roles in

providing care for people with mental illness [2]. Psychiatric nurses uphold nursing regulations/

codes, ethics, and institutional rules that guide them in providing care for clients. They also need to work with multidisciplinary teams when caring for clients to achieve optimal health and well-being [3].  Ethical Issues and Moral Distress in Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing Essay.

 

In the real world of psychiatric nursing practice, however, psychiatric nurses have to confront

complex situations when caring for patients with severe mental illness at all stages (acute, sub-acute, and rehabilitation phase). They also have to deal with families who are suffering as they care for their ill family members [1, 3, 4]. In addition, they must often work under internal and external

constraints. Consequently, psychiatric nurses may

experience moral distress caused by caring for

people with mental illness and helping their

families. This article aims to share the descriptions

of psychiatric and mental health nursing practice and

moral distress. Ethical Issues and Moral Distress in Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing Essay

SEARCH METHODS

Qualitative and quantitative studies and

relevant literature were identified using the PubMed,

CINAHL, ScienceDirect, and by hand search in the

library. Key words that were used to search the

literature are moral distress, ethical issue, moral

dilemma, ethical problems, moral difficulties, moral

stress and psychiatric nursing. The studies that

related to ethical problems and moral distress in

Cite this article as: Kertchok R. Ethical issues and moral distress in psychiatric and mental health nursing: a

literature review. J Health Res. 2015; 29(3): 227-34.

mailto:rkertchok@yahoo.com Ethical Issues and Moral Distress in Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing Essay

228

J Health Res  vol.29 no.3 June 2015 http://www.jhealthres.org

Table 1 Number of studies for review

Category Studies in total Studies that met

criteria

1. Challenges in psychiatric and mental health nursing (Key

words: Psychiatric nursing, mental health nursing practice,

and challenge in mental health)

7,207 350

2. Ethical issues in psychiatric and mental health nursing (Key

words: Ethical problem, ethical difficulty, ethical issues, and

psychiatric nursing)Assignment Practicum: Week 1 Journal Entry – Analyzing an Ethical Decision

2.1 Compulsory treatment Ethical Issues and Moral Distress in Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing Essay

2.2 Institute constrains

2.3 Dealing with family’s need

2.4 Power imbalances among healthcare providers

2.5 Perceived inability to maintain safety

2.6 Conflict with patient’s needs

2.7 Lack of evidence based treatment

2.8 Time limitation

364 129

3. Moral distress (Key words: Moral distress, psychiatric nursing,

moral stress, moral value, and moral conflict)

3.1 Situations associated with moral distress

3.2 Consequences of Moral Ethical Issues and Moral Distress in Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing Essay

3.3 Distress

3.4 Experiencing moral distress in psychiatric and mental

health nursing

1,827 57

nursing practice, including psychiatric and mental

health nursing practice, were selected in order to

analyze themes related to ethical issues and moral

distress. The search was limited to material

published from 2000 to 2014. The exception to this

is the inclusion of four articles presenting classic

ideas and concepts on psychiatric and mental health

nursing and ethics. The articles obtained in full text

were selected. Inclusion criteria of the studies for the

review include: 1) studies were required to apply a Ethical Issues and Moral Distress in Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing Essay

qualitative or quantitative design; 2) studies were

required to explain addressing of ethical issues in

psychiatric and mental health nursing; 3) studies had

investigated mental health nurses’ experience of

moral distress; 4) studies had to be presented in

English. Assignment Practicum: Week 1 Journal Entry – Analyzing an Ethical Decision

FINDINGS

In total, 536 articles that met the criteria were

selected for review. The findings were organized

into three major categories and eleven sub-

categories. These categories and sub-categories are

presented in Table 1.

CHALLENGES IN PSYCHIATRIC AND

MENTAL HEALTH NURSING

Challenges in psychiatric and mental health

nursing are likely the same worldwide [1].

Psychiatric nurses have to encounter many

challenges in their work [3]. In psychiatric and

mental health nursing, psychiatric nurses have to

face many different conditions and concerns. The

conditions include maintenance of optimal health

and well-being and prevention of physical and

psychological illness; impaired self-care and

functioning related to mental and emotional

disturbances; deficits in functioning of cognitive,

emotional, and biological systems; self-concept and

lifestyle changes; emotional problems; physical

symptoms that occur along with psychotic Ethical Issues and Moral Distress in Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing Essay

symptoms; suicide; stigma; illness crises;

developmental problems; severe disability; and

bizarre and violent patient behaviors and difficulties

relating to others [1-5]. These conditions lead to

difficulties in caring for patients. For example,

Cutcliffe and Links [5] noted that when a patient

wants to die or commit suicide, psychiatric nurses

must decide how to respond. They should show

concern and uphold a person’s right to die, as

wanting to die can be a reasonable thought, based on

contemporary perspectives. Another example is

when psychiatric patients display violent behaviors,

but are unwilling to be separated and placed in a

seclusion room or restrained. In such cases,

psychiatric nurses should act according to nursing

and legal regulations. Psychiatric nurses have to

consider the situation on a legal right to privacy or

proper supervision for violent behaviors, or both [6].

Furthermore, Fernandez and Leze [7] noted that

nowadays there are many prisons with prisoners

who have psychiatric disorders that need to receive

psychiatric care. The nature of prisons involves

229

http://www.jhealthres.org J Health Res  vol.29 no.3 June 2015

conditions, rupture with the outside world, and

adapting to a convict culture. This leads to

difficulties in managing prisoners without proper

access to treatment and an appropriate environment.

These researchers reported how a participant

explained the difficulty as,

“What are complicated are the serious cases

of psychiatric disorder: psychotics,

schizophrenics. It’s very difficult to talk

about alcohol or drugs with someone who’s

not necessarily in the same reality as you and

the rest of the world…it’s difficult working

with them because it’s hard to get them to

shift mindset…” (p.1566).

The researchers also reported that moral issues

faced when providing care in prisons included

helping patients to take responsibility for their

actions and recognize their guilt as well as

encouraging self-esteem when a patient is

considering suicide and viewing the prison with a

humanist perspective [7].

Moreover, psychiatric nurses have to deal with

family members of psychiatric patients in mental

healthcare. Weimand and her colleagues [8] found

that a major responsibility of nurses in mental health

service is supporting patients’ relatives. They also

reported that most participants perceived that

working with patients is routine, while supporting

relatives is a challenge, because it can influence their

work [8]. Similarly, a grounded theory study

conducted by Kertchok, Yunibhand and Chaiyawat

[9] reported that the role in providing care to

psychiatric patients by Thai psychiatric nurses is

helping the patients return to a normal life within

their families by collaborating with family members.

That means that the psychiatric nurses can provide

quality nursing care to their clients and work with

families in order to live together happily in a

community. The researchers also suggest that to

build participation in caring with family members is

not easy; first, psychiatric nurses need to establish

trust before moving forward to other steps such as

strengthening connections, promoting readiness to

care, and supporting care itself. In addition,

psychiatric nurses need to talk with family members

several times about nursing activities until they

understand and accept participating in caring for

their patients.

Other challenges should also be emphasized by

mental health professionals, such as lack of interest

in the field of nursing, lack of incentives for working

in mental health nursing, stigma associated with

caring for mental illness patients, insufficient

nursing staff, lack of work safety and security, and

inadequate training and support staff, particularly in

community mental health service. For example,

Strurm [10] conducted an ethnographic study of

psychiatric community health nursing to explore

ethical conflicts experienced by community health

nurses. The researcher found that psychiatric

community nurses have to provide care for persons

with medical and psychiatric diagnoses, which can

exhibit very complicated needs. One of their study’s

participants explained that,

“He is suffering from the patient who just

was met for the first time. She/he does not

know how to care for the patient who has B.

P. problem. However, she/he knew that the

patient had a normal B.P at that time”

This case indicates that nurses’ competency in Ethical Issues and Moral Distress in Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing Essay

providing high quality care is needed in community

settings. The research also reported that some

psychiatric nurses expressed that there is talk about

related factors that influenced their providing care,

such as insurance restrictions. The patients or

relatives don’t want to pay more for completed

treatments. The patients want to receive care only

for their medical condition and not for emotional

or psychotic symptoms. A consequence is that

psychotic symptoms are escalating, which can be a

challenge for psychiatric community nurses, who

thus need greater support by improving holistic

nursing care and other health resources. Another

condition that can be found in psychiatric hospitals

is inadequate psychiatric nursing staff. There is still

the question, “What is enough?” Hanrahan [11]

writes that serious mental illness and relapse rates

are increasing. Psychiatric patients require

psychiatric nurses experienced in observation and

intervention to keep inpatient environments safe.

However, nursing staffs are still inadequate in

psychiatric hospitals, which raises the risk of

adverse outcomes. These challenges can be found

mostly in low-middle income countries [1] [12].

Psychiatric nurses must face many challenges, and

this is why mental health nursing has been

recognized as a stressful career, in particular,

caused by moral distress [13].

ETHICAL ISSUES IN PSYCHIATRIC AND

MENTAL HEALTH NURSING

Psychiatric and mental health nursing is a

special area of nursing practice that focuses on the

care and rehabilitation of people with mental and

behavioral disorders [14]. Psychiatric nurses use the

principles of human behavior to care for people with

mental illness. The physiological, psychological, Ethical Issues and Moral Distress in Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing Essay

230

J Health Res  vol.29 no.3 June 2015 http://www.jhealthres.org

health ethics and social sciences are used to explore

the needs of the clients and to take a holistic

approach to care [2, 15]. Psychiatric nurses combine

knowledge, experience, and skill for caring for those

with mental illness in acute, sub-acute, and

rehabilitation phases [6, 8, 16]. They also emphasize

and play important roles to protect and enhance

patients’ safety, self-care ability, social skills,

decision-making, family participation, and

compliance to treatments [17]. There are, however,

situations that lead to ethical dilemmas and moral

distress in psychiatric nursing, such as the following.

Compulsory treatment

In psychiatric nursing practice, psychiatric

nurses work with patients who are suffering from

psychotic symptoms. There are a variety of

situations that lead to moral distress as they provide

daily psychiatric nursing care, in particular,

applying restraints, care for electro convulsive

therapy (ECT), separating a patient into a seclusion

room, participating in group therapy, admission, and

medication [17, 18]. Psychiatric nurses

acknowledge they must provide treatments or

therapies, but at the same time, they must always

show concern for a patient’s dignity and autonomy.

Sometimes, patients with severe psychotic

symptoms will not comply with a request. The

psychiatric nurse must then force the patient to

receive their treatment. One study participant

explained that they have experienced ethical

dilemmas by disturbing patients’ privacy, such as a

patient using the toilet. Consequently, nurses can

feel anxiety, stress, and conflict about playing their

role of compelling patients to follow treatments [6,

18].

Institute constraints

In psychiatric nursing practice, psychiatric

nurses are experiencing internal and external

obstacles such as insufficient nursing staff,

excessive workload, difficult working conditions,

lack of supervision, and inadequate-service training

[19]. This can force psychiatric nurses to confront

ethical quandaries while caring for their patients [6,

8, 16]. This research noted that all participants said

that it was difficult to protect a patient’s privacy and

maintain a safe environment because washrooms do

not have door handles and shower stalls are glass,

which may be dangerous for the patients [18, 19].

Dealing with families’ needs

Psychiatric nurses are exposed to complex

situations when dealing with family members who are

directly or indirectly carrying burdens related to

caring for psychotic patients [8]. They have to face

difficulties such as relatives’ unfulfilled needs.

Weimand et al. [8] also reported that psychiatric

nurses have positive relationships with patients and

families, especially when the patients expressed their

aggressive behaviors. They tried to encourage the

families to have a positive attitude to the patient by

telling them about psychotic symptoms that might

occur at any time. The psychiatric nurses also helped

the patients to get good response from their families.

This is an ethical issue of caring for patients with

mental illness, which can cause psychiatric nurses to

experience moral distress [8, 20].

Power imbalance among healthcare providers

A qualitative study focused on investigating the

moral distress of psychiatric nurses in acute care

where they care for patients who struggle with

severe psychiatric illness. Deady and McCarthy [21]

found that an ethical dilemma that can lead to moral

distress among psychiatric nurses is professional

and legal conflict. The researchers reported that

psychiatric nurses disagreed with the professional

judgment of multidisciplinary teams. The

psychiatric nurses felt that some physicians and

other professionals used their power or status within

mental health law over clinical decision-making,

which is inappropriate for the patients.

Perceived inability to maintain safety

Safety is a complex concept, comprising

physical, psychological and environmental safety,

and psychiatric nurses must be equally concerned

about patient and staff safety. Musto and Schreiber

[20] studied moral distress in adolescent mental

health nursing. They found that psychiatric nurses

experienced moral distress because they perceived

an inability to maintain the safety of adolescents

suffering from mental illness. They felt that

maintaining patient safety is an important

responsibility, but there was only so much they

could do. However, this study also found that

psychiatric nurses tried to do the best for their

patients, engage in dialogue and find the best

resolutions to problems.

Conflict with patient’s needs

Another study reveals that psychiatric nurses

faced an ethical quandary about controlling patients’

needs, in particular, sexual needs. The research

reported that psychiatric nurses felt medical staff

should be responsible for managing a patient’s

sexual urges and problems [18 -20].

Lack of evidence based treatment

Quality of care is very important in psychiatric

nursing. Psychiatric nurses must maintain a standard

of care when caring for people with mental illness. Assignment Practicum: Week 1 Journal Entry – Analyzing an Ethical Decision Ethical Issues and Moral Distress in Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing Essay

231

Discuss the differences in the various types of ankle pain Essay

DB ANKLE PAIN

Discuss the differences in the various types of ankle pain: It is anticipated that the initial discussion response should be in the range of 250-300 words. Response posts must demonstrate topic knowledge and scholarly engagement with peers. This is not the only criteria utilized for evaluation; substantive content is imperative. All questions in the topic must be addressed. Please proofread your response carefully for grammar and spelling. Do not upload any attachments. All responses need to be supported by a minimum of one scholarly resource. Journals and websites must be cited appropriately. Citation and reference must adhere to APA format (6th Ed.). Types of ankle pain Essay.

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Classroom Participation: Discuss the differences in the various types of ankle pain

Students are expected to initially address the discussion question by Wednesday of each week. Participation in the discussion forums is expected with a minimum total of three (3) substantive postings (this includes your initial posting and posting to two peers) on three (3) different days per week. Substantive means that you add something new to the discussion, you aren’t just agreeing. This is also a time to ask questions or offer information surrounding the topic addressed by your peers. Types of ankle pain Essay. Personal experience is appropriate for a substantive discussion and should be correlated to the literature.

All discussion boards will be evaluated utilizing rubric criterion inclusive of content, analysis, collaboration, writing and APA. If you fail to post an initial discussion you will not receive these points, you may however post to your peers for partial credit following the guidelines above. Due to the nature of this type of assignment and the need for timely responses for initial posts and posting to peers, the Make-Up Coursework Policy (effective July 2017) does not apply to Discussion Board Participation. Types of ankle pain Essay.

Discussion Prompt [Due Wednesday]

Discuss the differences in the various types of ankle pain.

Include a description of the classification, treatment and differential diagnoses.

Types of ankle pain Essay

Pregnancy-related conditions essay

DB PREGNANCY

Identify two pregnancy-related conditions which necessitate a referral to higher level obstetrical management Instructions

It is anticipated that the initial discussion response should be in the range of 250-300 words. Response posts must demonstrate topic knowledge and scholarly engagement with peers. This is not the only criteria utilized for evaluation; substantive content is imperative pregnancy-related conditions essay. All questions in the topic must be addressed. Please proofread your response carefully for grammar and spelling. Do not upload any attachments. All responses need to be supported by a minimum of one scholarly resource. Journals and websites must be cited appropriately. Citation and reference must adhere to APA format (6th Ed.) pregnancy-related conditions essay.

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Classroom Participation- Identify two pregnancy-related conditions which necessitate a referral to higher level obstetrical management

Students are expected to initially address the discussion question by Wednesday of each week. Participation in the discussion forums is expected with a minimum total of three (3) substantive postings (this includes your initial posting and posting to two peers) on three (3) different days per week. Substantive means that you add something new to the discussion, you aren’t just agreeing. This is also a time to ask questions or offer information surrounding the topic addressed by your peers. pregnancy-related conditions essay. Personal experience is appropriate for a substantive discussion and should be correlated to the literature.

All discussion boards will be evaluated utilizing rubric criterion inclusive of content, analysis, collaboration, writing and APA. pregnancy-related conditions essay. If you fail to post an initial discussion you will not receive these points, you may however post to your peers for partial credit following the guidelines above. Due to the nature of this type of assignment and the need for timely responses for initial posts and posting to peers, the Make-Up Coursework Policy (effective July 2017) does not apply to Discussion Board Participation. pregnancy-related conditions essay.

Discussion Prompt [Due Wednesday]

Select ONE of the questions listed below and create a substantive initial post. Please post the question number you chose in the title of your post. (i.e. Question 2 Referral)

Review nationally recognized guidelines for at-risk pregnancy conditions such as pregnancy-induced hypertension, gestational diabetes, preterm labor, obesity, etc. What prenatal monitoring criteria did you discover? Describe how this information will impact your care and monitoring of a pregnant woman? There are conditions and circumstances where a woman requires a higher level of care to manage her pregnancy.

Identify two pregnancy-related conditions which necessitate a referral to higher level obstetrical management. What resources are available to you as an advanced practice nurse in your area which would guide and support you in decision-making regarding referral for further management? pregnancy-related conditions essay.

DB PREGNANCY

Identify two pregnancy-related conditions which necessitate a referral to higher level obstetrical management Instructions

It is anticipated that the initial discussion response should be in the range of 250-300 words. Response posts must demonstrate topic knowledge and scholarly engagement with peers. This is not the only criteria utilized for evaluation; substantive content is imperative. All questions in the topic must be addressed. Please proofread your response carefully for grammar and spelling. Do not upload any attachments. All responses need to be supported by a minimum of one scholarly resource. Journals and websites must be cited appropriately. Citation and reference must adhere to APA format (6th Ed.).

Classroom Participation- Identify two pregnancy-related conditions which necessitate a referral to higher level obstetrical management

Students are expected to initially address the discussion question by Wednesday of each week. Participation in the discussion forums is expected with a minimum total of three (3) substantive postings (this includes your initial posting and posting to two peers) on three (3) different days per week. Substantive means that you add something new to the discussion, you aren’t just agreeing. This is also a time to ask questions or offer information surrounding the topic addressed by your peers. pregnancy-related conditions essay. Personal experience is appropriate for a substantive discussion and should be correlated to the literature.

All discussion boards will be evaluated utilizing rubric criterion inclusive of content, analysis, collaboration, writing and APA. If you fail to post an initial discussion you will not receive these points, you may however post to your peers for partial credit following the guidelines above. pregnancy-related conditions essay. Due to the nature of this type of assignment and the need for timely responses for initial posts and posting to peers, the Make-Up Coursework Policy (effective July 2017) does not apply to Discussion Board Participation.

Discussion Prompt [Due Wednesday]

Select ONE of the questions listed below and create a substantive initial post. Please post the question number you chose in the title of your post. (i.e. Question 2 Referral)

Review nationally recognized guidelines for at-risk pregnancy conditions such as pregnancy-induced hypertension, gestational diabetes, preterm labor, obesity, etc. What prenatal monitoring criteria did you discover? Describe how this information will impact your care and monitoring of a pregnant woman? There are conditions and circumstances where a woman requires a higher level of care to manage her pregnancy pregnancy-related conditions essay.

Identify two pregnancy-related conditions which necessitate a referral to higher level obstetrical management. What resources are available to you as an advanced practice nurse in your area which would guide and support you in decision-making regarding referral for further management pregnancy-related conditions essay?

Introduction to Theory in Healthcare Informatics Essay Assignment

Assignment: Introduction to Theory in Healthcare Informatics

Part one:

Discuss your current practice setting (I work on a cardiac unit) and how informatics is involved in your practice. Include what work-related tasks you complete using healthcare informatics and what server your facility uses (We use epic) . Introduction to Theory in Healthcare Informatics Essay Assignment. Lastly, think of one or two topics for the Signature Assignment project (look ahead to Module 8 for details) you will complete during this course and provide a brief description.

Please provide a brief description of Electronic Health Records: as this would be the topic for my project. Introduction to Theory in Healthcare Informatics Essay Assignment.

Assignment: Introduction to Theory in Healthcare Informatics Part two:

Assignment: Introduction to Theory in Healthcare Informatics

Write an essay addressing each of the following points/questions. Be sure to completely answer all the questions for each number item. There should be three sections, one for each item number below, as well the introduction (heading is the title of the essay) and conclusion paragraphs. Separate each section in your paper with a clear heading that allows your professor to know which bullet you are addressing in that section of your paper. Support your ideas with at least three (3) citations in your essay. Make sure to reference the citations using the APA writing style for the essay. The cover page and reference page do not count towards the minimum word amount. Review the rubric criteria for this assignment. Introduction to Theory in Healthcare Informatics Essay Assignment.

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Write an essay addressing the following prompts:

Electronic health records (EHRs) are easier to read than the paper charts of the past, but many complain that healthcare providers are focusing too much on the computer screen instead of the patient.

Is this due to lack of skill or training, poor computer system design, or just the nature of computer charting?

Is patient care suffering from the implementation of EHRs? Introduction to Theory in Healthcare Informatics Essay Assignment.

Charting in an EHR consist of clicking boxes, do you feel this provides enough detail about the patient, condition, and events if there was a law suit?

Hebda, Hunter and Czar (2019) identify three types of data that is currently being tracked by organizations (p. 46).

Identify and explain another type of data, specific to your practice, that is being tracked by an organization.

Why do you feel this data is important to track?

Identify and discuss the organization that is tracking the data.

Are there any ethical concerns with an outside organization tracking this data, explain and give examples?

In this week’s discussion post, you identified and explain the topic selected for the project Introduction to Theory in Healthcare Informatics Essay Assignment.

Provide a description of your selected topic based on input from the discussion forum. What is your project, why is it relevant to this class, and why is it important to you?

Identify an informatics/healthcare theory from pages 29-30 of the textbook that aligns with the project and explain why. Introduction to Theory in Healthcare Informatics Essay Assignment.

Assignment Expectations:

Length: 500 words per essay prompt/each section (1500 total for this assignment)

Structure: Include a title page and reference page in APA style. These do not count towards the minimal word amount for this assignment. All APA Papers should include an introduction and conclusion. Introduction to Theory in Healthcare Informatics Essay Assignment.

References: Use the appropriate APA style in-text citations and references for all resources utilized to answer the questions. Include at least three (3) scholarly sources to support your claims.

Attached are pages from the textbook to help with the Introduction to Theory in Healthcare Informatics Essay Assignment

Working With Children and Adolescents versus Adults Sample Essay

Discussion: Working With Children and Adolescents Versus Adults

Post your answers to the following:

Explain why a developmental assessment of children and adolescents is important.

Describe two assessment instruments and explain why they are used for children and adolescents but not adults. Working With Children and Adolescents versus Adults Sample Essay.

Describe two treatment options for children and adolescents that may not be used when treating adults.

Explain the role parents play in assessment and treatment.

Required Readings

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Sadock, B. J., Sadock, V. A., & Ruiz, P. (2014). Kaplan & Sadock’s synopsis of psychiatry: Behavioral sciences/clinical psychiatry (11th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer.

· Chapter 2, “Contributions of the Psychosocial Sciences” (pp. 93–130)

· Chapter 6, “Classification in Psychiatry” (pp. 290–299)

· Chapter 31, “Child Psychiatry” (pp. 1107–1152)

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Working With Children and Adolescents versus Adults Sample Essay.

· “Neurodevelopmental Disorders”

· “Intellectual Disabilities”

· “Communication Disorders”

Thapar, A., Pine, D. S., Leckman, J. F., Scott, S., Snowling, M. J., & Taylor, E. A. (2015). Rutter’s child and adolescent psychiatry (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Blackwell Working With Children and Adolescents versus Adults Sample Essay.

· Chapter 2, “Diagnosis, Diagnostic Formulations, and Classification” (pp. 17–30)

Discussion: Working With Children and Adolescents Versus Adults

Pediatric Screening, Treatment, and Parents Role in Mental Health

The human brain is amazing. Our brains continue to grow as we age, learn, and interact with our environment. The human brain is not fully formed until one’s early 20’s (Giedd, 2004). This means the brain appears different on imaging during different stages of childhood and adolescents. A child could be developing on time, then start deteriorating and losing milestones it once had. An assessment would be needed to identify areas the child was no longer developing on par in. Working With Children and Adolescents versus Adults Sample Essay. The assessment would identify what is wrong, give a diagnosis which could open means to fund treatment and get the child back on course. Children and adolescents think differently from each other and adults. It is important to speak to these kids at their level, which is impossible to do unless the provider does a brief assessment of where the client is intellectually and emotional and developmental age. Then the provider can alter their approach to meet the client where they are at. How these kids think influences the approach to treatment Working With Children and Adolescents versus Adults Sample Essay.

Pediatric Assessments and Screening Tools

The 
Vanderbilt Assessment Scale Parent Informant
helps providers identify symptoms of ADHD. The questions listed address specific symptoms that occur in childhood ADHD, like climbing on things and running around when supposed to be sitting. If this tool was used on adults, adult ADHD could be missed because the Vanderbilt Assessment Scale Parent Informant does not target adult ADHD’s symptoms thus missing key symptoms of ADHD in adults. Adults might not climb on the furniture, but they may be forgetful and disorganized a lot. Working With Children and Adolescents versus Adults Sample Essay.

CRAFFT
is a screening tool for risky behaviors associated with substances. This tool addresses risky behavior teens may take part in. Alcohol is illegal for teens to consume, but adults can legally drink. What is considered a risky behavior for teens may not be for adults. CRAFFT is not ideal for adults. There are other assessment tools specific to the risky behaviors adult present Working With Children and Adolescents versus Adults Sample Essay. Leslie (2008) stressed the importance of routine screening for substances and risky behavior among teens. CRAFFT was found to be a valid screening tool to identify substance-related problems and disorders (Knight, Sherritt, Shrier, Harris, & Chang, 2002).
Discussion: Working With Children and Adolescents Versus Adults

Pediatric Treatment Options

Play therapy is a type of therapy targeting the developmental age of the client. One large meta-analysis found play therapy to be efficacious and equally effective across ages, gender and presenting problems (Bratton, Ray, Rhine, & Jones, 2005). The greatest improvement was seen when parents were involved with play therapy (Bratton et al., 2005). Working With Children and Adolescents versus Adults Sample Essay.

Many studies use elementary school as the medium or location to treat children. Prevention of negative outcomes is a common theme in schools. Children have little to no control over their home environment. So public schools have made changes to help students have higher chances of succeeding. Mental health problems prevention strategies can be implemented in schools. There is often a psychotherapist in the school and a free period at school to allow teens to make up homework that was not done at home. Tol, Komproe, Susanty, Jordans, … & De Jong (2008) conducted multiple control trials with interventions targeting mental health in schools for kids affected by political violence. The unique aspect of providing interventions and treatment in school is it is a safe, consistent, structured environment the child attends on a regular basis. And there are plenty of adults in the school that may be able to help with the interventions. 
Discussion: Working With Children and Adolescents Versus Adults

School is an ideal location to promote healthy development in children and provide prevention interventions to help children have positive outcomes. Adults are not treated like this. There is not one location nearly everyone goes to on a regular basis, which is a consistently safe environment. Adults work at different businesses and on different days. Often, mental health prevention is not addressed in adults to the degree it is in children and adolescents. 
Discussion: Working With Children and Adolescents Versus Adults. Working With Children and Adolescents versus Adults Sample Essay.

Parent’s Role in Treatment

Parents are vital when working with children and adolescents. When parents are involved and support their child, the child has better chances of succeeding and healing. One way parents can help is by providing information to practitioners in the form of screening and assessment dah data. Parents may need to give feedback because the client lacks insight, awareness, ability to express or even define complex feelings. The parent can provide assessment tools or screening tools to the child’s teacher, thus allowing for more data to be gathered in another environment the child is in.

Parents can also encourage teens to participate in the assessment. Parents may bring up symptoms or events the teen or child does not want to talk about, allowing for more data or an alternate perspective on their situation. Information gathered from parents of adolescents may or may not be accurate because teens often filter details of their lives to parents Working With Children and Adolescents versus Adults Sample Essay.

Parents can help children and teens follow through getting needed treatment, provide reminders and transportation to their children, and refill prescriptions.

Discussion: Working With Children and Adolescents Versus Adults References

Bratton, S. C., Ray, D., Rhine, T., & Jones, L. (2005). The efficacy of play therapy with children: A meta-analytic review of treatment outcomes. 
Professional Psychology: Research and Practice
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36
(4), 376.

Giedd, J. N. (2004). Structural magnetic resonance imaging of the adolescent brain. 
Annals of the new york academy of sciences
, 
1021
(1), 77-85. Working With Children and Adolescents versus Adults Sample Essay.

Knight, J. R., Sherritt, L., Shrier, L. A., Harris, S. K., & Chang, G. (2002). Validity of the CRAFFT substance abuse screening test among adolescent clinic patients. 
Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine
, 
156
(6), 607-614.

Tol, W. A., Komproe, I. H., Susanty, D., Jordans, M. J., Macy, R. D., & De Jong, J. T. (2008). School-based mental health intervention for children affected by political violence in Indonesia: a cluster randomized trial. 
Jama
, 
300
(6), 655-662.Leslie, K. (2008). Youth substance use and abuse: challenges and strategies for identification and intervention. 
Cmaj
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178
(2), 145-148. 
Discussion: Working With Children and Adolescents Versus Adults. Working With Children and Adolescents versus Adults Sample Essay.