Category: Nursing

Euthanasia Essay – scholarly ethics paper

Scholarly Ethics Paper – Individual Assignment

 

(CNO ETP 16, 63, 66, 68, 69, 75, 77, 79)

“Just because we can, does not always mean we should.” In today’s healthcare environment advances in technology and medical knowledge allow us to do things that were previously unthinkable. While some advances are clearly in everyone’s best interest others are less clear. The intent of this paper is for students to become familiar with ethical issues, conflicts, and ethical dilemmas. This allows students to explore one of the “grey” areas of medical advancement. Health care professionals such as nurses who have prolonged contact with patients often come across challenging ethical and legal issues, especially in times of limited resources. In light of these situations, nurses continue to provide safe, ethical, and quality patient centered care. Euthanasia Essay – scholarly ethics paper

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Topic Chosen: 
Euthanasia: A solution or controversy in the medical world?

 
After researching your topic, you will formulate a position and then proceed to support your position from the relevant literature. Remember it is important you support your stated position with the relevant literature.

In the ethical dilemma paper, students will describe 
an ethical situation encountered in their daily life
and analyze the situation using ethical principles and theories. The paper is to be written individually using American Psychological Association (APA) format. Euthanasia Essay – scholarly ethics paper

 

Process:

1. Select ONE of the topics below 
(I HAVE CHOSEN 
Euthanasia)
 for your Ethical Dilemma Paper. Be sure to choose a topic that you have a strong interest in or a strong personal belief in.

2. Read widely about your topic to familiarize yourself with the different perspectives that exist on about your topic

3. Research a case scenario, which you will be describing in your essay, including the reference and analyze the situation

4. Next, decide on a position that you will take regarding the identified issue. Euthanasia Essay – scholarly ethics paper

5. Formulate a clear and concise thesis. The aim of your paper is then to support your position through ethical reasoning

6. 
Paper Overview:

a. Decide on a position that you will take regarding the identified issue.

b. State if you personally agree or disagree with the practice identified based on a reflection of your personal experience or your own beliefs and values as

opposed to professional values.

c. Introduction: Paragraph that engages the reader’s attention, identifies your thesis statement, and gives a brief overview of your essay, case scenario, and flow of paper

d. Identify how 2 different Ethical theories would view the ethical dilemma.

e. Identify how 2 or more Ethical Principles are conflicted in this ethical dilemma.

f. Identify relevant nursing standards or codes (CNO) relevant to the topic (
Within Canada
)

g. Identify legal considerations (RHPA, Nursing Act, Criminal Code, Human Rights, etc., 
Within Canada
)

h. Conclusion: Paragraph that provides a summary of the most salient points. Euthanasia Essay – scholarly ethics paper

 

Tips:

Be creative. Be sure to clarify about your agreement and disagreement with the practice identified. Your position should be through the utilization of relevant ethical theories, principles, nursing standards and codes and current relevant research to formulate your argument, this must include the applicable/appropriate legislation). Make sure that your paper contains a reflection on what personal values you have in relation to the issue. A good argument always presents both sides but justifies why one side is more compelling than the other.

Additional tips:

•                      • Background information and significance of the topic chosen should be included

•                      • Well-focused essay showing your understanding on the topic, clear, readable, good flow with correct grammar and spelling.

•                      • Strong argument and avoid repeated ideas and information

•                      • Discuss the implications of this topic to the nursing practice.

•                      • Conclusion; summarizes your ideas/argument/stand on the topic.

   • By the end of your paper, you will have a better understanding of ethical situations and how these issues can affect your nursing practice. Euthanasia Essay – scholarly ethics paper

Scholarly Ethics Paper – Individual Assignment

Introduction

The medical field has experienced unimaginable revolutions in the recent past. Medical practitioners are accustomed with these revolutions. One of such revolution is euthanasia. However, some of these revolutions conflict with their ethical standards, beliefs and professional values as well as the statutory provisions. Even if to some extent these revolutions are of benefit, especially to the patient, the question that comes along is: “do we kill for mercy to relieve them (patients) or is it unethical or immoral to do so” (Brill, 1935). As a result, the medical practitioners find themselves at the cross road (dilemma); not being able to decide what it right and what is wrong. Euthanasia Essay – scholarly ethics paper

One such case happened in 2015 in Chile where a 14 year old girl, Maureira, pleaded with the president to “let her die”. The plea elicited different debates; one because euthanasia is illegal in the country and second because it is against the values of the Chileans of whom majority are Catholics (CNN Spanish, 2015).

Based of the fact that we need and want it, and that we can be able to control it, the following argumentative paper argues for euthanasia while highlighting the position of ethical theories and ethical principles, ethical standards or codes (CNO), and the legal considerations (Nursing Act, Human Rights Criminal Code and RHPA among others) with reference to the ethical dilemma. Euthanasia Essay – scholarly ethics paper

Topic: Euthanasia: A solution or controversy in the medical world?

Case scenario: The 14 year old Chilean Girl who asked the President to let her die
(CNN Spanish, 2015
)

Conflicting Ethical Theories And The Ethical Dilemma

There are two main theories that give conflicting views about euthanasia. These include:

Utilitarian Theory

A utilitarian approach to this ethical dilemma only argues for the mercy killing if and only if certain conditions are met (Mapes, 2016). The proposers of this theory (utilitarian) don’t abide by it based on any Holy Scripture guidance; nor any divine command (Mapes, 2016). Euthanasia Essay – scholarly ethics paper

After weighing the circumstances, a utilitarian would come to a conclusion that what is right to do is “whatever results in the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people involved” (Mapes, 2016). For example, if it is the choice of the involved to choose the process while a few of his/her family members are against it, euthanasia would be okay (Mapes, 2016).

However, more family member’s objection, the utilitarian principles would be pushed to them to ask “what would result in the greatest amount of pain?” (Mapes, 2016). In a euthanasia case, such as that of Maureira, the family member’s unnecessary suffering that inevitably results in death is not to choose the greatest amount of happiness (CNN Spanish, 2015). Thus it would be logical to allow euthanasia to take place. Euthanasia Essay – scholarly ethics paper.

The Kantian Theory

This approach disagrees with mercy killing arguing that the result would lead to an acceptable murdering behavior (Mapes, 2016). They (Kantians) do not believe in divine command and universal law creation exceptions (Mapes, 2016). However, they agree to retributivism-capital punishment allowed by criminal justice (thus creating a contradiction) (Mapes, 2016).  That is, they disagree “killing is acceptable under certain conditions” (Mapes, 2016).

It is contradicting when they argue for killing through criminal justice and disagree in the killing of an individual who is terminally ill. The contradiction arises because, whether it is killing through euthanasia or through retributivism, it is still killing. Euthanasia Essay – scholarly ethics paper

In Maureira’s case, application of utilitarian theory would lead to compliance with her request by if the Kantian theory was to be followed, her request would be denied.

Conflicting Ethical Principles Of Euthanasia

Ethical principles are fundamental truth or position that serves for a foundation of a system of behavior or for a given reasoning chain (Fernandes, 2001). Different principles exist in euthanasia whether voluntary or involuntary. These include:

Ethical Principle For Voluntary Euthanasia

This principle states that every individual (who can be said to have sound mind) has their own right to implement plans that lead to the end of life in such a manner that their death will be reliable, peaceful and conducted at the time they deem necessary (Fernandes, 2001). This kind of euthanasia has to be confined into the individual rights where every individual is entitled to making a choice and implementation of a peaceful death at the time they deem necessary (Fernandes, 2001). These ethical rights are not in agreement to the fact that some organizations’ moral values, (whether religious or not), must be accepted or applied by other people (Fernandes, 2001).

Medically-Assisted Suicide

On the other hand, there are several arguments against the legal feasibility and moral acceptability of involving the doctors to end the life of an individual (Fernandes, 2001). One of such argument is the Bible’s Commandment “thou shall not kill” (Fernandes, 2001). It argues that it is against moral acceptability for an individual to end the life of another person. This applies to the medical doctors as seen in Hippocratic Oath (forbids euthanasia and abortion) (Fernandes, 2001). Similarly, the slippery-slope argument states that permitting euthanasia; it would come along with a downhill motion which would make doctors to feel compelled to assist terminally ill patients to terminate their lives (Fernandes, 2001). Paradoxically, doctors would find it normal to kill an individual who they think are not useful to the society. Euthanasia Essay – scholarly ethics paper

Nursing Standards Or Codes In Canadian Euthanasia Process

The nurses must be able to support patients in maintenance of their dignity and integrity (Healey, 2013). E.g. in the case of Maureira, the process should not result in demeaning of her dignity and integrity; if she was a Canadian citizen that is.

Besides, the nurses are supposed to listen carefully to a competent patient’s plea to be assisted in the suicide euthanasia (Healey, 2013). Same case should apply to Maureira.

Also, any discussion between Maureira and/her family members and the nurses is supposed to be documented; concerning the end-of-life process and procedure (Healey, 2013). Euthanasia Essay – scholarly ethics paper

In addition, the nurses are mandated to offer their professional assistance and experience in this area after making the appropriate consultation in the public forum (Healey, 2013). The consultation is at the federal, provincial or territorial levels in order to prepare for the undertaking of the process (Healey, 2013).

Finally, the nurses should make constant reference to their code of ethics throughout the process and abide by its provisions in addition to the “carter case” who were suffering from progressive and intractable diseases (Healey, 2013).

Canadian Legal Considerations For Euthanasia

The Canadian law for medical assistance dying was enacted in 2016 in the Canadian parliament (Murphy, 2017). The law outlines a strict laws governing assisted suicide in the country. Any violation of the law’s provision is regarded as a crime of committing murder (Murphy, 2017). The law does not allow advance directives, minors or mentally ill citizens (Murphy, 2017). Some of the provisions include:

The patient must be suffering from an irremediable grievous medical condition (Murphy, 2017).

The patient must give a reasonable judgment after being informed about the process (Murphy, 2017).

The patient must be eligible (Murphy, 2017). Euthanasia Essay – scholarly ethics paper

For the case of Maureira, she will not qualify for the medical assisted dying because she is a minor (14 years of age).

In the process, the law provides legal safeguards that need to be abided with in order to prevent the error and abuse of human rights in the provision of euthanasia (Murphy, 2017). The argument behind this legal safeguard is to prevent a probable inducement of vulnerable persons to agree with the medically-assisted suicide. These safeguards include:

Presence of two independent witnesses- who must be above 18 years of age and is cognizant with the law provisions (Murphy, 2017).

Availability of two independent medical opinions-that is from the nurse and/medical practitioner that the patient is suffering from an irremediable and grievous disease (Murphy, 2017).

Allowance of ten days period of waiting-this is due to the irrevocable nature of end-of life (Murphy, 2017).

The patient must be informed about palliative care- that on the available means, and options (Murphy, 2017).

There has to be an express consent by the patient right before the process is undertaken- this is because it is the right of a medically assisted to die patient to revoke his or her decision at any given time (Murphy, 2017). Besides, it is their right to refuse the medically-assisted dying (Murphy, 2017). Euthanasia Essay – scholarly ethics paper

Conclusion

For the patients suffering from irremediable and grievous diseases, it would be rational to terminate the life of that patient under his or her express consent. However, a lot of caution need to be taken not violates the beliefs, values and standards of both the medical practitioner and the patient. This is only possible if strict laws governing the process are clearly and elaborately constituted and most importantly adhered to. In the process, the medical practitioners will not be able to violate the right of a patient either from their own consent or through coercion simply because they have the ability. The law should stipulate consequences of violating the provisions of such an act. On my part, I agree on self consent to end one’s life if that would be the best thing to do give the prevailing circumstances; the advance in medical practices has allowed perfect prediction into the future of a client. Therefore, it would be ethical to end the life of a suffering patient whose medical situation is not likely to improve (as seen in Maureira case). Euthanasia Essay – scholarly ethics paper.

 

References

Brill, A. (1935). Is ‘Mercy Killing’ Justified?.
Vital Speeches Of The Day
,
2
(6), 165.

CNN Spanish. (2015). Chilean Girl Who Asked To Be Allowed To Die Passes Away.       May.15.2015 / 6:03 PM ET

https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/chilean-girl-who-asked-president-let-her-die-          passes-away-n359486

Fernandes, A. K. (2001). Euthanasia, Assisted Suicide, and the Philosophical Anthropology of     Karol Wojtyla.
Christian Bioethics: Non-Ecumenical Studies In Medical Morality
,
7
(3),       379-402.

Healey, J. (2013).
Voluntary Euthanasia Debate
. Thirroul, N.S.W.: Spinney Press.

Murphy, S. (2017). Legalization of Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia: Foundational Issues and      Implications.
BYU Journal Of Public Law
,
31
(2), 333-394. Euthanasia Essay – scholarly ethics paper

Mapes, T., (2016). Ethical Theories on Human Euthanasia/Mercy Killing. Updated on July 27,      2016

https://owlcation.com/humanities/Ethical-Theories-on-Human-EuthanasiaMercy-Killing

Savage, T. A. (2003). An Argument against Mercy Killing: A Response to Catlin’s             “Normalization, Chronic Sorrow and Murder”.
Pediatric Nursing
,
29
(4), 329-330. Euthanasia Essay – scholarly ethics paper

negligence in nursing Scholarly Ethics Paper – Individual Essay Assignment Sample

Scholarly Ethics Paper – Individual Assignment

“Just because we can, does not always mean we should.” In today’s healthcare environment advances in technology and medical knowledge allow us to do things that were previously unthinkable. While some advances are clearly in everyone’s best interest others are less clear. The intent of this paper is for students to become familiar with ethical issues, conflicts, and ethical dilemmas. negligence in nursing Scholarly Ethics Paper – Individual Essay Assignment Sample. This allows students to explore one of the “grey” areas of medical advancement. Health care professionals such as nurses who have prolonged contact with patients often come across challenging ethical and legal issues, especially in times of limited resources. In light of these situations, nurses continue to provide safe, ethical, and quality patient centered care. After researching your topic, you will formulate a position and then proceed to support your position from the relevant literature. Remember it is important you support your stated position with the relevant literature.

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In the ethical dilemma paper, 
students will describe an ethical situation encountered in their daily life and analyze the situation using ethical principles and theories.

Process:

1 The selected topic is “NEGLIGENCE” 
(
NB//
Your topic should be a specific one in relation to negligence and concerning your ethical situation that you encountered
).

2. Read widely about your topic to familiarize yourself with the different perspectives that exist on about your topic

3. Research a case scenario, which you will be describing in your essay, including the reference and analyse the situation negligence in nursing Scholarly Ethics Paper – Individual Essay Assignment Sample

4. Next, decide on a position that you will take regarding the identified issue.

5. Formulate 
a clear and concise thesis
. The aim of your paper is then to support your position through ethical reasoning

6. Paper Overview:

a. Decide on a position that you will take regarding the identified issue.

b. State if you personally agree or disagree with the practice identified based on a reflection of your personal experience or your own beliefs and values as opposed to professional values.

c. Introduction: Paragraph that engages the reader’s attention, identifies your thesis statement, and gives a brief overview of your essay, case scenario, and flow of paper

d. Identify how 2 different Ethical theories would view the ethical dilemma.

e. Identify how 2 or more Ethical Principles are conflicted in this ethical dilemma.

f. Identify relevant nursing standards or codes (CNO) relevant to the topic

g. Identify legal considerations (RHPA, Nursing Act, Criminal Code, Human Rights, etc.)

h. Conclusion: Paragraph that provides a summary of the most salient points.

 

Scholarly Ethics Paper – Individual Assignment

Introduction

Harding, Connolly & Wilkerson (2011) argue that as the nursing profession continues to evolve and progresses in the quest for excellence, the discipline is becoming increasingly complex in the light of adhering to the set standards by the implementing agencies. These set standards are the consequence of careful evaluation and observation drawn from the desire to end concerns and issues dealing to the ethical obligations and legal responsibilities of nurses.  Many of these encompasses the duty to carry out and interpret orders, delegation of authority, confidentiality of healthcare records, consent to surgical and medical procedures, negligence among others (Jeffreys, 2008). Among the issues identified above, negligence is one of the most controversial concerns and it has caught the attention of many in the world of nursing. Today, nurses have acquired advanced role to intervene in healthcare decisions. Previously, the distinction between doctors and nurses was clear. negligence in nursing Scholarly Ethics Paper – Individual Essay Assignment Sample. Nurses are no longer performing orders from doctors anymore. The role of the nurse in patient care has been expanded. In addition, this expansion has come with a number of ethical concerns in the discipline. Negligence in the world of nursing refers to the failure to apply care such as a reasonable careful and prudent person would apply under similar situations. Common aspects of negligence in nursing include inadequate hydration, physical injury and malnutrition occurred because of lack of care on the path of the nurse. For a case of negligence to be valid in the nursing field, three main aspects must be proved. These are: a breach in the care standard, the nurse’s duty absconded and a breach in the care standard of duty (Hansen-Turton, Ware & McClellan, 2009). In this respect, this paper will examine the malpractice as an aspect of negligence in the nursing world. Ethical theories and ethical principles will be evoked in order to achieve this end. negligence in nursing Scholarly Ethics Paper – Individual Essay Assignment Sample.

Weld & Garmon Bibb (2009) asserts that malpractice is often viewed as medical malpractice is the failure of a professional in the medical field to meet the set standards of practice. Malpractice is occasioned when a nurse does something contrary to the expectations of the discipline. An example of a malpractice in nursing is a case in which a 45- year-old man is admitted for suffering a sore throat and ends up receiving pain medication and antibiotics known to be a cause of labored breathing. When the patient developed further breathing complications, additional medication was given. The nurse failed to inform the emergency physician and her supervisor about the patient’s condition. Due to the respiratory problems, this man experienced hypoxia, which led to brain damage and developed into a permanent coma. In order to prove a malpractice occurred, it must be proven that negligence occurred and that the nurse breached the care standards and did not act in a cautious manner that a similar nurse would do in the same scenario (Kjervik & Brous, 2010). negligence in nursing Scholarly Ethics Paper – Individual Essay Assignment Sample. In addition, it must be proven that the infringement of the care standard occasioned the harm or injury. A more serious form of negligence is gross negligence. Gross negligence is where there is a complete failure to reveal care and implies a willful disregard or recklessness for the safety of a patient, according to Jonsson & Øvretveit (2008). An example of gross violation is restricting a patient who is experiencing dementia and is difficult to control and watch throughout the day and night can cause bedsores and fractures. In order to prove that gross negligence occurred, a person has to show that the person indicted acted in a manner that was not safe and caused harm or injury to another person. In addition, it has to be demonstrated that the person liable violated his responsibility to the other person, that his / her actions lead to the injury or harm to the said person, and that the said harm or injury could have been averted (Painter, et al. 2011). negligence in nursing Scholarly Ethics Paper – Individual Essay Assignment Sample.

Another example of negligence in nursing is a case of a patient who was subjected to amputation below the right knee rather than below the left knee amputation. This mishap occurred because of the surgical team negligence. The healthcare provider was negligent for the reason that the nurses and the doctors involved in the procedure failed to give appropriate care and execute their role to ensure that the right leg was being amputated. This was a breach of care since the nurses and doctors had a legal duty to safeguard the patient form injury or harm (Stein, 2011). The damages and injury that the patient experienced was a direct negligence on the part of the doctors and nurses.  Health care providers have a duty to safeguard their patients from injury and harm – an aspect that did not occur in this scenario. Due to the negligence of the health care providers, the patient will have to experience suffering throughout his life. In today’s health care, nurses are responsible for documentation of information on a patient and this information must accurately reflect, plan of care, nursing assessment, intervention as well as evaluation of the condition of the patient (Zalon, Constantino & Andrews, 2008). negligence in nursing Scholarly Ethics Paper – Individual Essay Assignment Sample.

In order to satisfy legal and ethical conditions, documentation in this situation should reveal that the standard of care was achieved by adhering to the set care standards by regulation bodies. Ethically, the primary goal of the nurse is to safeguard the patient and act as the patient’s advocate. Therefore, the process of documentation will entail the verification procedure, site marking by the doctor handling the patient as well as time out. The process of verification will entail identifying the accurate patient with double identifiers, obtaining the medical records of the patient, completing a checklist and obtaining the patient’s imaging studies (Harding, Connolly & Wilkerson, 2011).

Verification of the patient allows for time out, surgical site as well as the process in the operations theatre by each member of the surgical team (Jeffreys, 2008). By adhering to these procedures, the patient will be protected legally and ethically. Because the health care providers did not observe the set standard of care in the above case of amputation by enforcing the time out, the patient had the wrong leg cut off.  This means that the patient’s rights were ethically and legally violated.  The case of wrongful amputation of the leg arose from negligence. This situation could be avoided by adhering to a pre-procedure checklist, site marking as well as time out and correct documentation of such processes. negligence in nursing Scholarly Ethics Paper – Individual Essay Assignment Sample.

Nurses have multiple ethical responsibilities to their patients. The main ethical principles are: fidelity, justice, veracity, beneficence and nonmaleficence (Hansen-Turton, Ware & McClellan, 2009). The ethical principles that can guide a nurse in the amputation case are nonmaleficence and beneficence. In a sense, the duty of beneficence is on the opposing side of nonmaleficence. On the one hand, beneficence refers to the duty to better other people’s condition. On the other hand, nonmaleficence means the duty not to inflict injuries on others such as imposing suffering and pain. The first duty of the nurse is to ask himself or herself what is the end harm to the patient. When a nurse injects a patient he or she is causing pain to the patient, but he or she is also averting additional harm or injuries such as prolonged pain or disease development. As a result, the nurse must himself or herself the extent of the harm that can be tolerated by the patient (Weld & Garmon Bibb, 2009). In the case of the amputated patient, the proper identification of the accurate site for surgery would have bettered his condition and averted the amputation of the patient’s good leg. In addition, the nurse would also act as the patient’s advocate by ensuring that he was subjected to the best treatment and care. By adhering to these ethical principles, the nurse would have helped improve the patient’s safety, also avert any harm unintentionally subjected to the patient, and offer him the best health care he deserves. negligence in nursing Scholarly Ethics Paper – Individual Essay Assignment Sample.

In conclusion, the nursing profession continues to evolve and progresses in the quest for excellence, the discipline is becoming increasingly complex in the light of adhering to the set standards by the implementing agencies. These set standards are the consequence of careful evaluation and observation drawn from the desire to end concerns and issues dealing to the ethical obligations and legal responsibilities of nurses. The wrong surgical site discussed in this paper was as a result of negligence on the part of the surgical team. It has been established throughout the discussion that liability from negligence, malpractice and gross negligence arise from deviating from the set medical procedures of care that results in injury or harm to a patient. In order to meet the required standards, documentation of verification procedure, site marking as well as time out are a prerequisite in order to adhere to the set practice standards either ethically or legally and to avert any wrong surgeries. Adhering to ethical principles can help health care professionals and nurses to offer effective and safe care and treatment to their patients negligence in nursing Scholarly Ethics Paper – Individual Essay Assignment Sample.

 

References

Hansen-Turton, T., Ware, J., & McClellan, F. (2009). Nurse practitioners in primary care.
Temp. L. Rev.
,
82
, 1235.

Harding, A. D., Connolly, M. W., & Wilkerson, T. O. (2011). Nurses’ risk without using smart pumps.
JONA’S healthcare law, ethics and regulation
,
13
(1), 17-20.

Jeffreys, M. (2008). Dynamics of diversity.
Becoming better nurses through diversity awareness. NSNA Imprint
, 36-41.

Jonsson, P. M., & Øvretveit, J. (2008). Patient claims and complaints data for improving patient safety.
International journal of health care quality assurance
,
21
(1), 60-74. negligence in nursing Scholarly Ethics Paper – Individual Essay Assignment Sample.

Kjervik, M. D. K., & Brous, M. E. A. (2010).
Law and ethics in advanced practice nursing
. Springer Publishing Company.

Painter, L. M., Dudjak, L. A., Kidwell, K. M., Simmons, R. L., & Kidwell, R. P. (2011). The nurse’s role in the causation of compensable injury.
Journal of nursing care quality
,
26
(4), 311-319.

Stein, A. (2011). Toward a Theory of Medical Malpractice.
Iowa L. Rev.
,
97
, 1201.

Weld, K. K., & Garmon Bibb, S. C. (2009, January). Concept analysis: malpractice and modern‐day nursing practice. In
Nursing forum
(Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 2-10). Blackwell Publishing Inc.

Zalon, M. L., Constantino, R. E., & Andrews, K. L. (2008). The right to pain treatment: a reminder for nurses.
Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing
,
27
(3), 93-101. negligence in nursing Scholarly Ethics Paper – Individual Essay Assignment Sample.

SNAPPS WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT TEMPLATE

What is the self-directed learning issue that was identified in your oral presentation?

Triple vs quadruple treatment against H.pylori

 

Research the self-directed learning issue and provide a summary of your findings which is fully supported by appropriate, scholarly, EBM references.

[Research should be confined to within this textbox. Reference page is on a separate page] SNAPPS written assignment template

 

 

 

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REFERENCES

[Must be in APA format]

SNAPPS ORAL PRESENTATION TEMPLATE

 

This template should only be used to organize your oral presentation, IT SHOULD NOT BE SUBMITTED.

 

SUMMARIZE

Using a patient seen in the practicum setting, summarize the H&P into an organized and concise format. SNAPPS written assignment template

 

CC

HPI statement using OLDCARTS data

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Pertinent ROS

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Pertinent PE

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

NARROW

Based on the H&P key findings, identify an appropriate differential. SNAPPS written assignment template

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ANALYZE

Analyze the differential by comparing and contrasting the possibilities.  Use pertinent positive and negative findings to argue for or against each diagnosis in your differential. Rank your diagnoses in order of most likely to least likely with EBM references. SNAPPS written assignment template

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

PROBE

Verbalize any knowledge gaps, points of confusion or dilemmas that you have regarding your understanding of the case by identifying questions that you would (or did) ask your preceptor.

 

 

 

 

PLAN

At a novice level, propose an appropriate plan to confirm and/or manage the problem.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

SELF-DIRECTED LEARNING

Identify one issue for self-directed learning.

 

In the written portion of this assignment, you will present your findings. SNAPPS written assignment template

HEAL Term Paper – DEMENTIA PREFERENCE IN THE AGING POPULATION IN CANADA

DETAILS
 

HEAL  Term Paper

HEAL  Term Paper Instructions

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CHOSEN TOPIC:
 
DEMENTIA PREFERENCE IN THE AGING POPULATION IN CANADA

Provide a descriptive overview of a health or well-being-related topic of your choice

(10 marks)
:

Describe the problem you have chosen to cover in terms of how many people it affects (prevalence/incidence).

Describe who is most at risk of the problem in terms of age, gender, sexual orientation, race/cultural group, and/or other relevant demographic characteristics. HEAL Term Paper – DEMENTIA PREFERENCE IN THE AGING POPULATION IN CANADA

Describe where the health event is most likely to occur (i.e., your community of choice).

Identify the relevant time component, that is, whether the health-related issue has increased or decreased over the years.  Also discuss whether the relevant person/place components have changed over time. That is, are different people (in different places) at risk today, compared to the past?

To complete this section, 
you will need to provide statistics as supporting evidence. Be sure to reference them appropriately.

 

Describe how each applicable 
Public Health Agency of Canada
 (PHAC) health determinant (see 
https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/health-promotion/population-health/what-determines-health.html#determinants
) affects your chosen health issue. To complete this part, you will have to provide 
at least two references
for each health determinant that you use. Make sure you describe how the health determinant influences the issue, i.e., does it make people more vulnerable, or is it protective? Does it interact with other health determinants to exacerbate risk? If there are explicit statistics you can use as evidence of the effect(s), be sure to include them and reference them appropriately (e.g., “Poor people are three times less likely …” ; HEAL Term Paper – DEMENTIA PREFERENCE IN THE AGING POPULATION IN CANADA

(10 marks
).

Choose 
only one
 focal health determinant from #2 above, and develop a health promotion or prevention strategy for your chosen community. You are strongly encouraged to use an existing strategy, but to put a novel spin on it. Be sure to provide sufficient rationale for choosing the community you have chosen, and for why you have selected the specific health determinant and strategy that you chose to focus on. This section should include an application of steps necessary for community organizing and building. Be sure to reference appropriately throughout 
(10 marks).

The paper must be typed and double-spaced. It must be written using APA 6
th
Edition formatting, and incorporate proper sentence and paragraph structure. It must flow well, and be free of grammatical and spelling errors. The length limit is 10 pages not counting the title page and reference list. HEAL Term Paper – DEMENTIA PREFERENCE IN THE AGING POPULATION IN CANADA

Dementia Preference in the Aging Population in Canada

 

Introduction

           
Dementia is not an identifiable or specific disease. It is an overall term that has been used for decades to describe a huge range of symptoms that are associated with decline in thinking or memory that are severe enough to minimize or reduce an individual’s ability to carry out everyday activities (Luck et al, 2014). Many countries across the globe have a wide range of patients being diagnosed with dementia. In Canada, for instance, the number of people being diagnosed with dementia seems to be increasing on a yearly basis. As of 2017, Canada had 16,000 citizens under the age of 65 living with dementia. HEAL Term Paper – DEMENTIA PREFERENCE IN THE AGING POPULATION IN CANADA. There are 25,000 numbers of new cases of dementia that are diagnosed every year. According to Axmon, Karlsson, and Ahlström (2016), there are more than 56,000 people in Canada that are suffering from dementia that are being cared for in healthcare facilities or hospitals across the country. This paper examines dementia preference across the aging population in Canada as these are the people most likely to be victims of dementia. More importantly, high rates of dementia among the impoverished nations such as the Aborigines will be explored in addition to how health determinants are related to demenatia. HEAL Term Paper – DEMENTIA PREFERENCE IN THE AGING POPULATION IN CANADA

Brief Overview of Dementia in Canada

Dementia is a medical condition that countries across the globe should not ignore anymore. In Canada, more than 564,000 people are currently living with dementia. In the next 15 years, it is estimated that 937,000 Canadians will be living with dementia with the country expected to spend a lot of cash in caring for the populations of people living with dementia (Tam-Tham et al, 2016). According to Axmon, Karlsson, and Ahlström (2016), this is an increase of 66%, while considering the country’s health care system that is ill-equipped to handle such staggering costs. Today, more than 56,000 Canadians are suffering from dementia, and are being cared for in hospitals and other locations that are not ideal for care.

Lately, scientists have identified factors that increase the risk of developing dementia. According to them, some of the most well-known factors include age, heredity, and family history of the disease that cannot be changed. Of importance to note is that there may be other factors or emerging evidence suggesting that there may be more factors that can influence dementia (Tam-Tham et al, 2016). HEAL Term Paper – DEMENTIA PREFERENCE IN THE AGING POPULATION IN CANADA

Age is identified as one of the largest determining factors in cases that involve dementia. In Canada, for instance, the latest statistics are indicating that close to 10% of the population over the age of 65 are having to deal with dementia. In fact, if such people make it to their 85 birthday, their chance of developing serious cases of dementia jumps to nearly 39%. Old age is one of the largest risk factors for dementia with statistics indicating that dementia mostly affects old people (Axmon, Karlsson, and Ahlström, 2016).

Apart from age, other risk factors include a person’s genes. Individuals often seem perplexed as to why dementia is inherited. Some of the most common forms of dementia are caused by a combination of environmental and genetic factors. According to Luck et al (2014), individuals with a family history of dementia have a higher risk of developing the condition later in life as they may have ‘susceptibility genes’ inherited from parents that increase the risk of developing dementia. HEAL Term Paper – DEMENTIA PREFERENCE IN THE AGING POPULATION IN CANADA

Foster (2016) contends that race is another factor that may determine whether a person will develop dementia later in life or not. In Canada, for instance, research has shown that the First Nations are one-and-a-half likely as the rest of the population to develop the condition than the rest of the population. The reasons for such differences are not well understood, but researchers believe that increased rates of vascular diseases in these groups put them at higher risk of developing dementia. Other lifestyle choices such as drinking, eating habits, smoking, sport that may cause head injuries may also cause dementia at some point (Foster, 2016).

The Aborigines or First Nations as they are known are most likely to be affected by cases of dementia. As noted above, the reasons for such are not well known. Sadly, across these communities too, dementia mainly affects women the most. Aboriginal women who represent almost two thirds of the total population are mainly diagnosed with cases of dementia. In some of the country’s long-term health care facilities, this proportion is even higher, as statistics indicate that 72% of Aboriginal women over the age of 65 are living with dementia (Foster, 2016).

Overall, the Aboriginal communities of Canada are the ones most affected with cases of dementia. The number of men and women in these communities affected by dementia seems to be increasing on a daily basis. Some scholars argue that post traumatic stress disorder linked to residential school attendance, lower levels of education, low income, and stress from racism are factors that increase the vulnerability of these people to develop cases of dementia (Foster, 2016). In short though, dementia is most likely to occur across indigenous communities in Canada in higher numbers as opposed to the rest of the population. HEAL Term Paper – DEMENTIA PREFERENCE IN THE AGING POPULATION IN CANADA

Across the globe, the tide of dementia is swelling. Canada is one of the countries across the globe that has to deal with rising cases of dementia. This is not a problem for old people only, but every citizen’s problem across Canada. Dementia is rising in Canada with latest reports indicating that more than 747,000 people across the country have dementia. That is equal to the whole population of Brunswick, 14Rogers Centres or 72 times the number of Canadians that are seriously injured in car crashes on a yearly basis (Axmon, Karlsson, and Ahlström, 2016).

Unlike the past, dementia rates in Canada are rapidly rising as the country’s population ages. Over the years, statistics have indicated that in all provinces across Canada, cases of people being diagnosed with dementia have increased. As of now, 1 in every 20 people across Canada is living with dementia (Tam-Tham et al, 2016). Between 2011 and 2031, it is projected that there will be a two-fold increase in the number of individuals living with dementia in Canada, and sadly, a significant number of them will be from the country’s First Nation communities (Luck et al, 2014). In short, there is a host of issues such as lifestyle, age, and genes that may cause dementia. In Canada, the number of people living with dementia seems to be increasing with each day that passes. Sadly, a significant number of them are Aborigines or indigenous communities living in the country.

 

How Public Health Agency of Canada Health Determinants Impact Dementia

           
What makes other people healthy and others in the community unhealthy? It is all about the determinants of health. There are many factors that combine together to determine or affect the health of people in communities. Whether individuals are healthy or not, is determined by their environment and circumstances. To a large extent, factors or aspects such as where individuals live, the state of their environment, the relationships with friends and families, their education and income levels, among others, all have a significant considerable impact on their health (Patrick, 2017). Of importance to note is that other factors such as access and subsequent use of health care services often have a less impact.

According to Pega et al (2017), the context of individual’s lives determines their health, and for this reason, blaming them for their poor health or crediting them for good health is actually inappropriate as individuals may not be in a position to directly control the determinants of health. In Canada, for instance, there are 12 health determinants according to the country’s public health agency, and each one of them determines impacts the development of dementia in some way (Patrick, 2017). The 12 determinants of health are culture, health services, healthy child development, biology and genetic endowment, gender, income and social status, physical environments, education and literacy, social support networks, and social environments. Others are personal health practices and coping skills and employment/working conditions (Lucyk and McLaren, 2017). HEAL Term Paper – DEMENTIA PREFERENCE IN THE AGING POPULATION IN CANADA

All of the aforementioned determinants of health can directly be linked to dementia.  For instance, culture may impact on the experience of dementia in a number of ways. While dementia is present in all communities across Canada, it is understood and subsequently dealt in different ways across different communities in the country. Whites seem to have a fair, consistent understanding of dementia as medical condition brought about by other conditions such as Alzheimer’s while people from other cultures view it as a normal condition of aging (Lucyk and McLaren, 2017). Apart from culture, access to health services can impact dementia. Lack of access, or limited access to health services may greatly accelerate or increase a person’s case of dementia as such persons are less likely to take part in preventive care or delay their treatment (Patrick, 2017).

As noted earlier, healthy child development also has a long-term impact on dementia. Apart from being influenced by other multiple diseases, research has shown that healthy child development determines whether one will develop dementia or not later in life (Glouberman and Millar, 2003). Glouberman and Millar (2003) further argue that biology and genetics endowment also determines whether a person will develop dementia or not. Family history matters a lot, and individuals from families with dementia-prone cases are likely to inherit such genes.

Surprisingly, gender is lately being linked to increased cases of dementia in Canada. Studies investigating incidences of dementia across gender have shown that there seems to be a relationship between dementia and gender. In Canada, for instance, studies have indicated that more than 50% of women aged 65 years are living with dementia with less than 40% of men being affected (Lucyk and McLaren, 2017). According to Pega et al (2017), this is likely to reflect the fact that women tend to live longer than men with age being the largest known risk factor for dementia.

Income and social status also make a difference when it comes to cases of dementia. If a well-off family has a patient suffering from dementia, the chances of them getting him or her best medical care to improve his or her condition is high. Poorer people are more likely to have their patient’s condition deteriorate as they cannot afford some of the best healthcare facilities around that can sufficiently take care of a family member living with dementia (Pega et al, 2017). According to the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), physical environments are also related to cases of dementia. The living environment can impact people’s lives, their feelings, behaviours, and how they relate with others. Of importance to note is that individuals living with dementia are no different. The physical space or the manner in which a certain room is laid out can bring hidden triggers for a person living with dementia (Lucyk and McLaren, 2017).

Education and literacy is another health determinant linked to dementia. A lot of research has been undertaken with the intention of determining the impact of literacy and years of education on subsequent diagnosis of dementia, and the result has shown that there seems to be a correlation between these two elements. Of importance, older adults with limited literacy were found to be at an increased risk of developing dementia (Pega et al, 2017). In fact, exposure to digital technology can help people fight the progression of this disease. HEAL Term Paper – DEMENTIA PREFERENCE IN THE AGING POPULATION IN CANADA

Social support networks and social environments are also linked to the progression and development of dementia. First, social support is one of the best strategies that individuals and societies can use in preventing dementia. By showing such people that they are loved and cared for, their perceived strain and level of depression (aspects that may contribute to dementia) may reduce, an aspect that will slow back the progress of dementia (Patrick, 2017). Additionally, social environments are health determinants that can directly be linked to dementia. Dementia is linked to a number of losses. However, it is the social environment, including relationships with these people that influence how these losses affect the quality of their lives. Taking care of their social needs may halt the progression dementia significantly (Lucyk and McLaren, 2017).

Last, health practices and coping skills and employment/working conditions are other determinants of health that can directly be linked to dementia. Personal health practices and coping skills are those actions that an individual can take so as to avoid certain diseases while promoting self-care, and the ability to cope with challenges. Smoking, over drinking, and taking part in sports such as boxing are health choices that may lead to dementia, an aspect that may affect their coping skill to the extent of requiring help (Pega et al, 2017). On the other hand, employment/working conditions have a positive correlation with dementia. Studies have indicated that adverse conditions of the workplace may lead to depression, increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, and after some time, it may lead to cases of dementia (Patrick, 2017).

 

A Health Promotion Strategy on Health Services for the Aging People with Dementia in Canada

           
With the increased interest in the health of people across the country, health promotion seems to be the best way to assist people by enabling them to take control and actively improve their health. Health promotion focuses on addressing several determinants of health, and do not require elaborate technology or expensive drugs to achieve. Instead, it requires social interventions, which, the basic level, need some personal investment of energy and time (Clarke, 2007).

The aging community in Canada is increasing at an unprecedented pace. For the first time, seniors in the country have outnumbered children based on a report published by Statistics Canada’s latest data. For the first time, the country is witnessing an aging baby Boomer scenario, as well as other societal trends such as longer life expectancies and lower rates of fertility, and the combination of the combination of these factors seems to have rapidly led to the rapid increase in the number of 65-year olds in the country living with dementia (Clarke, 2007).

A study carried out in 2013-2014 indicated that there were more than 402,000 individuals in Canada aged 65 years and above living with dementia. Of this number, close to two-thirds were women (Foster, 2016). It is for this reason that this section of the paper seeks to address this disturbing trend. HEAL Term Paper – DEMENTIA PREFERENCE IN THE AGING POPULATION IN CANADA.

As noted earlier, health services are those services designed to promote health, restore health, and prevent diseases to contribute to population health. Getting access to healthcare services may play a huge role towards determining the health of individuals in a country or a certain location (Foster, 2016). Again, health care services is the chosen health determinant since it is common for people aged 65 years and above living with dementia to lack sufficient access to the required health services due to forgetfulness, inability to go alone to healthcare facilities, and the probability of their families to make sure that they get access to better healthcare facilities on the assumption that dementia is a disease of the old (Clarke et al, 2007).

In line with the above, there is an urgent need to come up with a health promotion strategy to ensure that the aging population in Canada living with dementia can adequately get access to health care services whenever they need them. Health promotion surpasses health care as it puts the health of people on the agenda of policy makers in all levels and in all sectors by directing them to become aware of the health consequences of decisions made and subsequently accept responsibility for their health (Axmon, Karlsson, and Ahlström, 2016).

For the aging community to have access to health care services, a health promotion strategy is required, and here Achieving Health for All is an exceptional framework that can be adopted in this case for better results. This framework calls for attention to key health promotion challenges that include reducing or minimizing inequities in health, increasing the prevention of disease, and enhancing the capacity to cope with disability and chronic disease (Clarke et al, 2007).

The first challenge is about reducing inequities in health of high and low income groups in Canada. Here, there is a huge chance that dementia patients with a low income may not get a chance to be taken care of by the best hospitals around. Within the low-income bracket, there will always be a huge number of individuals who will be locked out of efficient healthcare system as they cannot get access to the best hospitals in the country. In Canada, there are those people for whom “longer life, but worsening health conditions” is a stark reality (Clarke et al, 2007). A lot should be done to reduce such health inequities. HEAL Term Paper – DEMENTIA PREFERENCE IN THE AGING POPULATION IN CANADA.

The second challenge in the health promotion strategy should be to boost or increase prevention efforts. One of the most effective ways of ensuring that a healthy generation of aging people is promoted is by undertaking prevention efforts aimed at ensuring that complications such as dementia do not begin early enough. According to Clarke et al (2007), even though dementia cannot be avoided, its occurrence can be greatly minimized or prevented to some extend by finding out the factors that are likely to cause the condition and then reducing or trying to fight them. Many preventive measures that people take for granted today were actually initiated decades ago. It is estimated that the adoption of preventive measures can lead to more than 50% increase in the early onset of dementia (Clarke et al, 2007).

Enhancing the capacity of people to cope is the last element of health promotion strategy. Today, chronic conditions seem to have replaced a lot of communicable diseases, and the third challenge should be to enhance the capacity of people to manage and cope with chronic conditions such as dementia. Canada is one of the countries across the globe that is experiencing an “age boom” and if efforts to enhance people’s coping capacities are not undertaken, then problems will be faced later (Tam-Tham et al, 2016).

The above cannot be achieved without having in place steps necessary for community organizing and building. To achieve a certain end, Holgate (2015) advocates for six important steps that people need to follow. The first is the listening process followed the first meeting to determine what needs to be done. This is then followed by regular meeting, research, action, and finally implementing an action.

 

 

 

Conclusion

           
In a recap, Dementia is a condition that affects millions of people in many countries across the globe. One of the most affected countries is Canada with millions of its aging citizens being diagnosed with dementia on a yearly basis. The older generation of Canadian citizens seems to be the ones affected the most with cases of dementia. Much worse, dementia seems to be prevalent across Canada’s original inhabitants (the Aborigines).There are many causes that accelerate the progress of dementia, but as it appears, old age seems to be the biggest culprit. Coupled with this, there are a number of health determinants that will determine whether a person has a higher chance of developing dementia or not. To reverse or minimize the trend, health promotion campaigns need to be undertaken in earnest, especially across the aging population in Canada. HEAL Term Paper – DEMENTIA PREFERENCE IN THE AGING POPULATION IN CANADA.
 

References

Axmon, A., Karlsson, B., & Ahlström, G. (2016). Health care utilisation among older persons with intellectual disability and dementia: a registry study.
Journal of Intellectual Disability Research
, 60 (12), 1165-1177.

Clarke, A., Gatineau, M., Thorogood, M., & Wyn-Roberts, N. (2007). Health promotion research literature in Europe 1995-2005.
European Journal of Public Health
, 1724-1728.

Foster, C. (2016). Aboriginal Health Care: The Seven Grandfathers Trump the Four Principles.
American Journal of Bioethics
, 16 (5), 54-56.

Glouberman, S., & Millar, J. (2003). Evolution of the Determinant of Health Policy, and Health Information Systems in Canada.
American Journal of Public Health
, 93 (3), 388-392.

Holgate, J. (2015). An International Study of Trade Union Involvement in Community Organizing: Same Model, Different Outcomes.
British Journal of Industrial Relations
, 53 (3), 460-483.

Luck, T., Riedel-Heller, S. G., Luppa, M., Wiese, B., Bachmann, C., Jessen, F., & Maier, W. (2014). A hierarchy of predictors for dementia-free survival in old-age: results of the AgeCoDe study.
Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
, 129 (1), 63-72.

Lucyk, K., & McLaren, L. (2017). Taking stock of the social determinants of health: A scoping review.
PLOs ONE
, 12 (5), 1-24.

Patrick, L. (2017). Determinants of Indigenous Peoples’ Health in Canada:
Beyond the Social. Canadian Geographer
, 61 (1), 3-4.

Pega, F., Valentine, N. B., Rasanathan, K., Hosseinpoor, A. R., Torgersen, T. P., Ramanathan, V., & … Neira, M. P. (2017). The need to monitor actions on the social determinants of health.
Bulletin of the World Health Organization
, 95 (11), 784-787.

Tam-Tham, H., Nettel-Aguirre, A., Silvius, J., Dalziel, W., Garcia, L., Molnar, F., & Drummond, N. (2016).
Provision of dementia-related services in Canada: a comparative study. BMC Health Services Research
, 161-169. HEAL Term Paper – DEMENTIA PREFERENCE IN THE AGING POPULATION IN CANADA

Week 6: Clinical Case Study Part One Discussion

Requirements:

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Briefly and concisely summarize the history and physical (H&P) findings as if you were presenting it to your preceptor using the pertinent facts from the case. Use shorthand where possible and approved medical abbreviations. Avoid redundancy and irrelevant information.

Provide a differential diagnosis (minimum of 3) which might explain the patient’s chief complaint along with a brief statement of pathophysiology for each. Clinical Case Study

Analyze the differential by comparing and contrasting the possibilities. Use pertinent positive and negative findings to argue for or against each diagnosis in your differential. Rank your diagnoses in order of most likely to least likely with EBM references.

Rank the differential in order of most likely to least likely.

Identify any additional tests and/or procedures that you feel is necessary or needed to help you narrow your differential. All testing decisions must be supported with an evidence-based medicine (EBM) argument as to why it is necessary or pertinent in this case. If no testing is indicated or needed, you must also support this decision with EBM evidence.

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Case Study

A 56-year-old Caucasian female presents to the office today with complaints of fatigue. Upon further questioning you discover the following subjective information regarding the chief complaint.

History of Present Illness

Onset

“about 2-3 months”

Location

Generalized

Duration

Constant

Characteristics

Progressively worsening since onset, feels tired all of the time, sleeps 8hrs per night but does not feel well rested. “No energy to do anything I normally can do”

Aggravating factors

Exertion . Clinical Case Study

Relieving factors

None identified

Treatments

None

Severity

Denies pain; missed 1 day of work 2 weeks ago because “couldn’t get out of bed”

Review of Systems (ROS)

Constitutional

Denies fever, chills, or recent illnesses. +5lb. weight gain since last visit 6 months ago.

Eyes

No visual changes or diploplia

ENT

Denies ear pain, coryza, rhinorrhea, or ST. Had tonsillectomy as child Denies snoring or history of sleep apnea.

Neck

Denies lymph node tenderness or swelling

Chest

Denies cough, SOB, DOE or wheezing

Heart

Denies chest pain

Abdomen

Denies N/V/D. + Constipation

Endocrine

Denies polyuria, polydipsia. + cold intolerance. Menopause status x 5 yrs.

Skin

No changes in skin, hair or nails

Psych

Reports worsening of depressive symptoms but thinks it is because she is so “unproductive” lately and tired all of the time. -Suicidal or homicidal thoughts. Sleeping 8-9hrs per night (no changes), but not feeling rested.

Musculoskeletal

Generalized weakness and intermittent muscles cramping in calves

Clinical Case Study

History

Medications

Multivitamin, B-Complex, Prozac 20mg, Bisoprolol-HCTZ 2.5mg/6.25mg, Calcium 500mg + Vit D3 400IU.

PMH

HTN, Depression, Postmenopausal status

PSH

Tonsillectomy

Allergies

Iodine dyes

Social

Married; Works full time as office manager of an internal medicine office; 2 kids (grown)

Habits

Denies cigarettes or drug use. +Occasional glass of wine (1-2 per month).

FH

Maternal GM & GF deceased with CHF, T2DM and HTN;Mother alive (age 82) +HTN, +Hyperlipidemia, +T2DM; Clinical Case Study

Father alive (age 84) +HTN, +Hyperlipidemia, +T2DM, +ASHD (s/p CABG 2 years ago). Also had +CVA at time of CABG (work-up revealed +DVT and +PFO; remains anticoagulated);

Oldest child (26) with seasonal allergies

Youngest child (24) with Bipolar depression and ADHD, and anxiety

Physical exam reveals the following:

Physical Exam

Constitutional

Middle aged Caucasian female alert, oriented and cooperative

VS

Temp-98.2, P-74, R-16, BP 146/95, Height: 5’7″, Weight: 180 pounds

Head

Normocephalic, atraumatic

Eyes

PERRLA

Ears

Tympanic membranes gray and intact with light reflex noted.

Nose

Nares patent. Nasal turbinates without swelling. Nasal drainage is clear.

Throat

Oropharynx moist, no lesions or exudate. Surgically removed tonsils bilaterally. Teeth in good repair, no cavities.

Neck

Neck supple. No lymphadenopathy. Thyroid midline, small and firm without palpable masses. Clinical Case Study.

Cardiopulmonary

Heart S1 and s2 noted, no murmurs, noted. Lungs clear to auscultation bilaterally. Respirations unlabored. No pedal edema

Abdomen

Soft, non-tender. BS active

Skin

Skin overall dry, hair coarse and thick, nails without ridging, pitting or discoloration

Psych

Mood pleasant and appropriate.

Musculoskeletal

Strength full throughout

Neuro

DTRs 2+ at biceps, 1+ at knees and ankles

Week 6: Clinical Case Study Part One Discussion

 

Week 6: Clinical Case Study Part Two Discussion

Requirements:

What is your primary (one) diagnosis for this patient at this time? (support the decision for your diagnosis with pertinent positives and negatives from the case)

Identify the corresponding ICD-10 code.

Provide a treatment plan for this patient’s primary diagnosis which includes:

Medication*

Any additional testing necessary for this particular diagnosis*

Patient education

Referral. Clinical Case Study

Provide an active problem list for this patient based on the information given in the case.

Are there any changes that you would also make to this patient’s overall treatment plan at this time? Must provide an EBM argument for each treatment or testing decision.

Provide an appropriate F/U plan.

*If part of the plan does not warrant an action, you must explain why. ALL medication and testing decisions (or decisions not to treat with medication or additional testing) MUST be supported with an evidence-based medicine (EBM) argument. Over-the-counter (OTC) and RXs must be written in full as if handing a script to the patient in the office.

Case Study

Now, assume that you sent your patient for labs and she returns the following day, as instructed, to review the results.

CBC with differential

WBC

8.6 x10E3/uL

RBC

4.44 x 10E6/uL

Hemoglobin

14.0 g/dL

Hematocrit

41.2%

MCV

93fL

MCH

31.5 pg

MCHC

34.0 g/dL

RDW

13%

Platelet

241 x 10E3/uL

Neutrophils %

67%

Lymphocytes %

22%

Monocytes %

8%

Eosinophils %

3%

Basophils %

0%

Absolute Neutrophils

5.7 x 10E3/uL

Absolute Lymphocytes

1.9 x 10E3/uL

Absolute Monocytes

0.7 x 10E3/uL

Eosinophils Absolute

0.3  x 10E3/uL

Basophile Absolute

0.0  x 10E3/uL

Immature Grans %

0%

Absolute Immature Grans

0.0 x 10E3/uL

TSH with Reflex to FT4

TSH

6.770 uIU/mL

FT4

0.62 ng/dL

PHQ-9 Depression Score=10 (previous was 5 at last visit 6 months ago) Clinical Case Study

Assignment 2: Appropriate Use of Health Information (Essay Paper)

DETAILS

Assignment 2: Appropriate Use of Health Information (Paper)

30% of Total Grade

The introduction of the electronic health record and the use of other information and communication technologies have provided nurses and other healthcare professionals a more effective way of maintaining and communicating personal health information. However, this increased access to information at the point-of-care increases the nurse’s responsibility to maintain confidentiality of health information. There are several ways that a nurse using information technology may inadvertently breach confidentiality. What are the safeguards that need to be in place to support nurses in the appropriate use of health information? Accordingly, the purpose of this assignment is to support your critical thinking regarding the appropriate use and access to a person’s health information. Assignment 2: Appropriate Use of Health Information (Essay Paper).

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TASK: 

Your manager, knowing that you are completing a course on nursing informatics asks that you share with her information on practices that support protection of patient information.

In this assignment, you will:

Discuss why protection of the privacy of health information is important.

Discuss the legislation governing protection of health information in Alberta OR your home province/territory 
(Cite ALBERTA HEALTH CARE LEGISLATURE ACT)
.

Reflect on the practices in place regarding protection of health information in a healthcare setting in which you have experience (e.g., currently practice or have practiced previously in an employed or student capacity).

Make recommendations on actions that can be taken in the practice setting to strengthen the practices to support protection of health information. Assignment 2: Appropriate Use of Health Information (Essay Paper).

Evaluation Criteria for Assignment 2

Articulate why privacy of health information is important (3 marks)

Describe the legal requirements set out in the legislation to protect privacy (3 marks)

Discuss practices established in your practice setting to protect privacy of health information (3 marks)

Articulate and provide rationale for 4 actions that can be taken by nurses to strengthen practices that support protection of health information (8 marks)

Provide evidence of application of course concepts from Units 4 to 7 and include references to sources (e.g., journal articles, web-based materials) beyond those offered in the course materials (3 marks)

Demonstrate scholarly format including:

5-6 pages in length excluding title page and Reference list (1 mark)

Scholarly language and professional tone (2 marks)

Correct grammar, spelling and punctuation (2 marks)

Effective introduction and conclusion (2 marks)

Include accurate APA (6th edition) formatting including:

Title page, headings, and subheadings (1 mark)

Reference citations and reference list (2 marks) Assignment 2: Appropriate Use of Health Information (Essay Paper)

Total possible marks = 30.  
 

 

Assignment 2: Appropriate Use of Health Information (Paper)

 

Introduction

In recent years, health records and use of other information and communication technologies has been heightened in health care institutions and by healthcare professionals, including nurses. As a result, the need for maintaining patients’ privacy, while storing and communicating patient information becomes a necessity. Various safeguards can be put in place to ensure confidentiality of information. The following discussion is aimed at identifying why there is a need for maintaining privacy of patients’ information by identifying the various legislative measures governing health information in Alberta. It will also focus on a reflection of practices experienced in ensuring patient information confidentiality and safety, and recommendations for improvement in guaranteeing there is no breach of confidentiality of patients’ information.

 

Why Privacy of Health Information Is Important

Privacy of medical information is vitally important. If it is maintained, many lives are likely to be saved because; people may have a tendency to avoid life- saving and life- enhancing treatments (McGraw, 2009).

In addition, whether it is right or wrong, many illnesses come along with a form of stigma (McGraw, 2009). Consequently, many people may be reluctant to seek medical attention if they are not guaranteed of their privacy. To some extent, some insured patients may fail to seek medical attention until their condition worsens while at the same time they may fail to reveal their health condition to care givers and medical staffs if they are not certain of privacy of their information (Born, 2013). Assignment 2: Appropriate Use of Health Information (Essay Paper)

Finally, some patients in search of medical attention may withhold crucial information, which could otherwise aid in their treatment, for fear of lack of privacy. As a result, they may not receive full and/or appropriate form of treatment (Born, 2013).

 

Legislation Governing Protection of Health Information in Alberta

Alberta health legislature provides the health information Act, whose provision with regard to protection of health information includes:

First, The Health Information Act involved in the establishment of the rules followed by custodians of information in their collection, disclosure, protection and use (Alberta Queen’s Printer, 2010). Individuals are also provided with a right to access their health information, as well as the right to make a request for amendment or correction of this information (Alberta Queen’s Printer, 2010). The act also provides the individual’s right to oversight over the legislation (Alberta Queen’s Printer, 2010). Assignment 2: Appropriate Use of Health Information (Essay Paper)

Secondly, Health Information Regulation helps in the provision of additional rules to the custodians of health information with reference to use, collection and disclosure (Alberta Queen’s Printer, 2010).

Thirdly, Alberta Electronic Health Record Regulation also referred to as Alberta Netcare and gives all details pertaining Alberta Electronic Health Record (Alberta Queen’s Printer, 2010).

In addition, Designation Regulation designates ethics to be followed in research in line with health information act’s division 3 provisions (Alberta Queen’s Printer, 2010).

Finally is the Alberta’s Queen’s Printer that entails the official sources of Alberta legislation copies as well as regulation and Health Information Act (Alberta Queen’s Printer, 2010)

 

A Reflection of Practices Experienced In Ensuring Patient Information Privacy

Since data breaches in health care come in different ways, many organisations have embarked on ways to protect health information. Here are some of these methods I experienced in a student capacity: Assignment 2: Appropriate Use of Health Information (Essay Paper)

Network protection where the Health Information Technology Department used different tools to try and keep out intruders, e.g. antivirus software and firewalls, network segregation (which was meant for reducing damage in case of an attack limiting ability of an intruder accessibility of information in a different area from the one he/she has intruded).

Additionally, Staff education on Information Technology Security Programs incorporated employees through training them on practices that could lead to violation of the health care information Act provisions. Besides, employees were advised on how to use secure passwords as well as training on phishing protection techniques including social engineering among others.

Moreover, Encryption of portable device where the health cares facility emphasized on the need to encrypt portable devices that contained health care information. The devices encrypted, included laptops, smart phones, USB drivers, as well as tablets. There was an effort to acculturate employee’s tendencies of carrying data on encrypted personal devices.

Lastly is the physical security controls. In as much as there was a lot of paperless storage of data, paper storage was still in use in the organisation. As a result, physical control mechanisms were still practiced, e.g. locking of file cabinets and ensuring secure doors. Assignment 2: Appropriate Use of Health Information (Essay Paper)

 

Actions That Can Be Taken By Nurses to Strengthen Practices That Support Protection of Health Information

In their everyday operations, nurses deal with private information belonging to the patients; whether in their nursing stations, exam rooms, in offices or in patients’ bedsides (Health Information Technology, 2007). As a result, they may become desensitized to how important it is to maintain patients’ information privacy (Health Information Technology, 2007).  However, there are different practices that can be applied by nurses in ensuring protection of health information. These practices and the rationale behind them include:

The most important thing that nurses can do to ensure that patient’s information privacy is guaranteed is creating a means for authentication. This is where; anybody accessing the information can only do so upon entry of a password to an already created nurse portal from which he or she can be able to access any information they want (Borten, 2016). The portal serves as a ‘gate’ in accessing electronic health records and the user name and password as the ‘key’. Consequently, anybody who does not have the necessary authentication means cannot be able to access the information (Borten, 2016).

However, there is need for the users of the information to be inducted on the best methods of creating strong passwords that cannot be hacked by unauthorised persons (Borten, 2016). It is the role of the information communication technology to install and teach the nurses on the appropriate use of the electronic records. Similarly, there is need for cautioning the nurses on the best way to use the authentication tools (Borten, 2016). For example, they should be constantly reminded that they should log-out from their portal after they are done so as to prevent unauthorised access to the electronic rerecords by unauthorised persons using the already opened portal (Borten, 2016).

In addition to the use of passwords and usernames, the institutions can institute biometric means such as finger prints, voice and face recognition systems and/or iris scanning systems to increase enhanced identification of individual access into the records (Borten, 2016). The use of these more advanced means (biometrics) are more secure  because they require the physical presence of a an individual as compared to the password and username authentication means of prohibiting access which can be used even in the absence of a nurse (Borten, 2016).

Besides, accessibility to electronic systems for electronic health records is at risk of being exposed to unauthorised persons, especially for desktop, tablet, Smartphone sand laptop screens, whether on a working station, on mobile carts or in exam rooms (Angst, Block, D’Arcy, & Kelley, 2017).  This has the potential of increasing the chances of visual hacking (Angst, Block, D’Arcy, & Kelley, 2017). As a result, there need to protect the electronic data from unauthorised intrusion or damage when environmental hazards arises (Health Information Technology, 2007). Nurses should ensure that they place these devices in such a way that they do not facilitate visual hacking, either through side-angle viewing or any other means (Health Information Technology, 2007). Besides, after using these devices, they should return them to the designated special rooms specifically built in such a way to protect data from external hazards such as fire (Borten, 2016).

Furthermore, there is need for constant administrative control measures to ensure that all the systems put in place for maintaining privacy are functional at all times. For example, it is the role of the administration to conduct periodic reviews of all the systems in order to identify areas that may create chances of the information being privy to unauthorised personnel (Borten, 2016). As a result, if any system is not working as expected, impromptu rectification measures should be undertaken. This will ensure that the electronic records do not get to the wrong hands (Borten, 2016).

Importantly, there is need for constant training and revision of security measures to deal with routine measure that can be traced by unauthorised persons. For example, the passwords should be changed at some point (Borten, 2016). Besides, constant training of nurses by the information communication technology on the best and accurate use of systems is important. The training should be thoroughly done at the implementation stage and conducted throughout the use of a system. This can be either through the use of screen savers or notices (at the walls). For example, the nurses should be constantly reminded that they are supposed to log-out of their portal after use (Borten, 2016).

 

Recommendations That Can Be Put In Place to Strengthen Protection Practices for Health Information

To ensure breach of patients’ information privacy is minimised, the following measures can be further undertaken (This is in addition to the already existing mechanisms): Assignment 2: Appropriate Use of Health Information (Essay Paper)

Conducting an annual security risk analysis

Due to the constant changes in a health environment, for instance, employee’s turnover, restructuring and information technology, infrastructure enhancement among others, privacy of patient information may be vulnerable with time (Angst, Block, D’Arcy, & Kelley, 2017).  As a result, it is important to conduct a non-technical vulnerability check that identifies areas that need rectification. Remedies should be administered instantly (Angst, Block, D’Arcy, & Kelley, 2017).

Besides, investing in protection awareness to the workforce since lack of protection awareness by the workforce is one of the worst risks that can be experienced in an organisation (Health Information Technology, 2017). As a result, it is important to conduct situational training, as well as tracking of what people normally do while in their respective stations in order to identify vulnerable areas.  Duty indicators, posters, monthly tips, screen-saver reminders among others, should be introduced to ensure that workers remember of their role in privacy protection. Assignment 2: Appropriate Use of Health Information (Essay Paper)

 

Conclusion

In a recap, even though many health care institutions have embarked on measures to protect both electronic and paper documented patient information, breach of this information still happens in daily operations; whether as a result of negligent or accidental. However, it is very important to introduce policies that complement the provisions of different legislative provisions on privacy of information. Besides, strict adherence to these policies is important to ensure effectiveness and efficiency in healthcare provision. It is important to always bear in mind the importance of patient information confidentiality in order to safeguard them from the vulnerabilities of disclosure.

 

References

Angst, C. M., Block, E. S., D’Arcy, J., & Kelley, K. (2017). WHEN DO IT SECURITY   INVESTMENTS MATTER? ACCOUNTING FOR THE INFLUENCE OF INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS IN THE CONTEXT OF HEALTHCARE DATA         BREACHES.
MIS Quarterly
,
41
(3), 893-A8.

Alberta Queen’s Printer (2010) ALBERTA HEALTH ACT: Statutes of Alberta, 2010. Chapter   A-19.5, Province o f Alberta

BORN, J. (2013). PROTECTING THE PRIVACY AND SECURITY OF HEALTH       INFORMATION.
South Carolina Business
,
34
(2), 18.

Borten, K. (2016) The Role of Nurses in HIPAA Compliance, Healthcare Security

https://healthitsecurity.com/news/the-role-of-nurses-in-hipaa-compliance-healthcare-security

Health Information Technology: Early Efforts Initiated but Comprehensive Privacy Approach      Needed for National Strategy: GAO-07-238. (2007).
GAO Reports
, 1McGraw, D. (2009). Privacy and Health Information Technology.
Journal Of Law, Medicine & Ethics
,
37
121-149.           doi:10.1111/j.1748-720X.2009.00424.x

Medical Privacy: Privacilla.Org. Your Source For Privacy Policy For Free Market. Pro       Technology Perspective.

http://www.privacilla.org/business/medical/medicalimportance.html  

Assignment 2: Appropriate Use of Health Information (Essay Paper)

Week 7: Clinical Practice Guideline HYPERTENSION Assignment

Clinical practice guideline- HYPERTENSION ]

Disease & Background

The student:

Identifies the disease condition

2. Gives a brief statement of incidence and prevalence in the US

3. The student briefly summarizes the disease pathophysiology

4. Identifies the typical clinical presentation seen in a patient with the disease

(4 critical elements)

Applicability in Primary Care

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The student:

1. Identifies the author, organization or group that developed the CPG

2. Student denotes the year of the original guideline publication

3. Student identifies any subsequent revisions (student’s reference should be the most recent version), and

4. Student discusses the applicability for use of this CPG in the primary care setting

(4 critical elements) Week 7: Clinical Practice Guideline HYPERTENSION Assignment

Key Action Statements & Body of Evidence

The student:

1. Provides each of the CPG’s “Key Action” or “Guideline Statements” up to a maximum of 5 relevant recommendations

2. Provides the body of evidence strength for each, and

3. If the statement has applicability to other groups, only discuss the relevant primary care ones

(3 critical elements). Week 7: Clinical Practice Guideline Assignment

Application in Clinical

Using an example of a patient from their clinical rotation with the same condition

2. Student discusses how the diagnosis and treatment of their patient compared to the recommendations given in the guidelines

3. Specific examples of what was done well or what could have been done better is noted

(3 critical elements Week 7: Clinical Practice Guideline HYPERTENSION Assignment

Week 8 reflection

ASSIGNMENT CONTENT

Category Points % Description

Identify gaps in patient experiences 10 20% After reviewing the clinical encounter summary, the student identifies any gaps in specific patient experiences (i.e. ages, acuities, complexities, procedures, assessments, etc.) and introduces a plan to narrow this gap in future practicum experiences. The student also outlines their practicum plan for the remaining classes. Week 7: Clinical Practice Guideline HYPERTENSION Assignment

Discuss progression in clinical 10 20% The student discusses their overall progression in this clinical rotation; specifically identifying personal goals that were achieved or how the student plans to achieve in future practicum experiences.

Identify areas of weakness 10 20% The student identifies specific areas of weakness in the clinical setting and communicates a plan to address these deficiencies.

NONPF competencies 10 20% Student choses two NONPF CORE competencies and describes how the competencies were met or how the student plans to meet. Specific examples from the clinical rotation should be provided. Week 7: Clinical Practice Guideline Assignment

40 80% Total CONTENT Points= 40 pts

1. Scientific Foundation Competencies

Critically analyzes data and evidence for improving advanced nursing practice

Leadership competencies :

Demonstrates leadership that uses critical and reflective thinking. Week 7: Clinical Practice Guideline HYPERTENSION Assignment

Nurses Safety Scholarly Ethics Essay Paper (consider AIDS and HIV positive clients, multi drug resistant TB and the SARs crisis)

DETAILS

Scholarly Ethics Paper – Individual Assignment

Topic Chosen: 
Nurses Safety (consider AIDS and HIV positive clients, multi drug resistant TB and the SARs crisis).

Apply nursing standards and codes and current relevant research to formulate your argument, this must include the applicable/appropriate legislation. Make sure that your paper contains a reflection on what personal values you have in relation to the issue. A good argument always presents both sides but justifies why one side is more compelling than the other. Nurses Safety Scholarly Ethics Essay Paper (consider AIDS and HIV positive clients, multi drug resistant TB and the SARs crisis).

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Additional tips:

• Background information and significance of the topic chosen should be included

• Well-focused essay showing your understanding on the topic, clear, readable, good flow with correct grammar and spelling.

• Strong argument and avoid repeated ideas and information

• Discuss the implications of this topic to the nursing practice.

• Conclusion; summarizes your ideas/argument/stand on the topic.

❖ By the end of your paper, you will have a better understanding of ethical situations and how these issues can affect your nursing practice. Nurses Safety Scholarly Ethics Essay Paper (consider AIDS and HIV positive clients, multi drug resistant TB and the SARs crisis).

 
APPLY A CASE SCENARIO DURING YOUR ARGUMENT

NOTE: Please proofread your paper as much as you can and read your paper repeatedly before submission.

   • By the end of your paper, you will have a better understanding of ethical situations and how these issues can affect your nursing practice.

 

SCHOLARLY ETHICS PAPER – INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT

INTRODUCTION

Nursing is a challenging profession endangering both the life of the patient and the caregivers. Tasked with the bulkiest of the workload, monitoring patients, administering medication, observing the response to treatment as well as all about the well-being of the patient is up to them. The safety of these career caregivers always intertwined with the recovery of the sick. Tasked with the choice of making life and death decisions and calls in the absence of the senior doctor it is therefore critical that they are well trained. Similarly, an oath to uphold the nursing code of conduct, respectful offer treatment to all deserving friends and foe as well as to avoid negligence in the place of work gets taken on the commencement of their duties. However, this has not mitigated various ethical issues emerging in the profession. Lives get endangered in the process of caring for critically ill patients some whom upon diagnosis show signs of communicable and terminally illnesses (Pettway, 2018). For instance, Ebola is a disease that kills anyone who comes into contact with any patients fluids. Nurses Safety Scholarly Ethics Essay Paper (consider AIDS and HIV positive clients, multi drug resistant TB and the SARs crisis).

Nurses are therefore endangered right from the onset of contacting the patient. These issues thus bring up cases where the nurses neglect taking in a patient until further examination by a specialist. Many have lost their lives awaiting results of scans to determine what illness they have before the hospital confirms their admission or refers them to a more enhanced facility with the ability to cater to their needs. These, therefore, provides an ethical dilemma with one side accusing the nurses of not abiding in their sworn oath while on the nurses side a pure intention to safeguard their lives personally (Lawson et al, 2018). The question becomes which party is guilty of the accusations? Below I seek to interrogate these issues on nurse’s safety paying even closer attention to patients who have HIV, multidrug-resistant TB as well as SAR’s crisis. Nurses Safety Scholarly Ethics Essay Paper (consider AIDS and HIV positive clients, multi drug resistant TB and the SARs crisis).

 

BODY

ETHICAL DILEMMAS

With the current shortage of medical doctors world over and the increased cases of life-threatening illnesses. The ratio of doctor to patient is continually on the rise with the doctor’s workload steadily growing. Similarly, these career is so lucrative unlike before, and nowadays it is no longer a calling but a job. These continually necessitate the administration of the nightingale oath, clearly established to ensure moral principles get observed in the profession. It also provides that if found culpable of breaking the rules, there are reasonable grounds to terminate ones practicing license. In ailments such as HIV and AIDS, the full blow stages get very uncomfortable.

The patient apparently suffers in the presence of the nurses, while their continued intervention concerning injections and medication only adds to the continued suffering. Hair loss, discoloration of hair, loss of appetite just to mention a few are some of the ways the patient suffers. Pain is the worst as it weakens the patient to appoint they beg that the nurses ease their suffering by ending their life. Nurses too are human and their instinct and clear indications showing the patient might not live may lead to falling into the trap and easing the patient’s woes. Watching patients unnecessary suffer with no clear solutions to help is morally distressing to a medical practitioner Nurses Safety Scholarly Ethics Essay Paper (consider AIDS and HIV positive clients, multi drug resistant TB and the SARs crisis). Family and friends may also be incorrectly informed about the treatment options available. These poses another challenge as the patient’s voice is not adequately present in the choice of prognosis.  These bring up an ethical dilemma where the nurse is familiar with the correct mode of treatment (Harden, 2015). However, suggestions are not welcome as the family interest is a different method. These have a direct impact on their round the clock care of patients and cannot speak up due to the work environment they work.

With understaffed hospitals and caregiving homes, violence and workplace bullying is primary ethical concern reported by many organizations. In public hospitals mainly it is a common occurrence to find patients complaining of unfair treatment and harshness while being attended. Nurses state that some of them do not get to do all they wish for a critically ill patient. Having to work long hours in other departments such as casualties. These nurses make rounds inside wards for those quarantined with illnesses such as multi-drug resistant TB. Eventually, due to fatigue, they hurriedly rush and do not adequately serve the interest of the patient. Some lacking understanding use abusive language and actions to express their frustrations. These critically ill patients some on life support machines are helpless and sometime in commas, incapacitated and unable to defend themselves. These actions constitute to grave human rights abuses and violation of the human dignity (Groessl, 2013). The medical system leads them to only prioritize on the basic needs essential for survival. However, being seriously ill, these seriously sick individuals require an investment into their emotional needs. These practices fundamentally address the ability to adapt and respond to treatment successfully. The worst comes when the patients pass on. The burden squarely lies with the nurses as they feel as if they did not provide adequate therapy as stipulated. Technology too contributes to this ethical issues. With its continued evolution, traditional boundaries on privacy are no more. These affect the type of relationships a doctor and patients have and the content posted on social media post. The working environment is therefore hostile to more personalized connections to avoid the risk of exposing a patient online which may consequently affect their performance. Nurses Safety Scholarly Ethics Essay Paper (consider AIDS and HIV positive clients, multi drug resistant TB and the SARs crisis)

Access to information online is another causing ethical concerns to nurses. In today’s world, it is common for one to conduct searches or test online. This platforms readily provide random data to patients. For SAR’s patients, this information is inconclusive. The patients, therefore, bombard nurses with queries and information entirely unrelated since advanced scans to the specific to the ailing individual are not present.  Limitations on the access to the above information can help avoid putting practitioners in an awkward situation. Cultural diversity too is a significant contributor and hindrance to the productive work ethic of a nurse. People come from different backgrounds with different traditions. For instance, parents today decide on not immunizing their children. These cause a dilemma where the nurse is tasked with whether to vaccinate the child, go against the parents and save the life or abscond and lose a life. In TB, for example, immunization is necessary for a kid’s young age, failure to which any contact of the disease leads to damage of the respiratory system. Access to medical services and care too presents serious ethical concerns, in a majority of schools, non-medical staff members get tasked with the duty to administer a drug to students in the form of shots and medicines (MUELLER et al, 2018). These leaves nurses in legal battles to defend their actions to allow non-professionals to take over their duties. The tarnishes the professionals deeming them unwilling to serve people.

 

 

IMPLICATIONS TO THE NURSING PRACTICE

The above dilemmas necessitate the ongoing discussion and education on ethics. Today majority of medical school lay more emphasis on these codes of conducts to develop a competent and fully fledged medical practitioner. These enable the learner to gradually grasp the challenges expected once at the field and have a balanced approach to them based on previous scholars study. In some hospitals, these concerns lead to the establishment of ethics committees. These committees vet and listen in on decisions presented. They also provide expert advice to both senior and junior staff members based on their understanding and evaluation (Balang et al, 2017). Voices on moral advocacy necessitated by these topics get investigated leading to clear regulations on where the fine line between right or wrong is. These after that continue to boost the image of the nursing industry. However, as strides get made on this topic, several consequences continue to occur to rogue practitioners. Those who ‘play god’ and assume matters into their own hands leading to deaths of patients entrusted to them by their kin get suspended and expelled from the profession. Due to this development in technology in place of human beings continue to grow. Today’s life support machines contain electronic drug dispensers. It administers the correct dosage to reduce cases of wrong medication or patients overdosing to take their own lives. Equipment custom for storage of information useful to a nurse’s work also gets developed. Electronic health records facilitate conducive working environment reducing the filling process. The nursing code of conduct and rules of engagement such as protocol are directly as a result of studies and research aimed at resolving these ethical concerns. Nurses Safety Scholarly Ethics Essay Paper (consider AIDS and HIV positive clients, multi drug resistant TB and the SARs crisis).
 

 

CONCLUSION

From the above, it is evident that nursing is an essential professional in the medical field. True to this, they attend to minor incidents allowing doctors the flexibility of time to attend to more severe cases. Safety is always a concern as they are directly in contact to ensure that one recovers efficiently. Therefore, conducive work environments, equipment’s, flexible time, proper staffing must all get addressed to facilitate a good working relationship as well as prevent negligence and violence of patients. Ethics are essential in this field to successfully navigate and avoid hurdles in the form of dilemmas faced in this job. It is important to note that the emergence of these ethical concerns continues to channel positive energy into research and development of more tactics to curb vices. Technology, for instance, continues to replace millions of jobs worldwide with the nursing field not an exception. With the rising need for accuracy, machines are a man’s best friend. Places to offer help in ethical issues must get set up to ensure that nurses consult other professionals before acting upon a solution. These reduce legal implications expected to follow when one gets sued. Nurses Safety Scholarly Ethics Essay Paper (consider AIDS and HIV positive clients, multi drug resistant TB and the SARs crisis).

 

References.

Balang, R. V., Burton, R. L., & Barlow, N. A. (2017). ILLUMINATING PROFESSIONALISM AMONG NURSES IN THEIR DOCUMENTATION WITHIN THE MALAYSIA CONTEXT – A QUALITATIVE STUDY.
International Journal Of Business & Society
,
18
692-700.

Groessl, J. (2013). An Interdisciplinary Ethics Module for MSW and Nursing Students.
Social Work Education
,
32
(5), 639-649.

Harden, H., & Fulop, L. (2015). The Challenges of a Relational Leadership and the Implications for Efficacious Decision-Making in Healthcare.
Asia Pacific Journal Of Health Management
,
10
(3), SI51-SI62.

Holmberg, M. D., Flum, M., West, C., Zhang, Y., Qamili, S., & Punnett, L. (2013). Nursing Assistants’ Dilemma: Caregiver Versus Caretaker.
Hospital Topics
,
91
(1), 1-8. doi:10.1080/00185868.2013.757953

Lawson, C., Beer, C., Rossi, D., Moore, T., & Fleming, J. (2016). Identification of ‘at risk’ students using learning analytics: the ethical dilemmas of intervention strategies in a higher education institution.
Educational Technology Research & Development
,
64
(5), 957-968. Nurses Safety Scholarly Ethics Essay Paper (consider AIDS and HIV positive clients, multi drug resistant TB and the SARs crisis)

MUELLER, J., MELWANI, S., LOEWENSTEIN, J., & DEAL, J. J. (2018). REFRAMING THE DECISION-MAKERS’ DILEMMA: TOWARDS A SOCIAL CONTEXT MODEL OF CREATIVE IDEA RECOGNITION.
Academy Of Management Journal
,
61
(1), 94-110. doi:10.5465/amj.2013.0887

Ozkaramanli, D., Desmet, P. A., & Özcan, E. (2016). Beyond Resolving Dilemmas: Three Design Directions for Addressing Intrapersonal Concern Conflicts.
Design Issues
,
32
(3), 78-91. doi:10.1162/DESI_a_00401

Pettway, A. (2018). The Nursing Educator Dilemma: Maintaining a Commitment to Diversity Amid a Faculty Shortage.
INSIGHT Into Diversity
,
90
(4/5), 54-56. Nurses Safety Scholarly Ethics Essay Paper (consider AIDS and HIV positive clients, multi drug resistant TB and the SARs crisis).

NUR 315 Discussion Cellular Adaptation

Discussion: Cellular Adaptation

Explain at least two types of cellular damage that are largely responsible for progression from reversible to irreversible cellular injury.

In your responses to peers, discuss the most common type of cellular injury occurring within the human body.

To complete this assignment, review the 
Discussion Rubric
document. NUR 315 Discussion Cellular Adaptation

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Cellular injury “leads to injury of tissues and organs ultimately determining the structural patterns of disease” according to McCance and Huether (2019, p.49). Injury can be caused by numerous things including hypoxia, toxicity, immune reactions, or even genetics. When a cell is injured it can either recover, which would be reversible injury, or it can die which is irreversible injury (McCance and Huether).

An example cellular injury that can start as reversible but ultimately lead to irreversible damage is, of course, hypoxia. McCance and Huether explain hypoxia as the lack of oxygen needed for the cell and is the most common form of cellular injury caused by many things including decreased hemoglobin, respiratory disease, or simply lack of oxygen in the air. For example, a patient experiencing a NSTEMI in in the stage where cellular injury can be reversible. There is still a blockage to some extent, which intermittently causes ischemia to the cells, but hasn’t yet evolved into a full-blown heart attack. A STEMI has now progressed to a fully blocked artery causing death to cells as they have no blood flow. NUR 315 Discussion Cellular Adaptation. If left to long untreated to much heart muscle may become permanently ischemic resulting in cell death and ultimately patient death. It only takes 1 minute of interrupted flow to the heart for it to weaken and become less efficient and 3-5 minutes for the affected area of the heart to no longer work (McCance and Huether). NUR 315 Discussion Cellular Adaptation.

Another example of cellular injury that can lead to irreversible damage is caused by chemicals. Being from NH where we have cold winters I was intrigued by McCance and Huether’s section regarding indoor air pollution from solid fuels like wood for open fires. If homes aren’t well ventilated it can cause an increased risk for particles and carbon monoxide poisoning. According to McCance and Huether, “several studies have found that long-term particulate matter air pollution exposure is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality (p61). It would make sense that repeat exposure to harsh chemicals eventually cause cell damage and then death as exposure continues. NUR 315 Discussion Cellular Adaptation.

Discussion: Cellular Adaptation Reference

McCance, K. L., & Huether, S. E. (2019). 
Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in     adults and children (8
th
 Ed.)
. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.

Discussion Rubric: Undergraduate: Discussion: Cellular Adaptation

Your active participation in the discussion forums is essential to your overall success this term. Discussion questions are designed to help you make meaningful connections between the course content and the larger concepts and goals of the course. These discussions offer you the opportunity to express your own thoughts, ask questions for clarification, and gain insight from your classmates’ responses and instructor’s guidance.

Requirements for Discussion Board Assignments

Students are required to post one initial post and to follow up with at least two response posts for each discussion board assignment. NUR 315 Discussion Cellular Adaptation.

For your initial post (1), you must do the following:

• Compose a post of one to two paragraphs.

• In Module One, complete the initial post by Thursday at 11:59 p.m. Eastern Time.

• In Modules Two through Eight, complete the initial post by Thursday at 11:59 p.m. of your local time zone.

• Take into consideration material such as course content and other discussion boards from the current module and previous modules, when appropriate (make sure you are using proper citation methods for your discipline when referencing scholarly or popular resources). NUR 315 Discussion Cellular Adaptation.

For your response posts (2), you must do the following:

• Reply to at least two different classmates outside of your own initial post thread.

• In Module One, complete the two response posts by Sunday at 11:59

p.m. Eastern Time.

• In Modules Two through Eight, complete the two response posts by Sunday at 11:59 p.m. of your local time zone.

• Demonstrate more depth and thought than simply stating that “I agree” or “You are wrong.” Guidance is provided for you in each discussion prompt. Discussion: Cellular Adaptation NUR 315 Discussion Cellular Adaptation

Rubric

Critical Elements Exemplary Proficient Needs Improvement Not Evident Value

Comprehension Develops an initial post with an organized, clear point of view or idea using rich and significant detail

(100%) Develops an initial post with a point of view or idea using adequate organization and

detail (85%) Develops an initial post with a point of view or idea but with some gaps in organization and

detail (55%) Does not develop an initial post with an organized point of view or idea (0%) 40

Timeliness Submits initial post on time (100%) Submits initial post one day late

(55%) Submits initial post two or more days late (0%) 10 Engagement Provides relevant and meaningful response posts with clarifying explanation and detail (100%) Provides relevant response posts with some explanation

and detail (85%) Provides somewhat relevant response posts with some  explanation and detail (55%) Provides response posts that are generic with little explanation or detail (0%) 30 Writing (Mechanics) Writes posts that are easily understood, clear, and concise using proper citation methods where applicable with no errors in

citations (100%) Writes posts that are easily understood using proper citation methods where applicable with few errors in citations (85%) Writes posts that are understandable using proper citation methods where applicable with a number of errors in citations (55%) Writes posts that others are not able to understand and does not use proper citation methods where applicable (0%) 20. Discussion: Cellular Adaptation Total 100% NUR 315 Discussion Cellular Adaptation

Scholarly Ethics Paper – PNR300: Role Development for Practical Nurse

Scholarly Ethics Paper – Individual Assignment – 25%

PNR300: Role Development for Practical Nurse

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1 PNR300

(CNO ETP 16, 63, 66, 68, 69, 75, 77, 79)

“Just because we can, does not always mean we should.” In today’s healthcare

environment advances in technology and medical knowledge allow us to do things that were

previously unthinkable. While some advances are clearly in everyone’s best interest others are

less clear. The intent of this paper is for students to become familiar with ethical issues,

conflicts, and ethical dilemmas. This allows students to explore one of the “grey” areas of

medical advancement. Health care professionals such as nurses who have prolonged contact with

patients often come across challenging ethical and legal issues, especially in times of limited

resources. In light of these situations, nurses continue to provide safe, ethical, and quality patient

centered care. After researching your topic, you will formulate a position and then proceed to

support your position from the relevant literature. Remember it is important you support your

stated position with the relevant literature.

In the ethical dilemma paper, students will describe an ethical situation encountered in

their daily life and analyze the situation using ethical principles and theories. The paper is to be

written individually using American Psychological Association (APA) format.

Process:

1. Select ONE of the topics below for your Ethical Dilemma Paper. Be sure to choose a

topic that you have a strong interest in or a strong personal belief in.

2. Read widely about your topic to familiarize yourself with the different perspectives that

exist on about your topic

3. Research a case scenario, which you will be describing in your essay including the

reference and analyze the situation Scholarly Ethics Paper – PNR300: Role Development for Practical Nurse

4. Next, decide on a position that you will take regarding the identified issue.

5. Formulate a clear and concise thesis. The aim of your paper is then to support your

position through ethical reasoning

6. Paper Overview:

a. Decide on a position that you will take regarding the identified issue.

b. State if you personally agree or disagree with the practice identified based on a

reflection of your personal experience or your own beliefs and values as opposed

to professional values.

c. Introduction: Paragraph that engages the reader’s attention, identifies your thesis

statement, and gives a brief overview of your essay, case scenario, and flow of

paper

d. Identify how 2 different Ethical theories would view the ethical dilemma.

e. Identify how 2 or more Ethical Principles are conflicted in this ethical dilemma.

f. Identify relevant nursing standards or codes (CNO) relevant to the topic

g. Identify legal considerations (RHPA, Nursing Act, Criminal Code, Human

Rights, etc.)

h. Conclusion: Paragraph that provides a summary of the most salient points.

7. Make sure that you use a MINIMUM of four articles that are NOT part of the required

course readings

Tips:

Be creative. Be sure to clarify about your agreement and disagreement with the practice

identified. Your position should be through the utilization of relevant ethical theories, principles,

Scholarly Ethics Paper – Individual Assignment – 25%

PNR300: Role Development for Practical Nurse

2 PNR300

nursing standards and codes and current relevant research to formulate your argument, this must

include the applicable/appropriate legislation). Make sure that your paper contains a reflection on

what personal values you have in relation to the issue. A good argument always presents both

sides but justifies why one side is more compelling than the other.

Additional tips:

• Background information and significance of the topic chosen should be included

• Well-focused essay showing your understanding on the topic, clear, readable, good flow

with correct grammar and spelling. Scholarly Ethics Paper – PNR300: Role Development for Practical Nurse

• Strong argument and avoid repeated ideas and information

• Discuss the implications of this topic to the nursing practice.

• Conclusion; summarizes your ideas/argument/stand on the topic.

❖ By the end of your paper, you will have a better understanding of ethical situations and how

these issues can affect your nursing practice.

NOTE: Please proofread your paper as much as you can and read your paper

repeatedly before submission.

Topics: (pick only ONE topic to discuss)

1. Abortion

2. Euthanasia

3. Negligence.

4. Drug regulation in Canada and the implications for nurses.

5. Nurses safety (consider AIDS and HIV positive clients, multi drug resistant TB and the

SARs crisis).

6. Advance directives, living will, and proxy directive.

7. Organ donation.

8. Stem Cell Research.

9. Voluntary and involuntary commitment to a mental health facility and what this means

regarding client rights and the nursing role.

10. Advocacy.

11. Client’s rights

12. End of life care e.g. palliative care

13. Assisted suicide.

14. Patient abuse

15. Pro-choice vs pro-life

16. Freedom vs nurse control

17. Telling the truth vs deception

18. Distribution of resources and access to care

19. Empirical knowledge vs personal beliefs

20. Legalization of marijuana in Canada

21. Medical Assistance In Dying (M.A.I.D.)

22. Safe Drug Injection Sites

NOTE: Only the list above is the topic approved for your Ethical Dilemma paper. Papers

submitted with a topic that is not on the list/instructor approved will not be accepted and mark

for your paper will be automatically zero. Scholarly Ethics Paper – PNR300: Role Development for Practical Nurse

Scholarly Ethics Paper – Individual Assignment – 25%

PNR300: Role Development for Practical Nurse

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Expectations and FORMAT:

• APA format with a clear and well developed introduction, thesis, body and conclusion

• Microsoft Word-processed (not adobe format, not Mac format).

• Complete 5-6 pages individual essay paper including title page and reference page. No

abstract is required. No headings are required within the text of the paper.

• Double space- type/word processed with 12 point font, Times New Roman

• Submit an electronic copy to the instructor through SAFE ASSIGNMENT by midnight

of the due date as well as hard copy to your Faculty Instructor.

Safe Assign: Faculty will use their discretion to deduct marks based on safe-assign matches.

Your paper must be submitted through safe assign as well as a hard copy to the Faculty or it is

considered late.

Note: Safe Assign will detect papers that have been copied from another student or information

copied from journals and other pertinent resources even years and years ago- and if you reword

and revised content- Safe Assign will still detect that information and still considered plagiarism.

Resources:

• Minimum of 4 scholarly resources as references not including textbooks

• Refer to Publication Manual of the APA 6

th edition for paper format

• Refer to ethical guidelines from College of Nurses of Ontario and Canadian Nurses’

Connotation

• Retrieved from nursing journals or any journals from the library

• Refer to ethical principles and theories in course textbook

• Other scholarly articles may be utilized

Additional marks will be deducted:

• Wrong spelling/grammars, punctuations, sentence structure not clear.

• Narrative essay (e.g. describing history of your chosen topic from beginning to end).

Shows that the paper wasn’t researched well.

• Using different theme fonts (e.g. using design of ARIAL font BUT rest of the paper

shows design of TIMES NEW ROMAN)

• It is considered exceeded pages if it’s 7 pages and considered too short if it’s 4 pages only

• Not referencing properly. References taken from the internet like www.wikipedia.org,

online dictionaries that are not academic online references are not acceptable.

• Did not meet the format and expectations.

Missed paper: You will be given an automatic grade of zero. Should extenuating circumstances

arise, appropriate supporting documentation must be provided within one week of the due date.

Failure to produce documentation within the timeframe will result in a grade of zero.

Upon acceptance of the documentation and confirmed it is valid, the weighting of the

missed deliverable will normally be applied to the final exam

Note: E-mail your Faculty Instructor once you are unable to submit your paper on time due to

illness or extenuating circumstances. Computer problem is not a reason for an extension. Power

outage is not an acceptable excuse.

Scholarly Ethics Paper – Individual Assignment – 25%

PNR300: Role Development for Practical Nurse

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Late paper: The faculty instructor will deduct 5% per week and will not be accepted beyond two

weeks after the assignments due date.

Note: Submission of late papers should be given to the continuing education office and they will

be dated stamp by the office. Scholarly Ethics Paper – PNR300: Role Development for Practical Nurse

Cheating and Plagiarism: Read Academic Policy. It is strictly enforced.

Ethical Dilemma Paper – Individual Assignment

PNR300: Role Development for Practical Nurse

Student’s Name: _______________________________

Ethical Dilemma Paper/Modes of Evaluation = 25%

Content and Organization Points Earned Comments

All the key elements in the paper are covered

in a substantive way.

/4

The introduction provides sufficient

background on the topic and previews major

points.

/2

The case scenario is summarized clearly. /2

The position statement is clearly stated. /1

The ethical issue is identified clearly. /2

The ethical principles are clearly identified

and supported by the literature.

/3

The ethical theory is clearly explained and

supported by the literature.

/3

The relevant legislation is discussed and how

it relates/applies to the situation.

/2

The conclusion is logical, flows from the

body of the paper and summarizes major

points.

/2

Style and Mechanics

The paper including the title page, reference

page, and citations follow APA guidelines

for format. Follows literature review

guidelines ie minimum of 3 that are not part

of the course readings.

/2

Grammar, punctuation, and spelling are

correct. Sentences are well constructed and

maintain a flow of thought.

/2

Total: 25 Percent (25 points) Total Points

Earned

Comments

NOTE: Additional marks will be deducted if criteria are not met. Scholarly Ethics Paper – PNR300: Role Development for Practical Nurse