Tag: Clinical-Nursing

  • PICO Analysis of Delirium Sample Essay

    PICO Analysis of Delirium Sample Essay

    With the aging of our population, cognitive aging has emerged as a leading public health concern. In a 2014 AARP survey, 93% of respondents identified maintaining brain health as a top priority (Inouye, 2015). Yet a substantial void exists in the fundamental understanding of the cognitive aging process and its distinction from cognitive impairments such as delirium and dementia-related conditions. Nearly one third of the older population in the United States is hospitalized each year in relation to acute illness or surgery, and delirium is the most common complication of hospitalization in older persons, and it occurs in an estimated 2.6 million of older adults each year. Delirium has been identified as a leading contributor to short and long term cognitive decline after hospitalization, and at least 40% of these cases are preventable when identified. PICO Analysis of Delirium Sample Essay. The purpose of this analysis is to ascertain a PICO question related to delirium, identify resources used to find supportive literature, review the supportive information, and create an evidence-based table summarizing the data to determine the best delirium screening options.

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    PICO Question

    In older adult patients with delirium (P), what are the best delirium screening tools (I) compared to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual or International Classification of Diseases used in defining the diagnosis of delirium (C) to improve early detection and management in older adult patients with delirium (O)?

    Search Strategy

    To find research to support the chosen PICO question, electronic databases such as CINAHL, Google Scholar, PubMed, PsychInfo, and Medline were used. The Hartford Institute for Geriatric Nursing, the American Geriatrics Society as well as the book
    Evidence-Based Geriatric Medicine
    were also used as resources. PICO Analysis of Delirium Sample Essay. The following keywords and phrases were used to search: delirium screening tools, aging, older adults, geriatric, and primary care setting. Articles that were older than five years old as well as secondary sources were excluded.  Articles that applied to the geriatric population, and analyzed the various delirium screening tools and met the criteria were included. The following Boolean search strings were used: delirium screening tools systematic review, and delirium and aging.

     

    Analysis of Literature

    Evidence Table

    Citation

    Conceptual Framework

    Finding

    Research Method

    Implications of Literature Review

    Level of Evidence

    O’Sullivan, D., O’Regan, N. A., & Timmons, S. (2016). Validity and Reliability of the 6-Item Cognitive Impairment Test for Screening Cognitive Impairment: A Review. 
    Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders
    , 
    42
    (1-2), 42-49. doi:10.1159/000448241. PICO Analysis of Delirium Sample Essay.

     

    Descriptive Theory

    The
    Six-Item Cognitive Impairment Test (6-CIT)
    has been suggested as a useful dementia screening instrument in primary care. The studies on the 6-CIT in primary care present conflicting results and all 3 have significant variations in their selection of cases/reference standards used.

    Systematic Review of Literature

     Although researchers have investigated its accuracy in diagnosing cognitive impairment in primary and secondary care settings, its validity in primary care use has been questioned and there are limited validation studies on its use in secondary care. In addition, the cut-offs used in 2 of the studies favored specificity over sensitivity, which is not desirable for a screening test. The authors recommend that larger studies, which test the psychometric properties of the 6-CIT in primary and acute care settings, are conducted to establish recommendations for routine screening use.

    Level I

    De, J. & Wand, A. (2015). Delirium Screening: A Systematic Review of Delirium Screening Tools in Hospitalized Patients,
    The Gerontologist
    , 55(6), 1079–1099. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnv100. PICO Analysis of Delirium Sample Essay

    Descriptive Theory

    Thirty-one studies describing 21 delirium screening tools were included in the systematic review. Most studies were conducted across a broad range of inpatient settings internationally in elderly inpatients, including patients with dementia but most excluded nonnative language speakers.

    Systematic Review of Literature

    The Confusion Assessment Method was the most widely used instrument to identify delirium, however, specific training is required to ensure optimum performance. The Delirium Rating Scale and its revised version performed best in the psychogeriatric population but requires an operator with psychiatric training. The Nurses’ Delirium Screening Checklist appears best suited to the surgical and recovery room setting. The Single Question in Delirium shows promise in oncology patients. The Memorial Delirium Assessment Scale, while demonstrating good measures of validity in the surgical and palliative care setting, may be better used a measure of delirium severity. The 4As Test performed well when delirium was superimposed on dementia, but it requires further study.

    Level I

    PICO Analysis of Delirium Sample Essay

    Iatraki, E. et al. (2017). Cognitive screening tools for primary care settings: examining the ‘Test Your Memory’ and ‘General Practitioner assessment of Cognition’ tools in a rural aging population in Greece.
    European Journal of General Practice
    , 23(1), 171-178. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13814788.2017.1324845

    Predictive Theory

    The ‘
    Test Your Memory’ (TYM)
    and
    ‘General Practitioner assessment of Cognition’ (GPCog)
    instruments appear to be suitable for routine use in the primary care setting as tools for cognitive impairment risk detection in elderly rural populations.

     

    Randomized Control Trials (RCT)

    PICO Analysis of Delirium Sample Essay

    The clinical validity of TYM/GPCog was assessed through comparison with a screening test that was used to establish risk for cognitive impairment instead of clinical diagnosis of dementia. Although, MMSE is widely used and considered by many as the gold-standard instrument for dementia screening, it has far from perfect sensitivity or specificity. The limited gender and education-level susceptibility of GPCog render it preferable over TYM for routine use in primary care settings in accordance with a growing number of studies in other cultures.

    Level II

    Bellelli, G., Morandi, A., Davis, D. H. J., Mazzola, P., Turco, R., Gentile, S., … MacLullich, A. M. J. (2014). Validation of the 4AT, a new instrument for rapid delirium screening: a study in 234 hospitalised older people. Age and Ageing, 43(4), 496–502. http://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afu021. PICO Analysis of Delirium Sample Essay

    Prospective Study

    The
    4AT
    screening tool is a sensitive and specific method of screening for delirium in older people. Its brevity and simplicity support its use in routine clinical practice.

    Cross-Sectional Observation Study

    A strength of this study is the provision of a clear description of exactly how the delirium diagnosis was obtained, detailing the procedure which informed scoring by DSM-IV-TR criteria. Some limitations of this study must be acknowledged. The 4AT assessments were performed by experienced physicians, though no specific training in the 4AT was given. Further research is needed to assess the ease of use of 4AT among other professional groups of varying levels of seniority. The clinical outcomes in relation to ‘possible delirium’ as assessed by the 4AT was not studied.

     

    Level II. PICO Analysis of Delirium Sample Essay

    Fick, D. & Mion, L. (2013). Assessing and Managing Delirium in Older Adults with Dementia. Retrieved from https://consultgeri.org/try-this/dementia/issue-d8.pdf

     

    Geriatric Models of Care

    The Hartford Institute states that the best tools for delirium screening in the older adult population are the
    Confusion Assessment Method (CAM)
    algorithm, which relies on the presence of acute onset of symptoms and a fluctuating course, inattention, and either disorganized thinking or an altered level of consciousness; and the
    Delirium Superimposed on Dementia Algorithm (DSDA)
    is recommended for delirium for people with a pre-existing dementia (Fick and Mion, 2013).

    Evidence-Based Practice Guidelines (systematic reviews, RCTs, Cohorts)

    PICO Analysis of Delirium Sample Essay

    While the CAM is a useful tool, the Delirium Superimposed on Dementia Algorithm recognizes that the patient’s baseline mental status is a critical parameter for assessing and treating delirium. The algorithm presents practical ways for bedside nurses to assess delirium and CAM features such as poor attention and fluctuation. The algorithm can be used with patients with dementia who present to the hospital without previous medical evaluation, and/or family members who cannot describe the patient’s mental status pre-hospitalization, who are at increased risk for undetected delirium. The algorithm helps address ageism, a significant barrier to detecting the presence of delirium, wherein clinicians attribute further cognitive loss or lethargy in a person with dementia as an inevitable fact of life for older adults.

    Level I

     

    Purpose of Research Paper

    Delirium is a common, often underdiagnosed, geriatric syndrome characterized by an acute change in attention and consciousness. The elderly population, especially those who are age 70 and older are particularly vulnerable to delirium than those younger due to changes in brain function, multiple general medical problems, polypharmacy, reduced hepatic metabolism of medications, multisensory declines, and brain disorders such as dementia. Polypharmacy is very common in the elderly, and the possibility of drug-drug interactions must be considered as a cause of agitation. PICO Analysis of Delirium Sample Essay. According to Rosen et al (2015), Delirium is frequently seen in older patients in the emergency department (ED), is under-recognized, and has potentially serious consequences. About 7–17% of older adults who present to the ED suffer from delirium (Rosen, 2015). Delirium is a medical emergency with significant associated morbidity and mortality requiring rapid diagnosis and management. Delirium has been identified as a leading contributor to short and long term cognitive decline after hospitalization, and at least 40% of these cases are preventable. As a neuropsychiatric disorder with an underlying organic cause, delirium is known to occur as both an acute and subacute condition that carries significant morbidity and mortality. Combined with its association with dementia and aging, this makes delirium an important topic for primary care providers to become more familiar with as they are tasked with caring for an aging population (Setters and Solberg, 2017).

    Gaps in Existing Literature

    Presently, there are very few RCTs and studies assessing the effectiveness of delirium screening tools in older adults with delirium in primary care settings. Most of the research focused mostly in acute care/hospital settings. A role for routine delirium screening can be clarified through a well-designed delirium screening trial investigating the benefits of delirium screening, coupled with a multicomponent intervention versus usual care.  PICO Analysis of Delirium Sample Essay. It could be challenging to measure emotions and cognitive improvement in a consistent manner across patients. Studies are needed to rigorously evaluate the benefits and potential harms of screening in relation to multiple outcomes such as medical intervention requirements, preventive strategies, delirium reversibility, care needs and economic burden.

    Conclusion

    Despite the limitations on the available research, most data show that the Confusion Assessment Method is widely used, and can used in any clinical setting. And for the patients with underlying dementia conditions, then, the Delirium Superimposed on Dementia Algorithm is recommended per evidence-based practice guidelines. Poor attention is a key marker in delirium and delirium superimposed on dementia patients. In addition, evaluations of the elderly should include a comprehensive review of all drugs being taken, including those that are prescribed, and those taken OTC and herbals. Delirium is often multifactorial and requires an immediate medical attention. Health practitioners should make it a habit to evaluate elderly patients for signs of delirium in every clinical setting especially in primary care settings as it often overlooked. PICO Analysis of Delirium Sample Essay.

     

    References

    Alaglakrishnan, K. (2017). Delirium. Retrieved from

    http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/288890-overview

    Arcangelo, V. P., & Peterson, A. M. (2013). 
    Pharmacotherapeutics for advanced

    practice: A practical approach
     (3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
    .

    Bellelli, G., Morandi, A., Davis, D. H. J., Mazzola, P., Turco, R., Gentile, S., … MacLullich, A. M. J. (2014). Validation of the 4AT, a

    new instrument for rapid delirium screening: a study in 234 hospitalised older people. Age and Ageing, 43(4), 496–502. http://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afu021

    De, J. & Wand, A. (2015). Delirium Screening: A Systematic Review of Delirium Screening Tools in Hospitalized Patients,
    The

    Gerontologist
    , 55(6), 1079–1099. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnv100

    Fick, D. & Mion, L. (2013). Assessing and Managing Delirium in Older Adults with Dementia. PICO Analysis of Delirium Sample Essay. Retrieved from https://consultgeri.org/try-this/dementia/issue-d8.pdf

    Fong, T. G., Tulebaev, S. R., & Inouye, S. K. (2009). Delirium in elderly adults: diagnosis,

    prevention and treatment. Nature Reviews. Neurology, 5(4), 210–220. http://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2009.24

    Iatraki, E. et al. (2017). Cognitive screening tools for primary care settings: examining the ‘Test Your Memory’ and ‘General

    Practitioner assessment of Cognition’ tools in a rural aging population in Greece.
    European Journal of General Practice
    , 23(1), 171-178. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13814788.2017.1324845. PICO Analysis of Delirium Sample Essay.

    Inouye, S. K. (2015). Enhancing cognitive aging: clinical highlights of a report from the Institute of Medicine. 
    Annals Of Internal

    Medicine
    , 
    163
    (4), 307-310. doi:10.7326/M15-1228

    National Institute on Aging (2013). The Dementias: Hope through Research. Retrieved from https://www.nia.nih.gov/alzheimers/publication/dementias/treatment

    O’Sullivan, D., O’Regan, N. A., & Timmons, S. (2016). Validity and Reliability of the 6-Item Cognitive Impairment Test for Screening

    Cognitive Impairment: A Review. 
    Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders
    , 
    42
    (1-2), 42-49. doi:10.1159/000448241

    Rosen, T., Connors, S., Clark, S., Halpern, A., Stern, M. E., DeWald, J., & Flomenbaum, N. PICO Analysis of Delirium Sample Essay.  (2015). Assessment and Management of Delirium in Older Adults in the Emergency Department: Literature Review to Inform Development of a Novel Clinical Protocol. Advanced Emergency Nursing Journal, 37(3), 183–E3. http://doi.org/10.1097/TME.0000000000000066

    Setters, B., & Solberg, L. M. (2017). Delirium. 
    Primary Care
    , 
    44
    (3), 541-559. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2017.04.010. PICO Analysis of Delirium Sample Essay.

  • Anxiety disorder, OCD – Tyrel Essay Assignment Decision Tree

    Anxiety disorder, OCD – Tyrel Essay Assignment Decision Tree

    Assignment 1: Practicum: Decision Tree

    For this Anxiety disorder, OCD – Tyrel Essay Assignment Decision Tree, as you examine the client case study in this week’s Learning Resources, consider how you might assess and treat pediatric clients presenting symptoms of a mental health disorder.

    Anxiety disorder, OCD – Tyrel Essay Assignment Decision Tree Learning Objectives

    Students will:

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    Evaluate clients for treatment of mental health disorders

    Analyze decisions made throughout diagnosis and treatment of clients with mental health disorders

    The Anxiety disorder, OCD – Tyrel Essay Assignment Decision Tree:

    Examine 
    Case 2
    : 
    You will be asked to make three decisions concerning the diagnosis and treatment for this client. Be sure to consider co-morbid physical as well as mental factors that might impact the client’s diagnosis and treatment.

    At each Decision Point, stop to complete the following:

    Decision #1: Differential Diagnosis

    Which Decision did you select?

    Why did you select this Decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.

    What were you hoping to achieve by making this Decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.

    Explain any difference between what you expected to achieve with Decision #1 and the results of the Decision. Why were they different? Anxiety disorder, OCD – Tyrel Essay Assignment Decision Tree.

    Decision #2: Treatment Plan for Psychotherapy

    Why did you select this Decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.

    What were you hoping to achieve by making this Decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.

    Explain any difference between what you expected to achieve with Decision #2 and the results of the Decision. Why were they different?

    Decision #3: Treatment Plan for Psychopharmacology

    Why did you select this Decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.

    What were you hoping to achieve by making this Decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.

    Explain any difference between what you expected to achieve with Decision #3 and the results of the decision. Why were they different? Anxiety disorder, OCD – Tyrel Essay Assignment Decision Tree.

    Also include how ethical considerations might impact your treatment plan and communication with clients and their families.

    Note:
     Support your rationale with a minimum of three academic resources. While you may use the course text to support your rationale, it will not count toward the resource requirement.

     

    BACKGROUND

    Tyrel is an 8-year-old black male who is brought in by his mother for a variety of psychiatric complaints. Shaquana, Tyrel’s mother, reports that Tyrel has been exhibiting a lot of worry and “nervousness” over the past 2 months. She states that she notices that he has been quite “keyed up” and spends a great deal of time worrying about “germs.” She states that he is constantly washing his hands because he feels as though he is going to get sick like he did a few weeks ago, which kept him both out of school and off the playground. He was also not able to see his father for two weekends because of being sick. Shaquana explains that although she and her ex-husband Desmond divorced about 2 years ago, their divorce was amicable and they both endeavor to see that Tyrel is well cared for.

    Shaquana reports that Tyrel is irritable at times and has also had some sleep disturbances (which she reports as “trouble staying asleep”). She reports that he has been more and more difficult to get to school as he has become nervous around his classmates. He has missed about 8 days over the course of the last 3 weeks. He has also stopped playing with his best friend from across the street. Anxiety disorder, OCD – Tyrel Essay Assignment Decision Tree.

    His mother reports that she feels “responsible” for his current symptoms. She explains that after he was sick with strep throat a few weeks ago, she encouraged him to be more careful about washing his hands after playing with other children, handling things that did not belong to him, and especially before eating. Anxiety disorder, OCD – Tyrel Essay Assignment Decision Tree. She continues by saying “maybe if I didn’t make such a big deal about it, he would not be obsessed with germs.”

    Per Shaquana, her pregnancy with Tyrel was uncomplicated, and Tyrel has met all developmental milestones on time. He has had an uneventful medical history and is current on all immunizations.

    OBJECTIVE

    During your assessment of Tyrel, he seems cautious being around you. He warms a bit as you discuss school, his friends at school, and what he likes to do. He admits that he has been feeling “nervous” lately, but when you question him as to why, he simply shrugs his shoulders.

    When you discuss his handwashing with him, he tells you that “handwashing is the best way to keep from getting sick.” When you question him how many times a day he washes his hands, he again shrugs his shoulders. You can see that his bilateral hands are dry. Throughout your assessment, Tyrel reveals that he has been thinking of how dirty his hands are; and no matter how hard he tries to stop thinking about his “dirty” hands, he is unable to do so. He reports that he gets “really nervous” and “scared” that he will get sick, and that the only way to make himself feel better is to wash his hands. Anxiety disorder, OCD – Tyrel Essay Assignment Decision Tree. He reports that it does work for a while and that he feels “better” after he washes his hands, but then a little while later, he will begin thinking “did I wash my hands well enough? What if I missed an area?” He reports that he can feel himself getting more and more “scared” until he washes his hands again.

    MENTAL STATUS EXAM

    Tyrel is alert and oriented to all spheres. Eye contact varies throughout the clinical interview. He reports his mood as “good,” admits to anxiety. Affect consistent to self-reported mood. He denies visual/auditory hallucinations. No overt delusional or paranoid thought processes were apparent. He denies suicidal ideation.

    Lab studies obtained from Tyrel’s pediatric nurse practitioner were all within normal parameters. An antistreptolysin O antibody titer was obtained for reasons you are unclear of, and this titer was shown to be above normal parameters.

    Decision Point One

    BASED ON THE INFORMATION PROVIDED IN THE SCENARIO ABOVE, WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING DIAGNOSES WOULD THE PMHNP GIVE TO TYREL?

    In your write-up of this case, be certain to link specific symptoms presented in the case to DSM–5 criteria to support your diagnosis.

    Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

    Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

    Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections (“PANDAS”)

    Decision Point One

     
    Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

    Decision Point Two

    Begin Paxil 10 mg orally daily

    RESULTS OF DECISION POINT TWO

     Client returns to clinic in four weeks

     Upon return to the clinic, Tyrel’s mother reported that he has had some decrease in his symptoms. She notices that he is still handwashing frequently, but thinks that the frequency has decreased “a bit.” Anxiety disorder, OCD – Tyrel Essay Assignment Decision Tree. She also reports that Tyrel has not fully embraced returning to school, but that his attendance has improved.

    Decision Point Three

    Increase Paxil to 20 mg orally daily

    Guidance to Student

    While GAD was not the actual diagnosis in this case, the child’s OCD symptoms did decrease with Paxil. Although Paxil is not FDA-approved for treatment of OCD in children, it is an SSRI like Sertraline and Fluvoxamine, which are FDA-approved for the treatment of OCD. So if there are no objectionable side effects and the symptoms appear to be decreasing, there may be no need to change drugs, but optimizing the dose may be a better choice. Augmentation with psychotherapy may also be useful, but the current dose of Paxil is still somewhat low, so augmenting with psychotherapy would be a good idea, but in and of itself would not be sufficient to meet this child’s needs.

    Finally, while the PMHNP could consider changing to Fluvoxamine, the “controlled release” preparation is not FDA-approved for use in children with OCD (see “Special Populations: Children and Adolescents” in the Fluvoxamine monograph of Stahl’s 
    Prescriber’s Guide
     for further details). Anxiety disorder, OCD – Tyrel Essay Assignment Decision Tree. Fluvoxamine 100 mg orally daily may not be tolerated in the morning secondary to the drug’s sigma-1 antagonist properties, which can cause sedation. Dosing of Fluvoxamine should be such that the larger dose is given in the evening to minimize daytime sedation.

    Decision Point Two

     

    Begin Zoloft 50 mg orally daily

    RESULTS OF DECISION POINT TWO

     Client returns to clinic in four weeks

     Upon return to the clinic, Tyrel’s mother reported that he has had some decrease in his symptoms. She notices that he is still handwashing frequently, but thinks that the frequency has decreased “a bit.” Anxiety disorder, OCD – Tyrel Essay Assignment Decision Tree. She also reports that Tyrel has not fully embraced returning to school, but that his attendance has improved. Tyrel’s mom is concerned about the decrease in Tyrel’s appetite. She reports that he has been having some decreased appetite and has complained of feeling “sick to his stomach.”

    Decision Point Three

    Change to Fluvoxamine controlled release 100 mg orally every morning

    Guidance to Student

    In terms of an actual diagnosis, the child’s main symptoms are most consistent with obsessive-compulsive disorder. There may also be an element of social phobia developing, but at this point, the PMHNP has not assessed the nature of the school avoidance—that is, why is the child avoiding school. Notice that nothing in the scenario tells us that the PMHNP has assessed this.

    Although the child had OCD and not GAD, Zoloft is FDA-approved to treat OCD in children. The starting dose is 25 mg orally daily. However, it is important to increase from the starting dose to an appropriate therapeutic dose to effectively manage symptoms. Starting at too high a dose can result in unfavorable side effects (gastrointestinal side effects are notable in this drug), and we can see that Tyrel is experiencing nausea and decreased appetite. In this case, it is recommended to wait to see if the side effects dissipate. Anxiety disorder, OCD – Tyrel Essay Assignment Decision Tree. Decreasing the dose to 12.5 mg orally daily for about 3 or 4 days, then going back to 25 mg orally daily may help to overcome the unfavorable side effects. If side effects persist, the PMHNP may need to consider switching to a different medication.

    Fluvoxamine controlled release is not FDA-approved for use in children with OCD (see “Special Populations: Children and Adolescents” in the Fluvoxamine monograph of Stahl’s 
    Prescribers Guide
     for further details). Fluvoxamine 100 mg orally daily may not be tolerated in the morning secondary to the drug’s sigma-1 antagonist properties, which can cause sedation. Dosing of Fluvoxamine should be such that the larger dose is given in the evening to minimize daytime sedation. It is also worth noting that nothing in the scenario tells us that the Zoloft will not be effective.

    Cognitive behavioral therapy is the psychotherapy of choice for treating OCD. However, in this case, the PMHNP assumed he/she was working with GAD, which may have delayed some of the work of CBT—that is, the focus of the sessions would have focused on the obsessive thoughts/compulsive behaviors versus a generalized anxiety. Anxiety disorder, OCD – Tyrel Essay Assignment Decision Tree. However, in this case, the diagnostic challenge made it difficult.

    Decision Point One

     
    Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections (“PANDAS”)

    Decision Point Two

    Refer client to a pediatric neurologist

    RESULTS OF DECISION POINT TWO

     Client returns to clinic in four weeks

     You learn that the pediatric neurologist completed a comprehensive assessment on Tyrel, and although symptoms of OCD seem to have occurred after he was sick, and although antistreptolysin O titers were elevated, there is insufficient evidence for the diagnosis of PANDAS.

    Decision Point Three

    Begin Risperdal 0.5 mg orally twice a day

    Guidance to Student

    If the PMHNP believes that PANDAS is the most likely diagnosis, he or she should consider the nature of the disorder and the extent of the management, which may include high doses of steroids, the potential for plasma exchange therapy, and possibly monoclonal antibody therapy. A scope of practice considerations should be undertaken—that is, does the PMHNP have the necessary knowledge, skills, and abilities to undertake the care of this client? The PMHNP should consider working in collaboration with the pediatric neurologist to optimize outcomes for this client and his family. Although antistreptolysin O and other titers indicate recent alpha streptococci infection, it should be noted that these titers can remain elevated for weeks after the infection and do not necessarily represent the development of negative sequelae such as PANDAS.

    In terms of an actual diagnosis, the child’s main symptoms are most consistent with obsessive-compulsive disorder. There may also be an element of social phobia developing, but at this point, the PMHNP has not assessed the nature of the school avoidance—that is, why is the child avoiding school. Anxiety disorder, OCD – Tyrel Essay Assignment Decision Tree. Notice that nothing in the scenario tells us that the PMHNP has assessed this.

    Zoloft is FDA-approved to treat OCD in children. The starting dose is 25 mg orally daily. However, it is important to increase from the starting dose to an appropriate therapeutic dose to effectively manage symptoms. In this scenario, Fluvoxamine (immediate release) 25 mg orally daily would be the most appropriate agent.

    Week 7: Learning and Motor Disorders in Childhood

    “I had a substitute teacher today, so it was not a good day. She thought I was goofing off, but I could not help myself. As much as I tried to hold back, knowing she would freak out, I felt like a volcano. I erupted with a sound, kinda like a bullfrog that lasted for almost 10 minutes. She kept telling me to quiet down, but I could not help myself. Then the physical stretching and flexing of my neck started. She was really mad. Finally, my friend told her about me. It was embarrassing.”

    Samuel, age 9

    Learning disorders represent a diagnostic challenge in that many of the features of learning disorders overlap with ADHD. Appropriate diagnosis is essential to proper treatment. Anxiety disorder, OCD – Tyrel Essay Assignment Decision Tree. Motor disorders can be a source of considerable distress for both the child and their parents. Appropriate diagnosis is required in order to initiate the most appropriate treatment to minimize the impact of these conditions on the child.

    This week, you work with your group again to develop a Parent Guide for an assigned learning or motor disorder. For your practicum, you examine the practice of voluntary and involuntary commitment of children and adolescents with mental health disorders.

    Photo Credit: PT Images

    Anxiety disorder, OCD – Tyrel Essay Assignment Decision Tree Learning Resources

    Note:
     To access this week’s required library resources, please click on the link to the Course Readings List, found in the 
    Course Materials
     section of your Syllabus.

    Required Readings

    American Nurses Association. (2014).
    Psychiatric-mental health nursing: Scope and standards of practice (2nd ed.)
    . Washington, DC: Author.

    Standard 9 “Evidence-Based Practice and Research” (pages 71-72)

    Sadock, B. J., Sadock, V. A., & Ruiz, P. (2014).
    Kaplan & Sadock’s synopsis of psychiatry: Behavioral sciences/clinical psychiatry
    (11th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer.

    Chapter 4, “Theories of Personality and Psychopathology” (pp. 151–191)

    Chapter 31, “Child Psychiatry” (pp. 1181–1205)

    American Psychiatric Association. (2013).
    Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
    (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

    “Neurodevelopmental Disorders”

    “Specific Learning Disorder”

    “Motor Disorders”

    Note:
    You will access this book from the Walden Library databases.

    Murphy, T. K., Lewin, A. B., Storch, E. A., Stock, S. (2013). Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with tic disorders.
    Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
    ,
    52
    (12), 1341–1359. Retrieved from http://www.jaacap.com/article/S0890-8567(13)00695-3/pdf

    McGarvey, E. L., Leon-Verdin, M., Wancheck, T. N., & Bonnie, R. J. (2013). Decisions to initiate involuntary commitment: The role of intensive community services and other factors.
    Psychiatric Services
    ,
    64
    (2), 120–126.

    Note:
    You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.

    Kaltiala-Heino, R. (2010). Anxiety disorder, OCD – Tyrel Essay Assignment Decision Tree . Involuntary commitment and detainment in adolescent psychiatric inpatient care.
    Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
    ,
    45
    (8),785–793. doi:10.1007/s00127-009-0116-3

    Note:
    You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.

    Lindsey, M. A., Joe, S., Muroff, J., & Ford, B. E. (2010). Social and clinical factors associated with psychiatric emergency service use and civil commitment among African-American youth.
    General Hospital Psychiatry
    ,
    32
    (3)
    ,
    300–309. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2010.01.007

    Note:
    You will access this article from the Walden Library databases.

    Stahl, S. M. (2014).
    Prescriber’s Guide: Stahl’s Essential Psychopharmacology
    (5th ed.). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

     

    Note:
    All Stahl resources can be accessed through the Walden Library using the link. This link will take you to a login page for the Walden Library. Once you log in to the library, the Stahl website will appear.

     

    To access information on the following medications, click on The Prescriber’s Guide, 5th Ed. tab on the Stahl Online website and select the appropriate medication. Anxiety disorder, OCD – Tyrel Essay Assignment Decision Tree.

    Review the following medications:

    Tourette syndrome

    Pervasive developmental disorders

    clonidine

    haloperidol

    pimozide

    guanfacine

    Note:
     Many of these medications are FDA approved for adults only. Some are FDA approved for disorders in children and adolescents. Many are used “off label” for the disorders examined in this week. As you read the Stahl drug monographs, focus your attention on FDA approvals for children/adolescents (including “ages” for which the medication is approved, if applicable) and further note which drugs are “off label.”

    Optional Resources

    Thapar, A., Pine, D. S., Leckman, J. F., Scott, S., Snowling, M. J., & Taylor, E. A. (2015).
    Rutter’s child and adolescent psychiatry
    (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Blackwell.

    Chapter 47, “Children With Specific Sensory Impairments” (pp. 612–622)

    Anxiety disorder, OCD – Tyrel Essay Assignment Decision Tree Discussion: Parent Guide

    Learning disorders and motor disorders can be difficult for parents to understand. They often have many questions that go unanswered and can create considerable misunderstanding. This misunderstanding can damage the child/parent relationship. The PMHNP can answer questions and provide guidance for the family in order to help reduce the uncertainty of the disorders.

    For the Discussion, you will work with your group again to develop a Parent Guide for your assigned disorder.

    Learning Objectives

    Students will:

    Analyze signs and symptoms of learning and motor disorders in childhood

    Analyze pathophysiology of learning and motor disorders in childhood

    Analyze diagnosis and treatment methods for learning and motor disorders in childhood

    Evaluate Parent Guides

    To Prepare for this Discussion:

    Your Instructor will assign you to a group and a disorder by Day 1 of Week 2.

    Review the resources concerning your assigned disorder.

    Use your group’s Discussion Board to design and develop the Parent Guide before posting to the group wiki. For further guidance, refer to the 
    Accessing Group Discussions
     instructions below. Anxiety disorder, OCD – Tyrel Essay Assignment Decision Tree.

    Using evidence-based research, design and develop a Parent Guide for your assigned disorder including:

    Signs and symptoms

    Pathophysiology

    How the disorder is diagnosed

    Treatment options

    Provide a minimum of three academic references.

    By Day 5

    One designated group member
     should post the completed Parent Guide to the Discussion.

    By Day 7

    Respond
     to at least 
    two
     other groups’ wikis by providing at least two contributions for improving or including in their Parent Guide and at least two things that you like about their guide. Anxiety disorder, OCD – Tyrel Essay Assignment Decision Tree.

    Submission and Grading Information

    Accessing Group Discussions and Wikis

    To access your group’s discussion
    , click on the 
    Parent Guide Groups
     link. Once you have clicked on the link, select your assigned team (e.g., Team A, Team B, Team C, etc.) to access your team’s home page. Select 
    Group Discussion Board
     under the Group Tools menu to work on your participate in your group’s discussion.

    To access your group’s wiki
    , click on the 
    Parent Guide Groups
     link. Once you have clicked on the link, select your assigned team (e.g., Team A, Team B, Team C, etc.) to access your team’s home page.

    Creating a Wiki Page

    Create the first wiki topic page by entering the group’s wiki area and selecting 
    Create Wiki Page
    . Use the group’s assigned disorder as the name of your wiki. Then add your Parent Guide in the Content text box. You can use the editor functions to format the text and include files, images, web links, multimedia, and mashups. Anxiety disorder, OCD – Tyrel Essay Assignment Decision Tree Select 
    Submit
     when you have completed the wiki page.

    Grading Criteria

    To access your rubric:

    Week 7 Parent Guide Discussion Rubric

    To access your group discussion / wiki:

    Parent Guide Groups

    Post to Discussion by Day 5 and Respond by Day 7

    To participate in this Discussion:

    Parent Guide Groups – Week 7

    Assignment 1: Practicum Journal: Voluntary and Involuntary Commitment

    PMHNPs may find themselves working in a wide variety of settings—each having their own unique challenges and inherent legal issues. For instance, what do you do in your state of practice when you are providing a therapy/treatment session and a client reports active suicidal ideation? What do you do if you are covering inpatient psychiatric consults and are called to see a patient in the ICU who overdosed on prescription medication requiring intubation? Anxiety disorder, OCD – Tyrel Essay Assignment Decision Tree What do you do if you are a PMHNP on an inpatient unit and a client who admitted themselves on a voluntary basis suddenly states that they have decided to sign themselves out of the hospital so that they can go home to kill themselves? These are just some of the legal questions that PMHNPs must know the answers to specific to their state of licensure/practice.

    In this Assignment, you investigate your state’s laws concerning voluntary and involuntary commitment. You also analyze a case to determine if the client is eligible for involuntary commitment.

    Scenario for Week 7 Case:

    You are a PMHNP working in a large intercity hospital. You receive a call from the answering service informing you that a “stat” consult has been ordered by one of the hospitalists in the ICU. Upon arriving in the ICU, you learn that your consult is a 14 year old male who overdosed on approximately 50 Benadryl (diphenhydramine hydrochloride) tablets in an apparent suicide attempt. At the scene, a suicide note was found indicating that he wanted to die because his girlfriend’s parents felt that their daughter was too young to be “dating.” The client stated in the suicide note that he could not “live without her” and decided to take his own life. Although he has been medically stabilized and admitted to the ICU, he has been refusing to talk with the doctors or nurses. The hospital staff was finally able to get in touch with the clients parents (using contact information retrieved from the 14 year old’s cell phone). Anxiety disorder, OCD – Tyrel Essay Assignment Decision Tree. Unbeknown to the hospital staff, the parents are divorced, and both showed up at the hospital at approximately the same time, each offering their own perspectives on what ought to be done. The client’s father is demanding that the client be hospitalized because of the suicide, but his mother points out that he does not have “physical custody” of the child. The client’s mother demands that the client be discharged to home with her stating that her son’s actions were nothing more than a “stunt” and “an attempt at manipulating the situation that he didn’t like.” The client’s mother then becomes “nasty” and informs you that she works as a member of the clerical staff for the state board of nursing, and if you fail to discharge her child “right now” she will make you “sorry.” How would you proceed?

    Anxiety disorder, OCD – Tyrel Essay Assignment Decision Tree Learning Objectives

    Students will:

    Evaluate clients for voluntary commitment

    Evaluate clients for involuntary commitment based on state laws

    Recommend actions for supporting parents of clients not eligible for involuntary commitment

    Recommend actions for treating clients not eligible for involuntary commitment

    To Prepare for this Practicum:

    Review the Learning Resources concerning voluntary and involuntary commitment.

    Read the Week 7 Scenario in your Learning Resources.

    Research your state’s laws concerning voluntary and involuntary commitment.

    The Anxiety disorder, OCD – Tyrel Essay Assignment Decision Tree (2–3 pages):

    Based on the scenario, would you recommend that the client be voluntarily committed? Why or why not?

    Based on the laws in your state, would the client be eligible for involuntary commitment? Explain why or why not.

    Did understanding the state laws confirm or challenge your initial recommendation regarding involuntarily committing the client? Explain.

    If the client were not eligible for involuntary commitment, explain what actions you may be able to take to support the parents for or against voluntary commitment.

    If the client were not eligible for involuntary commitment, explain what initial actions you may be able to take to begin treating the client.

    By Day 7

    Submit 
    your Anxiety disorder, OCD – Tyrel Essay Assignment Decision Tree Assignment.

    Submission and Grading Information

    To submit your completed Assignment for review and grading, do the following:

    Please save your Assignment using the naming convention “WK7Assgn1+last name+first initial.(extension)” as the name.

    Click the 
    Week 7 Assignment 1 Rubric 
    to review the Grading Criteria for the Assignment.

    Click the 
    Week 7 Assignment 1 
    link. You will also be able to “View Rubric” for grading criteria from this area.

    Next, from the Attach File area, click on the 
    Browse My Computer
     button. Find the document you saved as “WK7Assgn1+last name+first initial.(extension)” and click 
    Open
    . Anxiety disorder, OCD – Tyrel Essay Assignment Decision Tree.

    If applicable: From the Plagiarism Tools area, click the checkbox for 
    I agree to submit my paper(s) to the Global Reference Database
    .

    Click on the 
    Submit
     button to complete your submission.

    Grading Criteria

    To access your rubric:

    Week 7 Assignment 1 Rubric

    Check Your Assignment Draft for Authenticity

    To check your Assignment draft for authenticity:

    Submit your Week 7 Assignment 1 draft and review the originality report.

    Submit Your Assignment by Day 7

    To submit your Assignment:

    Week 7 Assignment 1

    Assignment 2: Practicum: Week 5 Decision Tree

    By Day 7

    Submit 
    your Assignment. Refer to Week 5 for additional guidance.

    Submission and Grading Information

    To submit your completed Assignment for review and grading, do the following:

    Please save your Assignment using the naming convention “WK7Assgn2+last name+first initial.(extension)” as the name.

    Click the 
    Week 7 Assignment 2 Rubric 
    to review the Grading Criteria for the Assignment.

    Click the 
    Week 7 Assignment 2 
    link. You will also be able to “View Rubric” for grading criteria from this area.

    Next, from the Attach File area, click on the 
    Browse My Computer
     button. Find the document you saved as “WK7Assgn2+last name+first initial.(extension)” and click 
    Open
    . Anxiety disorder, OCD – Tyrel Essay Assignment Decision Tree.

    If applicable: From the Plagiarism Tools area, click the checkbox for 
    I agree to submit my paper(s) to the Global Reference Database
    .

    Click on the 
    Submit
     button to complete your submission.

    Grading Criteria

    To access your rubric:

    Week 7 Assignment 2 Rubric

    Check Your Assignment Draft for Authenticity

    To check your Assignment draft for authenticity:

    Submit your Week 7 Assignment 2 draft and review the originality report.

    Submit Your Assignment by Day 7

    To submit your Assignment:

    Week 7 Assignment 2

    Assignment 3: Board Vitals

    This week you will be responding to twenty Board Vitals questions that cover a broad review of your Nurse Practitioner program courses up to this point.

    These review questions will provide practice that is critical in your preparation for the national certification exam that’s required to certify you to practice as a nurse practitioner. Anxiety disorder, OCD – Tyrel Essay Assignment Decision Tree. These customized test questions are designed to help you prepare for your Nurse Practitioner certification exam. It is in your best interest to take your time, do your best, and answer each question to the best of your ability.

    You can access Board Vitals through the link sent to you in email or by following the link below:

    https://www.boardvitals.com/

    By Day 7

    Complete the Board Vitals questions.

    Practicum Reminder

    Time Logs

    You are required to keep a log of the time you spend related to your practicum experience 
    and enter every patient you see each day
    . You can access your time log from the Welcome Page in your Meditrek account. You track time individually for each patient you work with. Please make sure to continuously input your hours throughout the term.

    Making Connections

    This week, you worked with your group to develop a Parent Guide for an assigned learning or motor disorder. For your practicum, you examined the practice of voluntary and involuntary commitment of children and adolescents with mental health disorders.

    Anxiety disorder, OCD – Tyrel Essay Assignment Decision Tree Next week, you will debate the theory that bipolar depression can or cannot be diagnosed in children and adolescents.

  • Legal and Ethical Considerations for Group and Family Therapy Discussion Essay Samples

    Legal and Ethical Considerations for Group and Family Therapy Discussion Essay Samples -1

    Psychotherapy is a proven method in the treatment of various psychiatric disorders in both the individual and group setting. Individual therapy consists of the application of a therapeutic process with an individual and the treating clinician and group therapy applies the same concept but consists of two or more individuals seeking therapeutic intervention. Regardless of the setting, the practicing clinician muse be aware of the legal and ethical implications that come with treating clients in both individual and group psychotherapy sessions. Legal and Ethical Considerations for Group and Family Therapy Discussion Essay Samples.

    ORDER A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HERE

    Legal and Ethical Considerations in Individual and Group Therapy

    According to Wheeler (2014), group therapy offers the ability to increase access to care for clients, to diversify one’s practice by offering services other than individual, couples, or family therapy, while at the same time affording clients a cost-effective and evidence-based intervention for addressing their mental health issues. Legal and Ethical Considerations for Group and Family Therapy Discussion Essay Samples. In both individual and group therapy settings there are certain guidelines that must be maintained to prevent consequential ethical or legal implications. in both individual and group therapy, privacy and confidentiality must be maintained unless the clinician has just cause to believe that either the individual client or a member of a group is a danger to themselves or another person. However, in group therapy these rules do not just span between one client and the treating clinician and the therapist must be cognizant of this fact. According to Breeskin (2011), “Anything that is said between any two or more group members at any time is part of the group and is confidential.”  Legal and Ethical Considerations for Group and Family Therapy Discussion Essay Samples.

    Another ethical implication seen in both individual and group therapy is informed consent. Informed consent allows the client or clients to have enough information regarding the services provided within the therapeutic environment so that they can decide whether they will participate. All clients should be given an orientation to the therapeutic setting including appropriate boundaries, limits, goal setting, and expected behaviors. In group therapy, all legal implications associated with maintaining the privacy of participants protected health information still applies as seen with individual therapy. Participants within the group should be encouraged during the orientation phase and throughout the duration of the group to maintain the confidentiality of all group members. According to McClanahan (2014), confidentiality should become one of the most important group norms, and it should be discussed openly, throughly and often among group members. This implication also applies to group therapy settings involving minors. Guardians must be informed of the application of confidentiality and given disclosure that complete confidentiality cannot be promised as seen in individual therapy settings. According to Ware & Dillman-Taylor (2014), similar to any intervention involving multiple people, therapists cannot promisr complete confidentiality because of one’s lack of control of other members and possible situations of required reporting and must be discussed with parents.

    When providing services to clients in the group or family setting versus those in the individual therapy environment, the therapeutic environment might be impacted if these factors are not taken into account. The therapist must be aware that the therapeutic dynamic is altered when dealing with a group versus a individual therapy session. Client trust and therapeutic alliance will need to established not only with the group facilitator but also with the group participants to meet the goals of the formation of the particular group session. Group members should feel free to interact within the therapeutic environment without fear of intimidation, judgment or unnecessary disclosure of their private thoughts or experiences. The principles of interpersonal learning, group cohesiveness, and catharsis are all impacted by some of these considerations. The competent psychotherapist will also be aware of their abilities in providing effective treatment using the appropriate treatment modalities. According to Wheeler (2014), proficiency in specific theoretical orientations is a necessity for all practicing psychotherapists, but awareness of the nuances, ambiguities, and subtleties of interpersonal interaction, and how to handle them in the immediacy of the clinical encounter to therapeutic effect; are indispensable. Legal and Ethical Considerations for Group and Family Therapy Discussion Essay Samples.

    References

    Breeskin, J. (2011). Procedures and guidelines for group therapy. 
    The Group Psychologist, 21
    (1). Retrieved from http://www.apadivisions.org/division-49/publications/newsletter/group-psychologist/2011/04/group-procedures.aspx

    McClanahan, K.K. (2014). 
    Can confidentiality be maintained in group therapy? 
    Retrieved from http://nationalpsychologist.com/2014/07/can-confidentiality-be-maintained-in-group-therapy/102566.html

    Ware, J.N., & Dillman-Taylor, D. (2014). Concerns about confidentiality: The application of ethical decision-making within group play therapy. 
    International Journal of Play Therapy, 23
    (3), 172-186. doi:10.1037/a0036667

    Wheeler, K. (Eds.). (2014). 
    Psychotherapy for the advanced practice psychiatric nurse: A how to guide for evidence-based practice. 
    New York, NY: Springer.

     

    Legal and Ethical Considerations for Group and Family Therapy Discussion Essay Samples – 2

    Group therapy is a form of psychotherapy in which a group of patients meet to describe and discuss their problems together under the supervision of a therapist (Tracy & Wallace, 2016). Family therapy is a form of psychotherapy that works with families and couples in intimate relationships to nurture change and development (Szapoczni, Schwartz, Muir, & Brown, 2012). It tends to view change in terms of the systems of interaction between family members and emphasizes family relationships as an important factor in psychological health (Szapoczni et al., 2012). Individual therapy is a joint process between a therapist and a person in therapy with the common goals of therapy being to inspire change or improve the quality of life for the individual in therapy (Tracy et al., 2016). Legal and Ethical Considerations for Group and Family Therapy Discussion Essay Samples.

    Maintaining confidentiality is the foundation of psychotherapy and without the assurance of confidentiality, the clients in either forms of psychotherapy cannot be expected to reveal embarrassing, sometimes personally damaging information in the selected treatment setting (McClanahan, 2014). It is important to remember that the ethical requirement of confidentiality overlaps with the law so some of the answers to situations the therapist will experience can only occur with an understanding of both ethics and law (McClanahan, 2014). Issues of confidentiality are complex and members of the American Psychological Association (APA) report that the most common dilemma for therapist providing individual therapy involve confidentiality (McClanahan, 2014). Those dilemmas become even more complex when group or family is provided (McClanahan, 2014). Definitive guidelines are provided by associations specifically dedicated to group/family work stating group workers define confidentiality and its limits (for example, legal and ethical exceptions and expectations; waivers implicit with treatment plans; documentation and insurance coverage) (McClanahan, 2014). Group/family therapists have the responsibility to inform all individuals participating of the need for confidentiality, potential consequences of breaching confidentiality and that legal privilege does not apply to group/family discussion, unless provided by state statute (McClanahan, 2014).

    Another important difference is the provider during group/family therapy is no longer dedicated to the individual client nor functions exclusively as the client’s agent (Ezhumalai, Muralidhar, Dhanasekarapandian, & Nikketha, 2018). Legal and Ethical Considerations for Group and Family Therapy Discussion Essay Samples. The provider recognizes the responsibility to participate in activities contributing to an overall improved community (Ezhumalia et al., 2018).

    This can be used in clinical practice by maintaining an atmosphere of trust when holding a group or family session, due to all the members potentially speaking openly about their feelings and talking directly to one another about their personal problems (Ezhumalia et al., 2018). It will be important for the therapist to promote that no one will be forced to divulge their deepest secrets and to promote an environment that group/family member to feel free to relate openly and honestly with others in the effort to discover that they are not alone in their issues (Ezhumalia et al., 2014).

    References:

    Ezhumalai, S., Muralidhar, D., Dhanasekarapandian, R., & Nikketha, B. S. (2018). Group interventions. 
    Indian Journal of Psychiatry
    , 
    60
    (Suppl 4), S514–S521. http://doi.org/10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_42_18

    McClanahan, K. (2014). Legal and Ethical Considerations for Group and Family Therapy Discussion Essay Samples. Can confidentiality be maintained in group therapy? 
    The National Psychologist. 
    Retrieved from: https://nationalpsychologist.com/2014/07/can-confidentiality-be-maintained-in-group-therapy/102566.html

    Szapocznik, J., Schwartz, S. J., Muir, J. A., & Brown, C. H. (2012). Brief Strategic Family Therapy: An Intervention to Reduce Adolescent Risk Behavior. 
    Couple & Family Psychology
    , 
    1
    (2), 134–145. http://doi.org/10.1037/a0029002

    Tracy, K., & Wallace, S. P. (2016). Benefits of peer support groups in the treatment of addiction. 
    Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation
    , 
    7
    , 143–154. http://doi.org/10.2147/SAR.S81535

     

    Legal and Ethical Considerations for Group and Family Therapy Discussion Essay Samples – 3

    Legal and ethics

    Legal and ethical consideration are very important during therapy  to protect patient privacy. And as a practitioner, the code of ethics  requires that I must adhere to the code. Different states have different laws that govern privacy and thus one should familiarize with them and recognize the extent and limits of confidentiality  regulated by law. Legal and Ethical Considerations for Group and Family Therapy Discussion Essay Samples. Legal and Ethical Considerations for Group and Family Therapy Discussion Essay Samples. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) contains a privacy rule that creates national standards to protect individuals’ medical records and personal health information, including information about psychotherapy and mental health.

    Group verses individual therapy confidentiality

    In group therapy and family therapy, confidentiality is not guaranteed, according to McClanahan 2014, the  information revealed to the therapist  is also revealed to other group members, and there is no guarantee that other group members will maintain confidentiality. For individual therapy, at least it’s between the therapist and the client and therefore confidentiality is maintained. According to The APA Ethical Guidelines, there is little specificity regarding confidentiality in group therapy.

    Privileged information

    The difference of group therapy and family therapy from the individual therapy is the privileged information. In most states, privileged communication does not exist in group settings due to the third-party rule, which states that information revealed in front of a third party was not intended to be private and is not privileged, McClanahan (2014). Legal and Ethical Considerations for Group and Family Therapy Discussion Essay Samples. Therefore, group members may be called to testify against their peers regarding information obtained in group sessions unless provided by a state statute. On the other hand, individual therapy notes  are confidential and privileged. According to U.S. Department of Health &Human Services. (2014), Privacy Rule requires a covered entity to obtain a patient’s authorization prior to a disclosure of psychotherapy notes for any reason, including a disclosure for treatment purposes to a health care provider other than the originator of the notes [45 CFR 164.508(a)(2)].

    Impact your therapeutic approaches

    The impact of these differences on therapeutic approaches is the consequences of breach these confidentiality and privileges. Remember that a breach of confidentiality can be a malpractice liability (Loewenberg, Dolgoff, & Harrington, 2000). The client competence is also important because impaired cognition may impair the understanding of the consents entered between the client and the practitioner or is obtained under duress. Legal and Ethical Considerations for Group and Family Therapy Discussion Essay Samples. Other consideration that may arise is mandatory reporting and mandated  treatments which may impact therapy approaches.

    References

    U.S. Department of Health &Human Services. (2014). HIPAA privacy rule and sharing    Information related to mental health. Retrieved from http://www.hhs.gov/sites/default             /files/ocr/privacy/hipaa/understanding/speail/mhguidencepdf.pdf

    Loewenberg, F. M.; Dolgoff, R. & Harrington, D. (2000). Ethical decisions for social work          practice, 6th edition. Itasca, IL: F. E. Peacock.

    McClanahan, K. K. (2014) Can confidentiality be maintained in group therapy? Retrieved            from http://nationalpsychologist.com/2014/07/can-confidentaility-be-maintained-in-       group-therapy/102566.html

     

    Legal and Ethical Considerations for Group and Family Therapy Discussion Essay Samples – 4

    During this week’s group and family therapy sessions, I have been able to witness how different these sessions are compared to individuals’ sessions from previous class. Legal and Ethical Considerations for Group and Family Therapy Discussion Essay Samples. Some of the differences and challenges, I noted were in relation to different groups and family’s dynamics and issues 

    issues 
    like 
    group
     members 
    privacy and 
    confidentiality.
    It’
    s
     very importance to maintain confidentiality during group or family session to have trust 
    and 
    maintain cohesion failure to which can have major legal and ethical consequences. According to Letitia, Thomas & Emily (2013) as group treatment gains popularity, so does the awareness of the ethical dilemmas that often pose more of a problem in group treatment than in individual therapy. Confidentiality, for one, is an issue warranting much-needed attention in groups. Although therapists are ethically and legally bound, there are no standard rules in place for members of a group engaging in therapeutic dialogue. To reduce the fear surrounding violations of confidentiality, it is speculated that enhancing cohesion and trust among group members will put members at ease. 
    C
    onfidentiality is a cornerstone of healthy therapeutic relationships and effective treatment and is based upon the ethical principles of autonomy and fidelity, and to a lesser degree, beneficence and nonmaleficence. Group members should be encouraged to embrace the concept of confidentiality, making it their own rather than a rule the group therapist has mandated. When new group members join an ongoing group, they may be asked to sign or may have already signed a contract attesting to their commitment to 
    confidentiality
     (
    McClanahan
    , 
    2014
    ).
     

    There are several ethical standards that differential group from individual therapy. 
    According
     Corey et al., (2014) 
    it’s
     
    important
     to scr
    een
     clients in group therapy to ensure that they are in the right group for the topics being discussed and on the same token, screening client ensures that they and their issues are a good fit for the therapist and their level of expertise and experience with those issues is important. 
     Legal and Ethical Considerations for Group and Family Therapy Discussion Essay Samples.

    One of the issues 
    addressed
     in this 
    week’s 
    video
     
    assignment was how to 
    address 
    client’s 
    confidential
     
    information
     
    in case
     of court 
    subpoena. Each S
    tate and on rare occasional county
     
    addresses
     this issue 
    differently
     and 
    it’s
     on us 
    as therapists
     to stay 
    up to
     date with their jurisdiction mandate. Legal and Ethical Considerations for Group and Family Therapy Discussion Essay Samples. As already noted, group and family therapy require a different level of 
    confidentiality
     compared to individual therapy session. These differences have major impact on therapy and how the 
    sessions
     are 
    conducted
     including the rules and group members obligations to each other. Therapists 
    must
     consider the group dynamic and objective while ensuring that each individual client in the 
    group is catered 
    for (
    Cottone
     
    & 
    Tarvydas
    ,
     
    2016)
    . 
     

      

    References

    Corey, G., Schneider-Corey, M., & Haynes, R. (2014). 
    Groups in action: Evolution and 
    challenges 
    (2nd ed.). Belmont, Ca: Brooks/Cole.
     

    Cottone, R. R., & 
    Tarvydas
    , V. (2016). 
    Ethics and decision making in counseling and 
    psychotherapy., 4th ed
    . New York, NY, US: Springer Publishing Co.
     

    Letitia, E., Thomas, W., & Emily, E., (2013) Confidentiality and Cohesion in Groups: 
     
    Collaborative Story Building and Telling as a Means of Improving the Therapeutic 
    Experience.  Eastern Group Psychotherapy Society. Vol. 36, No. 4 (Winter 2013), pp. 
     
    317-331
     . Legal and Ethical Considerations for Group and Family Therapy Discussion Essay Samples.

    McClanahan, K. K. (2014). 
    Can confidentiality be maintained in group therapy?
     Retrieved from  
    http://nationalpsychologist.com/2014/07/can-confidentiality-be-maintained-in-group-
     
    therapy/102566.html
     

     

    Legal and Ethical Considerations for Group and Family Therapy Discussion Essay Samples – 5

    Psychotherapy is the use of psychological methods, particularly when based on regular personal interaction, to help a person change behavior and overcome problems in desired ways. Psychotherapy aims to improve an individual’s well being and mental health to resolve or mitigate troublesome behaviors, beliefs, compulsions, thoughts, or emotions, and to improve relationships and social skills (Psychotheraphy, 2018). Legal and Ethical Considerations for Group and Family Therapy Discussion Essay Samples.

    The role of psychotherapy is to facilitate the client’s work in ways which respect the client’s values, personal resources and capacity for self determination. The aim is to empower clients and encourage them to take control of their lives. Only when both therapist and client explicitly agree to enter into a therapy relationship does it become psychotherapy (Stefanazzi, 2018).

    Ethics are important, because they provide a map, a science of morality, which can support us to determine where our duty lies, what is the right course of action to take, that will cause no harm, and is not limited to personal advantage (Stefanazzi, 2018). Legal and Ethical Considerations for Group and Family Therapy Discussion Essay Samples.

     

    References

    Stefanazzi, M. (2018). Psychotheraphy. 
    IHIAP
     .Retrieved from https://iahip.org/inside-out/issue-58-summer-2009/ethical-issues-in-psychotherapy

    Psychotheraphy. (2018). 
    Wikipedia
     .Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychotherapy

     

    Legal and Ethical Considerations for Group and Family Therapy Discussion Essay Samples – 6

    Group therapy is a cost-effective choice for many patients without insurance (Wheeler, 2014). Group therapy provides therapists the opportunity to treat multiple patients at once allow greater access to treatment for clients (Wheeler, 2014).  Legal and Ethical Considerations for Group and Family Therapy Discussion Essay Samples. Approaches for individual psychotherapy offer understanding of the client from an intrapsychic, interpersonal, humanistic-existential, or cognitive behavioral perspective while family therapy strives to understand the client in the context of a system (Wheeler, 2014). IN terms of family therapy, clients have lived most of their lives growing up in a family and starting a new family.

    In group and family therapy, information revealed to the therapist as well as to other group members. Legal and ethical considerations differ from those of individual therapy. Therapists have the responsibility to inform all group participants of the need for confidentiality, potential consequences of breaching confidentiality, and that legal privilege does not apply to group discussions (Mclanahan, 2014).

    Confidentiality should be discussed with group members prior to entering the group therapy session. Potential group members should be informed that therapists may have a legal obligation to break confidentiality in certain circumstances such as a group member verbalizing intent to harm self or others. Therapists can assure confidentiality within the constraints of the law but, are unable to promise that other group members will maintain confidentiality (Mclanahan, 2014). Legal and Ethical Considerations for Group and Family Therapy Discussion Essay Samples. In most states, privileged communication does not exist in group settings due to the third-party rule, which states that information revealed in front of a third party was not intended to be private and is not privileged (Mclanahan, 2014). So, group members can testify against other group members regarding information that was revealed in group. In order to help maintain confidentiality, group members must embrace the concept of confidentiality and trust that other members will not reveal information discussed within the constraints of the law. In my own practice in the future, I will educate all members of my psychotherapy groups that is essential to maintain confidentiality to promote trust within the group.

    References:

    Mclanahan, K., (2014). 
    Can confidentiality be maintained n group therapy?
     Retrieved from https://nationalpsychologist.com/2014/07/can-confidentiality-be-maintained-in-group-therapy/102566.html

    Wheeler, K. (Ed.). (2014). 
    Psychotherapy for the advanced practice psychiatric nurse: A how-to guide for evidence-based practice.
     New York, NY: Springer. Legal and Ethical Considerations for Group and Family Therapy Discussion Essay Samples.

     

    Legal and Ethical Considerations for Group and Family Therapy Discussion Essay Samples – 7

    Group Therapy Premise

    Group therapy is formulated under several historical assumptions of human behavior and relationship. Fehr & Gaska (2013), explains that psychological basis for group dynamic stems from earlier philosophies regarding the inner circle as in ancient Chinese philosophy, to Rudolph Dreikurs’ group benefit philosophy. The group therapy model harness tribal instincts that may perhaps illicit benefits to the entirety of a tribe, but also reap benefits for the individual.

    Besides the inherent differences, group therapy compared to individual therapy helps the individual’s identity and personality emerge. Individuals may exhibit personalities that are different given the social conditions or environment ( Fehr & Gaska, 2013). For example, in a group setting, there can be social requirements, whether explicit or not, in order to progress a given interaction. The group dynamic helps people understand how they may shape the environment, and the environment could influence them ( Fehr & Gaska, 2013). For the sake of practicality, a group therapy model provides a greater simulation of the real-world. As in individual psychotherapy, there are many modalities that have been described and developed. Legal and Ethical Considerations for Group and Family Therapy Discussion Essay Samples.  However, not all are necessarily accepted by professionals.

    Legal and Ethical Implications

    Legal and ethical implications are especially concerning due to an increase in participating parties in group therapy. Unlike individual therapeutic relationships, where the client is reliant of the therapist for confidentiality, group dynamics require all participating members to adhere to ethical conducts. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA), outlines the responsibilities of clients, and providers in order to maintain privacy. Only under the patient’s discretion, or extreme circumstances can health information be shared (U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 2014). Legal and Ethical Considerations for Group and Family Therapy Discussion Essay Samples. However, confidentiality under the third party rule may not legally bind other participants within the group to the same standards as between the therapist and his or her clients (McClanahan, 2014). Legal and Ethical Considerations for Group and Family Therapy Discussion Essay Samples.

    Approaches to Group Therapy Implications

    The impact of these requirements require that the therapist take an active role in clearly establishing rules of conduct among group members. It may also be prudent to remove individuals when they are harmful to the standards of therapeutic relationships set forth. If members are known to be discussing the health and care of other members, while not illegal, it could be detrimental a trusting environment. Signed agreements can help hold members accountable, such that participants are given the rules beforehand and agree that they can be removed if they infringed on those prior agreements. Legal and Ethical Considerations for Group and Family Therapy Discussion Essay Samples.

    Fehr, S. S., & Gaska, J. M. (2013). 
    Introduction to group therapy : a practical guide
    . New York, New York ; Oxfordshire, England : Routledge, 2013.

    McClanahan, K. K. (2014). 
    Can confidentiality be maintained in group therapy?
     Retrieved from http://nationalpsychologist.com/2014/07/can-confidentiality-be-maintained-in-group-therapy/102566.html

    U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. (2014). 
    HIPAA privacy rule and sharing information related to mental health.
     Retrieved from http://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/ocr/privacy/hipaa/understanding/special/mhguidancepdf.pdf. Legal and Ethical Considerations for Group and Family Therapy Discussion Essay Samples.

  • Crimes of the Heart: A Case Study on Cardiac Anatomy

    Crimes of the Heart: A Case Study on Cardiac Anatomy

    Read the case study below and answer the questions associated with the case study.

    Crimes of the Heart: A Case Study on Cardiac Anatomy

    Tiffany is worried about her newborn son. Ever since she brought Caleb home from the hospital it has been so hard to get him to eat and he seems to be breathing too hard all the time. She stopped breastfeeding and tried every bottle and formula on the market, but nothing has worked. So, at his one month check-up, her stomach is in knots as they place Caleb on the scale. The nurse says, “9 pounds, 7 ounces.” Tiffaney realizes Caleb has only gained one pound since he was born and she breaks into tears. Crimes of the Heart: A Case Study on Cardiac Anatomy.

    ORDER A CUSTOM-WRITTEN PAPER NOW

    Tiffaney is worried about her newborn son. Ever since she brought Caleb home from the hospital it has been so hard to get him to eat and he seems to be breathing too hard all the time. She stopped breastfeeding and tried every bottle and formula on the market, but nothing has worked. So, at his one month check-up, her stomach is in knots as they place Caleb on the scale. The nurse says, “9 pounds, 7 ounces.” Tiffaney realizes Caleb has only gained one pound since he was born and she breaks into tears.

    Dr. Baker checks over Caleb in the exam room, taking extra time feeling and listening to his chest. During the exam, Tiffaney explains her struggle with trying to get her son to eat and how he cries almost the entire day. After the exam, Dr. Baker says, “When I listen to Caleb’s heart I hear an extra sound called a murmur. Crimes of the Heart: A Case Study on Cardiac Anatomy I want to use an echocardiogram and an ECG to get a good picture of all the parts of his heart.”

    After a full day of tests, Tiffaney meets with Dr. Baker in his office. He explains, “After a careful review of all the information, I have discovered that Caleb has a hole in the heart muscle wall between his right and left ventricles. We call it a ventricular septal defect. That is probably why he has been so irritable and hard to feed. The hole is not very big, but he will still need to have surgery to repair it.” Although the thought of her tiny son having surgery is terrifying, Tiffaney is relieved to know why things have been so tough at home. Crimes of the Heart: A Case Study on Cardiac Anatomy.

    Crimes of the Heart: A Case Study on Cardiac Anatomy Short Answer Questions:

    1. Dr. Baker spends a long time listening to (auscultating) Caleb’s heart. Where do you think would be the best place to auscultate Caleb’s abnormal heart sound? Explain your answer.

    2. Caleb has abnormal heart sounds that tipped the doctor off to a problem. In relation to the normal heart sounds, when would you expect to hear the abnormal sound Dr. Baker heard? Explain your answer.

    3. The defect in Caleb’s heart allows blood to mix between the two ventricular chambers. Due to this defect would you expect the blood to move from left-to-right ventricle or right-to-left ventricle during systole? Explain your answer.

    4. What happens to Caleb’s systemic cardiac output as a result of his ventricular septal defect (VSD)? Explain your answer.

    5. Based on the location of Caleb’s defect, what part of the conduction system might be at risk for abnormalities? Explain your answer.

    ****Read instructions below and answer bulletin below****

    2)I want to know where you find your nutrition information and how you distinguish quality from quackery. Crimes of the Heart: A Case Study on Cardiac Anatomy. Please identify 3 websites with nutrition information, and provide us with:

    —A link to each site

    —A brief description of the site

    —Reasoning for why you trust or don’t trust the content of the site

    Word Count is your choice for both assignments.

    Formatting is your choice also Crimes of the Heart: A Case Study on Cardiac Anatomy

    Read the case study below and answer the questions associated with the case study.

    Crimes of the Heart: A Case Study on Cardiac Anatomy

    Tiffany is worried about her newborn son. Ever since she brought Caleb home from the hospital it has been so hard to get him to eat and he seems to be breathing too hard all the time. She stopped breastfeeding and tried every bottle and formula on the market, but nothing has worked. So, at his one month check-up, her stomach is in knots as they place Caleb on the scale. Crimes of the Heart: A Case Study on Cardiac Anatomy The nurse says, “9 pounds, 7 ounces.” Tiffaney realizes Caleb has only gained one pound since he was born and she breaks into tears.

    Tiffaney is worried about her newborn son. Ever since she brought Caleb home from the hospital it has been so hard to get him to eat and he seems to be breathing too hard all the time. She stopped breastfeeding and tried every bottle and formula on the market, but nothing has worked. So, at his one month check-up, her stomach is in knots as they place Caleb on the scale. The nurse says, “9 pounds, 7 ounces.” Tiffaney realizes Caleb has only gained one pound since he was born and she breaks into tears.

    Dr. Baker checks over Caleb in the exam room, taking extra time feeling and listening to his chest. During the exam, Tiffaney explains her struggle with trying to get her son to eat and how he cries almost the entire day. After the exam, Dr. Baker says, “When I listen to Caleb’s heart I hear an extra sound called a murmur. I want to use an echocardiogram and an ECG to get a good picture of all the parts of his heart.” Crimes of the Heart: A Case Study on Cardiac Anatomy

    After a full day of tests, Tiffaney meets with Dr. Baker in his office. He explains, “After a careful review of all the information, I have discovered that Caleb has a hole in the heart muscle wall between his right and left ventricles. We call it a ventricular septal defect. That is probably why he has been so irritable and hard to feed. The hole is not very big, but he will still need to have surgery to repair it.” Although the thought of her tiny son having surgery is terrifying, Tiffaney is relieved to know why things have been so tough at home.

    Crimes of the Heart: A Case Study on Cardiac Anatomy Short Answer Questions:

    1. Dr. Baker spends a long time listening to (auscultating) Caleb’s heart. Where do you think would be the best place to auscultate Caleb’s abnormal heart sound? Explain your answer.

    2. Caleb has abnormal heart sounds that tipped the doctor off to a problem. In relation to the normal heart sounds, when would you expect to hear the abnormal sound Dr. Baker heard? Explain your answer.

    3. The defect in Caleb’s heart allows blood to mix between the two ventricular chambers. Due to this defect would you expect the blood to move from left-to-right ventricle or right-to-left ventricle during systole? Explain your answer.

    4. What happens to Caleb’s systemic cardiac output as a result of his ventricular septal defect (VSD)? Explain your answer.

    5. Based on the location of Caleb’s defect, what part of the conduction system might be at risk for abnormalities? Explain your answer. Crimes of the Heart: A Case Study on Cardiac Anatomy

    ****Read instructions below and answer bulletin below****

    2)I want to know where you find your nutrition information and how you distinguish quality from quackery. Please identify 3 websites with nutrition information, and provide us with:

    —A link to each site

    —A brief description of the site

    —Reasoning for why you trust or don’t trust the content of the site

    Word Count is your choice for both assignments.

    Formatting is your choice also Crimes of the Heart: A Case Study on Cardiac Anatomy

  • Home visit with Sallie Mae Fisher’s Health History and Discharge Orders Essay Assignment Paper

    Home visit with Sallie Mae Fisher’s Health History and Discharge Orders Essay Assignment Paper

    Sallie Mae Fisher Health History

    Ms. Fisher is an 82-year-old female with a history of chronic congestive heart failure (CHF), atrial fibrillation, and hypertension. During the last 6 months, she has been hospitalized four times for exacerbation of her CHF. She was discharged home last Saturday from the hospital after a 3-day stay to treat increased dyspnea, an 8-pound weight gain, and chest pain.

    Ms. Fisher
    is recently widowed and lives alone. She has a daughter, Thelma Jean, who lives in town but works full time and has family issues of her own. Therefore, family support is limited.Home visit with Sallie Mae Fisher’s Health History and Discharge Orders Essay Assignment Paper.

    ORDER A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HERE

    Hospital Discharge Instructions

    Mountain Top Home Health to evaluate cardio-pulmonary status, medication management, and home safety.

    Medical Equipment Company to deliver oxygen concentrator and instruct patient in use. O
    2
    at 2 liters per nasal prongs PRN.

    Prescriptions given at discharge:

    Digoxin 0.25 mg once a day

    Lasix 80 mg twice a day

    Calan 240 mg once a day

    Order written to continue other home meds. Home visit with Sallie Mae Fisher’s Health History and Discharge Orders Essay Assignment Paper.

    Sallie Mae’s Home Medication List

    Zocar 50 mg once a day

    Minipres 1 mg once a day

    Vasotec 10 mg twice a day

    Prilosec 20 mg once a day

    Furosemide 40 mg once a day

    Effexor 37.5 mg at bedtime

    Lanoxin 0.125 mg every other day

    Multivitamin once a day

    Potassium 40 mEq once a day

    Ibuprofen 400 mg q 4 hours as needed for pain

    Darvocet N 100 mg q 4 hours as needed for pain

    Nitroglycerin ointment, apply 1 inch every day

    Sallie Mae Fisher’s Health History

    and Discharge Orders

    Sallie Mae Fisher Health History

    Ms. Fisher is an 82-year-old female with a history of chronic congestive heart failure (CHF), atrial fibrillation, and hypertension. During the last 6 months, she has been hospitalized four times for exacerbation of her CHF. She was discharged home last Saturday from the hospital after a 3-day stay to treat increased dyspnea, an 8-pound weight gain, and chest pain. Home visit with Sallie Mae Fisher’s Health History and Discharge Orders Essay Assignment Paper.

    Ms. Fisher is recently widowed and lives alone. She has a daughter, Thelma Jean, who lives in town but works full time and has family issues of her own. Therefore, family support is limited.

    Hospital Discharge Instructions

    Mountain Top Home Health to evaluate cardio-pulmonary status, medication management, and home safety. Home visit with Sallie Mae Fisher’s Health History and Discharge Orders Essay Assignment Paper.

    Medical Equipment Company to deliver oxygen concentrator and instruct patient in use. O
    2
    at 2 liters per nasal prongs PRN.

    Prescriptions given at discharge:

    Digoxin 0.25 mg once a day

    Lasix 80 mg twice a day

    Calan 240 mg once a day

    Order written to continue other home meds.

    Home visit with Sallie Mae Fisher’s Health History and Discharge Orders Essay Assignment Paper

    Sallie Mae’s Home Medication List

    Zocar 50 mg once a day

    Minipres 1 mg once a day

    Vasotec 10 mg twice a day

    Prilosec 20 mg once a day

    Furosemide 40 mg once a day

    Effexor 37.5 mg at bedtime

    Lanoxin 0.125 mg every other day

    Multivitamin once a day

    Potassium 40 mEq once a day

    Ibuprofen 400 mg q 4 hours as needed for pain

    Darvocet N 100 mg q 4 hours as needed for pain

    Nitroglycerin ointment, apply 1 inch every day

    Home visit with Sallie Mae Fisher’s Health History and Discharge Orders Essay Assignment Paper

  • ENGL 2002 – Professional Writing for Successful Communication Essay Assignment Papers

    ENGL 2002 – Professional Writing for Successful Communication Essay Assignment Papers

    Clear and persuasive writing is a fundamental professional skill. This course covers the fundamentals of written communication in a professional setting, starting with a clear understanding of the audience and the purpose of the communication act, and proceeding to choices of modality, timing, and idiom. Many examples are considered, such as business letters, résumés, briefing memos, newsletters, proposals and requests for proposals, and so on. Fundamental writing skills such as grammar and sentence structure, punctuation, style, citation, and word choice are reinforced.

    ORDER A CUSTOM-WRITTEN PAPER NOW

    Clear and persuasive writing is a fundamental professional skill. In this course, students learn the basic tenets of written communication in a professional setting, including the importance of understanding audience and the purpose of the communication, as well as choices of modality, timing, and idiom. Students examine examples of professional communication, such as business letters, résumés, briefing memos, newsletters, and proposals and requests for proposals, among others. Applying course concepts, students also engage in a range of applied assignments that reinforce fundamental writing skills, such as grammar and sentence structure, punctuation, style, citation, and word choice. ENGL 2002 – Professional Writing for Successful Communication Essay Assignment Papers.

    Welcome to your course guide

    Please find your required library readings below. If you have problems with the links below, please 
    contact the Library
    . If you have APA questions about these materials, please 
    contact the Writing Center
    .

    ENGL 2002 Required Course Readings

    The links are for required readings found in the Walden databases 
    ONLY
    . For all other readings, see your course resources. ENGL 2002 – Professional Writing for Successful Communication Essay Assignment Papers.

    Enter your myWalden user name and password at the prompt.

    Decoker, G. (2007, September 21). Advice for a rookie staff member. Chronicle of Higher Education, 54(4), C1–C4.

    Kadlec, D. (2008, December). How not to act your age at work. Money, 37(12), 44–46.

    Nicholaou, N. (2005). Email etiquette -or- never having to say you’re sorry – Part I. Clergy Journal, 81(6), 23–24.

    Other Readings

    Optional or supplemental readings may or may not be available in the library. 
    Find further information about optional readings here
    .

    Clear and persuasive writing is a fundamental professional skill. This course covers the fundamentals of written communication in a professional setting, starting with a clear understanding of the audience and the purpose of the communication act, and proceeding to choices of modality, timing, and idiom. Many examples are considered, such as business letters, résumés, briefing memos, newsletters, proposals and requests for proposals, and so on. Fundamental writing skills such as grammar and sentence structure, punctuation, style, citation, and word choice are reinforced. ENGL 2002 – Professional Writing for Successful Communication Essay Assignment Papers.

    Clear and persuasive writing is a fundamental professional skill. In this course, students learn the basic tenets of written communication in a professional setting, including the importance of understanding audience and the purpose of the communication, as well as choices of modality, timing, and idiom. Students examine examples of professional communication, such as business letters, résumés, briefing memos, newsletters, and proposals and requests for proposals, among others. Applying course concepts, students also engage in a range of applied assignments that reinforce fundamental writing skills, such as grammar and sentence structure, punctuation, style, citation, and word choice. ENGL 2002 – Professional Writing for Successful Communication Essay Assignment Papers.

    Welcome to your course guide

    Please find your required library readings below. If you have problems with the links below, please 
    contact the Library
    . If you have APA questions about these materials, please 
    contact the Writing Center
    .

    ENGL 2002 Required Course Readings

    The links are for required readings found in the Walden databases 
    ONLY
    . For all other readings, see your course resources.

    Enter your myWalden user name and password at the prompt. ENGL 2002 – Professional Writing for Successful Communication Essay Assignment Papers.

    Decoker, G. (2007, September 21). Advice for a rookie staff member. Chronicle of Higher Education, 54(4), C1–C4.

    Kadlec, D. (2008, December). How not to act your age at work. Money, 37(12), 44–46.

    Nicholaou, N. (2005). Email etiquette -or- never having to say you’re sorry – Part I. Clergy Journal, 81(6), 23–24.

    Other Readings

    Optional or supplemental readings may or may not be available in the library. 
    Find further information about optional readings here
    . ENGL 2002 – Professional Writing for Successful Communication Essay Assignment Papers.

  • NURS 8000 – Foundations and Essentials of Doctoral Study in Nursing Discussion Essay Assignments

    NURS 8000 – Foundations and Essentials of Doctoral Study in Nursing Discussion Essay Assignments

    Students in this course are introduced to Walden University and are provided with a foundation for professional development in doctoral nursing practice. Students learn professional standards and end-of-program expectations. They engage in course assignments focused on the practical application of professional writing, critical-thinking skills, and the requirements for successful participation in an online curriculum. NURS 8000 – Foundations and Essentials of Doctoral Study in Nursing Discussion Essay Assignments. Students also explore the essentials of being a Walden doctoral student; past, present, and future similarities and differences between the Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) and a Ph.D. in nursing, relevant professional and specialty standards of doctoral-level nursing practice, intra- and interprofessional collaboration, and the process of the DNP project.

    The DNP program requires that all students complete The Measured Success Writing Assessment during the first course in the program, NURS 8000. This assessment is a computer-based evaluation where students write an essay online to determine “writing readiness” at the doctoral level. An outside vendor provides an automated evaluation of the student’s writing sample. The assessment is cost-free to students. The writing assessment provides a holistic score of 1–6, as well as scores for five analytical writing categories. The categories include: focus/meaning, content development, organization, language/style, and mechanics/conventions. Students who do not demonstrate writing readiness are encouraged to enroll in WCSS 6000N – Graduate Writing: Evaluative and Persuasive Composition Skills. The course provides students with the written communication tools necessary to complete longer writing projects that necessitate a persuasive academic voice. There is no cost to the student for this course. NURS 8000 – Foundations and Essentials of Doctoral Study in Nursing Discussion Essay Assignments.

    NURS 8000 Foundations & Essentials of Doctoral Study in Nursing: Week 1 Discussion

    Writing Tips Week 1

    Introduction: The Doctor of Nursing Practice

    Make sure you start the term off right by reviewing 
    discussion post guidelines
    , ensuring that your discussion post is clear, knowledgeable, and answers all questions asked in the prompt. Additionally, make sure to review 
    in-text citations
    , as you’ll need to cite correctly from this week’s learning resources.

    NURS 8000 – Foundations and Essentials of Doctoral Study in Nursing Discussion Essay Assignments Discussion Post Guidelines

    Discussion posts: Short and focused responses to a prompt that you share with your peers. While shorter than application papers, discussion posts still use scholarly writing and APA format (including a reference list). Discussion posts should also express your stance on a topic, rather than only including summary. NURS 8000 – Foundations and Essentials of Doctoral Study in Nursing Discussion Essay Assignments.

    For more information about discussion post requirements, see the Discussion Posting and Response Rubric in the Course Information area of your course.

    To help you start writing, follow these steps:

    Read the discussion prompt, noting the purpose of the discussion post, specific requirements (like word count), and formatting.

     Prepare to write by reading all of the course readings for the week and creating a rough outline.

    Write a draft 
    in MS Word using strong paragraphs and 
    topic sentences
    , 
    APA style
    , a 
    scholarly tone
    , and an 
    introduction and conclusion
    .

    Review and revise 
    the draft for grammar, APA 
    citations
    , and 
    reference entry
     errors.

    Submit 
    the draft, double-checking for any formatting errors.

    For more tips from the Writing Center in writing your discussion post, click 
    this link
    .

     

    NURS 8000 Foundations & Essentials of Doctoral Study in Nursing: Welcome & Course Readings

    Welcome to your course guide

    Please find your required library readings below. See the link on the left for library and writing skills assignment support.

    If you have problems with the links below, please 
    contact the Library
    . If you have APA questions about these materials, please 
    contact the Writing Center
    . NURS 8000 – Foundations and Essentials of Doctoral Study in Nursing Discussion Essay Assignments.

    NURS 8000 Required Course Readings

    The links are for required readings found in the Walden databases 
    ONLY
    . For all other readings, see your course resources.

    Enter your myWalden user name and password at the prompt.

    Campbell-Crofts, S., Field, J., & Fetherstonhaugh, D. (2013). Ethical considerations for nurses undertaking research with a potentially vulnerable population with chronic kidney disease. 
    Renal Society of Australasia Journal, 9
    (2), 74-79.

    Cleary, M., Hunt, G. E., & Jackson, D. (2011). Demystifying PhDs: A review of doctorate programs designed to fulfill the needs of the next generation of nursing professionals. 
    Contemporary Nurse: A Journal for the Australian Nursing Profession, 39
    (2), 273-280.

    Conn, V. S. (2014). Prepare to launch: Optimizing doctoral education to ensure career success. 
    Western Journal of Nursing Research, 36
    (1), 3-5. doi:10.1177/0193945913492652

    Conn, V. S., Zerwic, J., Rawl, S., Wyman, J. F., Larson, J. L., Anderson, C. M., Fahrenwald, N. L., Benefield, L. E., Cohen, M. Z., Smith, C. E., Topp, R., & Markis, N. E. (2014). Strategies for a successful PhD program: Words of wisdom from the WJNR editorial board. 
    Western Journal of Nursing Research, 36
    (1), 6-30. doi: 10.1177/0193945913492144

    Currey, J., Considine, J., & Khaw, D. (2011). Clinical nurse research consultant: A clinical and academic role to advance practice and the discipline of nursing. 
    Journal of Advanced Nursing, 67
    (10), 2275-2283. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05687.x

    Forsyth, D., Wright, T., Scherb, C., & Gaspar, P. (2010). Disseminating evidence-based practice projects: poster design and evaluation. 
    Clinical Scholars Review, 3
    (1), 14-21
    . NURS 8000 – Foundations and Essentials of Doctoral Study in Nursing Discussion Essay Assignments.

    Fouka, G., & Mantzorou, M. (2011). What are the major ethical issues in conducting research? Is there a conflict between the research ethics and the nature of nursing?. 
    Health Science Journal, 5
    (1), 3-14.

    Michael, M. J. & Clochesy, J. M. (2016). From scientific discovery to health outcomes: A synergistic model of doctoral nursing education. 
    Nurse Education Today, 40
    , 84-86.

    Milton, C. (2010). Nursing ethics and power in position. 
    Nursing Science Quarterly, 23
    (1), 18-21.

    Peirce, A., & Smith, J. (2008). The ethics curriculum for Doctor of Nursing Practice programs. 
    Journal of Professional Nursing, 24
    (5), 270-274.

    Regan, M., & Pietrobon, R. (2010). A conceptual framework for scientific writing in nursing. 
    Journal of Nursing Education, 49
    (8), 437-43.

    Schrems, B. (2013). Mind the gaps in ethical regulations of nursing research. 
    Nursing Ethics, 20
    (3), 336-347. doi:10.1177/0969733012462051

    Sperhac, A. M., & Clinton, P. (2008). Doctorate of nursing practice: Blueprint for excellence. 
    Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 22
    (3), 146-151
    . NURS 8000 – Foundations and Essentials of Doctoral Study in Nursing Discussion Essay Assignments.

    Suhonen, R., Stolt, M., & Leino-Kilpi, H. (2013). Older people in long-term care settings as research informants: Ethical challenges. 
    Nursing Ethics, 20
    (5), 551-567. doi:10.1177/0969733012463722

    Waxman, K.T., & Maxworthy, J. (2010). The doctorate of nursing practice degree and the nurse executive: The perfect combination.
     Nurse Leader, 8(
    2), 31-33.

    Westwood, C. (2010). Six simple steps to ensure you achieve your aims. 
    Nursing Management (Harrow, London, England: 1994), 17
    (4), 28-29.

    White, E. (2012). Challenges that may arise when conducting real-life nursing research. 
    Nurse Researcher, 19
    (4), 15-20.

    Other Readings

    Optional or supplemental readings may or may not be available in the library. 
    Find further information about optional readings here
    . NURS 8000 – Foundations and Essentials of Doctoral Study in Nursing Discussion Essay Assignments.

  • NURS 4221 Leadership Competencies in Nursing and Healthcare Essay Assignment Paper

    NURS 4221 Leadership Competencies in Nursing and Healthcare Essay Assignment Paper

    Contemporary nurses who wish to influence the current healthcare system must equip themselves with the knowledge and competencies to lead in times of pressure, constant change, and innovation. Students in this course work toward gaining these skills and increasing self-awareness in the context of organizational challenges and individual motivation. They also learn skills and techniques in team building; strengthening interpersonal, communication, and interdisciplinary effectiveness; promoting meaningful use of data to shape a preferred future for nursing; translating strategic vision into action; and implementing and managing organizational change. Students apply course concepts through case studies, self-assessments, and 360-degree feedback, and a 45-hour practicum in a selected clinical setting. Through this practicum experience, students gain professional knowledge from top-level leaders in nursing and healthcare. NURS 4221 Leadership Competencies in Nursing and Healthcare Essay Assignment Paper .

    ORDER A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HERE

    Welcome to your course guide

    Please find your required library readings below. If you have problems with the links below, please 
    contact the Library
    . If you have APA questions about these materials, please 
    contact the Writing Center
    . NURS 4221 Leadership Competencies in Nursing and Healthcare Essay Assignment Paper .

    NURS 4221 Required Course Readings

    After clicking on a citation below, enter your myWalden user name and password at the prompt.

    Please 
    Ask a Librarian
     if you have any questions about the links.

    NURS 4221 Leadership Competencies in Nursing and Healthcare Essay Assignment Paper . Bashaw, E. S., & Lounsbury, K. (2012). Forging a new culture: Blending Magnet principles with just culture. Nursing Management, 43(10), 49–53. doi:10.1097/01.NUMA.0000419492.49675.25. 

    Perla, R. J., Provost, L. P., & Murray, S. K. (2011). The run chart: A simple analytical tool for learning from variation in healthcare processes. BMJ Quality and Safety, 20(1), 46–51. Retrieved from http://www.med.unc.edu/cce/files/education-training/The%20run%20chart%20a%20simple%20analytical%20tool.pdf

    QP staff. (2010). Guru guide: Six thought leaders who changed the quality world forever. Quality Progress, 43(11), 14–21.

    Other Readings

    Optional or supplemental readings may or may not be available in the library. 
    Find further information about optional readings here
    . NURS 4221 Leadership Competencies in Nursing and Healthcare Essay Assignment Paper .

  • NURS 6001 – Foundations for Graduate Study

    NURS 6001 – Foundations for Graduate Study

    The purpose of this course is to introduce students to Walden University and to the requirements for successful participation in an online curriculum. The course will also provide a foundation for the student’s academic and professional success as a scholar-practitioner and social change agent. Course assignments focus on the practical application of writing and critical-thinking skills and the integration of professional practice with professional and academic excellence as they relate to practice in nursing.

    NURS 6001 – Foundations for Graduate Study Welcome to your course guide

    Please find your required library readings below. Please see the link on the left for library skills assignment support.

    If you have problems with the links below, please 
    contact the Library
    . If you have APA questions about these materials, please 
    contact the Writing Center
    .

    NURS 6001 – Foundations for Graduate Study NURS 6001 Required Course Readings

    The links are for required readings found in the Walden databases 
    ONLY
    . For all other readings, see your course resources.

    Enter your myWalden user name and password at the prompt.

    Berkow, S., Virkstis, K., Stewart, J., Aronson, S., & Donohue, M. (2011). Assessing individual frontline nurse critical thinking.
     Journal of Nursing Administration, 41
    (4), 168-171. doi:10.1097/NNA.0b013e3182118528

    Casey, D., & Egan, D. (2010). The use of professional portfolios and profiles for career enhancement. 
    British Journal of Community Nursing, 15
    (11), 547-552.

    Jenkins, S. (2011). Cross-cultural perspectives on critical thinking. 
    Journal of Nursing Education, 50
    (5), 268-274. doi:10.3928/01484834-20110228-02

    Smith, L. S. (2011). Showcase your talents with a career portfolio. 
    Nursing, 41
    (7), 54-56. doi:10.1097/01.NURSE.0000398641.62631.8e

    Thompson, T. (2011). Electronic portfolios for professional advancement. Clinical Nurse Specialist: 
    The Journal for Advanced Nursing Practice, 25
    (4), 169-170.

    Zori, S., Nosek, L., & Musil, C. (2010). Critical thinking of nurse managers related to staff RNs’ perceptions of the practice environment. 
    Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 42
    (3), 305-313. doi:10.1111/j.1547-5069.2010.01354.x

    Other Readings

    Optional or supplemental readings may or may not be available in the library. 
    Find further information about optional readings here
    . NURS 6001 – Foundations for Graduate Study.

  • ENGL 1001 – English Composition Essay Assignment Papers

    ENGL 1001 – English Composition Essay Assignment Papers

    Welcome to your course guide

    See the 
    Additional Resources
     link on the left for help with the 
    final project
    .

    If you have APA questions please 
    contact the Writing Center
    .

    ENGL 1001 Required Course Readings

    The readings required for this course are your textbooks. ENGL 1001 – English Composition Essay Assignment Papers.

    See the 
    Additional Resources
     link to the left to learn how to find outside sources required for your 
    final project
    .

    Other Readings

    Optional or supplemental readings may or may not be available in the library. 
    Find further information about optional readings here
    .

    How to find outside resources for the final project

    Research is a skill that needs to be learned and is beyond being able to search Google. Academic research conducted online utilizes databases that include articles and books that are protected by copyright and are not freely available online. ENGL 1001 – English Composition Essay Assignment Papers.

    The 
    5 Steps for Successful Research

    1) Identify the 
    topic 
    or 
    research question
    .

    ORDER A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HERE

    2) Break topic into 
    keywords
    .

    3) Create 
    search strategy 
    using keywords.

    4) Brainstorm 
    related terms
     and 
    modify search strategy
     as needed.

    5) 
    Evaluate 
    results and select articles.

     

    Watch the 
    brief video
     below showing how to complete these steps for your final project. To the right you will find links to the databases suggested for researching this topic when you get to step 3.

    Understand the Database Search Page

    Databases may be confusing when you first try using them. But understanding how databases work is essential to growing your research skills. ENGL 1001 – English Composition Essay Assignment Papers.

    There are three search components in most databases:

    Search Boxes

    Limiters

    Field Searching

    The following video will help you learn the basics of database searching. The video references this guide if you’d like to learn more: 
    Keyword Searching: Finding Articles on Your Topic
    .

    Recommended Databases

    The topic always dictates what database you should choose.

    The topic of this assignment is within the broader topic of 
    Education
    . Below are the 2 recommended databases for researching education topics. ENGL 1001 – English Composition Essay Assignment Papers.

    ERIC

    ERIC, maintained by the US Department of Education, indexes over a million journal and non-journal sources focused on education research, including including work produced or funded by the U.S. Department of Education, other federal departments, state or local agencies, policy organizations professional associations, and more.

    Education Source

    Education Source covers all levels of education–from early childhood to higher education as well as all educational specialties such as multilingual education, health education, and testing. It is the world’s largest and most complete collection of full-text education journals with many peer-reviewed titles. ENGL 1001 – English Composition Essay Assignment Papers.

    Why Use Boolean?

    Boolean operators connect your keywords to create a logical phrase that the database can understand.

    They tell the database exactly what you want to find.

     

     

    Boolean Operator

    What it Does

    How to Use

    AND

    Finds articles that use 
    BOTH 
    keywords.

    adult learning

    AND

    online courses

    OR

     

    Finds articles that use 
    EITHER
     of the keywords. Use the asterisk (*) to find different word endings. ENGL 1001 – English Composition Essay Assignment Papers.

     

    adult learn* 
    OR
    adult students

    NOT

     

    Excludes
     articles that use the keyword.

     

    NOT 
    masters programs

     

    For more information about each operator and truncating with the asterisk, see the boxes to the right.

    Boolean terms

    Boolean terms (sometimes called Boolean operators or command terms) connect your keywords to create a logical phrase that the database can understand.  This may involve telling the database to look for multiple terms or concepts at once, which will make your search more precise. Or it may involve searching for alternative terms that will bring back more results.

    Using Boolean terms helps to create more precise and powerful searches with a higher percentage of relevant results.

    This page will show you how to use the Boolean terms 
    AND
    , 
    OR
    , and 
    NOT
     in your searches. ENGL 1001 – English Composition Essay Assignment Papers.

    Boolean terms: AND, OR, NOT

     

    Boolean Term

    What it Does

    How to Use

    AND

    Find items that use 
    BOTH 
    keywords.

    adult learning 
    AND
     online courses

    OR

    Find items that use 
    EITHER
     of the keywords.

    adult learners
     OR 
    adult students

    NOT

    EXCLUDES 
    items that use the keyword(s).

    NOT
     masters programs

    Note: 
    You do not have to capitalize and, or, and not in your searches.

    AND

    The 
    AND 
    operator:

    connects different concepts

    limits your search

    reduces results

    Example:

    school leadership AND at risk students AND academic progress

    Finds articles that have information about all three of these topics.

    OR

    The 
    OR 
    operator:

    finds different ways to phrase a concept

    expands your search

    increases results

    Example:

    school leadership OR at risk students OR academic progress

    Finds articles that may talk about any one of these topics (does not have to include them all).

    NOT

    The 
    NOT 
    operator:

    excludes results with the keyword

    reduces results

    Example:

    school leadership NOT at risk students

    Takes out articles with the term used with NOT.

    WARNING:
     Use NOT with caution. It can remove relevant results.

    Truncate root words

    Truncation allows you to search any ending on a root word.

    For example, if your topic uses the word 
    teenagers
    , then you may also want to search:

    teen

    teens

    teenager

    The root word is 
    teen
    . To truncate and search teen with any ending you would enter:

    teen*

    The asterisk at the end of the root word tells the database to search for that word with any ending. ENGL 1001 – English Composition Essay Assignment Papers.

    This expands your search to find more articles.

    Use Boolean terms

    Type in 
    one concept per search box
    .

    The advanced search in most databases defaults to automatically 
    use AND between the search boxes
    . Leave the default. The database will find articles that include both concepts.

    Use 
    OR inside the search boxes
     to add synonyms or related terms to the search. Because the database will only search for the exact terms entered, using OR helps find the different ways an author may have phrased the concept. ENGL 1001 – English Composition Essay Assignment Papers.

    For best results, only 
    use the OR within a search box
    . The AND is placed automatically between the search boxes.

    An example search for violence on television using boolean terms might look like this:

    First search box: 
    TV or television or mass media

    Second search box: 
    violence or aggression

    Introduction to keyword searching

    Keyword searching is the process of choosing search terms and entering them into the database search boxes to locate information on your topic. This guide will walk you through how to select and combine keywords in the Library databases to find articles on your research topic. Specifically, this guide will cover how to:

    decide on a research topic

    identify a relevant database

    select appropriate keywords

    connect keywords using Boolean operators

    More information

    Picking effective keywords is just part of the database search process. To learn more about using the Library databases, please refer to our guide:

    Guide: Database search skills

     

    You may also find the following guides helpful as you learn how to find what you need in the Walden Library:

    Guide: Find Full Text

    Guide: Peer Review

     

    This recorded webinar focuses on how to pick relevant search terms:

    Webinar: Mysteries of the Library: Revealed! Search Terms

    What is peer review?

    Peer review is a
     scholarly form of review
     used by journals only for journal articles. After an article is sent to an academic journal, the editor sends it to several 
    peer 
    reviewers
    —
    typically scholars in the field
    —
    for evaluation
    .

    These peer reviewers examine the paper’s methodology, literature review, and conclusions. They note the existence of bias or other flaws. The peer reviewers may accept the article, require rewrites from the authors, or reject the article. ENGL 1001 – English Composition Essay Assignment Papers.

    If you are asked to find articles that are peer-reviewed, what you are really looking for are 
    articles from a peer-reviewed journal
    .

    Peer review can also be called:

    blind peer review

    scholarly peer review

    refereeing or refereed

     

    Search Tip:
      Peer-reviewed journals may also contain items that are not peer reviewed, such as letters to the editor, opinion pieces, and book reviews. Even if you check the peer-review limiter box, you still need to examine the items carefully to be sure they are articles. ENGL 1001 – English Composition Essay Assignment Papers.

    Verify peer review

    Search Ulrich’s Periodicals Directory to verify peer review.

    Ulrich’s Periodicals Directory

    Learn how to verify peer review in Ulrich’s.

    Enter the journal title (not the article title) in the search box in Ulrich’s.

    Click on the Search icon and find your journal in the search results.

    Look for the refereed icon, shaped like an umpire’s jersey, indicating the journal is peer reviewed. It displays on the left side of the page, near the article title. ENGL 1001 – English Composition Essay Assignment Papers.

    Quick Answer: How do I verify that my article is peer reviewed?

    Check the journal’s website

    Journal websites will typically discuss editorial processes, including peer review.

    This information is often listed in the following areas:

    about us

    editorial policies

    instructions for authors

    submission guidelines

    A simple Google search for the journal will usually locate the journal’s website.

    Examples of Editorial Policies:

    APA’s review policy for authors

    Management Science Journal’s Submission Guidelines

    Journal of the American Medical Association Instruction for Authors

    Are dissertations peer reviewed?

    No. While dissertations are closely supervised by a dissertation committee made up of scholars, they are still considered student work.

    Dissertations are often included in scholarly writing, although they are used sparingly. If you are unsure if you can use a dissertation in your assignment or literature review, talk with your instructor or chair. ENGL 1001 – English Composition Essay Assignment Papers.

    ENGL 1001

    Literature and Composition 1

    3.0 Credits

    Description

    This course introduces short stories and the novel through examples of the genres drawn primarily from the twentieth century. The course is not a chronological or historical survey of literature. Instead, it examines the general characteristics of fiction by focusing on short stories and a novel. This course also provides a review of basic grammar, punctuation, and instruction in composing critical essays. ENGL 1011 (Literature and Composition II) is the continuation of ENGL 1001 and focuses on drama and poetry.

    Costs

    Print, self-paced
     

    Online, self-paced
     

    Prerequisites

    English 12 or equivalent

    Exclusions

    This course satisfies the first half of the introductory English literature and composition requirement of TRU-OL degrees. Students with credit for ENGL 1021 or ENGL 1019 may not take this course for further credit. Students with credit for ENGL 1001 may not take ENGL 1061 or ENGL 1999 for further credit in some programs.

    Objectives

    After you complete this course, you should be able to:

    Identify and correct faults in sentences and paragraphs.

    Describe the components and basic structure of a short story and novel using specific examples from works studied in the course.

    Identify and discuss the literary patterns in a short story or novel.

    Read prose literature beyond the factual or literal level, for example, on a metaphorical level that reveals the human condition.

    Write coherent and focused critical essays on literary texts and topics. Apply analytical techniques in a critical essay.

    Apply analytical techniques in a critical essay.

    Course Outline

    Module 1: Introduction to Short Stories

    ReadingsAlice Munro: “Royal Beatings”

    Charlotte Perkins Gilman: “The Yellow Wallpaper”

    James Baldwin: “Sonny’s Blues”

    Module 2: Characterization

    Readings

    Amy Tan: “Rules of the Game”

    Willa Cather: “Paul’s Case: A Study in Temperament”

    Module 3: Setting

    Readings

    Margaret Atwood: “Death by Landscape”

    Doris Lessing: “To Room Nineteen”

    Module 4: Plot

    Readings

    Richard Ford: “Great Falls”

    Herman Melville: “Bartleby, the Scrivener”

    Module 5: Point of View

    Readings

    Raymond Carver: “Cathedral”

    Ernest Hemingway: “Hills Like White Elephants”

    Module 6: Style

    Readings

    William Faulkner: “Barn Burning”

    D.H. Lawrence: “The Horse Dealer’s Daughter”

    Module 7: Theme

    Readings

    Jane Austen: Pride and Prejudice

    Maximum Completion

    30 weeks.

    Required Text and Materials

    ed. R.V. Cassill et al. 
    The Norton Anthology of Short Fiction
    . 8th ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Co, 2015.

    Type: Textbook, ISBN: 978-0-393-93775-6

    Bundled with:

    Austen, Jane. 
    Pride and Prejudice, A Norton Critical Edition
    . 4th ed. New York: Norton & Co, 2016.

    Type: Textbook, ISBN: 978-0-393-26488-3

    Bundle ISBN: 978-0-393-62641-4

    ed. John Hodges et al. 
    Harbrace Handbook for Canadians
    . 6th ed. Toronto: Nelson, 2003.

    Type: Textbook, ISBN: 978-0-176-22509-4

    Bundled with:

    Connor, William. 
    Harbrace Workbook for Canadians
    . 6th ed. Toronto: Nelson, 2003.

    Type: Textbook, ISBN: 978-0-176-22510-0 ENGL 1001 – English Composition Essay Assignment Papers,

    Bundle ISBN: 0-17-623430-6

    Open Learning Faculty Member Information

    An Open Learning Faculty Member is available to assist students. Primary communication is by phone if you are taking the print-based version of the course and through the “mail” tool in the Learning Environment if you are taking the web-based version. You will receive the necessary contact information when you start your course.

    Assessment

    In order to successfully complete this course, students must obtain at least 50 % on the final mandatory examination and 50 % overall. It is strongly recommended that students complete all assignments in order to achieve the learning objectives of the course. The total mark will be determined on the following basis: ENGL 1001 – English Composition Essay Assignment Papers.

    Assignment 1: Diagnostic Essay

    5%

    Assignment 2: Critical Essay

    15%

    Assignment 3: Comparison and Contrast Essay

    15%

    Assignment 4: Research Essay on Pride and Prejudice

    25%

    Final exam *

    40%

    Total

    ENGL 1001 – English Composition Essay Assignment Papers

    100%