Category: Nursing

NRS311:  Life-stage Considerations: Child, Adolescent and Family Health.

 Mental Health and how it Impacts on Nursing in Rural Australia

Word count: 2050

 

The mental health of school going children aged between 8 – 12 years has received limited research attention in Australia. There is some acknowledgement by researchers in Australia that, despite the absence of data, it is probable that psychiatric disorder rates are higher in rural areas as compared to metropolitan areas. With respect to young school going children, data have for some years shown that Australia has the highest levels of suicide across the globe, especially among rural young males (Sawyer, et al. 2012). NRS311: Life-stage Considerations: Child, Adolescent and Family Health.

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Department of Social Services (2014) points out that recent statistics show that the death levels as a result of suicide for males aged 8- 12 years tend to rise with rising remoteness to the extent that the degree of suicide for remote regions, (43 per every 100 000 children) is double as high as in metropolitan areas (24 per every 100,000 children). With respect to other mental health issues, rural children are thought to experience more troubles with coping and stress when compared with urban children. Although rural children have shown general higher levels of depression, this has not been studied systematically in Australia according to DoHA (2013).

 

Mental Health Associated With A Primary School Aged Child between 8-12 Years

Results from a survey carried out in 2013 – 14, revealed that almost 1 in every 7 youth (14 percent) of children and adolescents aged between 8 – 12 years were assessed as to have mental health problems for the period ranging from 2013 to 2014, which is equal to 560,000 children (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2015). Among the most common forms of  mental health problem among Australian children was the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) – representing a little over 7 percent or about 300,000 children- followed closely by anxiety disorders – slightly below 7 percent- major depressive disorder – 3 percent- and conduct disorder – 2 percent as cited by Patel et al. (2010). Almost a third of the 8 – 12 year olds with a mental health disorder had two or more mental problems at some time between 2013 and 2014. NRS311: Life-stage Considerations: Child, Adolescent and Family Health.

The statistics revealed that male children (16 percent) were more likely to experience mental health disorder than females (12 percent) (Chia, et al. 2013). The prevalence of mental illness among slightly higher for females aged between 10 to 12 (13 percent) than young females aged between 8 to 10 (11 percent) as asserted by Atkins, Heller, DeBartolo, Sandel (2014). The prevalence of the mental illness among males, however, did not differ significantly with age. Mental health disorders also comprise low prevalence situations. This group comprises psychotic disorders and a wide range of other conditions including severe personality disorder and eating disorders as McGorry, Purcell, Hickie & Jorm (2007) explained. Notably, mental health problems are characterized by profound distortions of perception, emotional and thinking response (Venning, et al. 2013).

 

The Extent and Impact of Mental Health on Nursing Practice in Rural Australia

Mental illnesses can vary in severity and be persistent or episodic in nature. According to Gulliver, Griffiths & Christensen (2010), a review that was conducted recently revealed that 2- 3 percent of children in rural Australia experienced a severe mental illness, as judged by degree of disability caused, duration and intensity of symptoms as well as diagnosis. This data is not confined to children with psychotic illnesses, who represent approximately a third of individuals with severe mental problems; it also comprises children with disabling and severe forms of anxiety and depression. NRS311: Life-stage Considerations: Child, Adolescent and Family Health.

Behavioural and mental disorders, such as anxiety and depression are important drivers of morbidity and disability among rural children in Australia. For rural Australia, mental illnesses are estimated to be responsible for about 12. 9 percent of the total disease burden in 2010, ranking third as a broad disease group after cardiovascular and cancer disease (McGorry, Bates & Birchwood, 2013). According to a study conducted in 2013, anxiety and depression disorders among rural children were linked with a rising danger of suicide and ischaemic heart disease.

Due to the absence of health professionals in Australian rural areas with specialized mental health illness, there have been efforts to up-skill practitioners in the primary care segment in order to deliver mental illness care (McGorry, Bates & Birchwood, 2013). Consensus on the fruitfulness of this strategy in terms of improved patient outcomes and consumer satisfaction remains in doubt. A study that was conducted in the rural Australia established that despised the rising need for nurses in rural regions to offer mental illness care, they actually provide, in reality, less mental illness care compared with urban nurses (McGorry, et al. 2007). With respect to child mental illness services, it is not evident how successful the delivery of mental health services in primary health care may be when a family structure approach to the treatment of children living at home is regarded good clinical practice. NRS311: Life-stage Considerations: Child, Adolescent and Family Health..

Conclusively, it is unclear presently whether the stigma of mental health is more predominant in rural Australian communities than urban areas, or if the stigma experience is more crucial in rural setups as a result of social proximity. Availability of transport and cost is a substantial issue encountered by parents of children attempting to access specialist mental illness services. young individuals who do not car or do not driving license are required to travel regional facilities to access professional assistance, and in the same line, access to public transport structures in rural setups is non- existent or poor (Atkins, Heller, DeBartolo, & Sandel, 2014). Various efforts at alternative structures of mental illness service delivery to overcome the challenge of distance have been pursued in the Australian context with restrained success. These include visiting/ mobile services, satellite services and tele psychiatry (Rickwood, Van Dyke & Telford, 2015).

The mental illness is influenced by a number of factors including workplace, life experiences or other aspects and the economic and social conditions that influence day- to- day lives. These economic and social conditions are called referred to as the social determinants of health and are some of the crucial aspects that influence on physical and mental health. Studies indicate that the social determinants of health can be more significant than lifestyle choices or health care in influencing health. NRS311: Life-stage Considerations: Child, Adolescent and Family Health.. In Australia, the social determinants of health comprise: aboriginal status, early life, education, health services, food insecurity, race, sexual orientation, social safety net, and income distribution, gender identity, working conditions, job security and unemployment (Rickwood, et al. 2014). Three social determinants of health are fundamentally important for mental health: social inclusion, access to economic resources as well as freedom from violence and discrimination.

Children experiencing mental health are, by the nature of their disease, possibly the most vulnerable and politically powerless group within society. The revelations of mental disorder frequently include withdrawal, distortions in thinking, self- doubt and low self- esteem (Venning, Wilson, Kettler & Eliott, 2013). As a result, this group of individuals finds it difficult to achieve autonomy and experiencing challenges advocating for themselves. Ethical concerns associated with mental illness, and the nursing practice in rural areas is confronted often with the need for making ethical decisions. NRS311: Life-stage Considerations: Child, Adolescent and Family Health..

Mental health issues refer to a range of behavioural, emotional and cognitive disorders that affect with the productivity and lives of children. However, there is no single definition of mental health across various professions and jurisdictions. In determining the suitable definition of mental disorder for this assignment, the mental health act of 1990 that defines mental disorder as a condition that is characterized by the presence of conditions such as hallucinations, a severe mood disturbance, repeated or sustained irrational behaviour. It also goes further and states that it is a serious thought disorder that seriously mars, or either permanently or temporarily, the mental functioning of an individual (Cross, et al. 2016). It is worth acknowledging that common mental disorder such as depression and anxiety disorder. NRS311: Life-stage Considerations: Child, Adolescent and Family Health..

 

W.H.O. – Social determinants of health:  PHC and the nurses’ role, responsibilities and governing legislation in Australia

Nurses in remote areas general live and work in isolated regions – among indigenous society, on islands, interment centres, refugee camps, or fishing groups. In addition, they work in specialist outreach, emergency retrieval services, as well as in remote regional areas in quality improvement, management, professional support, public health, education, research or strategic development (Chia, et al, 2013). For numerous isolated remote areas in Australia, registered nurses offer the first point of contact for a wide range of PHC care functions that, in urban areas, would normally be offered by general practitioners, allied health professionals and suitably trained specialists. In more remote areas in Australia, nurses frequently act as the only PHC providers and are often required to extend their skills as a result of community demand and the absence of any other aspect of nursing support. NRS311: Life-stage Considerations: Child, Adolescent and Family Health..

In this situation, the expert remote regions nurse practices in a holistic, collaborative and comprehensive manner, offering advanced care to families and individuals across the lifespan. As a result, they offer care for children who are chronically and/ or acutely ill and also illness prevention programs (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2015). The expert remote region nurse in conjunction with colleagues on site uses the tools of communication, health education, advocacy, clinical decision making, for groups they are managing. Moreover, they employ/practice public health and advanced nursing practice, hands on care, surveillance and prevention to manage disease and illness, as well as promote improve health results for the groups in which they are practicing, which may be isolated and disadvantaged. Rural nurses offer care across the lifespan (Sawyer, et al 2012).

Consequently, they require knowledge and skills in a wide range of areas such as child and in fact health – including in chronic illness management and communicable diseases. They utilize best management protocols and practice treatment to offer and co- ordinate the various range of care that is necessary in remote areas. All nurses practicing in isolated and rural areas are required in order to develop their competency and knowledge so that they can perform at an advanced degree. NRS311: Life-stage Considerations: Child, Adolescent and Family Health..

In Australian traditions, significant emphasis has been placed on primary care instead of primary health care. While these terms have been applied interchangeably, generally, they represent two varied philosophical approaches to rural health care. PHC main focuses on improving the general health of individuals and communities. Importantly, nurses in the rural areas acknowledge that improving health via PHC can only be realized by placing heath care in its cultural, economic, environmental, social and political context (Patel et al. 2010). The wellbeing and health of school-aged children is seen as a crucial aspect in the child’s ability to achieve their maximum potential as humans. NRS311: Life-stage Considerations: Child, Adolescent and Family Health..

Conclusion

In conclusion, mental health among rural school aged children in Australia has received limited attention in the world of academia. However, despite this acknowledgement, psychiatric disorder rates are higher in remote areas. Children in rural areas are thought to experience more troubles with coping and stress in as far as mental disorder is concerned. Available statistics indicate that there is a wide discrepancy between females suffering from mental disorders of varied ages. Among the males, this variation was evident. NRS311: Life-stage Considerations: Child, Adolescent and Family Health.. Mental health problems are characterized by profound distortions of perception, emotional and thinking response. Behavioural and mental disorders, such as anxiety and depression are important drivers of morbidity and disability among rural children in Australia.

Due to the absence of health professionals in Australian rural areas with specialized mental health illness, there have been efforts to up-skill practitioners in the primary care segment in order to deliver mental illness care. Studies indicate that the social determinants of health can be more significant than lifestyle choices or health care in influencing health. In Australia, the social determinants of health comprise: aboriginal status, early life, education, health services, food insecurity, race, sexual orientation, social safety net, and income distribution, gender identity, working conditions, job security and unemployment .Nurses in rural areas general live and work in isolated regions – among indigenous society, on islands, interment centres, refugee camps, or fishing groups. In addition, they work in specialist outreach, emergency retrieval services as well as in remote regional areas in quality improvement, management, professional support, public health, education, research or strategic development. In most instances, nurses in rural areas offer the first point of contact for various PHC care functions. NRS311: Life-stage Considerations: Child, Adolescent and Family Health..

 

References

~ Atkins D, Heller SM, DeBartolo E, & Sandel M. (2014). Medical-Legal Partnership and Healthy Start: integrating civil legal aid services into public health advocacy, Journal of Legal Medicine; 35(1): 195-209.

~ Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2015). Mental health services—in brief 2015. Cat. no. HSE 169  Canberra: AIHW.

~ Chia, A., Assan, B., Finch, E., Stargatt, R., Burchell, P., Jones, H., & Heywood-Smith, J. (2013). Child & Adolescent Mental Health: Innovations in practice: Effectiveness of specialist adolescent outreach service for at-risk adolescents. Youth Studies Australia, 32(3), 61-62.

~ Cross, S. P., Hermens, D. F., Scott, J., Salvador‐Carulla, L., & Hickie, I. B. (2016). Differential impact of current diagnosis and clinical stage on attendance at a youth mental health service. Early intervention in psychiatry.

~ Department of Social Services (DSS) (2014). Characteristics of Disability Support Pension Recipients, June 2013. Canberra: DSS. NRS311: Life-stage Considerations: Child, Adolescent and Family Health.

~ DoHA (2013). National Mental Health Report 2013: tracking progress of mental health reform in Australia 1993–2011. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia

~ Gulliver, A., Griffiths, K. M., & Christensen, H. (2010). Perceived barriers and facilitators to mental health help-seeking in young people: a systematic review. BMC psychiatry, 10(1), 113.

~ McGorry, P. D., Purcell, R., Hickie, I. B., & Jorm, A. F. (2007). Investing in youth mental health is a best buy. Medical Journal of Australia, 187(7), S5-S7.

~ McGorry, P. D., Tanti, C., Stokes, R., Hickie, I. B., Carnell, K., Littlefield, L. K., & Moran, J. (2007). headspace: Australia’s National Youth Mental Health Foundation-where young minds come first. Medical Journal of Australia, 187(7), S68.

~ McGorry, P., Bates, T., & Birchwood, M. (2013). Designing youth mental health services for the 21st century: examples from Australia, Ireland and the UK. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 202(s54), s30-s35.

~ Patel V, Lund C, Hatheril S, Plagerson S, Corrigall J, Funk M, et al (2010). Mental disorders: equity and social determinants. In: Blas E, Kurup AS, editors. Equity, social determinants and public health programmes. Geneva: World Health Organization; p. 115-34.

~ Rickwood, D. J., Telford, N. R., Parker, A. G., Tanti, C. J., & McGorry, P. D. (2014). Headspace—Australia’s innovation in youth mental health: who are the clients and why are they presenting. Med J Aust, 200(2), 108-11.

~ Rickwood, D., Van Dyke, N., & Telford, N. (2015). Innovation in youth mental health services in Australia: common characteristics across the first headspace centres. Early intervention in psychiatry, 9(1), 29-37.

~ Sawyer, S. M., Afifi, R. A., Bearinger, L. H., Blakemore, S. J., Dick, B., Ezeh, A. C., & Patton, G. C. (2012). Adolescence: a foundation for future health. The Lancet, 379(9826), 1630-1640.

~ Venning, A., Wilson, A., Kettler, L., & Eliott, J. (2013). Mental health among youth in South Australia: A survey of flourishing, languishing, struggling, and floundering. Australian Psychologist, 48(4), 299-310. NRS311: Life-stage Considerations: Child, Adolescent and Family Health.

NURS 6551 wk 1 discussion – Abortion Essay

Abortion

Abortion is defined as the termination of a pregnancy after, accompanied by, resulting in, or closely followed by the death of the embryo or fetus (Merriam-Webster, 2018). Abortion remains a highly debated subject in the U.S. and worldwide with strong opposing arguments about women’s right to choose versus fetal claim to life (McCurdy, 2016). Social, ethical, and legal factors relating to abortion vary greatly between states, countries, historical times, and social and religious groups (Marecek, Macleod, & Hoggart, 2017). NURS 6551 wk 1 discussion – Abortion Essay

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Legal and Political Factors

In 1973 the U.S. supreme court granted women the legal right to abortion after the case of Roe vs. Wade (Lopez, 2012), yet sentiment regarding abortion remains evenly split among the general population in the U.S. (McCurdy, 2016). Legal access to abortion varies greatly within the U.S. and across regions of the world. The Center for Reproductive Rights has grouped countries into 4 categories from “most restrictive”, where abortion is prohibited altogether or permitted only to save a woman’s life, to “least restrictive”, where there are no restrictions as to the reason for terminating a pregnancy (Marecek, Macleod, & Hoggart, 2017). Yet in many places the legality of abortion and the actual practice of it are not aligned, for example in Sri Lanka abortions are permitted only to preserve the life of the mother, but induced abortions are very common and it is estimated that nearly 45% of such abortions are carried out by qualified physicians; Another example is New Zealand where abortion is actually criminalized, yet women have good access to it (Marecek, Macleod, & Hoggart, 2017). NURS 6551 wk 1 discussion – Abortion Essay

The issue of abortion and the right to choose vs. the fetal right to life is a very emotionally charged subject, and different political leaders and candidates use this subject to draw political support.

 

Social Cultural and Religious Views

In the U.S., many pro-life or right-to-life advocates oppose women’s right to abortion; they use terms such as murder to express their deep feelings on the topic. The Catholic church and the Christian church are against abortion under any circumstance as well (Lopez, 2012). The church’s argument is that all life is sacred, and abortion terminates life; therefore, this idea must be rejected (Lopez, 2012). Other religions have less strict views on the topic; Islam is not clearly with or against abortion, and Judaism as well (ProCon.org, 2011).

 

Personal Perspectives

Prejudice is both an attitude and a cognitive process, the outcome of which is the practice of discrimination (Guilfoyle, Kelly, & St Pierre-Hansen, 2008). The issue of abortion carries deep sentiments and if the health care provider holds a belief or a value regarding the subject, it is easy to see how he or she can practice discrimination against his clients based on his or her beliefs and prejudices whether consciously or even unconsciously. As health care providers it is very important that we set our own values aside when caring for patients with different beliefs than our own. This may be very stressful and challenging, especially if the provider entered the field of health care based on those same values and beliefs that drive and motivate them.

We frequently deal with ethical dilemma in health care, it is crucial that we are aware of our own beliefs and prejudices, as well as our clients’, and furnish care that is ethical, unbiased, of the highest quality, and within our legal scope of practice.

 

 

References

Lopez, R. (2012). Perspectives on Abortion: Pro-Choice, Pro-Life, and What Lies in between.

European Journal of Social Sciences. NURS 6551 wk 1 discussion – Abortion Essay

 

Marecek, J., Macleod, C., & Hoggart, L. (2017). Abortion in legal, social, and healthcare contexts.

Feminism & Psychology.
Retrieved from             http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0959353516689521

 

McCurdy, S. A. (2016). Abortion and public health: Time for another look.
The Linacre Quarterly.

           
83(1), 20-25. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5102173/

 

Merriam-Webster. (2018). Definition of Abortion. Retrieved from https://www.merriam-

webster.com/dictionary/abortion

 

ProCon.org. (2011). US Religious Views on Abortion. Retrieved from

https://abortion.procon.org/view.resource.php?resourceID=004208 NURS 6551 wk 1 discussion – Abortion Essay

Caring-healing practice nursing articles literature search

Scholarly Paper and Presentation (40%) (Paper 30% and Presentation 10%):(Paper 4 pages APA format) (Presentation 10 minutes) (paper due week 10-11 – section M March 14-21 and section N March 16-23)

 

Choose Prayer among the complementary caring-healing practices from one of the modules here is the link
Available:
http://www.csh.umn.edu/free-online-learning-modules/index.htm

After completing the module, complete a literature search for a current nursing article which presents information on the use of this particular caring-healing practice(prayer) with older persons (published in the last 4 years) and the  author must be in nursing field. After choosing the article, write a 4 page reflective paper by considering the following questions:

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What is the purpose or intent of the module and article and the author’s main ideas or arguments? (brief)

What critique and/or reflection would you make of the module and the author’s points considering your own experience and knowing and the learning you gained from the module on this topic? caring-healing practice nursing articles literature search.

How does the article and module inform your own understanding of caring nursing praxis with older persons? Note connections in relation to Barrett’s Power as Knowing Participation and CAREE Process (O’Brien-Lewis) and Jean Watson theory

TAKE NOTE:

Please come up with and complete another page including about six sentences reflective on one key learning for caring nursing praxis with older adult. It should creative, authentic aesthetic which includes the meaning of aesthetic in relation to the lived experience of this older person and what this means for your own caring nursing praxis with power as knowing participation in change and CAREE Process. This one page plus the 4 pages will be  5 pages in total and the presentation will take about 10 mins. caring-healing practice nursing articles literature search.

The purpose of this 10 minute presentation is to share one key learning for caring nursing praxis with older persons. You will share this with the class by presenting your aesthetic with meaning for your caring human science nursing praxis along with one brief experiential activity which involves the class and is related to the module or paper you have reviewed.

 

 Upload the article in PDF or word format and Include the actual current nursing article that you used for this learning evidence (in appendix of your paper).

 

Scholarly Paper Writing
Evaluation Criteria (see rubric in course outline as well):

Substance
:  paper shows the pattern of the whole with authentic, creative, reflective knowing for each criteria and integration of meaning for your caring nursing praxis using CAREE Process and Barrett’s Power as Knowing Participation in Change theory. Paper includes copy of current nursing article that you used for this learning evidence.

Clarity
: logical flow of ideas; precise use of language; grammatically correct sentences; overall coherence and meets APA format and make sure u  you use only references and in-text-citation of the article about prayer and older than of choice and should be within 4 years,CAREE process,Barret;s theory and Watson. And Communication of information and ideas through use of language, symbols and visual images. caring-healing practice nursing articles literature search.

Originality
: each student completes a reflective, creative, authentic aesthetic which includes the meaning of aesthetic in relation to the lived experience of this older person and what this means for your own caring nursing praxis with power as knowing participation in change and CAREE Process.
(
see requirements)  

paper Writing Evaluation Criteria (see rubric in course outline as well):  Substance:  paper shows the pattern of the whole with authentic, creative, reflective knowing for each criteria  and integration of meaning for your caring nursing praxis using CAREE Process and Barrett’s Power as Knowing Participation in Change theory. Paper includes copy of current nursing article that you used for this learning evidence. caring-healing practice nursing articles literature search.

 

Clarity: logical flow of ideas; precise use of language; grammatically correct sentences; overall coherence and meets APA format; Communication of information and ideas through use of language, symbols and visual images

Originality: each student completes a reflective, creative, authentic aesthetic which includes the meaning of aesthetic in relation to the lived experience of this older person and what this means for your own caring nursing praxis with power as knowing participation in change and CAREE Process.

Presentation (10%) (Week 11 and 12 – section M March 21 and 28 and section N March 23 and 30) The purpose of this 10 minute presentation is to share one key learning for caring nursing praxis with older persons. You will share this with the class by presenting your aesthetic with meaning for your caring human science nursing praxis along with one brief experiential activity which involves the class and is related to the module or paper you have reviewed. Please E-mail your presentation on date of your presentation along with hard copy on day of presentation caring-healing practice nursing articles literature search.

 

Nursing Article

The incisive evaluation of a research article is very instrumental towards determining whether the information contained in it is credible in relation to a given field. Nursing is one of the academic disciplines that channels out volumes of publications on a daily basis. This is why it is essential to have an analytical process that can assess its reliability and value to the audience. This paper is an essay that critically evaluates one article in the field of nursing that talks about the caring and healing practice. caring-healing practice nursing articles literature search.

Body of the Essay

What is the purpose or intent of the module and article and the author’s main ideas or arguments?

The author of this article focuses on showing how power is one of the useful elements when it comes to experiencing the much needed change that people wish to see in their societies. Barrett (2010) states that nursing is one of the professions that is primarily viewed as one that belongs to the women. This is why the article lays a lot of emphasis on discussing the close interconnection that exists between power and change. According to this paper, power is actually a very powerful force that is capable of bringing both positive and negative impacts (Barrett, 2010). What’s more, power is present in virtually all spheres of life where it manifests itself in the form of domination or manipulation. On the other hand, this power can also be disadvantageous because it can result in destructive processes that can bring irreversible results.         Barrett (2010) goes ahead to assert that this power can result in brining effective change in the event that it is utilized in the right way. The changes that are desirable are the ones that relate to a given awareness that something needs to be revolutionized by making the right kind of choices (Connor, 2014). Additionally, employing one’s freedom in the right level and the utilization of this liberty in a way that would create  a conduce atmosphere resonates well with the process of achieving change that is inspirable. This research theory also intends to highly support the Barrett theory of power as one way that can bring about participation in this change.   caring-healing practice nursing articles literature search.   This theory postulates that energy is one of the trivial forces that has the power of opening up various fields that have different dimensions (Connor, 2014). The principle of understating how this energy is then channeled into power lies in three main facts in integrity, helicy as well as resonancy. Barrett (2010) states that her theory is mainly based on power as a way of achieving freedom where choices and awareness can enable the person to act in the right way so as to yield desirable changes.

On the other hand, power can be a controlling movement such that the choices and awareness of a person leads them to cause destructive changes (Barrett, 2010). The author of this paper links this theory to the study of nursing and this is what makes the article to maintain a high level of credibility and authenticity.

What critique and/or reflection would you make of the module and the author’s points considering your own experience and knowing and the learning you gained from the module on this topic?

A reflection into this paper provides valuable insights that shows that power is not only a force that takes over the thought or reasoning of most individuals, but it is also capable of affecting groups as well (Watson and Smith, 2012). This is regardless of the size, purpose or type of this groups because each of them is usually unitary and they have a common denominator that brings them together. The reliability of this paper is also enhanced by the fact that a primary study was conducted where a number of participants took place in the research (Watson and Smith, 2012) caring-healing practice nursing articles literature search.

At least more than 276 people took place in the first study while the second one involved more than 625 other individuals (Barrett, 2010). The author sought to illustrate that motion in the human field and power are both correlated and have a heavy reliance on one another. The concept of the human field motion is a Rogerian development that was put forward to explain how the body naturally flows and operates with in-built forces (Barrett, 2010). This theory insists that it is not emotional, social or physical but instead it derives its overall meaning from the summation of all other parts.

In the nursing perspective, this paper is able to show that a patient can be able to use their power to achieve change that would result in the healing of their bodies (Barrett, 2010). The arguments and facts presented in this paper are entirely credible as they concur with the theories present in the nursing field. Change and power are two elements that are often discussed at length and they have the power of ensuring that a person leads a healthy lifestyle. caring-healing practice nursing articles literature search.

How does the article and module inform your own understanding of caring nursing praxis with older persons? Note connections in relation to Barrett’s Power as Knowing Participation and CAREE Process (O’Brien-Lewis) and Jean Watson theory

Barrett (2010) lays a lot of emphasis on the fact that the theory of power has a close association with the quality of care that is shown to patients. This assertion is clearly supported by the Jean Watson theory as well as the CAREE process. The Jean Watson theory is mainly founded upon the role of care when it comes to the quick healing of patients (Owen, 2015).

Moreover, this theory states that care is very essential when it comes to promoting the overall wellbeing of the individual as well as their immediate family  (Austgard, 2008). Additionally, the Jean Watson theory insists that caring is a vital element that holds more benefits as compared to the curing approach caring-healing practice nursing articles literature search.

The same sentiments are echoed by the CAREE process that also advocates for being caring and compassionate to a patient. This should be done by centering on love and care that should be attuned with the openness of the person. The nurse in change of the patient should also focus on relating closely with the sick one so that they can learn more about their choices through the process of exploration (Hall and Høy, 2012). The end product of this process is an evolving approach that can augur well with the overall well-being of the patient. Barrett (2010) also connects her findings to the provision of care where she insists that power should be used positively so that it can be used to yield the right outcome.

The author explains that the clients or patients that are handled with a lot of compassion and care showed much quicker recuperation periods as compared to those that did not. This means that there is a common denominator with the Jean Watson theory, the CAREE approach as well as the theory of power where all of them strive to achieve overall health and fitness of a patient through dedicated efforts of care and compassion (Hall and Høy, 2012).  This article enhances my understanding on the importance of care especially where older people are involved. caring-healing practice nursing articles literature search.

This bracket of people are the most vulnerable and the simple process of being caring helps them heal at a much faster pace. This paper can be highly valuable to people in the nursing profession because they can benefit from learning about the theory of power and how it participates in bringing the much needed change.

 
References

Austgard, K. I. (2008). What characterises nursing care? A hermeneutical philosophical     inquiry. Scandinavian Journal Of Caring Sciences, 22(2), 314-319. doi:10.1111/j.1471-     6712.2007.00526.x

Barrett, E. M. (2010). Power as Knowing Participation in Change: What’s New and What’s           Next. Nursing Science Quarterly, 23(1), 47-54

Connor, M. J. (2014). Original article The practical discourse in philosophy and nursing: an           exploration of linkages and shifts in the evolution of praxis. Nursing Philosophy, 5(1),      54-66. doi:10.1111/j.1466-769X.2004.00152.x

Hall, E. O., & Høy, B. (2012). Re-establishing dignity: nurses’ experiences of caring for older       hospital patients. Scandinavian Journal Of Caring Sciences, 26(2), 287-294.             doi:10.1111/j.1471-6712.2011.00931.x

Owen-Mills, V. (2015). A synthesis of caring praxis and critical social theory in an emancipatory curriculum. Journal Of Advanced Nursing, 21(6), 1191-1195. doi:10.1046/j.1365-         2648.1995.21061191.x

Watson, J., & Smith, M. C. (2012). Caring science and the science of unitary human beings: a       trans-theoretical discourse for nursing knowledge development. Journal Of Advanced         Nursing, 37(5), 452-461. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.2002.02112.x caring-healing practice nursing articles literature search

 

 

Nursing Article

The foundation and framework for nursing is pegged upon the provision of good quality medical attention to all patients that are in need of it. The element of care is deemed as being very instrumental when it comes to the praxis of nursing. The ability of a nurse to provide this care is usually influenced by a number of factors that are especially important in determining the rate of recovery (Barrett, 2010). Nursing praxis makes use of the clinical skills combined with knowledge so that the right level of healing can be achieved in a patient (Connor, 2014).

This concept can be well understood by focusing on the lived experience of an older patient. One such example is the case of Roy Smith who was admitted into the palliative wing at the age of 76 years. The fact that he suffered from chronic pneumocystis coupled with other opportunistic infections made him to become confined to the walls of the hospital. By the time I began working in this hospital, Mr. Smith had already completed two years in this ward. My close interaction with him made me realize that he valued the closeness of nurses as compared to being given medication on time. For this reason, I would dedicate a few hours to providing company to Mr. Smith and at the same time showing different forms of care.

For instance, I would occasionally wheel him out to the garden where he would bask in the sun or also read aloud the newspaper for him when he asked of it. In the long run, I realized these efforts of compassion had a positive impact on his health such that his mentality on healing also changed drastically. This shows that nursing praxis are crucial when it comes to older patients and they can in fact speed up their recovery.

 

References

Barrett, E. M. (2010). Power as Knowing Participation in Change: What’s New and What’s           Next. Nursing Science Quarterly, 23(1), 47-54

Connor, M. J. (2014). Original article The practical discourse in philosophy and nursing: an           exploration of linkages and shifts in the evolution of praxis. Nursing Philosophy, 5(1),      54-66. doi:10.1111/j.1466-769X.2004.00152.x caring-healing practice nursing articles literature search

Essay – health issues that face marginalized/minority women

DETAILS

The health issues that face marginalized/minority women

Write a 1200 word (Approximately five typed pages using a 12 point font) essay on the topic listed below. The purpose of the assignment is to give you a chance to make connections between the ideas in the various modules in the course.

When preparing your paper 
you should draw on at least three Modules and at least five assigned readings
. You may draw on personal experience and observation, 
but the course material must always take precedence.

See “
Expectations for the Final Essay”
 below.

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Final Essay Topic

THIS ASSIGNMENT IS CANADIAN BASED

In your final paper you are to discuss:

“The health issues that face marginalized/minority women”

You can concentrate on one minority group such as women of colour, women from the LGBT community or Aboriginal women or you can discuss various groups – but no more than three different groups. (The ones listed are suggestions only; you can choose the one(s) that you believe are of greatest interest to you). Keep in mind that this is a short paper and you are to follow the parameters for the assignment set out above.

To conclude, consider what measure or measures (discuss no more than two) that can be taken to address the health care needs of marginalized women.

You will be graded on the choices you make, the resources you use, and the way that you expressed yourself.

Do not hesitate to contact the Course Supervisor if you want to discuss your choices. Contact information is included on the course’s homepage. Essay – health issues that face marginalized/minority women

Expectations for the Final Essay

Included here are some of the expectations I have regarding the final essay assignment in this course. Please note that marks may be deducted for not following these directions:

Sources: 
You are to use only the course material for the preparation of your final paper. I expect that you will draw broadly from across the course in developing the ideas in your paper. You should use material from at least three different modules and you should use at least five assigned readings. For example, if you were addressing the question “Why is aging a women’s issue?” you could use material from Module 1 on the demographics of aging, from Module 2 on the double standard of aging and on Module 5 regarding health issues, and so on. I also expect that you will draw heavily on the assigned readings under content on D2L. If you approach your sources in this light you will have a wealth of material from which to draw.

Length: 
the essay should be approximately 6 pages (1200 words) plus a bibliography. A paper much shorter than this would not cover the topic adequately. I calculate a page to be 25 typed double-spaced lines of 10 words each, making a total of 250 words per page. If you are handwriting your essay, you must adjust accordingly for length.

Cover Page: 
Your paper should have a cover page, which would clearly set out the following: your name, the course number, the professor’s name, the essay title, and any other information you think is important.

Title: 
Academic essays should have a title, which suggests the content of your paper. If your paper is on heart disease, your title will read something about the topic such as “Heart Disease: A History of Neglecting Women.” As noted above, your title will be set out on your cover page.

Reference Notes: 
You must use proper references throughout your paper (parenthetical notes, endnotes or footnotes). If using parenthetical notes, simply use the module and the page when citing the Manual, i.e. (Module 1 9). When referencing articles and formatting your bibliography use the Manual as a guide, or use any recognized academic reference guide (APA, MLA, U of Chicago Press, etc.) but be consistent. Essays that do not have reference notes will not be graded.

Direct Quotes: 
Limit yourself to no more than two direct quotes. You must learn to take an idea from an author, shape it into your own words, and use a reference note to show where you got the idea. You cannot have too many reference notes. Better to have more than not enough.

Bibliography: 
The final page of your essay will be your bibliography or list of references used. This will be made up of only the sources used to construct your essay but will include material from the course Manual. Don’t “pad” your bibliography with sources you did not actually use. When formatting your bibliography use any recognized academic reference guide (APA, MLA, U of Chicago Press, etc.) but be consistent (you can also use as an example, any of the bibliography or list of articles at the end of any of the articles in the course. You can access excellent style guides from the internet. For example, see 
http://owl.english.purdue.
edu
. When listing articles you have used to develop your paper cite the author of the article, the title of the article and the publication data. 
An essay that does not have a bibliography/references will not be graded.

 

The health issues that face marginalized/minority women

The health issues that face marginalized/minority women

Reproductive and Sexual Health Challenges Facing the Aboriginal Women

Introduction

Aboriginal women constitute about 4.3 percent of the female population in Canada, yet they remain as the most oppressed and marginalized minorities in the country. Aboriginal women face a disproportionately high level of adverse sexual health and reproductive outcomes, such as complicated childbirth, sexual transmitted infections as well as changes in the menstrual and menopause cycles. These challenges have complicated an already complex health care system for the First Nation Women. It is widely acknowledged that the destruction of Aboriginal cultures has placed women at heightened risk of sexual health challenges. Today, First Nation women experience enhanced rates of reproductive and sexual health issues including high incidences of reproductive tract infections, HIV/AIDS, cervical cancer, high-risk pregnancies, and maternal mortality – to mention a few. In this respect, this research paper focuses on the reproductive and sexual health challenges experienced by aboriginal women with more emphasis being placed on childbirth, sexual transmitted infections as well as changes in the menstrual and menopause cycles. Essay – health issues that face marginalized/minority women.

Childbirth Issues among the Aboriginal Women

Childbirth is a critical life activity in all societies. Midwives were the main caregivers among the Aboriginal groups. Typically, care during the period of pregnancy occurred within the woman’s locality and birth took place at home. The medicalization of health care in Canada was implemented in 1972 and has shaped the country’s maternal health care system for decades. Medicalization of maternal health has become commonplace among the non-aboriginal populace. As a matter of fact, there is sizeable evidence that suggest that many women in Canada have embraced medicalization as far as maternal health is concerned. The main motivator of enhanced maternal medicalization is the fact that women want to have healthy babies. The era of medicalization of maternal health led to a drastic drop in reproductive deaths in the West during the 20
th
century when medicalization become commonplace. Evidence suggests that death rates are lower where medicalization of birth has taken foothold. It has been established that the chances of having a healthy baby and the mother surviving increases with improved maternal medical technologies (Johanson, Newburn and Macfarlane, 2002).

However, medicalization of maternal health has had limited impact on the aboriginal women due to a number of constraints. First, the aboriginal women are confined in the rural areas which makes it very difficult for them to access to health care facilities. The rural setup encourages the traditional technique of mothers giving birth from home and this is the main contributor to high rates of maternal deaths among the aboriginal women. Second, the cost of maternal health is prohibitive to the aboriginal women. Most aboriginal women in Canada do not have access to health insurance and this makes it very difficult for them to access medicalized childbirth programs aimed at improving maternal health (Kornelsen et al. 2010). Essay – health issues that face marginalized/minority women

Sexual Transmitted Infections

The rate of sexual transmitted infections is higher among the aboriginal populace than in the general Canadian populace. Low socioeconomic status, marginalization as well as high incidences of sexual abuse are the primary motivators of aboriginal women engaging in unprotected sex with new partners (Wershler, 2004). It is has been noted that the North American region is experiencing an explosion of sexual transmitted infections. There is a general feeling that this trend will continue going into the future because sexual activities with multiple partners has gained foothold in the Western society than ever before. Today, young women are having sex with multiple partners than ever before. What is surprising is the large percentage of women having unprotected sex without using a condom in order to shield themselves against STIs. Women are generally shy to ask their male partners to use a condom because most of the times, the male reject the idea. This situation is replicated in the Aboriginal society. HIV is more prevalent among the First Nation women. Risky sexual behavior has been acknowledged as the primary contributor to the spread of HIV/AIDs. Existing statistics point to the fact that women are more vulnerable to STIs than men are. In most incidences, rates of chlamydia for women aged between 15 to 17 were reported to be 7 times higher than it is among males of the same age group. Incidences of gonorrhea and syphilis are also high among women as compared to men within the identified age bracket (McCarthy, 2011). These incidences are even higher among the aboriginal women. The rate of cervical cancer among the Aboriginal women is three times higher than the non- Aboriginal women in Canada. The reason for this higher statistics could be due to enhanced unprotected sexual activities among the Aboriginal women. Lack of awareness has been blamed for the widespread of STIs among the Aboriginal population. There is need to enhance education and awareness among Aboriginal population on the effects of STIs.

Changing Menstrual and Menopause Cycles

           
Menstruation occurs among most women aged from 13 to 50 years. Menopause, like menstruation is a universal experience for all women. Menopause marks the end of the productive age of a woman.  Today, the Canadian populace is made up of aging women and as a result there is a high concentration of women who have hit the menopause phase of life in the country. Menstruation among the Aboriginal women, like any other society that still observes ancient cultural practices, is shrouded in secrecy. However, today, menstruation and menopause  issues are increasingly gaining populace in the world of research and academia as reproductive health issues become a widely research area. Today, menstruation occurs in women early and menopause is likely to happen earlier to changes in reproductive health. One contributor that has been assigned the blame of changing menstruation and menopause periods is the use of family planning techniques that alter hormonal imbalance (Roberts, 2000). There is a general increase in the use of family planning tools across the Canadian populace and this has been blamed for the changes experienced in the menstrual and menopause cycles (Loshny, 2004). Among the Aboriginal women, the cases are rare, but the increasingly openness of the society on the use of contraceptives is likely to have an impact on this segment of the population. Essay – health issues that face marginalized/minority women

Recommendation and Conclusion

Reproductive and sexual health issues are increasingly becoming important in the Canadian society, especially among the First Nation populace. Against this background, this paper recommends that:

Medicalization of childbirth to be enhanced among the First Nation population in order to limit incidences of maternal deaths

Awareness should be raised on the spread of STI’s among the Aboriginal population in order to reduce the prevalence

In conclusion, it has been established that although the Aboriginal women constitute about 4.3 percent of the female population in Canada, they remain as the most oppressed and marginalized minorities in the country. Aboriginal women face a disproportionately high level of adverse sexual health and reproductive outcomes, such as complicated childbirth, sexual transmitted infections as well as changes in the menstrual and menopause cycles. These incidences can be ameliorated through enhanced medicalization of maternal health and increase awareness on the effects of STIs on the Aboriginal population.

 

References

Johanson, R., Newburn, M. and Macfarlane, A. (2002). Has the Medicalization of Childbirth Gone Too Far?.
British Medical Journal
, 324(7342), 892.

Kornelsen, Jude, et al. (2010). “The geography of belonging: The experience of birthing at home for First Nations women“
in Health & Place
16(4), 638-645.

Loshny, H. (2004). From Birth Control to Menstrual Control: The Launch of the Extended Oral Contraceptive, Seasonale.
Canadian Woman Studies
, 24(1), 63-67.

McCarthy, M. (2011). Prescribing Contraception to Women with Intellectual Disabilities: General Practititioners’ Attitudes and Practices.
Sexuality and Disability
29(4), 339-349.

Roberts, D. (2000). Black Women and the Pill. Family Planning Perspectives, 32(2), 92-93

Wershler, L. (2004). Depo-Provera: Does this Contraceptive Choice Support the Health and Well-Being of Adolescents and Young Women.
Canadian Woman Studies
, 24(1), 105-107. Essay – health issues that face marginalized/minority women

Obesity essay

DETAILS:

OBESITY

According to the World Health Organization, obesity rates have more than doubled since 1980 and most of the world’s population now lives in countries where obesity kills more people than being underweight.

 

During class we will watch the film Supersize Me and review the impact an unhealthy diet can have on health and wellbeing 

This will be followed by a 4 page paper reviewing the movie by answering the following questions:

Is there anything that you heard and/or saw in the movie that you found surprising, interesting, or that was new information? What was it and what effect did it have on you?

Find the nutritional information (saturated fat, sugar, fiber, calories, etc.) for a Big Mac meal with large fries and a large coke. If Morgan ate this meal how many calories would he consume? How does this align with daily recommended values for macronutrients? Health Canada, recommends a caloric intake of 2350 for men 31-50 years old who lead a sedentary lifestyle. How many calories would Morgan have left for the day? What could he order at McDonalds that wouldn’t push him over 2350 calories and the daily values for macronutrients?

Using research, provide an overview of the health risks related to obesity/sedentary lifestyles. You must also include a minimum of 2 scholarly articles that detail ways of mitigating those risks.

Introduction

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Obesity is a killer disease, but most people continue to underestimate its adversity. Probably due to insufficient knowledge. Although it can be caused by genetic conditions or pharmaceutical drugs that add individual’s weight, many people consider it a lifestyle disease and therefore, it is a consequence of the victims’ choices (Morgan, 2017), Morgan Spurlock affirms this in the movie The Supersize Me. Cases of obesity continue to rise around the globe. The deaths arising from it will increase. It is in good faith to address these concerns through this Obesity essay paper

 

Shocking Surprise about Fast Foods

It is quite shocking how quick the junky food tampers with the normal body system. In the movie, Spurlock gained so much weight in just one month, almost immediately, he started paying the price in the form of chest pains and nausea. It got my mind spinning with thoughts about obesity life. How do such people continue to live with that? For some addiction, craving or whatever makes them stick to this diet religiously, it does not justify their habit. They must be going through what Spurlock experienced, probably worse. It is a slow poison, and many vegans know this but stick to it anyway (Pawara, Pardeshib & Rajputc, 2014). Even more fascinating, is how people love and stick to the so-called fast foods, alluding to their convenience but in the end, cannot run or move around ‘just as fast.’ I do not see any reason to hold on to their habits, besides there are so many cafes with healthy and delicious foods. In fact, it inconveniences them big time. Obesity essay

 

Big Mac Contents

Big Mac is a trademark for fast food restaurant McDonald. It has just about 563 calories. The levels are well within the range considered healthy. Sticking to a Big Mac alone is not that bad health wise if one is to take calories into account (Corleone, 2017). However, topping up tries to it scales up the figures, a coke further shakes the calories and renders the entire meal unhealthy. To break it down, fries’ calories range between 240 to 500 depending on the variety and sizes, up to 6 grams of proteins, about 21 grams of fat, 30 to 65 grams of carb and approximately 250 grams of sodium. All this add up to 1120 calories. Morgan falls short of the 2350 mark recommended by Health Canada by more than half.

To scale up and cover the remaining gap, McDonald’s offers various drink choices, including an assortment of soft drinks, sweet tea, and milkshakes. Calories in pop beverages depend on the size and flavor, extending from as low as 140 calories for a little cola to as much as 280 calories in a huge sweet tea. Milkshake calories run from 510 to 540.

He could, for instance, order his much preferred Bug Mac and accompany it with medium coke and fries. The order will have about a total of 1080 calories. Replacing his cola drink with a milkshake will boost the calories and other nutrients to about 1420. That is about 60 percent of the recommended. He would also add a McClure and a Shamrock Shake to this to add 620 and 820 for each respectively. His total calories will be well above 2350 and an increase in macronutrients. Obesity essay

Health Risks Related to Obesity and Sedentary Lifestyle

It is quite debatable what leads to another between obesity and sedentary lifestyle. One thing is clear though. Aznar et al.,. 2013 believes that obese people lead a sedentary lifestyle – not by choice as in the opposite case. Obesity is a chronic disease. It can negatively impact some systems in a human. The obese people are at a high risk of other chronic diseases among other health complications. The increases fat s in the body fills up the blood vessels making it hard for smooth blood flow, the heart must, therefore, pump blood with much pressure to ensure blood reaches other body parts, the increased force exerts too much pressure on the wall of the blood vessel. If the condition prolongs, the heart gets overwhelmed due to excessive activity; this is what often leads to heart problem among the obese. Cases of bone and joint problems are much likely to occur among the obese because of too much weight that they have to support. It can also slow down the sexual activity of the obese couples. Obesity makes it so difficult for people to be productive due to sedentary lifestyle. It often causes many breathing problems to the victim and takes them too much effort to carry their heavyweight around. Even worse, the high fat contenting their body presents a high risk of cancer. Research has shown that too much fat in the body can encourage the growth of malignant tissues (cancer) in the breast, colon, gallbladder or the uterus (Scherer et al., 2014). The accumulation of fats is to a large extent encouraged by the sedentary lifestyle.

Mitigating Obesity and Associated Risks

To avert the obesity-related risks, it is important to understand how to prevent it. The best way is to understand what causes it and work towards mitigating the causes. So how does obesity come about? There are two major ways in which people become obese: Sedentary lifestyle, this is one in which a person has minimal or zero body activity. As such, they are not able to burn the fats in there body. As a result of the accumulation over time, it leads to overweight. The second cause it is the eating habits and diet. Obesity essay

Obesity is gauged by the body mass index (BMI), a ration of the body mass in kilograms against the square of one’s height. If it between 18 to 24.9, it is normal. Anything beyond this is obesity (Weiderpass, 2014). To reduce the index, one can only reduce the body mass. Minimizing the fats in the body is the simple solution. Physical exercises can be very instrumental in achieving this. Cena, (2014) argues that If it is not a gym aerobics, jogging and other physical activities can help burn out fats causing the overweight. Federico, (2017) however says this must be done on a regular basis to be effective.

Eating habits are the second main cause of obesity (Batra, Strecher & Keller, 2015). Eating too much and regularly makes the body system absorb too many calories and fats than it can burn. Such is the case with the regular eating of hyper-palatable foods. Such foods are engineered to be tastier so that people can buy more, but the truth is, they are junk. Remember it is business, producers care little of what it does to one’s body. That is why fighting obesity is to a great extent a matter of one’s choice or willpower as obesity specialists call it. Regular consumption of natural foods (unprocessed) and in the right amounts avert the risk of becoming obese.

We can fight obesity by creating awareness through public education. Non-governmental organizations championing healthy living can also legally challenge the misleading adverts on burgers and other junk foods targeting the minors v

Conclusion

Obesity is a serious chronic condition that can lead to even worse health complications. So far, it has caused many deaths around the globe. Fighting it will take each person’s effort because being healthy is their responsibility in the first place. Ideally, we should all adopt healthy diets that minimize accumulation of too much fats in our bodies and taking regular physical activity exercises to burn the excess fats that manage to accumulate.

References

 

Batra, R., Strecher, V. J., & Keller, P. A. (2015).
Leveraging consumer psychology for effective health communications: The obesity challenge
. Routledge.

Cena, H. (2014). Does physical activity and sport practice lead to a healthier lifestyle and eating habits in male adolescents.
J Nutr Health
,
1
, 103.

Federico, R. A. (2017). Get Up, Stand Up: A Brief History of Sedentarism and Why Movement is Good Medicine.
Journal of Evolution and Health
,
2
(1), 12.

Jill Corleone,: Oct 03, 2017 How Many Calories Are in a Big Mac Meal. Retrieved on: 10/26/2017.  
https://www.livestrong.com/article/312522-how-many-calories-are-in-a-big-mac-meal/

Kitahara, C. M., Flint, A. J., de Gonzalez, A. B., Bernstein, L., Brotzman, M., MacInnis, R. J., … & Weiderpass, E. (2014). Association between class III obesity (BMI of 40–59 kg/m2) and mortality: a pooled analysis of 20 prospective studies.
PLoS medicine
,
11
(7), e1001673.

Morgan, J. (2017). Obesity stories.

Park, J., Morley, T. S., Kim, M., Clegg, D. J., & Scherer, P. E. (2014). Obesity and cancer [mdash] mechanisms underlying tumour progression and recurrence.
Nature Reviews Endocrinology
,
10
(8), 455-465.

Pawara, S. G., Pardeshib, I. L., & Rajputc, S. G. (2014). Convenience Foods and Its Packaging Effects on Human Health: A Review.
Journal of Ready to Eat Food| October-December
,
1
(4), 127-132.

Santaliestra-Pasías, A. M., Rey-López, J. P., & Moreno Aznar, L. A. (2013). Obesity and sedentarism in children and adolescents: what should be bone?.
Nutricion hospitalaria
,
28
(5). Obesity essay

Life of a Cell Biology essay

 

Introduction

In biology the cell is the basic functional, structural, and biological unit of every known living organism. A cell is one of the smallest units of life with capabilities of replicating independently, and cells are commonly referred to as the “buildings blocks of life”. A day in the life of a cell consists of a number of aspects worth noting. Water, oxygen, and Amino acids must enter a cell. On the other hand, hormones must leave a cell. This is short story on a day in the life of a cell.

Water entering the cell

           
Water is an essential necessity in cells as it is directly involved in countless biochemical reactions such as photosynthesis and respiration. Water molecules pass directly through the cell membrane into the cell itself in a process referred to as osmosis. Here, water molecules move through a semi-permeable membrane into a region of higher concentration towards a direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides. It is important to note that in a cell where so many organelles and other large molecules exist, the water flow is always into the cell. Of importance to note is that the type of transport here is passive transport, an aspect that requires no energy from the cell (Rey, Marinov, Vogler and Sigrist, 2005). Life of a Cell Biology essay

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Oxygen entering the cell

           
Apart from water, cells need oxygen in order to function properly. Proppe and Harrel (2007) argue that oxygen enters a cell by a process known as diffusion. When a person breathes in air, the oxygen does not just stay in the lungs. It has a lot of travelling to do. First, after entering the lungs, the oxygen enters the blood stream from the alveoli where gas exchanges take place through diffusion. After that, the oxygen-rich blood returns to the heart where it gets pumped through the aorta. From the aorta, oxygen rich blood then travels to the smaller arteries and, finally into the capillaries. Here, oxygen molecules move, by a process known as diffusion into the cells (Proppe and Harrel, 2007).

Amino acids entering the cell

           
According to Herce and Garcia (2007), proteins play a critical role in nearly all biological processes and amino acids are the major building blocks of it. Amino acids carry out important bodily functions such as giving cells their structure. However, how they enter the cell is worth knowing. The movement of amino acids into the cytoplasm takes place via biochemically and functionally amino acid transport systems defined by the basis of physic-chemical properties and amino acid selectivities. Herce and Garcia (2007) further argue that each system relates to discrete membrane-bound transporter protein residing within the cell membrane functioning to translocate amino acids from the extracellular to the cytoplasm. Majority of these transporters need sodium for maximal movement. The transporter acts as an enzyme that works on catalyzing the movement of its bound amino acid (and sodium) into the cell. Life of a Cell Biology essay

Hormones leaving the cell

           
Hormones play a number of roles in a cell, but one of its important functions is the liberation of glucose inside the cells resulting in the production of energy. Even though hormones are absorbed and enter the cell wall by diffusion, how they leave the cell is an important element worth noting. According to Pang and Südhof (2010), hormones leave the cell by a process known as exocytosis via a membrane transport mechanism. Not all cells react to hormones that are circulating in the blood stream. However, in the event that such happens, receptors in the cell membrane automatically exit the cell via a process known as exocytosis.

Conclusion

In short, the life of a cell involves very many things. Water, oxygen, and amino acids have to get in for normal functioning while hormones that do not react well with the cell have to be exited. Diffusion, osmosis and passive transport are all involved here. Life of a Cell Biology essay.

 

References

Rey, J., Marinov, D., Vogler, D., & Sigrist, M. (2005). Investigation and optimisation of a multipass resonant photoacoustic cell at high absorption levels.
Applied Physics B: Lasers & Optics
,
80
(2), 261-266.

Proppe, D., & Harrel, S. (2007). The Effects of Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration on Dissolved Oxygen Concentration.
Science Activities
,
44
(1), 10-15.

Herce, H. D., & Garcia, A. E. (2007). Cell Penetrating Peptides: How Do They Do It?.
Journal Of Biological Physics
,
33
(5-6), 345-356.

Pang, Z. P., & Südhof, T. C. (2010). Cell biology of Ca 2+-triggered exocytosis. 
Current opinion in cell biology
, 
22
(4), 496-505. Life of a Cell Biology essay

Essay – Cori Bargmann contributions to the advancement of biotechnology

 

Introduction

           
No single universal definition of what is biotechnology has been proposed. To some, biotechnology is defined as the controlled and subsequent deliberate manipulation of biological aspects/systems for efficient processing or manufacture of useful products. To others, biotechnology is defined as the use of living organisms to make or develop products. Simply put, biotechnology is defined as the exploitation of biological mechanisms for purposes of industrial and other process, especially on grounds of genetic manipulation of microorganisms for the sole purpose of the production of hormones and antibiotics among others. Today, mind-boggling advances in medicine and biology are being made daily by brilliant scientists across the globe. With their inventions, these researchers and physicians are revolutionizing the field of biotechnology like never before (Kiper, 2014). Even though there hundreds of such scientists, Cori Bargmann comes in as one of the top scientists in the field of biotechnology. essay – Cori Bargmann contributions to the advancement of biotechnology.

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Cori Bargmann: Brief Biography

           
Cori Bargmann was born in Virginia and grew up in Athens, Georgia. Bargmann is a modern-day intellectual who received her B.S. in the field of biochemistry from the University of Georgia and her subsequent Ph.D. from MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology). She began her studies on C. elegans during her post-doc studies. She later went on to join the University of California as an assistant professor before moving to the Rockefeller University in 2004 (Marino, 2005). Her lab uses simple organisms known as C. elegans, an undertaking aimed at understanding how sensitive sense of smell determines how genes regulate neuronal development, behavior, and function (Dreifus, 2015). Her work has been recognized with a number of awards.

Cori Bargmann’s contributions to the advancement of biotechnology

           
Cori Bargmann based her studies on roundworms with the aim of uncovering how genes and neurons have the ability of affecting behavior. Bargmann was convinced that a lot of gene mechanisms in roundworms mimic those of mammals, she was successfully able to manipulate certain genes while subsequently observing how they go ahead to affect or impact changes in behavior (Bargmann, 2005). essay – Cori Bargmann contributions to the advancement of biotechnology

In one of her studies, Bargmann manipulated a gene that caused the male worms to bumble around, especially when trying to mate and ultimately failing. Bargmann went ahead to develop the Brain Research Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies Initiative, a body tasked with researching the root causes of ailments such as autism and Alzheimer’s by considering the connections between the brain function and behavior (Bargmann, 2005).

Closely related to the above, Cori Bargmann explains how individual genes affect the brain and behavior by arguing that human beings are complex creatures with as many as 99% of human genes being shared with simpler organisms. Bargmann argues that by focusing on genes for a family of proteins, the G protein-coupled receptors, Bargmann argued that just a single gene had the capabilities of causing significant behavioral changes (Marino, 2005).

Apart from the above discoveries, Bargmann is also accredited for making a discovery that ultimately contributed to the discovery of breast cancer drug Herceptin. What Bargmann did was to discover a mutated gene that triggered an obscure cancer in rats. Afterwards, Bargmann’s work in the rat cancer indicated that the immune system had the possibilities of attacking the product of this gene, thereby developing a system to deploy the immune system. That is how Herceptin was created as a form of antibody against the gene product that occupies the surface of a cancer cell. Bargmann argued that the antibody had the possibilities of attacking the cancer cells growing due to that gene (Marino, 2005). essay – Cori Bargmann contributions to the advancement of biotechnology

Impacts of Bargmann contributions

           
Cori Bargmann’s contribution to the field of biotechnology is evident. Her work on behavioral variation between and within species has furthered our understanding of the genetic architecture of a number of behavioral traits, identities of relevant genes in addition to the ways in which genetic variants do affect neuronal circuits to the extent of modifying behavior (Lewis, Martin and Orwig, 2015). It is with Bargmann’s contributions that we get to understand the genetics surrounding natural behavioral variation in non-human animals while highlighting the implications of these findings in helping to understand the complexities that come with human genetics (Marino, 2005). Marino (2005) further argues that Bargmann’s contributions help us understand that gene-environment interactions are central to natural genetic variation in forms of behavior and that gene that affect sensory processing and neuromodulatory pathways are some of the preferred sites of naturally occurring mutations.

Apart from Bargmann’s contributions of defining how genes and the environment influence behavior through dissecting the neural circuitry of C. elegans and receptors, genes, a subsequently signaling the molecules that are involved in such behavior as responses to odors among others, Bargmann is also accredited to having made significant contributions towards the discovery of Herceptin, a drug that has helped a significant number of people in the fight against breast cancer (Dreifus, 2015). Cancer, especially breast cancer is a killer disease. With Bargmann’s contributions, a lot of people have been in a position to be cured of it.

Lastly, Bargmann’s contributions have also been subjected to further research by many other biotechnology researchers, a move that has helped in coming up with latest medical solutions aimed at helping human beings with current problems that face them (Lewis, Martin and Orwig, 2015).

Conclusion

           
Biotechnology is a field lately embraced by hundreds of researchers across the globe. Brilliant scientists have embraced this field fully to the extent of coming up latest inventions, a move that has helped human beings solve much of their medical problems. essay – Cori Bargmann contributions to the advancement of biotechnology.

 

References

Bargmann, C. (2005). Making the paper.
Nature
,
438
(7065), xiii.

Dreifus, C. (2015). Putting Her Mind to How the Brain Works.
New York Times
. p. D5.

Kiper, D. (2014). Cornelia Bargmann.
Current Biography
,
75
(5), 3-8.

Lewis, T., Martin, E., & Orwig, J. (2015). 11 scientists who are transforming how we treat disease, see the brain, and engineer our genes. Retrieved from http://www.businessinsider.com/top-scientists-in-biotech-2015-7?IR=T/#cori-bargmann-is-giving-us-new-insights-into-the-brain-1

Marino, M. (2005). Biography of Cornelia I. Bargmann.
Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America
,
102
(9), 3181-3183.

Marino, M. (2005). Biography of Cornelia I. Bargmann. Retrieved from http://www.pnas.org/content/102/9/3181.full essay – Cori Bargmann contributions to the advancement of biotechnology

Nursing care and assessment case study – Determinants of Health

Determinants of Health

Introduction

There are many cases of health inequalities among people in different states in the world due to uneven distribution of the resources, which are required in order to acquire the standard health services and products necessary if we may say so. These resources are called the determinants of health and they range from social, personal, environmental, and economic factors. In Canada, we have such cases of disparities between neighborhoods- we have families with very improved healthy lives and on the other far end; we have families who cannot even be able to have access to the basic needs. This gap between the Canadians can only be reduced or even be totally depleted by dealing with the major social factors which affect health. In this paper, we are going to discuss Mrs. James family and the respective determinants of health (DOH) affecting Mrs. James’ health. Majorly, the social DOH affecting her health status are the social-economic factors, cultural factors, and biological and genetic factors. Nursing care and assessment case study.
 

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A Brief Description Of Mrs. James Family

From the reports, this family faces health problems, including Mrs. James frequently being attacked by unhealthy conditions. She is reported to have an ankle sore which seemed not to heal, but grew worse until it was attended. This is as a result of diabetes, which she keeps on controlling. Also, she is distressed by the death of her cat and that distress causes a lot of harm to her health. The following day, she wakes up seriously sick. She feels numb on her right arm and leg and finds it hard to stand. Finally, she is diagnosed with a stroke, which was affecting her right arm and leg. The stroke affects her so much that, she is unable to stand on her own and even finds it difficult to put anything in her mouth. That forces the nurses to use the feeding tube to avoid dangers of chocking. Mrs. James has a son, but he resides far from her. Nursing care and assessment case study. When she was in the hospital, she almost lost motivation of life, thinking that all her cats would have died due to her absence, but her son had taken care of them and this really contributed to her recovery. Moreover, the visit from Karen motivated her so much

 

Social Determinants Of Healthy Relevant To Mrs. James Family

Cultural Factors

In Canada, there are many distinct cultures with different cultural values which affect people’s health status in different ways. Values such as marginalization, assessment of health services, and stigmatization activities among communities are said to be obstacles of their health status. In addition, there are cultures, which are against certain types of foods or recommend some, which affect their health. For instance, in most communities located in the desert areas, obesity is never seen as a health threat and instead people take it as a sign of good health. Consequently, there are societies which associate junk food with richness without considering its effects on their overall health status (Raphael, 2004). Nursing care and assessment case study.

Social-Economic Factors

As mentioned above in the case of Mrs. James family in Canada, there are three main DOH associated with their family health and in this section, we will discuss the social-economic factors. Actually, in the present world, the social-economic factors are the most prominent determinants of people’s health status. The data available in different health-related organizations show that individuals who are socially and economically stable have access to good health. The determinants in this class of factors include; employment, personal health practices, quality of working conditions, physical environment, social connectedness, and level of education.

Biological And Genetic Factors

The biological and genetic factors such as inherited conditions, HIV status, sex, gene composition of parents, age, and the existence of heart diseases in the family history affects people’s health status in different ways. For example, in terms of the age, old people’s health gets affected easily as compared to adolescents when exposed to the same conditions. This is biological since the aging contributes to cognitive and physical effects. Also, the genetically transferred conditions such as sickle cell anemia affects the health of an individual negatively (Raphael, 2004).

 

The Relevance Of The Above Discussed DOH To Mrs. James Family In Canada

Mrs. James family is seriously affected by the social-economic factors discussed above. When she had a wound, she would not easily acknowledge that she needed to visit a doctor. Due to her low-income status, the cashier tells her to use an alternative method- butter, which would not cost her much Nursing care and assessment case study. At the same time when she is seriously sick, she is reluctant to call an ambulance because of the associated costs. In addition, her low-income status is evident from the shoes she wore and her excitement about the free lunch at the Senior Centre nursing clinic (Public Health Agency of Canada, 2006).

Social Connectedness:
Mrs. James to some extent is affected by the social connectedness factor. She lives alone despite having a son and grandchildren. This to some extent affects her health. When in the hospital, she almost loses motivation on improving her health, since there is no one to take care of her cats. What’s more, when she is critically sick, it almost gets hard to access medical services due to lack of a family member or a relative to take her to the hospital. Moreover, the physical environment in her home is not health conducive, as the surrounding bushes are associated unhealthy practices. Nursing care and assessment case study.

The Biological And Genetic Factors
also do affect Mrs. James’ health. The diabetes she is suffering from is linked to the family history. Consequently, biologically, aged people are prone to diseases due to cognitive and physical effects of aging. Thus, Mrs. James’ wound takes time to heal mostly due to her age. Therefore, at her age, she requires a serious medical attention. Nursing care and assessment case study
 

Health Promotion Topics

Mrs. James is affected by different social-economic activities and as nurses, we have a duty to make sure that her health improves. We could advise her to stay with her son so that he can be looking after her, and get her to the hospital whenever she is sick. On the issue of using cigarettes, we could explain to her the various health dangers associated with smoking and walk with her on the journey to smoking recovery. Also, as a nurse, I would teach her about different health challenges that aged people are facing, and advise her on how to live in order to overcome those challenges. For instance, due to cognitive and physical effects that older people face, they are supposed to get medical attention immediately, they feel unwell.

Lack of basic education is also among the big problems that Mrs. James family is facing. Therefore, the nurses are required to prepare and try their best to make sure that they grasp the basic hygiene and health practices, which aged people, deserve. For instance, Mrs. James’ son can be made aware that aged persons are more susceptible to diseases and may not be able to fight them, thus require close and regular checks. In addition, that conditions such as diabetes attacks do happen anytime and therefore people, who are diabetic, require special attention and should never be left alone.

 
Conclusion

In a recap, it is evident from the above discussion above that our streets and neighborhoods in Canada are coupled with many health inequalities. Actually, the factors which are contributing to the situation are levels of education, employment, biological and genetic, physical environment, and others, which we can alleviate. Therefore, if we work together with the assistance of experts like nurses, we can make the world a better place Nursing care and assessment case study. For instance, if Brian had taken care of her mother right from the beginning with the assistance of the nurses, her mother would not have been affected by the stroke and other observable health conditions.

 
References

Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. (2002). 
Homeless in Canada
. Toronto ON: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.

Hay, D. I., & Canadian Policy Research Networks. (2007). 
Developing a Canadian economic case for financing the social determinants of health
. Ottawa, Ont: Canadian Policy Research Networks.

In Marmot, M., & In Wilkinson, R. G. (2006). 
Social determinants of health
.

Peressini, T. L., Hulchanski, J. D., McDonald, L., & Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation. (2001). 
Estimating homelessness: Towards a methodology for counting the homeless in Canada : background report
. Ottawa: The Division.

Public Health Agency of Canada. (2006). 
Sexually transmitted infections in Canadian street youth in Canada: Findings from Enhanced Surveillance of Canadian Street Youth, 1999-2003
. Ottawa: Public Health Agency of Canada Nursing care and assessment case study.

Public Health Agency of Canada. (2006). 
Street youth in Canada: Findings from Enhanced Surveillance of Canadian Street Youth, 1999-2003
. Ottawa: Public Health Agency of Canada.

Raphael, D. (2004). 
Social determinants of health: Canadian perspectives
. Toronto: Canadian Scholars’ Press.

World Health Organization. (2013).
The economics of social determinants of health and health inequalities: A resource book
.

WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health., & World Health Organization. (2008). 
Closing the gap in a generation: Health equity through action on the social determinants of health : Commission on Social Determinants of Health final report
. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Nursing care and assessment case study

Determinants of Health (DOH) Essay

This paper is about understanding health and how to improve health. The conditions or experiences in which we live our lives, affect our health. These conditions, also known as Social Determinants of Health (DOH), are more important than medical treatments or lifestyle choices in shaping our health.   For example, how long we will live, whether or not we will develop chronic diseases, or how we raise our children. It is important for the nurse to understand the health of an individual in a broad way and in the context of these social determinants.  Nurses provide interventions to help improve a patient’s DOH, thus aiding in improving their health.

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Synopsis
: Provide an overview of the health of a selected family from the Canadian Neighbourhood, identify and explain how 3 DOH are negatively affecting the family, and identify and explain how 2 areas of health promotion would benefit the family Determinants of Health Essay

Maximum Length
: 4 pages, excluding title page and reference page.

Submission
: SafeAssign
AND
hardcopy to professor beginning of class on the due date.

**Essays not meeting this requirement will have late penalties applied

References
: minimum six references.

Kozier textbook can be one. The others should include: another text or journal of your choice or a reputable web based site.  All need to be cited properly

.

Purpose
:

Develop and demonstrate an understanding of determinants of health and the impact on a chosen family’s health status.

Demonstrate knowledge of basic health promotion concepts.

Demonstrate effective written communication skills.

 

Instructions:

Choose a family from Canadian neighborhood.

Briefly describe the family.

Discuss three DOH’s relevant to the family.

Provide a brief overview (definition, statistics, explanation) of the DOH.

Use specific examples from Canadian Neighborhood to prove why these are relevant DOH.

Identify 2 specific health promotion topics that are relevant for the family.

Include why you chose your specific topics of health promotion relating it to one or more of the identified DOH Determinants of Health Essay

 

 

APA format must be used for your essay. APA is a structured and specific format for an academic paper. It provides detailed information on font size, set up of the paper, how to reference and cite your information.

 

 

 

Tips to Get You Started:

 

Start Early!!!

Read the Instructions and rubric very carefully and follow it closely. Look at the grade distribution.  Areas with more points should have more depth of discussion.

Become familiar with APA format. Resources to assist you include:

Seneca Library (in person or through mySeneca)

APA booklet available in the King Bookstore Determinants of Health Essay

english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/ for examples.

Brainstorm and Organize your thoughts before you start – Create an outline or overview of what you plan to write.

DOH – write down some that are relevant to the family you have chosen and write down supporting factors as to why they are relevant to the family.

Health Promotion – Assume you are the nurse involved with this family, what interventions could improve the families being impacted by chosen DOH’s.  Why did you choose this information? Write this on your rough outline.

Begin writing each paragraph. Make sure your ideas are clear; avoid extra words or sentences, clearly state your  idea  based on what your outline. Determinants of Health Essay.

Your paper includes an:

Introduction – purpose of your paper and an overview of what will be discussed

Body – where you discuss

Conclusion – briefly summarizes what your paper discussed and your overall conclusion.

Your essay must have a title page (first page) and a references page (last page).

***It is important that you follow the APA format guidelines on how to complete both of these.

Get help Early – If you have not written a formal essay paper recently, it is strongly suggested that you go to the Learning Centre and/or the Library for support. You will write many papers throughout the PND program, therefore you should learn proper essay writing skills early.

I
n text referencing
is expected as part of an academic paper. Ensure you review this in APA Guidelines If you are referring to an idea, or using a direct quote from a source, you must give credit by providing an in text citation. All in text citations must be included in your reference list.

Editing: Read your paper out loud, this can help with the flow of the paper. Ask someone to read your paper and provide feedback, based on the rubric.   DO NOT allow anyone to just change your essay!!  You need to approve all editing choices. Determinants of Health Essay.

 

Essay Rubric

 

Concepts

Points Possible

Your Score/Comments

Content (30 points)

Discuss at least three DOH’s that are relevant to the family. Provide a brief overview (definition, statistics, explanation) of the DOH.

 

 

/6

Use specific examples from Canadian Neighborhood to prove why these are relevant DOH. .

 

/14

Identify 2 specific health promotion topics that are relevant for the family.

/2

Include why you chose your specific topics of health promotion relating it to one or more of the identified DOH

 

/8

Format (10points)

Choice of References

/4

Use and format of references

/6

Marks will be subtracted for :

Grammatical errors

Incorrect APA format; title & reference page)

Sentence structure

–

 

(max 5)

General Comments: Determinants of Health Essay

 

 

Professor Signature:                                                                                                   Grade:        /40          %

 

Determinants of Health

Introduction

There are many cases of health inequalities among people in different states in the world due to uneven distribution of the resources, which are required in order to acquire the standard health services and products necessary if we may say so. These resources are called the determinants of health and they range from social, personal, environmental, and economic factors. In Canada, we have such cases of disparities between neighborhoods- we have families with very improved healthy lives and on the other far end; we have families who cannot even be able to have access to the basic needs. This gap between the Canadians can only be reduced or even be totally depleted by dealing with the major social factors which affect health. In this paper, we are going to discuss Mrs. James family and the respective determinants of health (DOH) affecting Mrs. James’ health. Majorly, the social DOH affecting her health status are the social-economic factors, cultural factors, and biological and genetic factors.

 

A Brief Description Of Mrs. James Family

From the reports, this family faces health problems, including Mrs. James frequently being attacked by unhealthy conditions. She is reported to have an ankle sore which seemed not to heal, but grew worse until it was attended. This is as a result of diabetes, which she keeps on controlling. Also, she is distressed by the death of her cat and that distress causes a lot of harm to her health. The following day, she wakes up seriously sick. She feels numb on her right arm and leg and finds it hard to stand. Finally, she is diagnosed with a stroke, which was affecting her right arm and leg. The stroke affects her so much that, she is unable to stand on her own and even finds it difficult to put anything in her mouth. That forces the nurses to use the feeding tube to avoid dangers of chocking. Mrs. James has a son, but he resides far from her. When she was in the hospital, she almost lost motivation of life, thinking that all her cats would have died due to her absence, but her son had taken care of them and this really contributed to her recovery. Moreover, the visit from Karen motivated her so much Determinants of Health Essay

 

Social Determinants Of Healthy Relevant To Mrs. James Family

Cultural Factors

In Canada, there are many distinct cultures with different cultural values which affect people’s health status in different ways. Values such as marginalization, assessment of health services, and stigmatization activities among communities are said to be obstacles of their health status. In addition, there are cultures, which are against certain types of foods or recommend some, which affect their health. For instance, in most communities located in the desert areas, obesity is never seen as a health threat and instead people take it as a sign of good health. Consequently, there are societies which associate junk food with richness without considering its effects on their overall health status (Raphael, 2004). Determinants of Health Essay

Social-Economic Factors

As mentioned above in the case of Mrs. James family in Canada, there are three main DOH associated with their family health and in this section, we will discuss the social-economic factors. Actually, in the present world, the social-economic factors are the most prominent determinants of people’s health status. The data available in different health-related organizations show that individuals who are socially and economically stable have access to good health. The determinants in this class of factors include; employment, personal health practices, quality of working conditions, physical environment, social connectedness, and level of education. Determinants of Health Essay

Biological And Genetic Factors

The biological and genetic factors such as inherited conditions, HIV status, sex, gene composition of parents, age, and the existence of heart diseases in the family history affects people’s health status in different ways. For example, in terms of the age, old people’s health gets affected easily as compared to adolescents when exposed to the same conditions. This is biological since the aging contributes to cognitive and physical effects. Also, the genetically transferred conditions such as sickle cell anemia affects the health of an individual negatively (Raphael, 2004). Determinants of Health Essay

 
The Relevance Of The Above Discussed DOH To Mrs. James Family In Canada

Mrs. James family is seriously affected by the social-economic factors discussed above. When she had a wound, she would not easily acknowledge that she needed to visit a doctor. Due to her low-income status, the cashier tells her to use an alternative method- butter, which would not cost her much. At the same time when she is seriously sick, she is reluctant to call an ambulance because of the associated costs. In addition, her low-income status is evident from the shoes she wore and her excitement about the free lunch at the Senior Centre nursing clinic (Public Health Agency of Canada, 2006).

Social Connectedness:
Mrs. James to some extent is affected by the social connectedness factor. She lives alone despite having a son and grandchildren. This to some extent affects her health. When in the hospital, she almost loses motivation on improving her health, since there is no one to take care of her cats. What’s more, when she is critically sick, it almost gets hard to access medical services due to lack of a family member or a relative to take her to the hospital. Moreover, the physical environment in her home is not health conducive, as the surrounding bushes are associated unhealthy practices. Determinants of Health Essay.

The Biological And Genetic Factors
also do affect Mrs. James’ health. The diabetes she is suffering from is linked to the family history. Consequently, biologically, aged people are prone to diseases due to cognitive and physical effects of aging. Thus, Mrs. James’ wound takes time to heal mostly due to her age. Therefore, at her age, she requires a serious medical attention.

 

Health Promotion Topics

Mrs. James is affected by different social-economic activities and as nurses, we have a duty to make sure that her health improves. We could advise her to stay with her son so that he can be looking after her, and get her to the hospital whenever she is sick. On the issue of using cigarettes, we could explain to her the various health dangers associated with smoking and walk with her on the journey to smoking recovery. Also, as a nurse, I would teach her about different health challenges that aged people are facing, and advise her on how to live in order to overcome those challenges. For instance, due to cognitive and physical effects that older people face, they are supposed to get medical attention immediately, they feel unwell. Determinants of Health Essay.

Lack of basic education is also among the big problems that Mrs. James family is facing. Therefore, the nurses are required to prepare and try their best to make sure that they grasp the basic hygiene and health practices, which aged people, deserve. For instance, Mrs. James’ son can be made aware that aged persons are more susceptible to diseases and may not be able to fight them, thus require close and regular checks. In addition, that conditions such as diabetes attacks do happen anytime and therefore people, who are diabetic, require special attention and should never be left alone.

 

Conclusion

In a recap, it is evident from the above discussion above that our streets and neighborhoods in Canada are coupled with many health inequalities. Actually, the factors which are contributing to the situation are levels of education, employment, biological and genetic, physical environment, and others, which we can alleviate. Therefore, if we work together with the assistance of experts like nurses, we can make the world a better place. For instance, if Brian had taken care of her mother right from the beginning with the assistance of the nurses, her mother would not have been affected by the stroke and other observable health conditions. Determinants of Health Essay.

 

References

Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. (2002). 
Homeless in Canada
. Toronto ON: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.

Hay, D. I., & Canadian Policy Research Networks. (2007). 
Developing a Canadian economic case for financing the social determinants of health
. Ottawa, Ont: Canadian Policy Research Networks.

In Marmot, M., & In Wilkinson, R. G. (2006). 
Social determinants of health
.

Peressini, T. L., Hulchanski, J. D., McDonald, L., & Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation. (2001). 
Estimating homelessness: Towards a methodology for counting the homeless in Canada : background report
. Ottawa: The Division.

Public Health Agency of Canada. (2006). 
Sexually transmitted infections in Canadian street youth in Canada: Findings from Enhanced Surveillance of Canadian Street Youth, 1999-2003
. Ottawa: Public Health Agency of Canada. Determinants of Health Essay.

Public Health Agency of Canada. (2006). 
Street youth in Canada: Findings from Enhanced Surveillance of Canadian Street Youth, 1999-2003
. Ottawa: Public Health Agency of Canada.

Raphael, D. (2004). 
Social determinants of health: Canadian perspectives
. Toronto: Canadian Scholars’ Press.

World Health Organization. (2013).
The economics of social determinants of health and health inequalities: A resource book
.

WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health., & World Health Organization. (2008). 
Closing the gap in a generation: Health equity through action on the social determinants of health : Commission on Social Determinants of Health final report
. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Determinants of Health Essay.

Mrs. James family Case study

Mrs. James has a sore ankle that has been there for the past several weeks. It does not really hurt all that much, but she has been unable to get it heal. The cashier at the convenience store tells Mrs. James she should use butter to help heal wounds, because it keeps the wound moist and helps to enhance healing.

Mrs. James decided to follow the advice of her friend (the cashier at the convenience store) and has been applying butter to her wound for about one week. The wound does not seem to getting any better, in fact it looks a little worse, so Mrs. James stops the butter treatment. She knows she should get an appointment with her health-care provider, but when she calls to make an appointment, she is told that the physician she likes is out of the office on vacation for the next two weeks. She has heard about a nurse clinic at the Neighborhood senior Centre not far from her home, but has never been to the centre because she does not perceive herself to be old. Mrs. James decides to continue treating the wound herself. Mrs. James family Case study.

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Mrs. James’ wound continue to look progressively worse, it now a yellowish drainage and the skin around the wound has become red. Her foot also now hurts when she walks on it. She goes to the emergency room early in the morning. After sitting in the waiting room for four hours, Mrs. James tells the ER receptionist that she has better things to do than sit in a waiting room all day. She decides to go to the Senior Centre just this once to see if the nurse at the clinic will look at her leg Mrs. James family Case study.

At the Senior Centre nurse clinic, Mrs. James meets Karen, a geriatric clinical nurse specialist. Karen takes a short history and checks Mrs. James’s vital signs and glucose levels. Mrs. James is unable to recall all of the medications that she takes. After looking at the wound, Karen tell Mrs. James that she must see her physician. Karen makes an appointment for that day and arranges a ride for Mrs. James through the Senior Centre. Before leaving, Karen suggests to Mrs. James that she come back to see her next week and bring a list of medications that she takes. Mrs. James also learns from Karen that free lunch is served at the Senior Centre.

At her physician’s office, Mrs. James is told that her foot is infected and will require antibiotic treatment and dressing changes. The office staff arranges for Mrs. James to have a home care nurse make daily visits for IV antibiotic therapy and dressing changes for 10 days . The nurse and physician both note that her blood pressure and glucose level are somewhat elevated, but they assume the change is related to the infection and pain.

Mrs. James completes her 10-day dose of antibiotic therapy. The wound is no longer painful and is beginning to heal. She has a follow-up visit at her physician’s office and is instructed to continue with daily wound care. The office nurse talks with Mrs. James about the need for medication adherence to limit the effects of her diabetes. The nurse asks her if she has any problems with her medications. Mrs. James says she has no problems, she just doesn’t always take her medication. Mrs. James family Case study.

Mrs. James decides to go back to the Senior Centre nurse clinic to see the nurse because she likes Karen and wants to show her that her leg is healing. Karen checks her vitals and glucose level, noting that both are elevated. Karen looks at the leg and can see that the wound is healing. Mrs. James forgets to bring the list of medications she is currently taking, so Karen talks with her about how she obtains her medications and how she keeps them organized. Karen gives Mrs. James a diabetes and foot care brochure and asks her to bring a list of the medications she takes on her next visit. Mrs. James is in a Hurry to leave so she can get the free Senior Centre lunch.

Mrs. James was planning to go back to the Senior Centre this week to see the nurse, but she didn’t like what was on the lunch menu for that day. She is scheduled for another follow-up visit at her physician’s office, but elects not to go because it is raining hard on the day of her appointment and she does not want to be out in the weather.

Mrs. James is on her way out the door to go to the Senior Centre for lunch and to see the nurse when one of her cats gets out. She spends the next hour waiting by the window for the cat to come back. She is worried that the cat will be killed by a car or a dog and is mad that she is going to miss the lunch that day. When the cat comes back to the front door, Mrs. James is relieved and decides she needs to stay home the rest of the day to take care of her cats.

Mrs. James finally makes it back to see Karen at the Senior Centre nursing clinic. Her vital signs are checked  (blood pressure, 126/92 mm Hg, blood glucose, 16 mmol/L), and Karen asks Mrs. James about her medication list (which she has not brought along with her). When examining Mrs. James’ feet, Karen notices that her shoes are in poor shapes, the edges of her shoes have been cut down and covered with cotton balls and tape. The nurse talks to her about the need for shoes that fit and suggests that she check at the senior Centre for help with obtaining properly fitting shoes. Karen also notes that the wound on her leg has almost completely healed. Mrs. James family Case study.

Mrs. James goes to the Senior Centre with the intention of getting lunch, but instead wanders into a leather craft class. She sits down and begins to work with the leather. She listens to some of the other women in the class and is annoyed at all their chatter, especially one lady named Mary Martin. She likes the leather craft activity, but does not like interacting with the women there.

Mrs. James gets a notice in the mail from the city, stating that the bushes in her front yard are encroaching on the street blocking the view. The notice states she has 30 days to cut back the branches or pay the city to remove the brush and potentially face a city fine. This makes Mrs. James very upset, because she knows she can’t just go out and cut down bushes at her age. She asks a neighbor to help her cut the bushes back. A few days later she sees a teenager in her yard doing the work, but Mrs. James does not go out to talk to him or thank him. She wonders if he is in a gang and is not sure he can be trusted.

Mrs. James runs out of her glucotrol, and when she calls the drugstore to get it refilled, she is informed that her prescription has expired. Mrs. James goes to the Senior Centre nursing clinic the following day to see Karen and explains her situation. Vitals and blood glucose are measured  (blood glucose, 14 mmol/L). Karen calls the physician’s office , the nurse is able to get a list of Mrs. James medications and dosages, as well as the names of her cardiologist and gynecologist. Karen also sees that Mrs. James is still wearing the same shoes as the last visit.

Karen also talks with Mrs. James about her prescription drug benefits. Mrs. James indicates she received something in the mail some time ago, but did not understand what is was and threw it away. Mrs. James family Case study.

Mrs. James has become a regular at the Senior Centre on days the nurse is in the clinic. She has come to trust Karen and, in fact, considers her a friend. Over time, she has become more open to discussing personal matters. Mrs. James tells Karen in detail things about her cats and some of her neighbors’ . When questioned about her sons and whether they are available to help, Mrs. James explains that her sons don’t like her very much , but they would help if she needed them to. She goes on to mention that they are very busy and they know she does not need their help.

The Senior Centre is sponsoring a weekend trip by bus to a nearby provincial park. Although a fee is required, the cost is minimal. Karen (the nurse at the Senior Centre) tells Mrs. James about the trip and suggests that she go on the outing. Mrs. James tells Karen she has already seen all those parks before, and if she go on a bus trip she would have to listen to all the women chatter. She tells Karen, It’s bad enough to listen to them at lunch. I can’t imagine listening to them for days. Mrs. James also reminds Karen that she could never leave her cats alone for that length of time.

Mrs. James goes to the drugstore to get her prescriptions refilled. When she gets there, she is told that her co-payment for the prescriptions (Coumadin and digoxin) is $ 20. This makes Mrs. James very angry. She demands to know why the co- pay has changed and is told it is due to changes in the insurance plan. Although she has the money, Mrs. James decides not to pick up the prescription. Instead, she goes to the grocery store to buy a new carton of cigarettes anf then to the Senior Centre for lunch. She dreads it when she walks into the Senior centre and sees Mary Martin, the lady who talks too much. She glares at Mary as she walks past her and sits at a table by herself so she doesn’t have to listen to Mary talk.

One of Mrs. James’s cats dies this week. Mrs. James is so devastated that she does not leave the house for several days. She buries the cat in her backyard near the graves of her other deceased cats. She covers up the area with rocks to prevent a dog from coming along digging her kitty up.

On Tuesday morning, Mrs. James wakes up about 7 a.m. She does not feel right, but is not sure   why. Her sight arm feels tingly and somewhat numb. She feeds her cats and decides to go back to bed. At 9 a.m. she wakes up again. When she tries to sit up, her right arm feels very heavy. When she tries to stand up, her right leg also feels heavy, making it difficult to walk, she can’t seem to get her leg support her.

Mrs. James wonders if the diabetes has caused her blood glucose levels to drop. She navigates to the kitchen and checks her glucose, noting it is 14. She decides to eat some breakfast, thinking she will better soon. Mrs. James begins to get worried when her symptoms don’t subside. At about 10:30 a.m. she calls her neighbor on the phone, explains the situation, and asks her to come over to help her. The neighbor tells Mrs. James to call 9-1-1 because she will have to pay for the ambulance; she decides to wait for her neighbor to take her to the hospital Mrs. James family Case study.

The neighbor arrives at Mrs. James’ home at about 10:50. By this time, Mrs. James is talking, but not making any sense. The weakness on her right side has become even worse, to the point at which Mrs. James is unable to walk. The neighbor (believing Mrs. James called 9-1-1) is hopeful the ambulance will show up soon. By 11 a.m., the neighbor decides to call 9-1-1 and ask about the ambulance; she learns that a previous call was not made. An ambulance arrives shortly thereafter and takes Mrs. James to neighborhood Hospital. She arrives in the emergency room about 11:35. She is treated by Dr. Gordon, who determines that she is having a stroke. Mrs. James is admitted to the medical-surgical unit.

Mrs. James remains at the Neighborhood Hospital. She has had a difficult week. Because of swallowing difficulty, a feeding tube was placed, and tube feeding was initiated. She has ongoing issues with nausea and abdominal fullness. Additionally, she has been experiencing diarrhea; she has had two episodes of fecal incontinence because she was unable to get the nursing staff to answer her call light. She is unable to ambulate independently at this time. Mrs. James family Case study.

Mrs. James also develops an elevated temperature and confusion before anyone notices that urine in her Foley bag is cloudy. A urinalysis (UA) and culture and sensitivity (C&S) test confirm that she has a urinary tract infection

She has become very depressed and has taken a very passive role in her care; she wants the nurses to just take care of all of her needs. She continues to experience expressive aphasia and is embarrassed about the way she sounds. Mrs. James’ son, Brian comes to see her at the hospital this week. She barely speaks to him the entire time he is there. He only stays for a few days to take care of few things at her home. Brian leaves his contact information with the nursing staff in case the need to contact him for anything. Mrs. James feels angry about the entire situation, and she is unhappy with the general inconsistency in the care she has received. One of the nurses she really does not like is Bobby. She does not find him to be nice or caring at all.

This week, Mrs. James is transferred to the Neighborhood Rehabilitation Centre. Because of ongoing swallowing difficulties, a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube is inserted for continued tube feedings shortly before she is transferred.

At the Rehabilitation Centre, she works with physical, speech and occupational therapists. She continues to have little to no motivation for improvement. Mrs. James is pleased when Karen (the nurse from the Senior Centre) comes to visit her. She tells Karen what a horrible experience this has been. Karen, who is aware that Mrs. James has been very passive, tells her she needs to work on getting better so she can go home to take care of her cats. If she fails to improve, she might be placed in a nursing home. Mrs. James tells Karen that the cats are probably all dead by now and that there is no point in going home. Karen assures Mrs. James that her son, Brian, placed them in a boarding facility and that they are being well cared for. This information provides a spark in Mrs. James, and she now has a reason to get better; her cats need to be rescued from inhumane treatment they are probably receiving at the boarding facility. Mrs. James family Case study.

Mrs. James remains at the Neighborhood Rehabilitation Centre. She is making excellent progress and has regained much of her mobility. She continues to work with the staff to regain her ability to independently carry out activities of daily living (ADL) skills.

Mrs. James remains at the Neighborhood Rehabilitation Centre and continues to progress in her mobility speech and swallowing.

Arrangements are being made for Mrs. James to be transferred home. Because of her ongoing care needs, her son, Brian, has agreed to spend up to a month with his mother in the role of caregiver while she makes the transition home.

Brian James has returned to the Neighborhood and spends several days making the necessary arrangements for her discharge. Among the arrangements are making home modifications          ( such as rails and seat for the shower), obtaining equipment (wheelchair, walker, and grab bars) , making appointments for follow-up physician visits and ongoing outpatient physical therapy, and figuring out her medication regimen. Because Mrs. James has prescriptions from several physicians, it takes Brian several days to figure out which are current and which are not. Additionally, Brian finds a box of medications in her home; it seems that Mrs. James hoarding medications for years. Brian throws all the old medications away and buys a pill box to help his mother keep her medications organized. Mrs. James family Case study.

Mrs. James is very glad to come home and thrilled to see her cats. She is so thankful that Brian rescued them. Although she is glad Brian has come to help her, she immediately begins to criticize many of the things he has done. She really did not want those ugly bars placed in the shower; he should have asked her first. She is also angry when she learns that he threw her box of medication away and that her won’t buy her cigarettes. At the same time, Mrs. James does not understand why her sons have ignored her for so many years.

Mrs. James’ son remains at her home caring for her, taking her to her various appointments, and enduring a constant barrage of criticism. He is highly motivated to get his mother back to functional independence so he can go home.

Mrs. James has become accustomed to having her son Brian help with things around the house. He literally takes care of everything for her, and she has come to expect him to do everything for her. Although she is very appreciative of his efforts, Mrs. James has a hard time openly acknowledging this and usually praises him through the eyes of her cats. You are a very good cat master, she tells him.

Mrs. James has finished her outpatient physical therapy. Brian tells his mother that he will be leaving soon, but before he goes, he wants her to prove to him that she is safe living on her own. Brian levels with his mother and tells her that, if she is unable to do so, they might have to consider assisted living options. Mrs. James is furious with this and is determined to show Brian that she is capable of living on her own and that she does not need him.

Mrs. James, accompanied by her son Brian, walks to the grocery store to do some shopping. It is her first time to the store since her hospitalization. Brian evaluates her ability to get to the store, make purchases, and get home from the store. He is impressed by her determination and stamina, despite changes in mobility. Mrs. James decides not to even try to buy the cigarettes she craves; she figures Brian will be leaving soon enough. Nest, they go to the drugstore to get fresh refills on all of her medications.

At home, Mrs. James makes all three meals for several days in a row, takes care of all the household chores, and is able to get to the toilet, get dressed, and bather herself without any assistance. She has learned to keep her medications organized and checks her glucose twice a day. During this week, she gives hints to Brian that he could help out, but he just sits and watches her. Mrs. James wonders aloud how she ever raised such a lazy son.

Brian heads home this week after the long stay with his mother. Mrs. James is deeply saddened to see him go, but keeps a stiff upper lip when he leaves. She tells him she is tired of having him there and wants the house to herself now; she has many things to do. Brian knows his mother all too well and gives her a hug as he goes out the door.

Mrs. James readjusts to her new life. She is able to do most things, but it takes her longer. She finds the house quiet and lonely since Brian has left, although her cats keep her company. Mrs. James has avoided going to the Senior Centre because she believes everyone will talk about her. Her son Brian calls her to ask how things are going; she tells Brian she just fine and doesn’t need anything Mrs. James family Case study.

Mrs. James decides to go see Karen, the nurse at the Senior Centre. She is glad no one is with the nurse when she arrives. Karen measures her blood pressure at 120/78 mm Hg and her glucose at 12 mmol/L.  Mrs. James enjoys visiting with her for 15 minutes before being interrupted by a stupid old man who wants to see Karen. Mrs. James wanders out to the main room and finds a group of ladies playing cards. They invite her to join them. Mrs. James tells them she can only stay for a few minutes because she has other things to do, but ends up staying for the entire afternoon. They suggest she join them again the following week

Mrs. James decides not to join the ladies at the Senior Centre for cards, but she goes for lunch twice this week. She wonders why she has not heard from Brian lately and decides to call him. They talk for a short while, and Mrs. James tells him about the ladies asking her to join them in card games. Brian encourages her to join them again sometime soon.

Mrs. James sees Karen at the Senior Centre again this week. She is annoyed when Karen asks her about her medications and glucose measurements because she just wants to visit. However, because she is self managing her disease better, Mrs. James is able to recall her medications and her most recent glucose readings. She isn’t sure when she should be going back to see her physicians, however, Karen checks her blood pressure and finds it to be 118/82 mm Hg; glucose is 11mmol/L. Mrs. James family Case study.

Mrs. James sees the card-playing ladies at the Senior Centre this week and is again invited to join them, She spends most of the afternoon playing cards and finds that she can beat them easily because they spend all their time talking to one another as opposed to paying attention to the cards in their hands.

Mrs. James is invited to spend a week at the home of her son Brian and his family. Brian has offered to drive to her home, board her cats in a kennel and then drive her to his home several hours away. Mrs. James is reluctant to leave her home and her cats. However, because it has been years since she last visited her grandchildren, she is anxious to see them. Mrs. James agrees to visit Brian and spends the rest of the week getting ready to go.

Mrs. James is out of town visiting her son Brian this week. Mrs. James family Case study