Category: Nursing

  • BSN-FP4010 Assessment 4 Professional Development

    BSN-FP4010 Assessment 4 Professional Development

    Assessment Instructions

    Preparation

    Your organization has seen an increase in the number of individuals using CAM, traditional medicine, holistic health, and spirituality. In addition to your work on the interdisciplinary team, you have been asked by your organization to prepare and deliver an educational session on CAM, traditional medicine, holistic health, and spirituality that can be used by all health care teams. How will you complete this task? BSN-FP4010 Assessment 4 Professional Development.

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    You should focus on these concepts as they pertain to your population (from the Windshield Survey assessment), but also in a broader sense. Use the Capella library and the Internet to look for recent research articles or information on these topics to use as supporting resources in your assessment.

    Requirements BSN-FP4010 Assessment 4 Professional Development

    For this assessment, prepare a PowerPoint presentation in which you:

    Identify the topics you will cover in your educational plan.

    Provide a list of resources your audience can use to further their understanding of CAM.

    Explain why it is important for nurses and members of other health care teams to develop an understanding of CAM, traditional medicine, holistic health, and spirituality.

    Examine any ethical, legal, and economic principles related to CAM, traditional medicine, holistic health, and spirituality.

    Describe how these forms of health care can affect a plan of action for individuals and populations. BSN-FP4010 Assessment 4 Professional Development.

    Your presentation should include a slide with the title of your educational session, a slide with the topics that will be covered (your agenda), and a reference slide at the end. Use the notes section of each slide to provide additional information on each topic, along with supporting references. References and in-text citations must adhere to APA guidelines.

    Additional Requirements BSN-FP4010 Assessment 4 Professional Development

    Include a title slide and reference slide. The completed assessment should be 8–10 slides in length, not including the title slide and reference slide.

    Reference at least three current scholarly or professional resources.

    Use current APA format for references.

    Be creative! BSN-FP4010 Assessment 4 Professional Development.

    Overview

    Prepare a PowerPoint presentation of 8–10 slides that explains why an understanding of CAM and spirituality is important for members of health care teams; examines the ethical, legal, and financial principles related to CAM and spirituality; and describes how these forms of health care can impact plans of action.

    Note: The assessments in this course build upon each other, so you are strongly encouraged to complete them in sequence. BSN-FP4010 Assessment 4 Professional Development

    Show Less

    As a leader in the field of nursing, it is important for you to identify areas within your organization that may need to improve cultural competence, and to develop educational materials to assist in doing so.

    By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and assessment criteria:

    Competency 1: Explain the principles and concepts of disease prevention and health promotion for diverse and vulnerable populations.

    Describe how CAM, traditional medicine, holistic health, and spirituality can affect a plan of action for individuals and populations.

    Competency 2: Develop evidence-based health promotion and disease prevention initiatives for diverse and vulnerable populations. BSN-FP4010 Assessment 4 Professional Development

    Identify topics for an organizational education plan on CAM and spirituality.

    Explain the importance of health care professionals developing an understanding of CAM, traditional medicine, holistic health, and spirituality.

    Competency 3: Apply basic epidemiological concepts, data analysis methods, tools, and databases to determine the effectiveness of health promotion and disease prevention initiatives for diverse and vulnerable populations.

    Provide a list of resources to include in an organizational education plan on CAM and spirituality. BSN-FP4010 Assessment 4 Professional Development.

    Competency 4: Examine the ethical, legal, and economic factors related to health disparities in diverse and vulnerable populations.

    Examine ethical, legal, and economic principles related to CAM, traditional medicine, holistic health, and spirituality.

    Competency 5: Communicate in a manner that is scholarly, professional, and consistent with expectations for members of the health care professions.

    Write content clearly and logically, with correct use of grammar, punctuation, and mechanics.

    Correctly format citations and references using APA style. BSN-FP4010 Assessment 4 Professional Development

    Professional Development Scoring Guide

    Professional Development Scoring Guide Grading Rubric

    Criteria

    Non-performance

    Basic

    Proficient

    Distinguished

    Identify topics for an organizational education plan on CAM and spirituality.

    Does not identify topics for an organizational education plan on CAM and spirituality. BSN-FP4010 Assessment 4 Professional Development

    Identifies topics for an organizational education plan on CAM, but does not include topics on spirituality.

    Identifies topics for an organizational education plan on CAM and spirituality.

    Identifies topics for an organizational education plan on CAM and spirituality, and explains why the topics are important to specific populations.

    Provide a list of resources to include in an organizational education plan on CAM and spirituality.

    Does not provide a list of resources to include in an organizational education plan on CAM and spirituality.

    Identifies resources to include in an organizational education plan, but the resources are not professional or have no connection to CAM and spirituality.

    Provides a list of resources to include in an organizational education plan on CAM and spirituality. BSN-FP4010 Assessment 4 Professional Development

    Provides a comprehensive list of resources to include in an organizational education plan on CAM and spirituality, and explains how they are relevant to the topics and useful to the target audience.

    Explain the importance of health care professionals developing an understanding of CAM, traditional medicine, holistic health, and spirituality.

    Does not explain the importance of health care professionals developing an understanding of CAM, traditional medicine, holistic health, and spirituality. BSN-FP4010 Assessment 4 Professional Development

    Explains the importance of continual development for health care professionals, but does not focus on the need to understand CAM, traditional medicine, holistic health, or spirituality.

    Explains the importance of health care professionals developing an understanding of CAM, traditional medicine, holistic health, and spirituality.

    Explains the importance of health care professionals developing an understanding of CAM, traditional medicine, holistic health, and spirituality in terms of individuals, populations, local and global communities.

    Examine ethical, legal, and economic principles related to CAM, traditional medicine, holistic health, and spirituality.

    Does not examine ethical, legal, and economic principles related to CAM, traditional medicine, holistic health, and spirituality.

    Describes ethical, legal, and economic principles related to CAM, traditional medicine, holistic health, and spirituality.

    Examines ethical, legal, and economic principles related to CAM, traditional medicine, holistic health, and spirituality.

    Examines ethical, legal, and economic principles related to CAM, traditional medicine, holistic health, and spirituality; and how the principles impact organizations and local and global communities.

    Describe how CAM, traditional medicine, holistic health, and spirituality can affect a plan of action for individuals and populations. BSN-FP4010 Assessment 4 Professional Development

    Does not describe how CAM, traditional medicine, holistic health, and spirituality can affect a plan of action for individuals and populations.

    Describes how CAM, traditional medicine, holistic health, and spirituality can affect a plan of action for individuals and populations, but description is incomplete or does not consider all aspects.

    Describes how CAM, traditional medicine, holistic health, and spirituality can affect a plan of action for individuals and populations.

    Analyzes how CAM, traditional medicine, holistic health, and spirituality can affect a plan of action for individuals and populations by looking at each element individually and its relationship to individuals and populations.

    Write content clearly and logically, with correct use of grammar, punctuation, and mechanics.

    Does not write content clearly and logically, with correct use of grammar, punctuation, and mechanics.

    Writes content clearly and logically, but grammar, punctuation, and mechanics have frequent errors.

    Writes content clearly and logically, with correct use of grammar, punctuation, and mechanics.

    Writes clearly and logically, with correct use of spelling, grammar, punctuation, and mechanics; and uses relevant evidence to support a central idea.

    Correctly format citations and references using APA style.

    Does not correctly format citations and references using APA style.

    Inconsistently formats citations and references using APA style.

    Correctly formats citations and references using APA style. Citations contain few errors.

    Correctly formats citations and references using APA style. Citations are free from all errors.

    Questions to Consider BSN-FP4010 Assessment 4 Professional Development

    To deepen your understanding, you are encouraged to consider the questions below and discuss them with a fellow learner, a work associate, an interested friend, or a member of the business community. BSN-FP4010 Assessment 4 Professional Development.

    What types of CAM, traditional medicine, holistic healing, or spirituality have you observed in your nursing practice?

    How do these practices affect the health and wellness of the individuals who practice them? How do the practices affect your ability to provide health care to individuals who practice them? BSN-FP4010 Assessment 4 Professional Development.

  • Charismatic Leaders and Communication Essay

    Charismatic Leaders and Communication Essay

    1. Charismatic Leaders and Communication

    22 unread replies.66 replies.

    Do you think communication is more important to leaders now than it was in Hitler’s and FDR’s time? Explain why you think so or why you disagree. Who is a more current charismatic leader that you know of, and how are they similar to Hitler or FDR in their communication style?

    Charismatic Leaders and Communication

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    Although mastery of communication is still an integral skill in today’s society, its high impact has arguably weaned compared to Hitler’s time. Notably, in the later era amid the absence of the modern technologies, mass communication was mostly reliant on extensive masterly of communication to appeal to the masses in rallies Charismatic Leaders and Communication Essay. However, in recent times technology has advanced significantly opening other avenues such as the social media where one can effectively reach and engage the masses through written messages and prerecorded videos. Moreover, technology has ushered in public speaking support devices such as teleprompters, which with little practice can be employed in the delivery of speeches by people with low oratory skills.

    Thinking about charismatic leaders of our time, no one befits this reference better than former president Barrack Obama does. At its coinage, max weber used the term charisma about leaders who could inspire, instill conviction, and instigate devotion to a cause (Baur et al., 2016). In this regard, Obama’s charisma is no doubt similar to that of Hitler. Notably, the two leaders rose to fame from very ordinary backgrounds and could communicate the challenges of the society in a manner that appealed to the emotions of the people. Their communication was filled with a message of hope and a better future with the conviction that if people rallied behind them, they would steer the society to this future. Although different in what they instigated, both leaders message called people to take action. Notably, Obama’s communication encouraged people act, as evident in his appeal for campaign financing that saw multitudes contribute or the massive turnout to vote. Consequently, Hitler not only instigated hatred towards the Jews but also had his country psyched up to reclaim the lost glory that eventually led to the Second World War Charismatic Leaders and Communication Essay.

    References

    Baur, J. E., Ellen III, B. P., Buckley, M. R., Ferris, G. R., Allison, T. H., McKenny, A. F., & Short, J. C. (2016). More than one way to articulate a vision: A configurations approach to leader charismatic rhetoric and influence.
    The Leadership Quarterly,
    27(1), 156-171 Charismatic Leaders and Communication Essay.

  • Cost benefit analysis

    Cost benefit analysis

    Create a 5-6-page cost benefit analysis that supports a risk financing recommendation for a selected organization.

    Note: The assessments in this course build upon each other, so you are strongly encouraged to complete them in a sequence.

    In your current and future role as a health care leader, you can expect to conduct a cost-benefit analysis (CBA) to determine whether the positive benefits of a proposed recommendation outweigh the negative costs. Cost benefit analysis.

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    By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and assessment criteria:

    · Competency 1: Conduct an environmental assessment to identify quality- and risk-management priorities for a health care organization. Create a 5–6-page cost benefit analysis that supports a risk financing recommendation for a selected organization.

    · Specify the focus and stakeholders for a cost-benefit analysis. Create a 5-6-page cost benefit analysis

    · Develop a value proposition for change management that incorporates quality- and risk-management concepts.

    · Describe strategies to influence and impact the needed changes for quality improvement.

    · Competency 2: Apply a risk-management model or framework to a specific risk-management priority.

    · Conduct a cost-benefit analysis for a risk-management intervention.

    · Competency 3: Analyze the process and outcomes of a care quality- or risk-management issue.

    · Identify relevant internal and external benchmarks, using a systems-based perspective.

    · Competency 5: Communicate in a manner that is scholarly, professional, and consistent with expectations for professionals in health care administration. Cost benefit analysis.

    · Use correct grammar, punctuation, and mechanics as expected of a graduate learner.

    Context

    In your current and future role as a health care leader, you can expect to conduct a CBA. You may be asked to offer three alternatives and to make a recommendation. Create a 5-6-page cost benefit analysis that supports a risk financing recommendation for a selected organization.

    Plowman relates that “a cost benefit analysis is used to evaluate the total anticipated cost of a project compared to the total expected benefits in order to determine whether the proposed implementation is worthwhile for a company or project team.” Plowman also identified the three parts of a CBA to be the following:

    · Identification of potential costs.

    · Recording of all anticipated benefits.

    · Examination of the differences to determine if positive benefits outweigh negative costs.

    A pre-formatted Excel spreadsheet that can be used as a template for CBAs is a good tool to have in your personal toolbox. Inputting data is simply the first step. As you fill out templates, always consider the numbers within the context of an organizational mission, strategic direction, patient safety, risk-management issues, regulatory requirements, patient and stakeholder satisfaction, and also the dynamics within the health care industry.

    Reference Create a 5–6-page cost benefit analysis that supports a risk financing recommendation for a selected organization. Cost benefit analysis.

    Plowman, N. (2014). Writing a cost-benefit analysis. Create a 5-6-page cost benefit analysis that supports a risk financing recommendation for a selected organization.

    As you prepare to complete this assessment, you may want to think about other related issues to deepen your understanding or broaden your viewpoint. You are encouraged to consider the questions below and discuss them with a fellow learner, a work associate, an interested friend, or a member of your professional community. Note that these questions are for your own development and exploration and do not need to be completed or submitted as a part of your assessment.

    · What steps do you need to take in order to align a CBA with an organization’s mission and strategy?

    · If you were to offer three alternative recommendations after a CBA, what types of elements would you consider to differentiate them from one another?

    · How would you substantiate a recommendation for reducing financial risks in a health care setting when the quality of care is involved?

    · What are the three parts of a CBA?

    Required Resources

    The following resources are required to complete this assessment.

    · Cost-Benefit Analysis Template [XLSX]. Attached

    Suggested Resources Create a 5-6-page cost benefit analysis that supports a risk financing recommendation for a selected organization.

    The resources provided here are optional and support the assessment.

    · Plowman, N. (2014). Writing a cost-benefit analysis. Retrieved from http://www.brighthub.com/office/project-management/articles/58181.aspx

    This article discusses how to value risk reductions in the context of benefit-cost analysis.

    · Robinson, L. A., & Hammitt, J. K. (2013). Skills of the trade: Valuing health risk reductions in benefit-cost analysis. Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis, 4(1), 107–130. Cost benefit analysis.

    This article discusses a cost analysis approach in medical education.

    · Walsh, K., Levin, H., Jaye, P., & Gazzard, J. (2013). Cost analyses approaches in medical education: There are no simple solutions. Medical Education, 47(10), 962–968. Create a 5–6-page cost benefit analysis that supports a risk financing recommendation for a selected organization.

    This article describes the cost-benefit methodology in terms of criminal justice policy.

    · Manski, C. F. (2015). Narrow or broad cost–benefit analysis [PDF]? Criminology & Public Policy, 14(4), 647–651.

    Additional Resources for Further Exploration

    You may use the following optional resources to further explore topics related to competencies.

    Risk-Management Textbooks

    · Kavaler, F., & Alexander, R. S. (2014). Risk management in health care institutions: Limiting liability and enhancing care (3rd ed). Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett. Available from the bookstore Cost benefit analysis.

    · Youngberg, B. J. (2011). Principles of risk management and patient safety. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett. Available from the bookstore . Create a 5–6-page cost benefit analysis that supports a risk financing recommendation for a selected organization.

    Risk-Management Professional Organizations

    · The Risk Management Association. (n.d.). Retrieved from Create a 5-6-page cost benefit analysis that supports a risk financing recommendation for a selected organization.

    Create a 5–6-page cost benefit analysis that supports a risk financing recommendation for a selected organization.

    · Assessment Instructions

    Note: This assessment should be completed third.

    Preparation

    Scenario

    Suppose an issue has emerged in your organization that presents significant risks to the stakeholders involved. Your supervisor has asked you to conduct a CBA, make a recommendation, and present it to the board of directors. You are expected to consider the numbers within the context of the organizational mission, strategic direction, patient safety, risk-management issues, regulatory requirements, patient and stakeholder satisfaction, and the dynamics within the health care industry. Cost benefit analysis.

    Select a relevant issue within your workplace (or one from the Suggested Resources) for which a CBA may be conducted. The CBA should include one of the following course-related topics:

    · Quality. Create a 5–6-page cost benefit analysis that supports a risk financing recommendation for a selected organization.

    · Patient safety.

    · Risk management.

    · Regulatory standards.

    · Compliance.

    · Patient and stakeholder satisfaction.

    Instructions

    Step One: Identify Costs

    Apply the process from Writing a Cost-Benefit Analysis article (from the Required Resources) to identify costs:

    2. Make a list of all monetary costs that will be incurred upon implementation and throughout the life of the project. These include start-up fees, licenses, production materials, payroll expenses, user acceptance processes, training, and travel expenses, among others.

    2. Make a list of all non-monetary costs that are likely to be absorbed. These include time, low production of other tasks, imperfect processes, potential risks, market saturation or penetration uncertainties, and influences on one’s reputation.

    2. Assign monetary values to the costs identified in steps one and two. To ensure equality across time, monetary values are stated in present value terms. If realistic cost values cannot be readily evaluated, consult with market trends and industry surveys for comparable implementation costs in similar businesses Cost benefit analysis.

    2. Add all anticipated costs together to get a total costs value (Plowman, 2014).

    Step Two: Identify Benefits

    Continuing with the CBA, proceed with the identification and quantification of benefits, per Writing a Cost-Benefit Analysis article.

    2. Make a list of all monetary benefits that will be experienced upon implementation and thereafter. These benefits include direct profits from products or services, increased contributions from investors, decreased production costs due to improved and standardized processes, and increased production capabilities, among others.

    2. Make a list of all non-monetary benefits that one is likely to experience. These include decreased production times, increased reliability and durability, greater customer base, greater market saturation, greater customer satisfaction, and improved company or project reputation, among others.

    2. Assign monetary values to the benefits identified in steps one and two. Be sure to state these monetary values in present value terms as well.

    2. Add all anticipated benefits together to get a total benefits value (Plowman, 2014).

    Cost-Benefit Analysis

    Enter the cost and benefit data you developed for the CBA in your preparation steps into the Cost-Benefit Analysis Template, linked in the Required Resources Cost benefit analysis.

    Then, write an analysis in which you do the following:

    . Describe the organizational, program, or departmental issue for which you have created the CBA.

    . Evaluate the cost versus benefit according to the general guidelines outlined by Plowman’s 2014 article, which you read in the preparation for this assessment.

    . Make a recommendation as to whether the benefits are sufficient to outweigh the costs of the proceeding.

    . Describe the systems-based context for your recommendations, integrating the CBA within the organization as a whole.

    . Describe how the issue relates to the organization’s vision, mission, and strategic direction.

    . Provide a rationale that explains how your recommendations are appropriate for your organization’s capacity and strategy.

    Your analysis should use proper APA style and formatting and include the following sections. Each section, except the title page, should include the appropriate section heading.

    2. Title page: Use APA formatting and include the following:

    21. Assessment number (Assessment 3).

    21. Your name.

    21. The date.

    21. The course number (MHA-FP5014).

    21. Your instructor’s name.

    2. Abstract: Include a one-paragraph summary of analysis content. This is not an introduction to the topic, but a summary of the entire analysis. Make sure to double-space.

    2. Issue description.

    2. CBA evaluation.

    2. CBA recommendations.

    2. Context for recommendations.

    2. Relationship to vision, mission, and strategy.

    2. Rationale.

    2. Conclusion.

    2. References.

    2. Appendix: Attach your completed Cost-Benefit Analysis Template Cost benefit analysis.

    Additional Requirements

    . Written communication: Written communication should be free from errors that detract from the overall message.

    . Length of paper: 5–6 typed, double-spaced pages.

    . Font and font size: Arial, 10-point.

    . Appendix: Include your Cost-Benefit Analysis Template as an appendix to your analysis.

    Reference

    Plowman, N. (2014). Writing a cost-benefit analysis. Retrieved from http://www.brighthub.com/office/project-management/articles/58181.aspx

    Overview

    Create a 5-6-page cost benefit analysis that supports a risk financing recommendation for

    a selected organization.

    Note

    : The assessments in this course build upon each other, so you are strongly

    encouraged to complete them in a sequence.

    In your current and future role as a health care leader, you can expect to conduct a cost

    –

    benefit analysis (CBA) to determine whether the positive benefits of a proposed

    recommendation outweigh the negative costs.

    By successfully completi

    ng this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the

    following course competencies and assessment criteria:

    o

    Competency 1: Create a 5-6-page cost benefit analysis that supports a risk financing recommendation for a selected organization.

    Conduct an environmental assessment to identify quality

    –

    and risk

    –

    management priorities for a health care organization.

    Create a 5-6-page cost benefit analysis that supports a risk financing recommendation for a selected organization.

    S

    pecify the focus and stakeholders for a cost

    –

    benefit analysis.

    §

    Develop a value proposition for change management that incorporates

    quality

    –

    and risk

    –

    management concepts.

    §

    Describe strategies to influence and impact the needed changes for quality

    improvement

    .

    o

    Competency 2:

    Apply a risk

    –

    management model or framework to a specific risk Cost benefit analysis

    –

    management priority.

    §

    Conduct a cost

    –

    benefit analysis for a risk

    –

    management intervention.

    o

    Competency 3:

    Analyze the process and outcomes of

    a care quality

    –

    or risk

    –

    management iss

    ue.

    §

    Identify relevant internal and external benchmarks, using a systems

    –

    based

    perspective.

    o

    Competency 5:

    Communicate in a manner that is scholarly, professional, and

    consistent with expectations for professionals in health care administration.

    §

    Use correct grammar, punctuation, and mechanics as expected of a graduate

    learner.

    Context

    In your current and future role

    as a health care leader, you can expect to conduct a CBA.

    You may be asked to offer three alternatives and to make a recommendation.

    Plowman

    relates that “a cost benefit analysis is used to evaluate the total anticipated cost

    of a project compared to the total expected benefits in order to determine whether the

    proposed implementation is worthwhile for a company or project team.” Plowma

    n also

    identified the three parts of a CBA to be the following:

    o

    Identification of potential costs Cost benefit analysis.

    o

    Recording of all anticipated benefits.

    Overview

    Create a 5–6-page cost benefit analysis that supports a risk financing recommendation for

    a selected organization.

    Note: The assessments in this course build upon each other, so you are strongly

    encouraged to complete them in a sequence.

    In your current and future role as a health care leader, you can expect to conduct a cost-

    benefit analysis (CBA) to determine whether the positive benefits of a proposed

    recommendation outweigh the negative costs.

    By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the

    following course competencies and assessment criteria:

    o Competency 1: Conduct an environmental assessment to identify quality- and risk-

    management priorities for a health care organization.

     Specify the focus and stakeholders for a cost-benefit analysis.

     Develop a value proposition for change management that incorporates

    quality- and risk-management concepts.

     Describe strategies to influence and impact the needed changes for quality

    improvement.

    o Competency 2: Apply a risk-management model or framework to a specific risk-

    management priority.

     Conduct a cost-benefit analysis for a risk-management intervention.

    o Competency 3: Analyze the process and outcomes of a care quality- or risk-

    management issue. Create a 5-6-page cost benefit analysis that supports a risk financing recommendation for a selected organization.

     Identify relevant internal and external benchmarks, using a systems-based

    perspective.

    o Competency 5: Communicate in a manner that is scholarly, professional, and

    consistent with expectations for professionals in health care administration.

     Use correct grammar, punctuation, and mechanics as expected of a graduate

    learner. Create a 5-6-page cost benefit analysis that supports a risk financing recommendation for a selected organization.

    Context

    In your current and future role as a health care leader, you can expect to conduct a CBA.

    You may be asked to offer three alternatives and to make a recommendation.

    Plowman relates that “a cost benefit analysis is used to evaluate the total anticipated cost

    of a project compared to the total expected benefits in order to determine whether the

    proposed implementation is worthwhile for a company or project team.” Plowman also

    identified the three parts of a CBA to be the following:

    o Identification of potential costs Cost benefit analysis.

    o Recording of all anticipated benefits.

    Assessment 3-6 cost_benefit_analysis_template.xlsx

    CBA Template

    COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS TEMPLATE

    Step 1: Enter cost amounts as future value (FV) expectations. The future value will be automatically converted to present value (PV). Step 2: Enter benefit amounts as FV expectations. The FV will automatically be converted to PV. Step 3: Subtract the total PV benefits from the total PV costs to get the net benefit. Create a 5-6-page cost benefit analysis that supports a risk financing recommendation for a selected organization.

    Costs Current Year (CY) CY +1 CY +2 CY +3 CY +4 CY +5 Total Costs

    Total Costs (Future Value) $ – 0 $ – 0 $ – 0 $ – 0 $ – 0 $ – 0

    Total Costs (Present Value) $ – 0 $ – 0 $ – 0 $ – 0 $ – 0 $ – 0 $ – 0

    blank row

    Benefits Current Year (CY) CY +1 CY +2 CY +3 CY +4 CY +5 Total Benefits

    Total Benefits (Future Value) $ – 0 $ – 0 $ – 0 $ – 0 $ – 0 $ – 0

    Total Benefits (Present Value) $ – 0 $ – 0 $ – 0 $ – 0 $ – 0 $ – 0 $ – 0

    blank row

    Present Value Discout Rate 2%

    PV Denominator 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.10

    Net Benefit $ – 0 Cost benefit analysis

  • Ohio State and Michigan Studies essay example

    Ohio State and Michigan Studies essay example.

    Consider the findings from the Ohio State and Michigan studies: Good leadership requires effectiveness on two dimensions – initiating structure, commonly called task orientation, and showing consideration, commonly called employee orientation. Evaluate a leader you know using those two dimensions of good leadership. Describe how well that leader manages both those dimensions. Ohio State and Michigan Studies essay example. What is the outcome of their strengths or weaknesses in those dimensions?

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    1. Describe a situation that would call for a more task oriented leader.

    2. In what situations would a more employee oriented leader be more successful?

    Which orientation do you reflect in your style of leadership? Why do you tend to lean toward that style? Ohio State and Michigan Studies essay example.

    Leadership Styles

    In my organization, I would give credit to the chief administrative officer as a perfect example of a leader who has adequately merged both the employee and task orientation leadership skills. Most importantly, the chief administrative officer ensures that all the employees in our institution maintain performance standards in the execution of their duties as stipulated in our organization’s goals and objectives. The leader has illustrated aspects of task orientation leadership in the scheduling and planning of tasks in our organization. Finally, the chief administrative officer maintains equality between the organization’s leaders, employees, and organizations goals Ohio State and Michigan Studies essay example.

    The chief ICT manger is a good example of a position requiring task orientation leadership. ICT department is the organizations information bank with myriad components requiring clear-cut execution duties (Boies, Fiset, & Gill, 2015). As such, in executing his duties, the leader is responsible for ensuring that the organization employees maintain professionalism and efficient service delivery. In this regard, aspects of task orientation in leadership should guide the leader in spearhead scheduling and planning of tasks to steer optimal performance Ohio State and Michigan Studies essay example.

    The human resource manager would be a perfect example of a position requiring a heightened employee-oriented leadership. According to Boies, Fiset, and Gill, (2015), the leadership style adopted by the human resource managers determines the extent to which the employees embrace the institution’s mission and visions for the success of an organization. In this regard, the human resource managers should be friendly and maintain equality between the organization management and employees to enable creation of peaceful coexistence thus fostering conducive business environment. Ohio State and Michigan Studies essay example. Additionally, the human resource manager should ensure that the personal welfare of the group members is well catered for to motivate them in executing their duties. Finally, the human resource manager should be accessible and at the same time a participant in the team, members to provide moral support and address emerging issues that might hinder them from executing their duties efficiently.

    References

    Boies, K., Fiset, J., & Gill, H. (2015). Communication and trust are key: Unlocking the relationship between leadership and team performance and creativity. The Leadership Quarterly, 26(6), 1080-1094 Ohio State and Michigan Studies essay example.

  • Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2017). Nursing research: Generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice (10th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer.

    Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2017). Nursing research: Generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice (10th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer.

    pt. 1 FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING RESEARCH

    ch. 1 Introduction to Nursing Research in an Evidence-Based Practice Environment

    ch. 2 Evidence-Based Nursing: Translating Research Evidence into Practice

    ch. 3 Key Concepts and Steps in Qualitative and Quantitative Research

    pt. 2 CONCEPTUALIZING AND PLANNING A STUDY TO GENERATE EVIDENCE FOR NURSING

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    ch. 4 Research Problems, Research Questions, and Hypotheses

    ch. 5 Literature Reviews: Finding and Critiquing Evidence

    ch. 6 Theoretical Frameworks

    ch. 7 Ethics in Nursing Research

    ch. 8 Planning a Nursing Study

    pt. 3 DESIGNING AND CONDUCTING QUANTITATIVE STUDIES TO GENERATE EVIDENCE FOR NURSING

    ch. 9 Quantitative Research Design

    ch. 10 Rigor and Validity in Quantitative Research

    ch. 11 Specific Types of Quantitative Research

    ch. 12 Sampling in Quantitative Research

    ch. 13 Data Collection in Quantitative Research

    ch. 14 Measurement and Data Quality

    ch. 15 Developing and Testing Self-Report Scales

    ch. 16 Descriptive Statistics

    ch. 17 Inferential Statistics

    ch. 18 Multivariate Statistics

    ch. 19 Processes of Quantitative Data Analysis

    ch. 20 Clinical Significance and Interpretation of Quantitative Results

    pt. 4 DESIGNING AND CONDUCTING QUALITATIVE STUDIES TO GENERATE EVIDENCE FOR NURSING

    ch. 21 Qualitative Research Design and Approaches

    ch. 22 Sampling in Qualitative Research

    ch. 23 Data Collection in Qualitative Research

    ch. 24 Qualitative Data Analysis

    ch. 25 Trustworthiness and Integrity in Qualitative Research

    pt. 5 DESIGNING AND CONDUCTING MIXED METHODS STUDIES TO GENERATE EVIDENCE FOR NURSING

    ch. 26 Basics of Mixed Methods Research

    ch. 27 Developing Complex Nursing Interventions Using Mixed Methods Research

    ch. 28 Feasibility Assessments and Pilot Tests of Interventions Using Mixed Methods

    pt. 6 BUILDING AN EVIDENCE BASE FOR NURSING PRACTICE

    ch. 29 Systematic Reviews of Research Evidence: Meta-Analysis, Metasynthesis, and Mixed Studies Review

    ch. 30 Disseminating Evidence: Reporting Research Findings

    ch. 31 Writing Proposals to Generate Evidence.

    Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2017). Nursing research: Generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice (10th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer.

  • Types of Nursing Models and Frameworks of EBP Essay Example

    Types of Nursing Models and Frameworks of EBP Essay Example

    This week’s graded discussion topic relates to the following Course Outcome (CO).

    • CO1 Applies the theories and principles of nursing and related disciplines to individuals, families, aggregates, and communities from entry to the healthcare system through long-term planning. (PO 1)

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    What are some of the models and frameworks of EBP currently in use? How does the strength of the evidence determine translation into practice? Why is it important to integrate both evidence-based practice and patient and family preferences? What is the nurse’s responsibility when EBP and patient and family practice do not match? Types of Nursing Models and Frameworks of EBP Essay Example.

    Nursing Models and Frameworks of EBP

    What are some of the models and frameworks of EBP currently in use? How does the strength of the evidence determine translation into practice? Why is it important to integrate both evidence-based practice and patient and family preferences? What is the nurse’s responsibility when EBP, patient and family practice do not match?

    Nursing models and frameworks of EBP are action-oriented simulations that originate from nursing-led research utilization fields. Example of these models include Ottawa Model, Iowa Model, Knowledge-to-Action Framework, ACE (Academic Center for Evidence-Based Practice) Star Model of Knowledge Transformation, and Stetler Model. These models and frameworks apply theoretical approaches to nursing implementation with three objectives. Firstly, they describe and guide the process of translating evidence collected from research into nursing practice. Secondly, they explain an understanding of what influences outcomes when evidence is applied Types of Nursing Models and Frameworks of EBP Essay Example. Finally, they evaluate and assess evidence implementation (Nilsen, 2015). In this respect, nursing models and frameworks are tools that guide and explain the results of applying evidence in nursing practice.

    It is undeniable that evidence implementation in nursing has progressed towards the application of theoretical approaches (models and frameworks) to offer a better explanation and awareness of nursing successes and failures, particularly when new methodologies are applied. In addition, it is irrefutable that theoretical approaches in nursing are resultant from the aspiration to address the problems linked with research to realize more evidence-based practice (EBP). Types of Nursing Models and Frameworks of EBP Essay Example. Ultimately, the theoretical approaches denote the strength of evidence through explaining the how and why it would fail thereby determining translation into practice. Still, it is important to note that models and frameworks as basically overarching guiding theoretical approaches and their application should be tailored for each case. Tailoring these models and frameworks during practice translation by integrating input from all key stakeholders (such as the preferences of nurses, patients and family members) improves the chances of success and reduces the possibility of failure (Ellis, 2016). It is clear that nurses should understand EBP as integrating the best available nursing expertise evidence with the preferences and values of their clients to include family and community members. This is based on the assumption that offering optimal nursing care is only possible if the nurse (as a decision-maker) has access to the latest evidence (drawn from consensus opinion from experts ), and can use the evidence to influence judgment in the planning and provision of care that considers personal and cultural preferences and values. This means that the nurse’s responsibility is to always act in the best interest of the patients’ health even when EBP, patient and family practice do not match (Ellis, 2016) Types of Nursing Models and Frameworks of EBP Essay Example.

    References

    Ellis, P. (2016).
    Evidence-based Practice in Nursing
    (3
    rd
    ed.). London: Learning Matter/SAGE Publications Ltd.

    Nilsen, P. (2015). Making sense of implementation theories, models and frameworks.
    Implement Sci.
    , 10, 53. doi: 10.1186/s13012-015-0242-0 Types of Nursing Models and Frameworks of EBP Essay Example

  • Practicum: Decision Tree

    Assignment 1 Practicum Decision Tree

    For this Assignment, as you examine the client case study in this week’s Learning Resources, consider how you might assess and treat pediatric clients presenting symptoms of a mental health disorder.

    Learning Objectives

    Students will:

    Evaluate clients for treatment of mental health disorders

    Analyze decisions made throughout diagnosis and treatment of clients with mental health disorders

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    The Assignment:

    Examine Case 2: You will be asked to make three decisions concerning the diagnosis and treatment for this client. Be sure to consider co-morbid physical as well as mental factors that might impact the client’s diagnosis and treatment. Practicum: Decision Tree.

    At each Decision Point, stop to complete the following:

    Decision #1: Differential Diagnosis

    Which Decision did you select?

    Why did you select this Decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.

    What were you hoping to achieve by making this Decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.

    Explain any difference between what you expected to achieve with Decision #1 and the results of the Decision. Why were they different?

    Decision #2: Treatment Plan for Psychotherapy

    Why did you select this Decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.

    What were you hoping to achieve by making this Decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources. Practicum: Decision Tree.

    Explain any difference between what you expected to achieve with Decision #2 and the results of the Decision. Why were they different?

    Decision #3: Treatment Plan for Psychopharmacology

    Why did you select this Decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.

    What were you hoping to achieve by making this Decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.

    Explain any difference between what you expected to achieve with Decision #3 and the results of the decision. Why were they different? Practicum: Decision Tree.

    Also include how ethical considerations might impact your treatment plan and communication with clients and their families.

    BACKGROUND

    Tyrel is an 8-year-old black male who is brought in by his mother for a variety of psychiatric complaints. Shaquana, Tyrel’s mother, reports that Tyrel has been exhibiting a lot of worry and “nervousness” over the past 2 months. She states that she notices that he has been quite “keyed up” and spends a great deal of time worrying about “germs.” She states that he is constantly washing his hands because he feels as though he is going to get sick like he did a few weeks ago, which kept him both out of school and off the playground. He was also not able to see his father for two weekends because of being sick. Shaquana explains that although she and her ex-husband Desmond divorced about 2 years ago, their divorce was amicable and they both endeavor to see that Tyrel is well caredfor.

    Shaquana reports that Tyrel is irritable at times and has also had some sleep disturbances (which she reports as “trouble staying asleep”). She reports that he has been more and more difficult to get to school as he has become nervous around his classmates. He has missed about 8 days over the course of the last 3 weeks. He has also stopped playing with his best friend from across the street.

    His mother reports that she feels “responsible” for his current symptoms. She explains that after he was sick with strep throat a few weeks ago, she encouraged him to be more careful about washing his hands after playing with other children, handling things that did not belong to him, and especially before eating. She continues by saying “maybe if I didn’t make such a big deal about it, he would not be obsessed with germs.” Practicum: Decision Tree.

    Per Shaquana, her pregnancy with Tyrel was uncomplicated, and Tyrel has met all developmental milestones on time. He has had an uneventful medical history and is current on all immunizations.

    OBJECTIVE

    During your assessment of Tyrel, he seems cautious being around you. He warms a bit as you discuss school, his friends at school, and what he likes to do. He admits that he has been feeling “nervous” lately, but when you question him as to why, he simply shrugs his shoulders.

    When you discuss his handwashing with him, he tells you that “handwashing is the best way to keep from getting sick.” When you question him how many times a day he washes his hands, he again shrugs his shoulders. You can see that his bilateral hands are dry. Throughout your assessment, Tyrel reveals that he has been thinking of how dirty his hands are; and no matter how hard he tries to stop thinking about his “dirty” hands, he is unable to do so. He reports that he gets “really nervous” and “scared” that he will get sick, and that the only way to make himself feel better is to wash his hands. He reports that it does work for a while and that he feels “better” after he washes his hands, but then a little while later, he will begin thinking “did I wash my hands well enough? What if I missed an area?” He reports that he can feel himself getting more and more “scared” until he washes his hands again.

    MENTAL STATUS EXAM

    Tyrel is alert and oriented to all spheres. Eye contact varies throughout the clinical interview. He reports his mood as “good,” admits to anxiety. Affect consistent to self-reported mood. He denies visual/auditory hallucinations. No overt delusional or paranoid thought processes were apparent. He denies suicidal ideation.

    Lab studies obtained from Tyrel’s pediatric nurse practitioner were all within normal parameters. An antistreptolysin O antibody titer was obtained for reasons you are unclear of, and this titer was shown to be above normal parameters. Practicum: Decision Tree.

    Decision Point One

    BASED ON THE INFORMATION PROVIDED IN THE SCENARIO ABOVE, WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING DIAGNOSES WOULD THE PMHNP GIVE TO TYREL?

    In your write-up of this case, be certain to link specific symptoms presented in the case to DSM–5 criteria to support your diagnosis. Practicum: Decision Tree.

    Decision Point One

    Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

    Decision Point Two

    Begin Fluvoxamine immediate release 25 mg orally at bedtime

    RESULTS OF DECISION POINT TWO

    Client returns to clinic in four weeks

    Upon return to the clinic, Tyrel’s mother reported that he has had some decrease in his symptoms. She states that the frequency of the handwashing has decreased, and Tyrel seems a bit more “relaxed” overall.

    She also reports that Tyrel has not fully embraced returning to school, but that his attendance has improved. She reported that over this past weekend, Tyrel went outside to play with his friend from across the street, which he has not done in a while. Practicum: Decision Tree.

    Decision Point Three

    Increase Fluvoxamine to 50 mg orally at bedtime

    Guidance to Student

    In terms of an actual diagnosis, the child’s main symptoms are most consistent with obsessive-compulsive disorder. There may also be an element of social phobia developing, but at this point, the PMHNP has not assessed the nature of the school avoidance—that is, why is the child avoiding school. Notice that nothing in the scenario tells us that the PMHNP has assessed this.

    Fluvoxamine immediate release is FDA-approved for the treatment of OCD in children aged 8 years and older. Fluvoxamine’s sigma-1 antagonist properties may cause sedation and as such, it should be dosed in the evening/bedtime.

    At this point, it would be appropriate to consider increasing the bedtime dose, especially since the child is responding to the medication and there are no negative side effects.

    Atypical antipsychotics are typically not used in the treatment of OCD. There is also nothing to tell us that an atypical antipsychotic would be necessary (e.g., no psychotic symptoms). Additionally, the child seems to be responding to the medication, so there is no rationale as to why an atypical antipsychotic would be added to the current regimen.

    Cognitive behavioral therapy is the psychotherapy of choice for treating OCD. The PMHNP should augment medication therapy with CBT. If further assessment determines that Tyrel has social anxiety disorder, CBT is effective in treating this condition as well. Practicum: Decision Tree.

    P(5.u)

     

    Can I Push Back Time? A Realistic Approach to Reducing Ageing Effects

    Can I Push Back Time? A Realistic Approach to Reducing Ageing Effects

    No one likes to grow old, especially when it means that your appearance will change, sometimes drastically. Although ageing is a natural process and we should accept it and grow old gracefully, it is difficult. Some people age quicker than others and some people are blessed with great genes, and then there are those who go to great lengths to slow down the ageing process. This module teaches you what happens to your skin as it ages and what physical signs to expect as you grow older. You will also get a better insight on how you can prevent  through a careful skincare regime. This module includes the following items: Practicum: Decision Tree.

    7.1. What Happens when your Skin ages?

    7.2. How your Skin Changes with Each Birthday

    7.3. Ethnicity and Ageing

    7.4. Ingredients to Look for in Anti-Ageing Products

    7.5. Botox versus Facelift

    7.1. What Happens when your Skin ages?

    As a person gets older, their body produces less collagen and elastin, thus leading to the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. If you add gravity and sun exposure to that equation, the result will be saggy skin that appears leathery and old.

    As you grow older, your skin continues to change. It becomes thinner, much drier, and even more fragile as the dermis of the skin begins to thin out. The fatty areas in your chin, cheeks, and nose begin to disappear, again making the skin sag more. More facial hair is evident in women as their bodies go through a number of different hormonal changes, sometimes making the skin more prone to acne and blackhead breakouts. Practicum: Decision Tree.

    People, who suffer from oilier skin, will continue to have breakouts; however, there is a positive side to this – the oilier the skin is, the longer it will remain moist and smooth.

    Using a good moisturiser over the years is one way that a person can lessen the impact of wrinkles and premature ageing.

    Also with age, your body’s ability to attack free radicals that damage your cells and collagen slows down.

    Consciously consuming foods with more antioxidants will protect your skin against free radicals and also improve its appearance, which is why vitamins A, C and E are often found in anti-ageing supplements.

    7.2. How your Skin changes with each Birthday

    Your 30s

    Between the ages of 30-35 is the most common time when women give birth to children. Pregnancy is good for a woman’s skin because there is a normal healthy production of the hormonesoestrogen and progesterone. Some women break out in spots due to the overgrowth of blood vessels caused by too much oestrogen. It is also common for the texture of a woman’s skin to become tougher and drier while she is pregnant because the baby takes up so many of its mother’s nutrients. Practicum: Decision Tree.

    Some other common features of a woman’s skin in their 30s include:

    Drier and duller in colour due to the slowing down of the production of a person’s skin cells.

    Visible fine lines appear around eyes and mouth.

    Smile lines do not disappear.

    Collagen and elastin start to become weaker.

    Smoking accentuates fine lines.

    May begin to lose part of your skin tone due to the weakening of the lymph glands that are responsible for flushing out all of the body’s toxins.

    Skin’s appearance is less bright.

    Tendency to put on more weight with more visible cellulite due to hormonal changes.

    Stretch marks are more evident through pregnancy or slimming.

    Your 40s

    When a person is in their 40s their lymphatic system begins to steadily slow down resulting in puffiness in and around the eye and cheek areas.  This is a period when a person, especially a woman will notice visible physical differences in their appearance due to their age.

    People in their 40s will notice:

    More susceptible to the environment around them, such as smoky or polluted places due to the skin’s waxy protective coating being weaker. It is weaker due to the body’s lower sebum production.

    Oestrogen production slows down resulting in duller skin.

    Evidence of sagging and wrinkles around the neck and chest areas.

    Increased cellulite and fat deposits around the hip and thigh areas.

    Practicum: Decision Tree

    50 +

    More visible signs of ageing can be seen on other parts of the body other than the face in a person’s 50s. Pigmentation patches on the skin are common as are age spots. Excesses over the years, such as drinking, smoking, and sun worshipping will begin to show in damaged skin like spider veins caused by damaged blood vessels caused by the sun.

    People in their 50s will notice:

    Increased pore size.

    Flakier skin.

    Wrinkles become more apparent due to dehydration of the skin caused by weaker skin cells.

    Eyelids may become hooded and wrinkled.

    Break down of skin’s elasticity.

    Menopause begins in women and the decreased oestrogen levels slow down the production of sebum resulting in drier skin.

    Facial hair in women is not uncommon due to hormone imbalances brought on by menopause.

    Skin is more likely to dry out and crack.

    Loss of muscle tone and definition.

    7.3. Ethnicity and Ageing

    A lot of how you age is related to the colour of your skin and your ethnicity.

    White Skin/Caucasian

    The paler or fairer you are, the more you will have to do to protect it from ageing prematurely externally. Naturally, your melanin levels are lower, which means that the harmful UVA/UVB rays can penetrate much deeper into your skin thus causing photo-ageing and contributing to your skin’s break down of elastin and collagen.

    For white complexions, the most important anti-ageing weapon would be a broad spectrum SPF 30 sun cream which has both UVA and UVB protection. Apply this daily, even when it is cloudy to every bit of your skin that is exposed, especially your face and neck.

    Keep your skin nice and soft with its natural oils intact by using a gentle cleanser. After cleansing, apply your broad-spectrum cream and then your make-up.

    Fairer skin tones have less collagen bundles than darker skin tones, which results in getting fine lines earlier than other ethnicities.

    Use night creams that contain retinoids to boost the skin-cell turnover and thicken your thinning skin to make it feel and appear smoother. Look out for products that contain antioxidants such as soy, vitamins C and E to help nourish the skin and repair it.

    When fairer skin is damaged by the sun, it causes the skin to develop an uneven skin tone. To overcome this, replace your harsher facial and body scrubs with natural enzyme-based scrubs and exfoliants. If you find that retinol creams are toosevere for your face, try peptides instead as they act as a great collagen booster.

    Olive Skin

    Because you have a warmer skin tone, it is likely you will show signs of ageing with fine lines and wrinkles later than people that have fairer skin.

    Your skin haslower melanin content than those people with darker skin, but more than people with lighter skin. Your risk of sun damage compared to the fairer skinned person is significantly lower, but there is still a risk, which is why it is important to still always wear a broad-spectrum sun cream.

    Generally, olive skin tans well, but at the same time it is more susceptible to melasma, which are darker brown patches of skin on the forehead, upper lip, cheeks, and chin areas. It is possible to fade these darker patches using certain creams and lotions that contain hydroquinone, azelaic acid or kojic acid. The combination of antioxidants in the above ingredients will help protect the skin from further damage; it will also help even out the skin tone, and strengthen the skin’s outer layer to help it retain its moisture. Continue wearing a high SPF sun cream that has zinc oxide or titanium dioxide.

    Olive skin tones are prone to hypigmentation as they grow older. To help combat this, use a gentle foaming cleanser to get rid of the excess oil and then follow up by applying a serum which is rich in vitamin C.

    People with olive skin are also more prone to an under-the-eye hollowness as they get older. To firm up the sagging skin in these areas use a night cream that contains peptides.

    Middle Eastern and Asian Skin

    Middle Eastern and Asian ethnicities do not begin to show signs of ageing until their mid-forties. However, although wrinkles tend to come later, these ethnicities are more prone to getting an uneven skin tone and darker patchy areas due to hormones, irritation and too much sun exposure.

    Because of the excess pigment in the skin, Asians and those from the Middle East are prone to darker circles under the eyes. These bags under the eyes are often accentuated by the loss of volume under this area as a person ages. These ethnicities also suffer from more water retention when their hormones change, which again worsens the appearance under the eyes.

    To try and reduce any signs of ageing underneath the eyes, you need to apply an eye cream that has cucumber extract, caffeine, or vitamin E to make the skin plumper and fresher looking.

    Cleanse your skin gently with a face cloth and lukewarm water. After cleansing, use a serum that contains kokic acid to help fade the darker areas of the skin caused by hyperpigmentation and sun damage.

    The moisturiser you use should be nourishing and rich. It should also contain salicylic acid, which will prevent your pores from getting too clogged.

    Black / Dark Skin

    Due to the high melanin levels in darker skin, they will not see any signs of ageing until their late 40’s or even 50’s. However, over time, darker skin loses its density and could result in sagging. To fight the sagging, opt for creams containing peptides as they help the body produce more collagen.

    Darker skin tones also tend to suffer from uneven skin tones. You cannot scrub this away, so to reduce the severity of this, use a gentle cleanser together with an electric brush and glycolic toner to help stimulate your skin’s collagen and fade the darker patchy areas while regulating the skin’s oil production at the same time.

    Moisturise in the morning with a cream that is rich in vitamin C. This will help brighten your skin and even out the patchier areas.  In the evening, use creams that contain retinol, peptides and ceramides to hydrate the skin and prevent sagging.

    Some people with darker skin benefit from semi-regular microdermabrasion treatments. This treatment is done by licensed professionals and gently buffs the skin, getting rid of all the dead skin cells to help even out and soften the skin with reduced pores.

    7.4. Ingredients to Look for in Anti-Ageing Products

    Retinol

    Retinol comes from vitamin A. Although it may take a few weeks to start seeing results, it is the most effective anti-ageing ingredient bought over the counter. It helps smooth out the face’s wrinkles and unclogs the pores. Additionally, it helps improve the skin’s texture and lightens superficial dark spots. Retinol is quite potent, which results in some people suffering from skin irritation, especially when they come into contact with direct sunlight. Use retinol-based anti-ageing products at nighttime on dry skin and make sure you apply an SPF moisturiser in the morning.

    Niacinamide

    If you suffer from darker uneven spots that have been caused by acne scars, old age, or sun damage, you can use a product that contains niacinamade, which comes from vitamin B3 to lighten them and prevent melanin from rising to the skin’s surface.  As a result your skin’s moisture and collagen production will improve and slowly over time reverse the damage from the sun.

    Hyaluronic Acid

    Hyaluronic acid is a form of humectants, which means that it draws water from both the air and dermis. Lotions with hyaluronic acid have excellent hydrating qualities and sometimes help improve collagen production to firm up sagging skin.

    Alpha Hydroxyl Acid

    Alpha hydroxyl acids (AHAs) work as exfoliators. They help remove dead skin cells and encourage new cell turnover revealing more youthful skin. When you exfoliate your skin, you will also allow serums, moisturisers, and other skin treatments to absorb and penetrate the skin more effectively. Look for a product that has 8% or less AHAs – when there are high concentrations of AHAs, you will help reduce and fade brown marks, spots and fine lines, but it will also make you more vulnerable and sensitive to the sun.

    L-ascorbic Acid

    L-ascorbic acid is another word for vitamin C. It helps build your skin’s collagen, helps to reduce any inflammation, and at the same time it plumps up the skin and promotes elasticity.

    Avobenzone

    This is a common chemical ingredient found in sun creams and sun blocks. Usually, this is found in combination with oxybenzone or benzophenone-3 to help block UVB rays. Use this before applying your regularmoisturiser or serum.

    Antioxidants

    Antioxidants help to prevent more damage happening and they also help repair your body’stissue and cell damage. They neutralise the free radicals and promote cell grown. Popular antioxidants found in anti-ageing products include vitamins C and E, green tea, berry extracts, and pomegranate.

     

    7.5. Botox versus Facelift

    While Botox and facelifts are more extreme measures for looking young, they are not uncommon and it is becoming increasingly common for people, especially in the 40s and 50s, to go under the knife whereas the popularity of Botox is waning slightly.

    When a person’s age begins to show from their many years of excessive sun exposure, pollutants, daily life stress, and smoking, they begin to suffer from wrinkles, some of which are deeper creases than others. It is also common for a person to suffer from sagging skin around the jaw line and neck area, which often makes them appear older than they really are.

    No person really enjoys the idea of having an invasive facelift, otherwise known as rhytidectomysurgergy and the long hard recovery process that follows, but it does not stop people, especially in the US where 13 million people undergo surgery for anti-ageing purposes alone each year.

    Can you explain the difference between Botox and facelifts?

    A facelift is an invasive surgical procedure while Botox are injections and are non-surgical.

    Some people opt for Botox because it is non-surgical; however, it really depends on the specific problems you have to know which anti-ageing beauty procedure is the right one for you. The important thing to remember is that facelifts and Botox are completely different and they are used for completely different purposes – they do complement each other, but it is essential to remember that they do not produce the same results.

    Facelift

    People have facelifts usually to reshape their deep facial structures. Additionally, they are used to try and remove extra skin tissue which results in a more youthful appearance; these saggy skin tissues are usually located in the lower region of the face, neck, and jowls. If a person has a lot of sagging skin, there is nothing that can be done to reduce it significantly. To reduce the skin, it needs to be removed, repositioned, and repaired. Some facelift surgeries might involve eyelid surgery, a neck lift, or a forehead lift to improve the appearance and age of a person.

    Facelift surgery helps correct the following problems:

    Deep under-the-eye creases and wrinkles

    Deep forehead wrinkles and creases

    Droopy eyebrows

    Lowered cheek pads

    Deep creases, folds or wrinkles along the nose

    Saggy jowls

    Double chin

    Botox

    Botox is a form of botulinum toxin. It is directed at a person’s overactive muscles to help alleviate expression lines, wrinkles, and crows’ feet. Usually Botox is used mostly in the upper parts of a person’s face,in the corners of a person’s eyes, forehead creases, and lines and wrinkles that form between the eyebrows. The muscles absorb the Botox and help them relax more. Botox injections do not really have any impact on the skin and Botox is often referred to as a “non-surgical facelift.” However, it cannot really be called a facelift because it does not involve any kind of skin removal or lifting. However, the Botox injections can help the skin’s appearance look smoother, softer, and more youthful.

    Botox helps correct the following problems:

    Fine facial lines and wrinkles

    Expression lines e.g. laughter lines

    Crows’ feet

    Furrows between the eyebrows

    Fine forehead lines and wrinkles

    Neck bands

    Scenario for Week 7 Case: You are a PMHNP

    Scenario for Week 7 Case:

    You are a PMHNP working in a large intercity hospital. You receive a call from the answering service informing you that a “stat” consult has been ordered by one of the hospitalists in the ICU. Upon arriving in the ICU, you learn that your consult is a 14 year old male who overdosed on approximately 50 Benadryl (diphenhydramine hydrochloride) tablets in an apparent suicide attempt. At the scene, a suicide note was found indicating that he wanted to die because his girlfriend’s parents felt that their daughter was too young to be “dating.” The client stated in the suicide note that he could not “live without her” and decided to take his own life. Although he has been medically stabilized and admitted to the ICU, he has been refusing to talk with the doctors or nurses. The hospital staff was finally able to get in touch with the clients parents (using contact information retrieved from the 14 year old’s cell phone). Unbeknown to the hospital staff, the parents are divorced, and both showed up at the hospital at approximately the same time, each offering their own perspectives on what ought to be done. The client’s father is demanding that the client be hospitalized because of the suicide, but his mother points out that he does not have “physical custody” of the child. The client’s mother demands that the client be discharged to home with her stating that her son’s actions were nothing more than a “stunt” and “an attempt at manipulating the situation that he didn’t like.” The client’s mother then becomes “nasty” and informs you that she works as a member of the clerical staff for the state board of nursing, and if you fail to discharge her child “right now” she will make you “sorry.” How would you proceed?

    The Assignment (2–3 pages):

    Based on the scenario, would you recommend that the client be voluntarily committed? Why or why not?

    Based on the laws in your state, would the client be eligible for involuntary commitment? Explain why or why not.

    Did understanding the state laws confirm or challenge your initial recommendation regarding involuntarily committing the client? Explain.

    If the client were not eligible for involuntary commitment, explain what actions you may be able to take to support the parents for or against voluntary commitment.

    If the client were not eligible for involuntary commitment, explain what initial actions you may be able to take to begin treating the client.

    Scenario for Week 7 Case: You are a PMHNP

    Scenario for Week 7 Case:

    You are a PMHNP working in a large intercity hospital. You receive a call from the answering service informing you that a “stat” consult has been ordered by one of the hospitalists in the ICU. Upon arriving in the ICU, you learn that your consult is a 14 year old male who overdosed on approximately 50 Benadryl (diphenhydramine hydrochloride) tablets in an apparent suicide attempt. At the scene, a suicide note was found indicating that he wanted to die because his girlfriend’s parents felt that their daughter was too young to be “dating.” The client stated in the suicide note that he could not “live without her” and decided to take his own life. Although he has been medically stabilized and admitted to the ICU, he has been refusing to talk with the doctors or nurses. The hospital staff was finally able to get in touch with the clients parents (using contact information retrieved from the 14 year old’s cell phone). Unbeknown to the hospital staff, the parents are divorced, and both showed up at the hospital at approximately the same time, each offering their own perspectives on what ought to be done. The client’s father is demanding that the client be hospitalized because of the suicide, but his mother points out that he does not have “physical custody” of the child. The client’s mother demands that the client be discharged to home with her stating that her son’s actions were nothing more than a “stunt” and “an attempt at manipulating the situation that he didn’t like.” The client’s mother then becomes “nasty” and informs you that she works as a member of the clerical staff for the state board of nursing, and if you fail to discharge her child “right now” she will make you “sorry.” How would you proceed?

    The Assignment (2–3 pages):

    Based on the scenario, would you recommend that the client be voluntarily committed? Why or why not?

    Based on the laws in your state, would the client be eligible for involuntary commitment? Explain why or why not.

    Did understanding the state laws confirm or challenge your initial recommendation regarding involuntarily committing the client? Explain.

    If the client were not eligible for involuntary commitment, explain what actions you may be able to take to support the parents for or against voluntary commitment.

    If the client were not eligible for involuntary commitment, explain what initial actions you may be able to take to begin treating the client.

    Assignment 1: Practicum: Decision Tree

    For this Assignment, as you examine the client case study in this week’s Learning Resources, consider how you might assess and treat pediatric clients presenting symptoms of a mental health disorder.

    Learning Objectives

    Students will:

    · Evaluate clients for treatment of mental health disorders

    · Analyze decisions made throughout diagnosis and treatment of clients with mental health disorders

    The Assignment:

    Examine Case 2: You will be asked to make three decisions concerning the diagnosis and treatment for this client. Be sure to consider co-morbid physical as well as mental factors that might impact the client’s diagnosis and treatment.

    At each Decision Point, stop to complete the following:

    · Decision #1: Differential Diagnosis

    · Which Decision did you select?

    · Why did you select this Decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.

    · What were you hoping to achieve by making this Decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.

    · Explain any difference between what you expected to achieve with Decision #1 and the results of the Decision. Why were they different?

    · Decision #2: Treatment Plan for Psychotherapy

    · Why did you select this Decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.

    · What were you hoping to achieve by making this Decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.

    · Explain any difference between what you expected to achieve with Decision #2 and the results of the Decision. Why were they different?

    · Decision #3: Treatment Plan for Psychopharmacology

    · Why did you select this Decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.

    · What were you hoping to achieve by making this Decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.

    · Explain any difference between what you expected to achieve with Decision #3 and the results of the decision. Why were they different?

    · Also include how ethical considerations might impact your treatment plan and communication with clients and their families.

    BACKGROUND

    Tyrel is an 8-year-old black male who is brought in by his mother for a variety of psychiatric complaints. Shaquana, Tyrel’s mother, reports that Tyrel has been exhibiting a lot of worry and “nervousness” over the past 2 months. She states that she notices that he has been quite “keyed up” and spends a great deal of time worrying about “germs.” She states that he is constantly washing his hands because he feels as though he is going to get sick like he did a few weeks ago, which kept him both out of school and off the playground. He was also not able to see his father for two weekends because of being sick. Shaquana explains that although she and her ex-husband Desmond divorced about 2 years ago, their divorce was amicable and they both endeavor to see that Tyrel is well cared for.

    Shaquana reports that Tyrel is irritable at times and has also had some sleep disturbances (which she reports as “trouble staying asleep”). She reports that he has been more and more difficult to get to school as he has become nervous around his classmates. He has missed about 8 days over the course of the last 3 weeks. He has also stopped playing with his best friend from across the street.

    His mother reports that she feels “responsible” for his current symptoms. She explains that after he was sick with strep throat a few weeks ago, she encouraged him to be more careful about washing his hands after playing with other children, handling things that did not belong to him, and especially before eating. She continues by saying “maybe if I didn’t make such a big deal about it, he would not be obsessed with germs.”

    Per Shaquana, her pregnancy with Tyrel was uncomplicated, and Tyrel has met all developmental milestones on time. He has had an uneventful medical history and is current on all immunizations.

    OBJECTIVE

    During your assessment of Tyrel, he seems cautious being around you. He warms a bit as you discuss school, his friends at school, and what he likes to do. He admits that he has been feeling “nervous” lately, but when you question him as to why, he simply shrugs his shoulders.

    When you discuss his handwashing with him, he tells you that “handwashing is the best way to keep from getting sick.” When you question him how many times a day he washes his hands, he again shrugs his shoulders. You can see that his bilateral hands are dry. Throughout your assessment, Tyrel reveals that he has been thinking of how dirty his hands are; and no matter how hard he tries to stop thinking about his “dirty” hands, he is unable to do so. He reports that he gets “really nervous” and “scared” that he will get sick, and that the only way to make himself feel better is to wash his hands. He reports that it does work for a while and that he feels “better” after he washes his hands, but then a little while later, he will begin thinking “did I wash my hands well enough? What if I missed an area?” He reports that he can feel himself getting more and more “scared” until he washes his hands again.

    MENTAL STATUS EXAM

    Tyrel is alert and oriented to all spheres. Eye contact varies throughout the clinical interview. He reports his mood as “good,” admits to anxiety. Affect consistent to self-reported mood. He denies visual/auditory hallucinations. No overt delusional or paranoid thought processes were apparent. He denies suicidal ideation.

    Lab studies obtained from Tyrel’s pediatric nurse practitioner were all within normal parameters. An antistreptolysin O antibody titer was obtained for reasons you are unclear of, and this titer was shown to be above normal parameters.

    Decision Point One

    BASED ON THE INFORMATION PROVIDED IN THE SCENARIO ABOVE, WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING DIAGNOSES WOULD THE PMHNP GIVE TO TYREL?

    In your write-up of this case, be certain to link specific symptoms presented in the case to DSM–5 criteria to support your diagnosis.

    Decision Point One

    Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

    Decision Point Two

    https://mym.cdn.laureate-media.com/2dett4d/Walden/NURS/6660/05/mm/decision_tree/img/pill-blue.pngBegin Fluvoxamine immediate release 25 mg orally at bedtime

    RESULTS OF DECISION POINT TWO

    · Client returns to clinic in four weeks

    · Upon return to the clinic, Tyrel’s mother reported that he has had some decrease in his symptoms. She states that the frequency of the handwashing has decreased, and Tyrel seems a bit more “relaxed” overall.

    · She also reports that Tyrel has not fully embraced returning to school, but that his attendance has improved. She reported that over this past weekend, Tyrel went outside to play with his friend from across the street, which he has not done in a while.

    Decision Point Three

    https://mym.cdn.laureate-media.com/2dett4d/Walden/NURS/6660/05/mm/decision_tree/img/pill-red.pngIncrease Fluvoxamine to 50 mg orally at bedtime Practicum: Decision Tree.

    Guidance to Student

    In terms of an actual diagnosis, the child’s main symptoms are most consistent with obsessive-compulsive disorder. There may also be an element of social phobia developing, but at this point, the PMHNP has not assessed the nature of the school avoidance—that is, why is the child avoiding school. Notice that nothing in the scenario tells us that the PMHNP has assessed this. Practicum: Decision Tree.

    Fluvoxamine immediate release is FDA-approved for the treatment of OCD in children aged 8 years and older. Fluvoxamine’s sigma-1 antagonist properties may cause sedation and as such, it should be dosed in the evening/bedtime.

    At this point, it would be appropriate to consider increasing the bedtime dose, especially since the child is responding to the medication and there are no negative side effects. Practicum: Decision Tree.

    Atypical antipsychotics are typically not used in the treatment of OCD. There is also nothing to tell us that an atypical antipsychotic would be necessary (e.g., no psychotic symptoms). Additionally, the child seems to be responding to the medication, so there is no rationale as to why an atypical antipsychotic would be added to the current regimen.

    Cognitive behavioral therapy is the psychotherapy of choice for treating OCD. The PMHNP should augment medication therapy with CBT. If further assessment determines that Tyrel has social anxiety disorder, CBT is effective in treating this condition as well. Practicum: Decision Tree.

    NURS 660 Week 4: Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders in Childhood

    “He was drunk again, so I should have known better. I should have stayed away from the house, but that would have made him madder. He has done this before, but not nearly this bad. He broke my wrist as I was protecting my mom. The neighbor heard the screaming and called the cops. They hauled him away, but I know he will be back. She always lets him come back.”

    Avery, age 14

    In August of 2005, thousands of children lost their homes in Hurricane Katrina. On December 14, 2012, the students at Sandy Hook Elementary School experienced the death of 20 of their classmates and six of their teachers. Every day, children experience physical and sexual abuse and neglect by their parents or caregivers. These types of trauma have a lifelong impact on the children involved and those witnessing the events. As much as we try to prevent unwanted childhood trauma and stressors, the phenomena are present in our culture. Practicum: Decision Tree. Childhood trauma is a significant contributor to both physical and mental health problems in children and adults.

    This week, you examine several cases of child abuse and neglect, and you recommend strategies for assessing for abuse. You analyze influences of media and social media on mental health and evaluate the need for mandatory reporting of abuse. You also submit your Practicum Journal and Assignments. Practicum: Decision Tree.

    Photo Credit: StaffordStudios / Getty Images

    Learning Resources

    Required Readings

    Sadock, B. J., Sadock, V. A., & Ruiz, P. (2014). Kaplan & Sadock’s synopsis of psychiatry: Behavioral sciences/clinical psychiatry (11th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer.

    · Chapter 31, “Child Psychiatry” (pp. 1216–1226)

    American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

    · “Trauma- and Stressor-related Disorders”

    Note: You will access this book from the Walden Library databases.

    Pfefferbaum, B., & Shaw, J. A. (2013). Practice parameter on disaster preparedness. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 52(11), 1224–1238. Retrieved from http://www.jaacap.com/article/S0890-8567(13)00550-9/pdf Practicum: Decision Tree

    American Psychiatric Nurses Association. (2017). Childhood and adolescent trauma. Retrieved from http://www.apna.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageID=4545

    Stahl, S. M. (2014). Prescriber’s Guide: Stahl’s Essential Psychopharmacology (5th ed.). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

    Optional Resources

    Thapar, A., Pine, D. S., Leckman, J. F., Scott, S., Snowling, M. J., & Taylor, E. A. (2015). Rutter’s child and adolescent psychiatry (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Blackwell.

    · Chapter 50, “Provision of Intensive Treatment: Intensive Outreach, Day Units, and In-Patient Units” (pp. 648–664)

    · Chapter 58, “Disorders of Attachment and Social Engagement Related to Deprivation” (pp. 795–805)

    · Chapter 59, “Post Traumatic Stress Disorder” (pp. 806–821)

    · Chapter 64, “Suicidal Behavior and Self-Harm” (pp. 893–912)

    Discussion: Treating Childhood Abuse

    In 2012, statistics in the United States indicated that state CPS agencies received 3.4 million referrals for child abuse and neglect. Of these, nearly 700,000 children were found to be victims of maltreatment: 18% were victims of physical abuse and 78% were victims of neglect (CDC, 2014). Child sexual abuse makes up roughly 10% of child maltreatment cases in the United States (CDC, 2014). The CDC considers sexual abuse at any age a form of violence. Child abuse of any kind can lead to an increased state of inflammatory markers in adulthood, as well as multiple physical illnesses and high-risk behavior such as alcoholism and drug abuse. If a PMHNP identifies child abuse, there may be a need to report the abuse to authorities. Practicum: Decision Tree. Once able to provide treatment, the PMHNP can be instrumental in reducing the long-term effects of child abuse.

    In this Discussion, you recommend strategies for assessing for abuse and analyze influences of media and social media on mental health. You also evaluate the need for mandatory reporting of abuse.

    Learning Objectives

    Students will:

    · Recommend strategies for assessing for abuse

    · Analyze influences of media and social media on mental health

    · Evaluate the need for mandatory reporting of abuse

    To Prepare for this Discussion:

    · Read the Learning Resources concerning treating childhood abuse.

    · Read the Child Abuse Case Study in the Learning Resources. See Child Abuse Case Study

    Assignment Question to be addressed Practicum: Decision Tree

    · What strategies would you employ to assess the patient for abuse? Explain why you selected these strategies.

    · How might exposure to the media and/or social media affect the patient?

    · What type of mandatory reporting (if any) is required in this case? Why?

    Child Abuse Case Study

    NURS 6660: Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner Role I: Child

    and Adolescent

    Child Abuse Case Study

    NURS 6660: Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner Role I: Child and Adolescent

    Morgan, a 19-year-old male comes to your office to discuss his current mood and symptoms. This is his first visit to a mental health clinic. “I’ve had 26 jobs in the last 2years; I finally have a job that I like and I want to make it work.” As you begin to get to know him, he tells you that his mood is down and that he also has times where he has “more energy and motivation”: “That’s when I am able to get a new job.” Practicum: Decision Tree. He says that he has difficulty interacting with coworkers. “I feel like I can’t talk to them.” If it wasn’t for his supportive girlfriend, he wouldn’t be able to function. “She understands me and accepts me; she knows what I have been through.”

    As the PMHNP listens to the client and explores what he means by some of his statements, you try to put together his story. He mentions that he has been having nightmares and is not sleeping well. He says he startles easily. He becomes withdrawn when he begins to talk about the reason for the nightmares.“This all started a few weeks ago when a cousin of mine got out of jail.” He haltingly tells the story of his parents’ mental illness and how he had to live with various relatives. “One cousin who I stayed with a lot took advantage of me. He molested me.” They found out he also molested other children and he went to jail. “It gives me the creeps that he is out of jail. I have to face what he did to me.” Morgan asks about his diagnosis. The PMHNP tells him that he has some symptoms that sound like depression and anxiety, and that when a child has a traumatic experience, it can reoccur and stay with a person for many years. He acknowledges that he thought about PTSD but wasn’t sure what the symptoms look like.

    As you think about Morgan’s story, consider the following questions: Where did he fall between the cracks? Are there agencies who advocate for children like him? There are thousands of children like Morgan. They were in a vulnerable family situation and the “responsible” adult was not able to care for the child. Sometimes it takes yearsfor clients to remember and disclose the abuse. Practicum: Decision Tree

    Week 4: Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders in Childhood

    “He was drunk again, so I should have known better. I should have stayed away from the house, but that would have made him madder. He has done this before, but not nearly this bad. He broke my wrist as I was protecting my mom. The neighbor heard the screaming and called the cops. Practicum: Decision Tree. They hauled him away, but I know he will be back. She always lets him come back.”

    Avery, age 14

    In August of 2005, thousands of children lost their homes in Hurricane Katrina. On December 14, 2012, the students at Sandy Hook Elementary School experienced the death of 20 of their classmates and six of their teachers. Every day, children experience physical and sexual abuse and neglect by their parents or caregivers. These types of trauma have a lifelong impact on the children involved and those witnessing the events. Practicum: Decision Tree. As much as we try to prevent unwanted childhood trauma and stressors, the phenomena are present in our culture. Childhood trauma is a significant contributor to both physical and mental health problems in children and adults.

    This week, you examine several cases of child abuse and neglect, and you recommend strategies for assessing for abuse. You analyze influences of media and social media on mental health and evaluate the need for mandatory reporting of abuse. You also submit your Practicum Journal and Assignments.

    Note:
     To access this week’s required library resources, please click on the link to the Course Readings List, found in the 
    Course Materials
    section of your Syllabus. Practicum: Decision Tree.

    Required Readings

    Sadock, B. J., Sadock, V. A., & Ruiz, P. (2014). 
    Kaplan & Sadock’s synopsis of psychiatry: Behavioral sciences/clinical psychiatry 
    (11th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer.

    Chapter 31, “Child Psychiatry” (pp. 1216–1226)

    American Psychiatric Association. (2013). 
    Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
     (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

    “Trauma- and Stressor-related Disorders”

    Note:
     You will access this book from the Walden Library databases.

    Pfefferbaum, B., & Shaw, J. A. (2013). Practice parameter on disaster preparedness. 
    Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
    , 
    52
    (11), 1224–1238. Retrieved from http://www.jaacap.com/article/S0890-8567(13)00550-9/pdf Practicum: Decision Tree.

    American Psychiatric Nurses Association. (2017). 
    Childhood and adolescent trauma. 
    Retrieved from http://www.apna.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageID=4545

    Document: 
    Childhood Abuse Case Study (PDF)

     

    Stahl, S. M. (2014). 
    Prescriber’s Guide: Stahl’s Essential Psychopharmacology 
    (5th ed.). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

    Note:
    All Stahl resources can be accessed through the Walden Library using the link. This link will take you to a login page for the Walden Library. Once you log in to the library, the Stahl website will appear. Practicum: Decision Tree.

    To access information on the following medications, click on The Prescriber’s Guide, 5th Ed. tab on the Stahl Online website and select the appropriate medication.

    Review the following medications:

    Posttraumatic stress disorder

    citalopram

    clonidine

    desvenlafaxine

    escitalopram

    fluoxetine

    fluvoxamine

    mirtazapine

    nefazodone

    paroxetine

    prazosin (nightmares)

    propranolol (prophylactic)

    sertraline

    venlafaxine

    Note:
    Many of these medications are FDA approved for adults only. Some are FDA approved for disorders in children and adolescents. Many are used “off label” for the disorders examined in this week. As you read the Stahl drug monographs, focus your attention on FDA approvals for children/adolescents (including “ages” for which the medication is approved, if applicable) and further note which drugs are “off label.” Practicum: Decision Tree.

    Optional Resources

    Thapar, A., Pine, D. S., Leckman, J. F., Scott, S., Snowling, M. J., & Taylor, E. A. (2015). 
    Rutter’s child and adolescent psychiatry
     (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Blackwell.

    Chapter 50, “Provision of Intensive Treatment: Intensive Outreach, Day Units, and In-Patient Units” (pp. 648–664)

    Chapter 58, “Disorders of Attachment and Social Engagement Related to Deprivation” (pp. 795–805)

    Chapter 59, “Post Traumatic Stress Disorder” (pp. 806–821)

    Chapter 64, “Suicidal Behavior and Self-Harm” (pp. 893–912)

    Discussion: Treating Childhood Abuse

    In 2012, statistics in the United States indicated that state CPS agencies received 3.4 million referrals for child abuse and neglect. Of these, nearly 700,000 children were found to be victims of maltreatment: 18% were victims of physical abuse and 78% were victims of neglect (CDC, 2014). Child sexual abuse makes up roughly 10% of child maltreatment cases in the United States (CDC, 2014). Practicum: Decision Tree. The CDC considers sexual abuse at any age a form of violence. Child abuse of any kind can lead to an increased state of inflammatory markers in adulthood, as well as multiple physical illnesses and high-risk behavior such as alcoholism and drug abuse. If a PMHNP identifies child abuse, there may be a need to report the abuse to authorities. Once able to provide treatment, the PMHNP can be instrumental in reducing the long-term effects of child abuse.

    In this Discussion, you recommend strategies for assessing for abuse and analyze influences of media and social media on mental health. You also evaluate the need for mandatory reporting of abuse. Practicum: Decision Tree.

    Learning Objectives

    Students will:

    Recommend strategies for assessing for abuse

    Analyze influences of media and social media on mental health

    Evaluate the need for mandatory reporting of abuse

    To Prepare
     
    for this Discussion:

    Read the Learning Resources concerning treating childhood abuse.

    Read the Child Abuse Case Study in the Learning Resources.

    Note: 
    For this Discussion, you are required to complete your initial post before you will be able to view and respond to your colleagues’ postings. Begin by clicking on the “Post to Discussion Question” link and then select “Create Thread” to complete your initial post. Remember, once you click submit, you cannot delete or edit your own posts and cannot post anonymously Practicum: Decision Tree. Please check your post carefully before clicking
    Submit
    !

    By Day 3

    Post:

    What strategies would you employ to assess the patient for abuse? Explain why you selected these strategies.

    How might exposure to the media and/or social media affect the patient?

    What type of mandatory reporting (if any) is required in this case? Why?

    By Day 6

    Respond
     to at least 
    two
     of your colleagues by providing at least two ways that their strategies may be expanded or improved.

    Submission and Grading Information

    Grading Criteria

    To access your rubric:

    Week 4 Discussion Rubric

    Post by Day 3 and Respond by Day 6

    To participate in this Discussion:

    Week 4 Discussion

    Assignment 1: Practicum: Week 1 Practicum Journal

    By Day 7

    Submit
     your Assignment. Refer to Week 1 for additional guidance.

    Submission and Grading Information NURS 6660 Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders

    To submit your completed Assignment for review and grading, do the following:

    Please save your Assignment using the naming convention “WK4Assgn1+last name+first initial.(extension)” as the name. NURS 6660 Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders

    Click the 
    Week 4 Assignment 1 Rubric 
    to review the Grading Criteria for the Assignment.

    Click the 
    Week 4 Assignment 1 
    link. You will also be able to “View Rubric” for grading criteria from this area.

    Next, from the Attach File area, click on the 
    Browse My Computer
     button. Find the document you saved as “WK4Assgn1+last name+first initial.(extension)” and click 
    Open
    .

    If applicable: From the Plagiarism Tools area, click the checkbox for 
    I agree to submit my paper(s) to the Global Reference Database
    . Practicum: Decision Tree.

    Click on the 
    Submit
     button to complete your submission.

    Grading Criteria

    To access your rubric:

    Week 4 Assignment 1 Rubric NURS 6660 Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders

    Check Your Assignment Draft for Authenticity

    To check your Assignment draft for authenticity:

    Submit your Week 4 Assignment 1 draft and review the originality report.

    Submit Your Assignment by Day 7

    To submit your Assignment:

    Week 4 Assignment 1

    Assignment 2: Practicum: Week 3 Decision Tree

    By Day 7 NURS 6660 Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders

    Submit
     your Assignment. Refer to Week 3 for additional guidance.

    Submission and Grading Information

    To submit your completed Assignment for review and grading, do the following:

    Please save your Assignment using the naming convention “WK4Assgn2+last name+first initial.(extension)” as the name.

    Click the 
    Week 4 Assignment 2 Rubric 
    to review the Grading Criteria for the Assignment.

    Click the 
    Week 4 Assignment 2 
    link. You will also be able to “View Rubric” for grading criteria from this area. Practicum: Decision Tree.

    Next, from the Attach File area, click on the 
    Browse My Computer
     button. Find the document you saved as “WK4Assgn2+last name+first initial.(extension)” and click 
    Open
    .

    If applicable: From the Plagiarism Tools area, click the checkbox for 
    I agree to submit my paper(s) to the Global Reference Database
    .

    Click on the 
    Submit
     button to complete your submission.

    Grading Criteria

    To access your rubric: NURS 6660 Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders

    Week 4 Assignment 2 Rubric

    Check Your Assignment Draft for Authenticity

    To check your Assignment draft for authenticity:

    Submit your Week 4 Assignment 2 draft and review the originality report.

    Submit Your Assignment by Day 7

    To submit your Assignment:

    Week 4 Assignment 2 NURS 6660 Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders

    Assignment 3: Board Vitals

    This week you will be responding to twenty Board Vitals questions that cover a broad review of your Nurse Practitioner program courses up to this point.

    These review questions will provide practice that is critical in your preparation for the national certification exam that’s required to certify you to practice as a nurse practitioner. These customized test questions are designed to help you prepare for your Nurse Practitioner certification exam. It is in your best interest to take your time, do your best, and answer each question to the best of your ability. NURS 6660 Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders

    You can access Board Vitals through the link sent to you in email or by following the link below:

    By Day 7 NURS 6660 Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders

    Complete the Board Vitals questions.

    Practicum Reminder

    Time Logs

    You are required to keep a log of the time you spend related to your practicum experience 
    and enter every patient you see each day
    . You can access your time log from the Welcome Page in your Meditrek account. You track time individually for each patient you work with. Please make sure to continuously input your hours throughout the term.

    Making Connections

    This week, you examined several cases of child abuse and neglect and recommended strategies for assessing for abuse. You analyzed influences of media and social media on mental health and evaluated the need for mandatory reporting of abuse. You also submitted your Practicum Journal and Assignments. Practicum: Decision Tree.

    Next week, you analyze case studies to determine the diagnosis and treatment of anxiety disorders.

    NURS 6660 Midterm and Final Exam Study Guide Questions and Answers

    Working from a lifespan approach, this course introduces child and adolescent psychiatry. Emphasis is placed on the psychiatric and/or mental health disorders that begin in childhood and adolescence. Topics include psychiatric assessment; differential diagnosis; and application of diagnostic criteria, appropriate diagnostic testing, and diagnostic formulation. The learner will select a combination of psychotherapeutic modalities coupled with psychopharmacologic approaches to treat common psychiatric mental health conditions of children and adolescents. The focus of the practicum experience is on application of didactic concepts to actual patient care situations. Legal and ethical considerations for working with children and adolescents will be addressed. NURS 6660 Midterm and Final Exam Study Guide Questions and Answers Practicum: Decision Tree

    BUY NURS 6600 EXAM HERE

    Assignments and Projects

    An Assignment or Project often is a writing assignment submitted to the Instructor for evaluation. Complete Assignment or Project directions are in the 
    Assignments
     or 
    Projects
     areas, including how and where to submit the Assignment or Project and the due date. Please note that you should keep copies of your Assignments and Projects on your computer in case of any technical difficulties. NURS 6660 Midterm and Final Exam Study Guide Questions and Answers

    Information on scholarly writing may be found in the APA manual and at the Walden Writing Center website.

    Please refer to the APA Guide or visit the Walden University Online Writing Center at 
    http://writingcenter.waldenu.edu/
    .

    Walden University expects you to act with integrity and honesty in your academic courses. Refer to the 
    Guidelines and Policies
     and 
    Academic Integrity
     areas for more details.

    Check the 
    Course Information
     area for any rubrics relating to the Assignments and Projects.

    All assignments must be completed to pass the course. NURS 6660 Midterm and Final Exam Study Guide Questions and Answers Practicum: Decision Tree

    Practicum Activities

    The practicum experience in this course will assist your transition from the role of learner to that of scholar-practitioner. To achieve this transition, you will engage in a relationship with a clinical instructor and preceptor, focusing on roles and role functions and the achievement of individualized learning objectives. The primary objective of your practicum is to provide you with the basic skills necessary to serve as a mid-level provider of primary care to selected populations and prepare you to take the appropriate national certification exam. NURS 6660 Midterm and Final Exam Study Guide Questions and Answers

    The practicum component of the course will be graded as Satisfactory or Unsatisfactory. In order to pass the course, you must earn a grade of Satisfactory on all required practicum activities including journal entries and time logs.

    At the end of the course, you must also ensure that your practicum preceptor submits an online evaluation of your performance. You will also complete an online evaluation of your practicum experience at the end of the course. These evaluations will not only provide information about the progress of individual students, but also help program leadership to continuously work on the course review and improvements. You will receive an Incomplete (I) as a grade if any of the above evaluations are not received by the posted deadlines. NURS 6660 Midterm and Final Exam Study Guide Questions and Answers Practicum: Decision Tree

    Time Logs:
     Students are required to keep a log of the time spent related to their practicum experience and enter every patient they see each day. Students can access their time log from the Welcome Page in their Meditrek account. Students will track time individually for each patient they work with. Students are required to continuously input their hours throughout the term. Logs are reviewed by instructors in Weeks 4, 7, and 10. Please print and keep your completed Meditrek Log at the end of your clinical experiences for future use as a component of your portfolio. NURS 6660 Midterm and Final Exam Study Guide Questions and Answers

    Week 1

    Comprehensive Integrated Psychiatric Assessment

    Learning Resources

    Required Readings

    Required Media

    Optional Resources

    Discussion

    Comprehensive Integrated Psychiatric Assessment

    Assignment

    Practicum Journal Entry: Analyzing an Ethical Decision

    Making Connections

    Looking Ahead

    Didactic Assignments

    Practicum Assignments

    Week 2

    Assessment in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Practicum: Decision Tree

    Learning Resources

    Required Readings

    Optional Resources

    Discussion

    Working With Children and Adolescents Versus Adults

    Assignment 1

    Practicum: Cover Letter, Resume, and Portfolio

    Assignment 2

    Board Vitals

    Making Connections

    Looking Ahead

    Week 3

    Autism Spectrum Disorder, ADHD, ODD, and ICD

    Learning Resources

    Required Readings

    Required Media

    Optional Resources

    Discussion

    Parent Guide

    Assignment 1

    Practicum: Decision Tree

    Assignment 2

    Board Vitals

    Making Connections

    Week 4

    Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders in Childhood

    Learning Resources

    Required Readings

    Optional Resources

    Discussion

    Treating Childhood Abuse

    Assignment 1

    Practicum: Week 1 Practicum Journal

    Assignment 2

    Practicum: Week 3 Decision Tree

    Assignment 3

    Board Vitals

    Practicum Reminder

    Practicum: Decision Tree

    Making Connections

    Week 5

    Anxiety Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence

    Learning Resources

    Required Readings

    Required Media

    Optional Resources

    Discussion

    Clinical Supervision

    Assignment 1

    Practicum: Decision Tree

    Assignment 2

    Board Vitals

    Making Connections

    Looking Ahead

    Week 6

    Emergency Psychiatric Care in Childhood and Adolescence

    Learning Resources

    Required Readings

    Optional Resources

    Discussion

    Treatment of Psychiatric Emergencies in Children Versus Adults

    Assignment 1

    Midterm Exam

    Assignment 2

    Board Vitals

    Making Connections

    NURS 6660 Midterm and Final Exam Study Guide Questions and Answers

    Looking Ahead

    Week 7

    Learning and Motor Disorders in Childhood

    Learning Resources

    Required Readings

    Optional Resources

    Discussion

    Parent Guide

    Assignment 1

    Practicum Journal: Voluntary and Involuntary Commitment

    Assignment 2

    Practicum: Week 5 Decision Tree

    Assignment 3

    Board Vitals

    Practicum Reminder

    Time Logs

    Making Connections

    NURS 6660 Midterm and Final Exam Study Guide Questions and Answers

    Week 8

    Mood Disorders Practicum: Decision Tree

    Learning Resources

    Required Readings

    Optional Resources

    Discussion

    Pediatric Bipolar Depression Disorder Debate

    Assignment

    Board Vitals

    Making Connections

    Looking Ahead

    NURS 6660 Midterm and Final Exam Study Guide Questions and Answers

    Week 9

    Early-Onset Schizophrenia

    Learning Resources

    Required Readings

    Required Media

    Optional Resources

    Assignment 1

    Early Onset Schizophrenia

    Assignment 2

    Practicum: Decision Tree

    Assignment 3

    Board Vitals

    Making Connections

    Week 10

    Feeding, Eating, and Elimination Disorders in Childhood

    Learning Resources

    Required Readings

    Optional Resources

    Discussion

    Parent Guide

    Assignment 1

    Practicum: Week 2 Cover Letter, Resume, and Portfolio

    Assignment 2

    Practicum: Week 9 Decision Tree

    Assignment 3

    Board Vitals

    Practicum Reminder

    Time Logs

    Making Connections

    Week 11

    Special Topics in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

    Learning Resources

    Required Readings

    Optional Resources

    Discussion

    Special Topics in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

    Assignment 1

    Final Exam

    Assignment 2 NURS 6660 Midterm and Final Exam Study Guide Questions and Answers

    American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

    Giles, L. L., & Martini, D. R. (2016). Challenges and promises of pediatric psychopharmacology. Academic Pediatrics, 16(6), 508-518.

    Hargrave, T. M., & Arthur, M. E. (2015). Teaching child psychiatric assessment skills: Using pediatric mental health screening tools. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 50(1), 60-72.

    Kaltiala-Heino, R. (2010). Involuntary commitment and detainment in adolescent psychiatric inpatient care. Social Psychiatry Epidemiology, 45, 785-793. doi: 10.1007/s00127-009-0116-3.

    Lindsey, M. A., Joe, S., Muroff, J., & Ford, B. E. (2010). Social and clinical factors associated with psychiatric emergency service use and civil commitment among African-American youth. General Hospital Psychiatry, 32, 300-309. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2010.01.007

    McClelland, M., Crombez, M., Crombez, C., Wenz, C., Lisius, M., Mattia, A., & Marku, S. (2015). Implications for advanced practice nurses when pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS) is suspected: A qualitative study. Journal of Pediatric Healthcare, 29(5), 442-452. doi:10.1016/j.pedhc.2015.03.005

    McGavey, E. L., Leon-Verdin, M., Wancheck, T. N., & Bonnie, R. J. (2013). Decisions to initiate involuntary commitment: The role of intensive community services and other factors. Psychiatric Services, 64(2), 120-126.

    Practicum: Decision Tree

  • Analyzing an Ethical Decision essay example

    Analyzing an Ethical Decision essay example

    • Select one of the articles you found that was published within the last 5 years to use as a focus for this assignment.

    • Summarize the moral/ethical issue in the article (no more than 1 paragraph).

    • Describe the moral and ethical dilemmas surrounding the issue.

    • Analyze the ethical issue and compare them to the state health laws and regulations in your state.

    • Outline the process of ethical decision making you would use to address this ethical dilemma

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    Analyzing an ethical decision

    Introduction and purpose

    Although ethics can be considered as the study of foundational social values as presented in a community, it is linked to critical thinking and how to subjectively interpret a situation. Applying critical thinking ensures that each individual will develop a unique awareness of ethics, determining what is right and wrong based on subconsciously held values and beliefs. This means that an awareness of ethics and morality must first be preceded to collect and analyze information, and interpret in into good and bad or right and wrong (Ruggiero, 2015). Analyzing an Ethical Decision essay example. The present analysis evaluates the notion of ethics and morals in nursing, applying critical thinking to argue about the ethics of health decisions.

    Summary of the moral/ethical issue in the article

    Latha (2010) discusses the ethics surrounding the decision that the must make when a patient refuses medication. Although covert medication is extensively applied when the patient’s insight, autonomy and competence in making decisions is questioned, there are both ethical and legal implications. That is because covert medication is not justifiable simply to escape care giving burdens or calm troublesome patients. At the core of nurse’s service delivery is the duty to ensure the patient’s wellbeing even when the competence to offer an informed consent is questionable. From an ethical perspective, covert medication can be viewed as the nurse actively breaching the patient’s trust. Other than contravening existing ethical practice principles, it also raises legal issues since covert medication is only legally permitted if the law expressly offers authority for that to proceed if the patient (includes parent or guardian) is incompetent and incapable of making the decision. Analyzing an Ethical Decision essay example. To be more succinct, covert medication for juvenile patients presents an ethical dilemma because it contravenes the principle surrounding respect for autonomy and questions
    parens patriae
    jurisdiction of the courts as the nurse arbitrarily takes over this role.

    Description of the moral and ethical dilemmas surrounding the issue

    The issue of whether or not a juvenile patient should be subjected to covert medication attracts a lot of ethical debate. That is because on one hand, the nurse has the responsibility of ensuring the patient’s wellbeing while on the other hand the nurse is expected to respect the patient’s autonomy and allow the courts to maintain their
    parens patriae
    jurisdiction. As such, the nurse is forced to make a decision between improving the juvenile patient’s health and respecting individual rights and legal tenets in place.
    These are issues that must be taken into consideration when determining whether or not covert medication should be applied.

    Analyze and compare ethical issue to Maryland State health laws and regulations

    Parens patriae
    is a doctrine that allows the State to take legal and physical responsibility for a juvenile who is recognized as being incapable of making competent decisions. In literal terms, the concept implies that the state becomes the parent of the patient with the responsibility of making decision on behalf of the patient. This means that the court can either make the decision on behalf of the incapacitated patient or appoint an independent party as a guardian to make the decision. It is notable that the doctrine does not deny parties with prior legal rights from exercising their rights. This means that parents retain the right to make decisions about the juvenile’s medication and the court can only override their right on a case-by-case basis (CustodyZen, 2017). Overall, it is clear that covert medication is an issue that should be left for the court to decide if the patient is incompetent and cannot make the decision Analyzing an Ethical Decision essay example.

    Outline the process of ethical decision making to apply

    Even as nurses deal with ethical issues within their professional capacity, they must contend with the patients’ rights, particularly their right to autonomy. Additionally, they must contend with the legal principle of
    parens patriae
    and the position that courts hold in making decisions for incompetent patients (Marquis & Huston, 2014). Analyzing an Ethical Decision essay example. Let us consider the case of a 15-year-old boy who has been diagnosed with a mental ailment that requires regular doses of a prescription medication. The boy’s parents are against him receiving any form of medication. The fact is that the nurse has a duty to ensure that any patient within his/her care receives the best possible care that ensures good health even as allowances are made for personal choices. In this case, the first issue would entail explaining the concept of medication to the parents, what it entails, application, and importance. If the discussion does not convince the parents that the boy needs to receive medication to manage his medical ailment, then the next step would entail referring the case to family counselors. Under no circumstance can the nurse covertly medicate the patient without receiving express permission from the parents to do that even if it means that the child is placed at risk. Rather, the only course of action would entail approaching the court under legal principle of
    parens patriae
    and getting permission to have the child medicated. Analyzing an Ethical Decision essay example.

     

    References

    CustodyZen (2017).
    Parens Patriae
    . Retrieved from http://www.custodyzen.com/divorce-terms/parens-patriae.html

    Latha, K. (2010). The Noncompliant Patient in Psychiatry: The Case For and Against Covert/Surreptitious Medication.
    Mens Sana Monogr.
    , 8(1), 96-121. doi: 10.4103/0973-1229.58822

    Marquis, B. & Huston, C. (2014).
    Leadership Roles and Management Functions in Nursing: Theory and application
    (8
    th
    ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.

    Ruggiero, V. (2015).
    Thinking Critically About Ethical Issues
    (9
    th
    ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education. Analyzing an Ethical Decision essay example.

  • Treatment of Psychiatric Emergencies in Children Versus Adults

    Treatment of Psychiatric Emergencies in Children Versus Adults

    Discussion: Treatment of Psychiatric Emergencies in Children Versus Adults

    The diagnosis of psychiatric emergencies can include a wide range of problems—from serious drug reactions to abuse and suicidal ideation/behaviors. Regardless of care setting, the PMHNP must know how to address emergencies, coordinate care with other members of the health care team and law enforcement officials (when indicated), and effectively communicate with family members who are often overwhelmed in emergency situations. Treatment of Psychiatric Emergencies in Children Versus Adults.

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    In this week’s Discussion, you compare treatment of adult psychiatric emergency clients to child or adolescent psychiatric emergency clients.

    Learning Objectives

    Students will:

    Compare treatment of adult psychiatric emergency clients to child or adolescent psychiatric emergency clients

    Analyze legal and ethical issues concerning treatment of child or adolescent psychiatric emergency clients Treatment of Psychiatric Emergencies in Children Versus Adults.

    To Prepare:

    Review the Learning Resources concerning emergency psychiatric medicine.

    Consider a case where your adult client had a psychiatric emergency. (Note: If you have not had an adult client with a psychiatric emergency, ask your preceptor to describe one of their clients with a psychiatric emergency to use as an example for this Discussion.)

    Note: For this Discussion, you are required to complete your initial post before you will be able to view and respond to your colleagues’ postings. Begin by clicking on the “Post to Discussion Question” link and then select “Create Thread” to complete your initial post. Remember, once you click submit, you cannot delete or edit your own posts and cannot post anonymously. Please check your post carefully before clicking Submit! Treatment of Psychiatric Emergencies in Children Versus Adults.

    By Day 3

    Post:

    Briefly describe the case you selected.

    Explain how you would treat the client differently if he or she were a child or adolescent.

    Explain any legal or ethical issues you would have to consider when working with a child or adolescent emergency case.

    By Day 6

    Respond to at least two of your colleagues by recommending at least one additional way you would treat a child or adolescent client differently than you would an adult and at least one additional way you would address the legal and ethical issues involved. Treatment of Psychiatric Emergencies in Children Versus Adults.

     

    Psychiatric Emergencies: Violent Behavior

    Violent behavior is a common manifestation of psychiatric disorders. Specifically, violent behavior is a manifestation maniac phase of bipolar disorder.  Violent patients are harmful to both self and others, including the healthcare workers (Savage, 2014). The following essay will describe a case of violent behavior, management with emphasis on adult versus child patient and finally the related legal issues in such a case. Treatment of Psychiatric Emergencies in Children Versus Adults.

    While working as a nurse in a hospital, a patient was brought to emergency department with allegations of violent behavior. The patient was male and 40 years of age. The allegations included physical assault to relatives, co-workers and other persons with no clear cause for the violent behavior for the previous two days Treatment of Psychiatric Emergencies in Children Versus Adults.

    Thorough history was taken from the relatives, including the patient’s biographic data, history drug use, family history of psychiatric cases and alcohol use. In addition, complete physical examination was performed, paying attention to the dressing mode, the client’s language and general appearance. The patient’s mood, level of concentration and memory were also assessed comprehensively. The patient was treated with lorazepam and haloperidol so as to stabilize the moods. Thereafter, the patient was admitted to mental unit and restrained followed by daily psychotherapy. If the patient was an adolescent, the history taking would be similar although different. For instance, while taking the history, the nurse would emphasize on the history of drug abuse and use since adolescents are a higher risk of drug abuse than the adults. In addition, the appropriateness of the dressing code should be assess paying attention to the patient’s age (Duxbury & Scholes, 2018) Treatment of Psychiatric Emergencies in Children Versus Adults.

    When providing care to vilent patient, prior to admission, the patient’s caretaker should fill in the prerequisite forms for involuntary admission so as to avoid forced detention cases. While restraining the patient, only trained and supervised staff should take the role to avoid harm to the patient (Layde, 2015).

    In conclusion, the treatment for violent behavior is similar although different for adult and adolescent patients. There are several legal issues concerning care for violent patients Treatment of Psychiatric Emergencies in Children Versus Adults.

    References

    Layde, J. B. (2015). The legal framework of medical ethics in the United States. In
    Professionalism and Ethics in Medicine
    (pp. 27-38). Springer, New York, NY.

    Savage, J. (2014). The association between attachment, parental bonds and physically aggressive and violent behavior: A comprehensive review.
    Aggression and violent behavior
    ,
    19
    (2), 164-178.

    Duxbury, J. A., & Scholes, A. (2018).Minimising Violence and Related Harms.
    Essentials of Mental Health Nursing
    , 385. Treatment of Psychiatric Emergencies in Children Versus Adults.

  • Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT

    Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT

    Details:

    Use the practice problem and a quantitative, peer-reviewed research article you identified in the Topic 1 assignment to complete this assignment.

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    In a 1000-1,250 word essay, summarize the study, explain the ways in which the findings might be used in nursing practice, and address ethical considerations associated with the conduct of the study. Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT.

    Refer to the resource ”Research Critique Guidelines” for suggested headings and content for your paper.

    Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

    This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

    You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin. Please refer to the directions in the Student Success Center. Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT.

    PICOT Question and Literature Search

    Nursing practice problem

    Although nicotine replacement therapy is acknowledged as a strategy for smoking cessation, its efficacy is not well established. As such, there is a need to provide tangible evidence that compares nicotine replacement therapy with other strategies applied for the same purpose. The intention is to establish whether nicotine replacement therapy is worth receiving special attention from nursing practitioners. Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT.

    PICOT Statement

    Population:
    in cigarette smokers older than 17 years

    Intervention:
    does nicotine replacement therapy

    Control:
    versus using other smoking cessation therapies

    Outcome:
    affect smoking cessation outcomes

    Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT

    Time:
    over a period of three months?

    Literature Search (References List and Abstract)

    Silla, K., Beard, E. & Shahab, L. (2014). Nicotine replacement therapy use among smokers and ex-smokers: associated attitudes and beliefs: a qualitative study.
    BMC Public Health
    , 14, 1311. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-1311

    Abstract

    Background: Smokers who are unwilling or unable to quit smoking may benefit from using nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) for harm reduction. This may include the partial or complete substitution of cigarettes with NRT. Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. A taxonomy of the characteristics of those using NRT for harm reduction would be helpful in tailoring advice and treatment. Although attempts to categorize those using NRT for harm reduction have been made, these have largely been based on quantitative data. In order to provide further in-depth exploration of views, beliefs and experiences, the current study probed issues surrounding NRT and harm reduction qualitatively to better understand barriers and facilitators to this approach. Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT.

    Methods: Three groups of participants (n = 15) were recruited from a student sample: current smokers with a history of NRT use, smokers without a history of NRT use, and ex-smokers with a history of NRT use. Participants were asked about their demographic characteristics, smoking behaviors, intention and perceived ability to quit smoking, awareness and use of NRT, beliefs about the health consequences of using NRT, and the safety and efficacy of NRT, using semi-structured telephone interviews. Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT.

    Results: Twenty-four themes were identified; these themes were clustered into three main issues of cross-cutting themes: attitudes towards smoking and motivation to quit; smoking reduction and quit attempts; and beliefs, use and concerns about NRT. Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. Those with a history of NRT use were more motivated and engaged with the quitting process than non-users. However, irrespective of smoking status and past NRT use, all participants showed misperceptions about NRT, such as the health consequences associated with NRT use.

    Conclusions: NRT users are more motivated to quit smoking than non-users and are more likely to employ techniques to assist their cessation attempts. The majority of smokers have misperceptions regarding the safety and efficacy of NRT which may act as a barrier to its usage.

    Barbeau, A., Burda, J. & Siegel, M. (2013). Perceived efficacy of e-cigarettes versus nicotine replacement therapy among successful e-cigarette users: a qualitative approach.
    Addict Sci Clin Pract.
    , 8, 5. doi: 10.1186/1940-0640-8-5 Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT.

    Abstract

    Background: Nicotine is widely recognized as an addictive psychoactive drug. Since most smokers are bio-behaviorally addicted, quitting can be very difficult and is often accompanied by withdrawal symptoms. Research indicates that nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) can double quit rates. However, the success rate for quitting remains low. E-cigarettes (electronic cigarettes) are battery-powered nicotine delivery devices used to inhale doses of vaporized nicotine from a handheld device similar in shape to a cigarette without the harmful chemicals present in tobacco products. Anecdotal evidence strongly suggests that e-cigarettes may be effective in helping smokers quit and preventing relapse, but there have been few published qualitative studies, especially among successful e-cigarette users, to support this evidence Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT.

    Methods: Qualitative design using focus groups (N = 11); 9 men and 2 women. Focus groups were conducted by posing open-ended questions relating to the use of e-cigarettes, comparison of effectiveness between NRTs and e-cigarettes, barriers to quitting, and reasons for choosing e-cigarettes over other methods. Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT.

    Results: Five themes emerged that describe users’ perceptions of why e-cigarettes are efficacious in quitting smoking: 1) bio-behavioral feedback, 2) social benefits, 3) hobby elements, 4) personal identity, and 5) distinction between smoking cessation and nicotine cessation. Additionally, subjects reported their experiences with NRTs compared with e-cigarettes, citing negative side effects of NRTs and their ineffectiveness at preventing relapse Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT.

    Conclusion: These findings suggest tobacco control practitioners must pay increased attention to the importance of the behavioral and social components of smoking addiction. By addressing these components in addition to nicotine dependence, e-cigarettes appear to help some tobacco smokers transition to a less harmful replacement tool, thereby maintaining cigarette abstinence.

    Buller, D., Halperin, A., Severson, H., Borland, R., Slater, M., Bettinghaus, E., Tinkelman, D., Cutter, G. & Woodall, G. (2014). Effect of Nicotine Replacement Therapy on Quitting by Young Adults in a Trial Comparing Cessation Services.
    J Public Health Manag Pract.
    , 20(2), E7-E15. doi: 10.1097/PHH.0b013e3182a0b8c7

    Abstract

    Context: Young adult smokers have the highest smoking prevalence among all US age groups but are least likely to use evidence-based cessation counseling or medication to quit.

    Objective: Use and effectiveness of nicotine patch were explored in a randomized trial evaluating smoking cessation interventions with this population. Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT.

    Participants: Smokers aged 18 to 30 (n = 3094) were recruited through online and off-line methods and from telephone quit lines and analyzed.

    Design: Smokers were enrolled in a pretest-posttest trial, and randomized to 1 of 3 cessation services.

    Setting: Trial delivering counseling services by self-help booklet, telephone quit lines, or online expert system in the 48 continental United States.

    Intervention: Smokers could request a free 2-week course of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) patches from the project.

    Main Outcome Measure: Follow-up surveys at 12 and 26 weeks assessed smoking abstinence, use of NRT, counseling, and other cessation medications, and smoking-related variables. Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT.

    Results: Overall, 69.0% of smokers reported using NRT (M = 3.2 weeks) at 12 weeks and 74.8% (M = 3.3 weeks) at 26 weeks. More smokers who were sent the free nicotine patches (n = 1695; 54.8%) reported using NRT than those who did not receive them (12 weeks: 84.3% vs 41.9%, P < .001; 26 weeks: 87.6% vs 51.1%, P < .001). The use of NRT was associated with greater smoking abstinence at 12 weeks (P < .001) and 26 weeks (P < .05), especially if used for more than 2 weeks (P < .001). Smokers assigned to a self-help booklet or cessation Web site and heavier smokers were most likely to use NRT (P < .05), whereas those reporting marijuana use and binge drinking used NRT less (P < .05). Conclusions: Many young adults were willing to try NRT, and it appeared to help them quit in the context of community-based cessation services. Strategies should be developed to make NRT available to this age group and support them in using it to prevent lifelong smoking. Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. Rath, J., Villanti, A., Abrams, D. & Vallone, D. (2012). Patterns of Tobacco Use and Dual Use in US Young Adults: The Missing Link between Youth Prevention and Adult Cessation. Journal of Environmental and Public Health , Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 679134. doi: 10.1155/2012/679134 Abstract Few studies address the developmental transition from youth tobacco use uptake to regular adulthood use, especially for noncigarette tobacco products. The current study uses online panel data from the Legacy Young Adult Cohort Study to describe the prevalence of cigarette, other tobacco product, and dual use in a nationally representative sample of young adults aged 18-34 (N = 4,201). Of the 23% of young adults who were current tobacco users, 30% reported dual use. Ever use, first product used, and current use were highest for cigarettes, cigars, little cigars, and hookah. Thirty-two percent of ever tobacco users reported tobacco product initiation after the age of 18 and 39% of regular users reported progressing to regular use during young adulthood. This study highlights the need for improved monitoring of polytobacco use across the life course and developing tailored efforts for young adults to prevent progression and further reduce overall population prevalence. Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. Thurgood, S., McNeill, A., Clark-Carter, D. & Brose, L. (2015). A Systematic Review of Smoking Cessation Interventions for Adults in Substance Abuse Treatment or Recovery. Nicotine & Tobacco Research , 18(5), 993-1001. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntv127 Abstract Introduction: The aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions for patients with substance use disorders. The secondary aim was to evaluate the impact on substance use treatment outcomes. Methods: Randomized controlled trials involving adult smokers, recently or currently receiving inpatient or outpatient treatment for substance use disorders were reviewed. Databases, grey literature, reference lists, and journals were searched for relevant studies between 1990 and August 2014. Two authors extracted data and assessed quality. The primary outcome was biochemically verified continuous abstinence from smoking at 6 or 12 months, secondary outcomes were biochemically verified 7-day point prevalence smoking abstinence (PPA) at 6 or 12 months and substance use outcomes. Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. Heterogeneity between studies precluded pooled analyses of the data. Results: Seventeen of 847 publications were included. Five studies reported significant effects on smoking cessation: (1) nicotine patches improved continuous abstinence at 6 months; (2) nicotine gum improved continuous abstinence at 12 months; (3) counseling, contingency management and relapse prevention improved continuous abstinence at 6 and 12 months; (4) cognitive behavioral therapy, plus nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), improved PPA at 6 months; and (5) a combination of bupropion, NRT, counseling and contingency management improved PPA at 6 months. Two studies showed some evidence of improved substance use outcomes with the remaining eight studies measuring substance use outcomes showing no difference. Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. Conclusions: NRT, behavioral support, and combination approaches appear to increase smoking abstinence in those treated for substance use disorders. Higher quality studies are required to strengthen the evidence base. Garcia-Rodriguez, O., Secades-Villa, R., Florez-Salamanca, L., Okuda, M., Liu, S. & Blanco, C. (2014). Effect of Nicotine Replacement Therapy on Quitting by Young Adults in a Trial Comparing Cessation Services. Drug Alcohol Depend. , 132(3), 479-485. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.03.008 Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. Abstract Context: Young adult smokers have the highest smoking prevalence among all US age groups but are least likely to use evidence-based cessation counseling or medication to quit. Objective: Use and effectiveness of nicotine patch were explored in a randomized trial evaluating smoking cessation interventions with this population. Participants: Smokers aged 18 to 30 (n = 3094) were recruited through online and off-line methods and from telephone quit lines and analyzed. Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. Design: Smokers were enrolled in a pretest-posttest trial, and randomized to 1 of 3 cessation services. Setting: Trial delivering counseling services by self-help booklet, telephone quit lines, or online expert system in the 48 continental United States. Intervention: Smokers could request a free 2-week course of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) patches from the project Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. Main Outcome Measure: Follow-up surveys at 12 and 26 weeks assessed smoking abstinence, use of NRT, counseling, and other cessation medications, and smoking-related variables. Results: Overall, 69.0% of smokers reported using NRT (M = 3.2 weeks) at 12 weeks and 74.8% (M = 3.3 weeks) at 26 weeks. More smokers who were sent the free nicotine patches (n = 1695; 54.8%) reported using NRT than those who did not receive them (12 weeks: 84.3% vs 41.9%, P < .001; 26 weeks: 87.6% vs 51.1%, P < .001). The use of NRT was associated with greater smoking abstinence at 12 weeks (P < .001) and 26 weeks (P < .05), especially if used for more than 2 weeks (P < .001). Smokers assigned to a self-help booklet or cessation Web site and heavier smokers were most likely to use NRT (P < .05), whereas those reporting marijuana use and binge drinking used NRT less (P < .05). Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. Conclusions: Many young adults were willing to try NRT, and it appeared to help them quit in the context of community-based cessation services. Strategies should be developed to make NRT available to this age group and support them in using it to prevent lifelong smoking. Research Critique Guidelines Qualitative Study Background of Study: Identify the clinical problem and research problem that led to the study. What was not known about the clinical problem that, if understood, could be used to improve health care delivery or patient outcomes? This gap in knowledge is the research problem. How did the author establish the significance of the study? In other words, why should the reader care about this study? Look for statements about human suffering, costs of treatment, or the number of people affected by the clinical problem. Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. Identify the purpose of the study. An author may clearly state the purpose of the study or may describe the purpose as the study goals, objectives, or aims. List research questions that the study was designed to answer. If the author does not explicitly provide the questions, attempt to infer the questions from the answers. Were the purpose and research questions related to the problem? Method of Study: Were qualitative methods appropriate to answer the research questions? Did the author identify a specific perspective from which the study was developed? If so, what was it? Did the author cite quantitative and qualitative studies relevant to the focus of the study? What other types of literature did the author include? Are the references current? For qualitative studies, the author may have included studies older than the 5-year limit typically used for quantitative studies. Findings of older qualitative studies may be relevant to a qualitative study. Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. Did the author evaluate or indicate the weaknesses of the available studies? Did the literature review include adequate information to build a logical argument? When a researcher uses the grounded theory method of qualitative inquiry, the researcher may develop a framework or diagram as part of the findings of the study. Was a framework developed from the study findings?   Results of Study What were the study findings? What are the implications to nursing? Explain how the findings contribute to nursing knowledge/science. Would this impact practice, education, administration, or all areas of nursing? Ethical Considerations Was the study approved by an Institutional Review Board? Was patient privacy protected? Were there ethical considerations regarding the treatment or lack of? Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. Conclusion Emphasize the importance and congruity of the thesis statement. Provide a logical wrap-up to bring the appraisal to completion and to leave a lasting impression and take-away points useful in nursing practice. Incorporate a critical appraisal and a brief analysis of the utility and applicability of the findings to nursing practice. Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. Integrate a summary of the knowledge learned.   Quantitative Study Background of Study: Identify the clinical problem and research problem that led to the study. What was not known about the clinical problem that, if understood, could be used to improve health care delivery or patient outcomes? This gap in knowledge is the research problem. How did the author establish the significance of the study? Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. In other words, why should the reader care about this study? Look for statements about human suffering, costs of treatment, or the number of people affected by the clinical problem. Identify the purpose of the study. An author may clearly state the purpose of the study or may describe the purpose as the study goals, objectives, or aims. List research questions that the study was designed to answer. If the author does not explicitly provide the questions, attempt to infer the questions from the answers. Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. Were the purpose and research questions related to the problem?  Methods of Study Identify the benefits and risks of participation addressed by the authors. Were there benefits or risks the authors do not identify? Was informed consent obtained from the subjects or participants? Did it seem that the subjects participated voluntarily in the study? Was institutional review board approval obtained from the agency in which the study was conducted? Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. Are the major variables (independent and dependent variables) identified and defined? What were these variables? How were data collected in this study? What rationale did the author provide for using this data collection method? Identify the time period for data collection of the study. Describe the sequence of data collection events for a participant. Describe the data management and analysis methods used in the study. Did the author discuss how the rigor of the process was assured? For example, does the author describe maintaining a paper trail of critical decisions that were made during the analysis of the data? Was statistical software used to ensure accuracy of the analysis? What measures were used to minimize the effects of researcher bias (their experiences and perspectives)? For example, did two researchers independently analyze the data and compare their analyses? Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. Results of Study What is the researcher’s interpretation of findings? Are the findings valid or an accurate reflection of reality? Do you have confidence in the findings? What limitations of the study were identified by researchers? Was there a coherent logic to the presentation of findings? What implications do the findings have for nursing practice? For example, can the findings of the study be applied to general nursing practice, to a specific population, or to a specific area of nursing? What suggestions are made for further studies? Ethical Considerations Was the study approved by an Institutional Review Board? Was patient privacy protected? Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. Were there ethical considerations regarding the treatment or lack of? Conclusion Emphasize the importance and congruity of the thesis statement. Provide a logical wrap-up to bring the appraisal to completion and to leave a lasting impression and take-away points useful in nursing practice. Incorporate a critical appraisal and a brief analysis of the utility and applicability of the findings to nursing practice. Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. Integrate a summary of the knowledge learned. Reference Burns, N., & Grove, S. (2011). Understanding nursing research (5th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.   Quantitative Research Critique Background of Study The article presented the outcome of a research where the effectiveness of nicotine replacement therapy use among young adults was determined. It presented the understanding that the therapy is a tool that facilitates smoking cessation, allowing smokers to quit with minimal risk of reversion or experiencing other undesirable side effects such as withdrawal symptoms. Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. In line with this awareness, the study objective was to review the effectiveness of nicotine patch as a nicotine replacement therapy for use when quitting smoking. The underlying intention was to address smoking cessation needs among young adults in the US since they represent the single largest age group with results to smoking prevalence. In this respect, the article explores the likelihood of positioning nicotine patches as useful for young adult smokers who seek to cease smoking. Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. Methods of Study The research applied a quantitative methodology that used a post-test and pre-test trial design. In this case, 3,094 young adult (between 18 and 30 years) smoking participants were recruited using online and offline methods. Other than age and identity as current smokers, the participants also had to exhibit an intention to quit smoking before inclusion in the study. Once all the participants had been recruited, they were enrolled into the trial before being randomized into three groups that include a nicotine patch group representing nicotine replacement therapy, counselling, and medication to facilitate cessation. Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. Once the trial began and the participants were subjected to the interventions in the three groups, they were then subjected to two evaluation surveys at the 12-week and 26-week points of the trial. The data collected from the evaluations was then subjected to statistical analysis that compared the cessation figures for the three groups. The data focus was on smoking abstinence with the comparison showing how the three programs performed in terms of effectiveness. Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. The research methodology can be considered appropriate since it allowed for a large sample to be recruited for the research, the right data to be collected, and interpretation carried out on the data. It presented a true comparison between nicotine patches, counselling and medication so that the results were reliable. Also, the detailed presentation of the research methodology facilitates the research replication. In addition, researcher bias was minimized by using pre-structured tools to collect primary data directly from the participants. Perhaps, the only shortcoming in the methodology is that there is no mention of whether the data analysis was verified by a third party to confirm its accuracy. Another shortcoming is that the specific software that was used for data analysis has not been mentioned thereby making it difficult to ascertain the truthfulness of the analysis. These shortcomings create an opportunity for researcher bias since a third party cannot verify the truthfulness of the results analysis. Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. Results of Study The data analysis determined that nicotine patches produce comparably favorable results when used by young adult smokers. That is because they increased the possibility of enrolling for and adhering to the process set by nicotine replacement therapy. At the 12 th week evaluation, 84.3% of the participants using nicotine patches enrolled for nicotine replacement therapy when compared to 41.9% who used other programs ( p <0.001). At the 26 th week evaluation, 87.6% of the participants using nicotine patches enrolled for nicotine replacement therapy when compared to 51.1% who used other programs ( p <0.001). Following this results that showed greater willingness for the persons who use patches to pursue other smoking cessation programs concurrently, the research made the recommendation that nicotine patches should be offered as part of the smoking cessation standard package program for young adult smokers who have enrolled in a cessation program Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. These results are valuable to nursing practitioners since it presents evidence to supports advice they may offer young adult smokers to use nicotine patches to improve enrollment in smoking cessation programs. Although the research does not make suggestions for future studies, it is cautious when advocating for nicotine patches use. This implies that there is need for additional research to ascertain the exact value of nicotine patches. Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. Ethical Considerations There is evidence to show that the research was carried out following ethical considerations. Firstly, the research mentions that approval was sought and received from the Western Institutional Review Board before the research could proceed. The approval shows that the board was convinced that the research would not harm the participants (whether the harm was intentional or unintentional) and sufficient measures had been put in place for their protection. Secondly, although there is no mention of a consent form and whether the participants signed one to show that they were cognizant of the study objectives and voluntarily agree to participate, the fact that they were not coerced and were politely asked to participate in the study and allowed to withdraw without a penalty is sufficient to show that their participation was voluntary. Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. Thirdly, the participants were not offered any remuneration for their participation in the study thereby showing that they were motivated to advance the research (and would be truthful by extension) and eliminated the possibility that they would haphazardly participate in the research (not being truthful) just to get paid. Finally, the treatments (nicotine replacement therapy, counseling and medication) applied in the three groups did not pose any harm to the participants since they are approved therapies for smoking cessation programs. The four measures show that the research was conducted in an ethical manner Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. Conclusion The research evaluates the effectiveness of nicotine replacement therapy as a smoking cessation tool for use among young adult smokers. This is based on the understanding that the therapy is a tool that facilitates smoking cessation, allowing smokers to quit with minimal risk of reversion or experiencing other undesirable side effects such as withdrawal symptoms. Applying a quantitative methodology that recruited 3,094 young adult smokers between 18 and 30 years of age, the research randomized the participants’ group assignment into nicotine patch (nicotine replacement therapy), counseling and medication groups. Ethical consideration were undertaken to ensure that the participants were protected to include receiving approval from a review board, voluntary participation, no remuneration was offered, and treatment did not pose any harm. The three randomized groups were then evaluated for program effectiveness at the 12-week and 26-week milestones. Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. The results showed that using the nicotine patch improved enrollment in nicotine replacement therapy from 84.3% at the 12th week to 87.6% at the 26th week, almost doubling the figures reported by the other programs. Following this results that showed greater willingness for the persons who use patches to pursue other smoking cessation programs concurrently, the research made the recommendation that nicotine patches should be offered as part of the smoking cessation standard package program for young adult smokers who have enrolled in a cessation program. As such, nicotine patches should be included in cessation services for young adult smokers. Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. Reference Buller, D., Halperin, A., Severson, H., Borland, R., Slater, M., Bettinghaus, E., Tinkelman, D., Cutter, G. & Woodall, G. (2014). Effect of Nicotine Replacement Therapy on Quitting by Young Adults in a Trial Comparing Cessation Services. J Public Health Manag Pract. , 20(2), E7-E15. doi: 10.1097/PHH.0b013e3182a0b8c7 Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT.