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Select the best answer.
1. Which statement is true?
A. Due to concerns of plagiarism, a research
study should never be a replication of another
study.
B. Research is an ongoing process that builds
on previous knowledge.
C. Classic information rarely supports new
research projects.
D. An original research study does not need a
literature review.
2. What is the difference between primary and
secondary sources?
A. A primary source is a type of study that
was first identified by the finding tool
and the secondary sources are identified
next.
B. Primary sources are included in literature
reviews but secondary sources are not
important.
C. An article written by the researcher who
conducted a study is a primary source and
a secondary source is an article that summarizes and
comments on the study.
D. A summary of research done on your study
topic is a primary source and the original
study is a secondary source.
3. Which is not a part of building a search strategy?
A. discovering whether the topic has already
been researched
B. writing a research question and thesis
statement
C. determining a set of terms and phrases to
use for your search
D. considering whether your topic should
include date parameters
4. Which is considered an inappropriate way to
ask a librarian for assistance?
A. Visit the library and ask to speak to a librarian.
B. Email a specific librarian or use the online
Ask a Librarian service.
C. Make an appointment in advance.
D. Call the librarian at home before your literature review
is due.
5. Most research articles that appear in the journal Nursing
Research are examples of what?
A. primary sources
B. secondary sources
C. meta-analysis studies
D. systematic reviews
6. Which database provides the most comprehensive research
study results on a particular
healthcare intervention?
A. MEDLINE®
B. CINAHL® Database
C. CINAHL® Plus
D. Cochrane Database
7. Which statement is true about databases?
A. Online databases are not available to the
general public.
B. All databases are online.
C. Databases, catalogs, and search engines are
categories of finding tools.
D. Databases only include published articles.
8. Which is not a true statement about grey
literature?
A. Grey literature is also called gray literature.
B. Dissertations are not examples of grey
literature.
C. Grey literature is included in some databases.
D. Grey literature is published in scholarly
journals.
9. Which questions help critique a literature
review? Choose all that apply.
A. Based on defined methodology, are all sources of the
review critically analyzed and
synthesized?
B. Are both supporting and opposing theory
and research discussed?
C. Does the review flow logically from the
purposes(s) of the study?
D. Are sources cited fully and correctly?
E. All of the above help critique literature
review.
10. Which search engine is most helpful for finding
scholarly articles?
A. Bing
B. Scirus
C. Google Scholar
D. Web Crawler

1. Broad representations of the relationships of
concepts and propositions of interest to
nursing are called
A. theoretical frameworks.
B. conceptual models.
C. conceptual frameworks.
D. practice models.
2. A philosophical worldview or a set of beliefs
about nature and reality that shape decisions
and practices is called a
A. framework.
B. theory.
C. paradigm.
D. metaparadigm.
3. Statements that have been repeatedly tested
and have not been disproved are called
A. critical social theory.
B. propositions.
C. concepts.
D. empirical generalizations.
4. Which of the following is not one of the common concepts
that are included in nearly all of
the nursing conceptual models?
A. person
B. environment
C. death
D. health
5. You are trying to help a patient stop consuming foods
that are high in complex carbohydrates. Which model/theory would probably
be most appropriate?
A. anxiety theory
B. adult learning theory
C. health belief model
D. healthcare system model
6. Which theory was developed by a nurse?
A. social cognitive theory
B. uncertainty in illness theory
C. hierarchy of needs theory
D. job satisfaction theory
7. Grand theories
A. are complex and broad in scope.
B. look at a piece of reality and contain clearly
defined variables.
C. produce specific directions or guidelines
for practice.
D. formulate nursing protocols on specific units

1. The main purpose of a hypothesis in a research study is to
A. predict the expected results or outcome of a study.
B. define the theoretical framework for the study.
C. identify the source of the problem under study.
D. clarify the concepts used in the study.
2. Which of the following is true about the relationship between the hypotheses and the theoretical framework of a study?
A. If the hypotheses are stated, the researcher does not need to have a framework.
B. The framework is tested, not the hypothesis.
C. The framework and hypotheses must be congruent with each other.
D. Hypotheses are inductively identified within the stated framework.
3. What is the relationship between the research question and the hypothesis of a study?
A. There is no relationship between the research question and the hypothesis.
B. The hypothesis is the expected outcome of the research question.
C. The research question is empirically tested while the hypothesis is theoretically tested.
D. The research question and the hypothesis are exactly the same.
4. “Gel pillows will reduce bilateral head flattening in preterm infants.” This hypothesis is which of the following:
A. causal, directional, simple
B. causal, nondirectional, simple
C. associative, directional, complex
D. associative, nondirectional, complex
5. “There is a relationship between the use of formula and the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants.” This hypothesis is which of the following:
A. causal, directional
B. causal, nondirectional
C. associative, directional
D. associative, nondirectional
6. Which of the following hypotheses is complex and demonstrates an associative, directional relationship between variables?
A. Older adults demonstrate a lower self-image after retirement than before retirement.
B. The job turnover rate and job dissatisfaction levels of graduate nurses who have worked less than 2 years is higher than for those who have worked 2 or more years.
C. New mothers who participate in support groups report less postpartum depression and higher self-confidence than new mothers who do not attend support groups.
D. There is a higher incidence of marijuana usage among first-year high school students than among high school seniors.
7. Which of the following hypotheses is simple and demonstrates a causal, nondirectional relationship between variables?
A. Cancer patients who receive music therapy complain less frequently of pain and require less pain medication than cancer patients not receiving music therapy.
B. Normal saline flush with heparin is more effective than normal saline flush alone in maintaining patency of an intermittent intravenous site.
C. Low-fat diet is related to lower total cholesterol and higher HDL (high-density lipoprotein).
D. Delaying the first bath of newborns until 12 hours after birth affects the number of breastfeeding attempts in the first 48 hours of life when compared to not delaying the first bath of newborns.
8. “Preoperative pain medication education is more effective in reducing surgical patients’ perception of pain and anxiety postoperatively than no preoperative pain medication education.” What type of variable is “anxiety”?
A. independent
B. extraneous
C. dependent
D. confounding
9. Which of the following are requirements in the structure of a hypothesis? (Select all that apply.)
A. written in present tense
B. written as a question
C. contains the population of interest
D. contains the independent and dependent variables
E. contains the statistical test to be applied
10. If a nurse researcher wanted to examine if there is decrease in the number of medication errors in a pediatric clinic when nurses use prefilled syringes for vaccines, which would be the best hypothesis statement?
A. The use of prefilled syringes will have an effect on medication errors for pediatric clinic patients when compared to the use of nurse-prepared syringes.
B. Will the use of prefilled syringes have an effect on medication errors for pediatric clinic patients when compared to the use of nurse-prepared syringes?
C. The use of prefilled syringes will result in decreased medication errors for pediatric clinic patients when compared to the use of nurse-prepared syringes.
D. Will the use of prefilled syringes result in decreased medication errors for pediatric clinic patients when compared to the use of nurse-prepared syringes?

1. What threat to internal or external validity does this statement suggest: “It’s a good thing that I’m in this new diet study. I couldn’t believe it when the researcher told me that I was 10 lbs. overweight.”
A. History
B. Testing
C. Selection bias
D. Hawthorne effect
2. What threat to internal or external validity does this statement suggest: “I’m glad I remembered those questions from the first test.”
A. History
B. Testing
C. Selection bias
D. Hawthorne effect
3. What threat to internal or external validity does this statement suggest: “That researcher scares me. I guess I’d better act like he wants me to act.”
A. History
B. Testing
C. Selection bias
D. Hawthorne effect
4. What threat to internal or external validity does this statement suggest: “I really like the researcher’s bracelet. This study should be fun!”
A. History
B. Testing
C. Selection bias
D. Rosenthal effect
5. What threat to internal or external validity does this statement suggest: “I watched this show about lung cancer. It made me realize that I really should try to stop smoking while I’m in this smoking cessation study.”
A. History
B. Testing
C. Selection bias
D. Rosenthal effect
6. Which item distinguishes true experimental research from quasi-experimental research?
A. size of sample
B. use of a nonprobability sample
C. random assignment of subjects to groups
D. introduction of an experimental treatment
7. Which design would be most appropriate to use in trying to determine if clients’ low back pain changes after they were taught an exercise to help correct back alignment?
A. one-group pretest-posttest design
B. posttest-only control group design
C. one-shot case study
D. pretest-posttest control group design
8. Which design controls for the sensitization of subjects to a pretest?
A. pretest-posttest control group design
B. Solomon four-group design
C. one-shot case study
D. time-series design
9. A researcher is studying the use of a new realistic model of the heart to teach people what happens during a heart attack. Two weeks later, she will test their recall of the information taught. Which situation that might occur during the study would concern the researcher most about the validity of her study?
A. A television celebrity had a heart attack and later announced on television that it is important for people to understand how their heart functions.
B. Two of the study participants drop out of the study.
C. The researcher has just learned that the new realistic heart model has increased in price.
D. The CDC released a report that the number of heart attacks has increased slightly in the last 5 years.
10. A researcher wants to use a true experimental design in her study. However, which circumstance would require the use of a quasi-experimental design rather than a true experimental design?
A. The researcher is going to administer a pretest to study participants.
B. It will not be possible for the researcher to use random sampling to obtain study participants.
C. The health care agency will not allow the researcher to assign study participants to groups randomly.
D. The study will use a longitudinal design

Select T (True) or F (False) for the following
statements:
____ 1. Phenomenology is concerned with creating a theory
that is grounded in research
data.
____ 2. The researcher who identifies and sets
aside personal beliefs about the subject of
the study is engaging in reflexivity or selfreflection.
____ 3. Ethnographic studies involve the collection and
analysis of data about cultural
groups.
____ 4. When a researcher is interested in an area
in which little research has been done or in
which existing theories are not sufficient,
grounded theory studies are a good choice.
____ 5. When data collection and data analysis
occur simultaneously, the researcher is
using the constant comparison method of
data analysis.
____ 6. The number of subjects is generally larger
in qualitative research than in quantitative
research.
____ 7. Because healthcare is complex, mixed
methods research is increasingly popular
as a way to explore complex problems that
influence health and health outcomes.
8. Which statement is true when describing
sequential exploratory mixed methods?
A. This method involves choosing participants who can fill
in gaps in the data.
B. This method involves collecting qualitative
data after analyzing quantitative data to
explain quantitative findings.
C. This method involves collecting qualitative
and qualitative data simultaneously.
D. This method involves an initial period of
qualitative data collection and analysis followed by a
quantative data collection and
analysis.
9. If a researcher were planning a qualitative
study, which data-collection methods would
most likely be considered? Select all that apply.
A. closed-ended questions and nonparticipant
observations
B. participant observations and semistructured interviews
C. structured interviews and physiological
measures
D. closed-ended questions and structured
interviews
E. All of these data collections methods would
probably be considered.
10. Consider the study title, “The Lived Experience of
Long-Term Complications from a Football-Related Concussion.” Which design is
most likely for this title?
A. grounded theory
B. action research
C. phenomenology
D. case study

Indicate if true or false
1. The best means of obtaining an unbiased sample of
subjects in a community is to select a
random sample of names from the telephone
directory.
2. Nonprobability sampling means there is no
probability that the subjects selected will constitute a
biased sample.
3. Researchers generally study samples rather
than populations.
4. A sampling frame is a listing of all elements of
a population.
Indicate the type of sampling method used for each
of the following examples in questions 5 through 10.
5. The clients in the hypertension clinics of two
local hospitals are studied.
A. Convenience
B. Cluster
C. Systematic random sampling
D. Quota sampling
E. Simple random sampling
F. Snowball sampling
6. A total of 20 nursing service administrators are
randomly selected from a random sample of
10 hospitals in the state.
A. Convenience
B. Cluster
C. Systematic random sampling
D. Quota sampling
E. Simple random sampling
F. Snowball sampling
7. To obtain mothers of children with cystic fibrosis, a
researcher contacted one such mother
who lived in her neighborhood and asked her
if she knew any other mothers of children with
cystic fibrosis.
A. Convenience
B. Cluster
C. Systematic random sampling
D. Quota sampling
E. Simple random sampling
F. Snowball sampling
8. Every fifth nurse is randomly selected from the
mailing list of the American Nurses Association.
A. Convenience
B. Cluster
C. Systematic random sampling
D. Quota sampling
E. Simple random sampling
F. Snowball sampling
9. To determine the frequency of the recording of
nursing diagnoses by nurses, a sample of 100
charts is randomly selected from all of the
patients’ charts during the previous year
A. Convenience
B. Cluster
C. Systematic random sampling
D. Quota sampling
E. Simple random sampling
F. Snowball sampling
10. The first 30 men and first 30 women who are
admitted to the hospital for abdominal surgery during the
time of the research study are
asked to participate.
A. Convenience
B. Cluster
C. Systematic random sampling
D. Quota sampling
E. Simple random sampling
F. Snowball sampling

1. Which is an example of mutually exclusive
categories that are grouped according to age?
A. 10 to 20 years of age; 21 to 30 years of age;
31 to 40 years of age; 41 to 50 years of age
B. ages of: 10 to 20; 20 to 30; 30 to 40; 40 to 50;
50 to 60.
C. older than 10 years old; younger than
20 years; older than 30 years, younger than
50 years
D. preschool age, kindergarten age, grade
school age, high school age
2. Select the answer that provides the best example of the
highest level of measurement for
pain.
A. Pain is mild, moderate, or severe.
B. Pain is absent or pain is present.
C. Pain is a 5 on a scale of 0 to 10.
D. Pain is described as stabbing, sharp, or
dull.
3. Select a valid example of a concept that describes
the ratio level of measurement
A. the temperature of water
B. the amount of money in a bank account
C. a baby’s age at birth
D. the baby’s weight at birth
4. A concern that data collectors will be trained
to collect the data is necessary to:
A. promote reliability of data collection from
participant to participant.
B. promote validity of the use of the instruments.
C. promote the correct level of measurement
use.
D. promote the statistical analysis of the data.
5. Identify a type of outcome measure that is
sensitive to nursing interventions:
A. physical therapy
B. infection
C. symptom management
D. addiction
6. Which type of instrument reliability would be
appropriate for measuring a single participant’s ability
that is expected to remain the
same over time?
A. construct reliability
B. stability reliability
C. interrater reliability
D. internal consistency reliability
7. What are some characteristics of a construct?
A construct is:
A. an abstract concept that can be directly
observed.
B. a concrete concept that can be directly
observed.
C. composed of items that are directly related
to each other.
D. an abstract concept that is not directly
observable.
8. Which test of construct validity would demonstrate how
related items in an instrument
cluster together?
A. factor analysis
B. predictive validity
C. concurrent validity
D. known groups validity
9. Which type of data-collection information
should be included in the research report?
A. biographical information on the authors of
the study
B. a description of the data collection
instruments
C. a list of the statisticians who analyzed the
data
D. the marital status of the participants who
answered the questions on the surveys
10. What other data-collection information should
be reviewed in a research article?
A. Did the instrument developer provide permission to report
on the validity of the
instrument?
B. Was the instrument tested for reliability in
the current sample?
C. How old is the instrument?
D. How many others have used this instrument for this study
purpose?

1. Which is an advantage of an interview method
of data collection versus a questionnaire?
A. Data are less expensive to obtain.
B. The collected data tend to be more complete.
C. Data collectors do not need to be trained.
D. Data may be collected more easily from a
widespread geographical area.
2. A researcher wants to determine future priorities for
research in psychiatric nursing. The
participants will be clinical specialists in psychiatric
nursing. Which data-collection method
would probably be used?
A. projective technique
B. observation method
C. delphi technique
D. semantic differential
3. Which data-collection method is most likely to
prevent participants from providing socially
acceptable responses to questions?
A. attitude scale
B. projective technique
C. self-report questionnaire
D. interview
Choose the letter of the data-collection method that
matches the method described in statements 4 to 8.
4. Presents statements to which respondents
indicate level of agreement or disagreement
along a continuum.
A. semantic differential
B. projective technique
C. Q sort
D. Likert scale
E. Delphi
5. Contains sets of bipolar adjectives; asks respondents to
select a point on a scale between two
adjectives.
A. semantic differential
B. projective technique
C. Q sort
D. Likert scale
E. Delphi
6. Participants are asked to place statements into
categories according to their attitudes toward
or rating of the statements.
A. semantic differential
B. projective technique
C. Q sort
D. Likert scale
E. Delphi
7. Subjects are asked to look at pictures and tell
what meaning the pictures have for them.
A. semantic differential
B. projective technique
C. Q sort
D. Likert scale
E. Delphi
8. Leaders in critical care nursing are asked to
identify research priorities for critical care
nursing in the next 5 years.
A. semantic differential
B. projective technique
C. Q sort
D. Likert scale
E. Delphi