Assignment Prompt & Instructions
5 pag of length no including title or references. **READ instructions**
**files (3)**
– ## Spring2022DNP79006Template.docx
– ## CollinsP.SaxenaS..pdf
– Spring2022DNP7900-GuideandrubricWeek6assignment.docx
**## Spring2022DNP79006Template.docx**
1
1
**Sustainable Development Goals and Millennium Goals**
Student Name
Miami Regional University
DNP 7900: Global Health
Professor Name
Month, Year
**Header Here for the Title**
Purpose of the assignment: Evaluate and explore the correlation between the Millennium Development Goals and Communicable Diseases, , rememeber there are 17 goals. For this assignment you will use only 8.
(Introduction – not labeled 'Introduction'). When introducing the paper's purpose, the student demonstrates effective communication via written material by providing a summary of the correlation between the millennium developmental goals and communicable diseases and how the DNP essentials correlate to the assignment. After reviewing the United Nations website, elaborate briefly on how the original eight Millennium Development Goals evolved into the Seventeen Sustainable Development Goals. Include a brief overview of the content of the paper.
Provide a summary of the correlation between the Millennium Decelopmental Goals and Communicable diseases and how the DNP essentials correlates to the assignment. Brifly providing an overview of the content of the paper. Support this with in text citations for more credibility.
**Goal 1 & 2:**
**Eradicate extreme hunger and poverty and achieving universal primary education**
This section discusses both hunger and poverty contributing to the burden of the perpetuation of communicable disease. Include a discussion on how children's education can be adversely affected when mothers fail to address the need for basic hygiene.
**Goal 3 & 4:**
**Promote Gender equality and empower women and the reduction of child mortality rates**
This section discusses how improving maternal education leads to better hygiene practices within the family and the reduction of communicable diseases and how communicable diseases contribute to child mortality.
Here you need credible information, statistical data especially for the child mortality rate, which you could say which country has the higher mortality rate, which one has the lowest, what are things that can be done and what times are in place to modify this already
**Goal 5 & 6:**
**Improving maternal health and combating HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases**
This section discusses how HIV infection and malaria are particularly relevant to maternal outcomes.
**Goal 7 & 8:**
**Ensuring environmental sustainability and global partnership development**
This section discusses how open defecation, slum dwelling, and poor access to safe drinking water all significantly increase the risk of communicable disease transmission and what method can be used to address the threats posed by communicable diseases.
You can find relevant information on the World Health Organization website
**Summary**
Identify the main ideas and significant conclusions from the body of your manuscript. Do not add new information in conclusion.
**References**
The student uses a minimum of six scholarly articles for the assignment.
Use Articles within the last 5 years unless it s a centennial article
**## CollinsP.SaxenaS..pdf**
COMMENTT
BIOTECHNOLOGY Will the
reproductive lottery be left
behind so easily? p.35
SPACE The female
mathematicians of
NASA p.34
ENERGY Biography of peak-
oil predictor, Marion King
Hubbert p.31
ASTROPHYSICS The long, hard
road to the detection of
gravitational waves p.28
community to make the case for investment
in mental health. In the past three years,
the importance of mental health has been
highlighted by the WHO, in its Mental
Health Action Plan for 2013–20; by leaders
of countries in the Asia-Pacific Economic
Cooperation (APEC); and by the health
ministers of the Commonwealth nations. In
September 2015, mental health was incor-
porated into the United Nations’ Sustainable
Development Goals.
Five years ago, we, as members of the
expand. Notable are the tens of millions
of migrants fleeing persecution, conflict
and violence, as well as the survivors of
Ebola and other recent threats. Yet there
are only 9 mental-health providers per
100,000 people globally; an extra 1.7 million
mental-health workers are needed in low-
and middle-income countries alone.
Mental health does not lack political
support. This month, the World Bank and
the World Health Organization (WHO) will
together address the broader development
Action on mental health
needs global cooperation
As threats to populations transcend national boundaries, it is crucial that responses
to mental-health problems do too, say Pamela Y. Collins and Shekhar Saxena.
Mental-health disorders are the
leading causes of disability
worldwide. Nearly 30% of people
around the world experience a mood, anxi-
ety or substance-use disorder in their life-
time1. The resources required to address
these conditions are inadequate, unequally
distributed, inefficiently used and static2.
The widespread incarceration of people with
mental-health disorders persists.
The need and demand for mental-health
care is increasing as vulnerable populations
A counsellor at Nairobi Women’s Hospital.
S
V
EN
T
O
R
FI
N
N
/P
A
N
O
S
7 A P R I L 2 0 1 6 | V O L 5 3 2 | N A T U R E | 2 5
© 2016 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved
Grand Challenges in Global Mental Health
initiative, called for an equitable and global
approach to reducing the burden of mental
disorders3. The visibility of the issue has come
a long way since then. And although there
continue to be problems with the delivery of
mental-health services, funding for research
and innovation in mental health in low- and
middle-income countries has increased
substantially (albeit from a small base).
Since 2011, new investments estimated at
US$79.3 million have been made by the three
largest funders of mental-health research in
low- and middle-income countries (Grand
Challenges Canada, the UK Department
for International Development and the US
National Institute of Mental Health).
Researchers in such countries are tackling
the dearth of mental-health professionals
by testing the delivery of care by non-spe-
cialists — such as peers, community health
workers or primary-care providers. Others
are developing and testing applications on
smartphones and tablets to extend access to
screening and treatment4 (see page 20).
Now, clinicians, patients, caregivers and
researchers need to learn from each other.
The knowledge gained in all countries must
be evaluated, disseminated and adapted for
local use everywhere. Crucially, everyone
involved must start with the same mindset:
when it comes to mental health, all countries
are developing countries.
Of course, the resources available are
drastically different in the developing and
developed worlds: a teenager in Afghanistan
seeking mental-health care does so in a coun-
try that has 1 psychiatrist for every 10 million
people, not 1 per 5,000, as in, for instance, Bel-
gium. But no country has sufficient numbers
of trained mental-health-service providers.
Nearly one-third of the US population lacks
adequate access to mental-health-care pro-
viders. There are similar shortages in parts
of countries as diverse as Australia, Canada,
Finland, France, Japan, New Zealand and Slo-
vakia. Even in wealthy countries, 40–60% of
people with severe mental disorders do not
receive the care they need5.
Across all settings, those with the fewest
social and economic resources are least likely
to receive quality mental-health services,
be they in Arctic areas of Canada, inner-
city Glasgow or rural Sierra Leone. Today’s
global mental-health research must lead
to interventions developed in and for such
underserved communities.
MOVING FORWARD
Mirroring the global community’s commit-
ment to sustainable development, the world
needs a global commitment — financial
as well as moral — to mental health that
supports the translation of ideas and inter-
ventions between poor and rich settings
while taking into account local needs. If an
intervention shows great promise in Iran,
for instance, can it be adapted for Poland or
Indonesia?
In the 1980s and 1990s, global collabo-
rative research led by the WHO enabled
cross-national comparisons of the incidence,
prevalence and long-term course of mental
disorders, as well as cross-cultural concep-
tualizations of mental illness and traditional
modes of understanding and management.
Over the past 15 years, many of the efforts
in global mental health have focused on
introducing high-quality research in low-
and middle-income countries to establish
an evidence-base for the delivery of services
in these nations.
More-recent research has focused on
efficacy, effectiveness and implementa-
tion in low- and middle-income countries.
Local research teams frequently collabo-
rate with colleagues in rich countries. Yet,
the relevance of this work to underserved
populations in high-income countries is
not routinely part of the global conversa-
tion. In low-income countries, the limited
infrastructure for community mental-health
care and the dismal budgetary allocations
for mental health are significant obstacles
to implementing research findings.
The status quo is not working — and
innovations are needed urgently. The fol-
lowing case studies are exemplars of the
approaches we advocate.
South–south learning. The Programme for
Improving Mental Health Care (PRIME) is
a consortium of research institutions and
ministries of health funded by the UK govern-
ment. PRIME aims to scale up mental-health
services in Ethiopia, India, Nepal, South
Africa and Uganda
by integ rat ing
these into primary
care. Together,
these countries
have developed
locally relevant
mental-health plans
informed by com-
munity advisory
boards that include district health admin-
istrators, service users, traditional healers
and police. The consortium observes cross-
country differences and similarities in the
evolving mental-health-care systems.
The shared framework for developing
and implementing plans with local adap-
tations is a powerful tool. Adaptations
included change-management interven-
tions for district managers in South Africa,
a mental-health case manager in India, and
new assessment tools in Nepal. All country
teams have recognized the need for systemic
changes. The next phase of the study is
evaluation, to assess whether and how these
changes affect disease burden.
North–north learning. The Arctic Council,
an intergovernmental forum for the circum-
polar states, has emerged as an avenue for
launching collaborative efforts to reduce
suicide rates in those countries. Young Alaska
Native men experience the highest rates of
suicide of any demographic group in the
United States. Similarly high rates also occur
among some indigenous Arctic communi-
ties in Canada, Greenland and Russia. Local
responders can benefit from what has been
learned and shown to be effective elsewhere.
An Arctic Council initiative that ran
between 2013 and 2015, led by Canada,
identified promising practices for suicide
prevention and mental-health promotion,
and mapped the evidence across circumpolar
communities, noting what interventions were
acceptable where. Teams identified common
threads that made a programme scalable and
adaptable across the region. These included
having sustained funding and dedicated
physical spaces for services; easy access for
community members; having skilled workers
who were based in and were knowledgeable
about the community; and creating forums
for talking about suicide. Crucially, the effort
continues in the US-led RISING SUN initia-
tive, which engages researchers, community-
members and decision-makers to identify
shared tools.
South–north learning. BasicNeeds is a global
mental-health charity, established in 2000
in Britain, that facilitates access to employ-
ment and mental-health care for people with
mental illness. The organization refined a
model for helping people into care and work
and to advocate for their problems in Afri-
can and Asian countries, including Ghana,
Tanzania, Nepal, China and Vietnam.
In Nepal, for example, a local charity that
specialized in community-based rehabilita-
tion adopted the BasicNeeds model. Working
closely with government-funded mental-
health clinics, the programme conducted
community outreach and facilitated access
to mental-health-care services. It reduced
expenses for families with ill members. Eli-
gible families received training and financial
support for developing and implementing a
business plan for income generation. People
who received support were all earning money
6–12 months later. BasicNeeds received
funding last year from the Robert Wood
Johnson Foundation in Princeton, New
Jersey, to translate the model to a deprived,
inner-city environment in the United States.
This kind of translation of practices is
just beginning. Technology is increasingly
enabling innovators to make their ideas
and projects public. One venue for sharing
ideas is the Mental Health Innovation Net-
work (MHIN), funded by Grand Challenges
Canada and managed by a research team at
the London School for Hygiene & Tropical
2 6 | N A T U R E | V O L 5 3 2 | 7 A P R I L 2 0 1 6
COMMENT
“If an
intervention
shows great
promise in Iran,
for instance, can
it be adapted
for Poland or
Indonesia?”
© 2016 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved
Medicine and the WHO’s Department of
Mental Health and Substance Abuse (of
which S.S. is director). Another virtual
community is the WHO’s Global Clinical
Practice Network. This online platform
allows thousands of clinicians from around
the world to contribute to and benefit from
mental-health research. Through it, more
than 12,000 clinicians from 139 countries
have participated in field trials, testing diag-
nostic guidelines in a wide range of settings.
Such networks also break national, profes-
sional and linguistic boundaries to facilitate
global conversation and learning.
NEXT STEPS
To meet the mental-health needs of
vulnerable people everywhere, we must
develop, study and practise the translation of
knowledge and ideas in all directions. How?
Here are six suggestions.
Determine which innovations will scale up.
Sometimes local application is enough. The
community must distil guiding principles
that enable practitioners to decide what is
right for which contexts. This requires health
planners to consider system-level issues
(such as human resources and financing) and
community-level needs (including accept-
ability and feasibility of care practices). In all
contexts, cost, complexity and fragmented
services can curtail wider implementation.
Train scientists to translate research
findings. A new cadre of global mental-
health researchers is needed to adapt treat-
ments to fit local health systems. They must
be able to assess needs and must be equipped
with the collaborative skills to engage deci-
sion-makers, clinicians and community
members. They need to generate knowledge
that informs cross-cultural translation.
Use the community’s knowledge. The
growing evidence base on effective low-cost
mental-health treatments is underused.
Scientific knowledge is often inaccessible to
practitioners, because they lack the time and
resources to review information. We need
to develop ways to synthesize new global
mental-health findings routinely, and present
this information so that users can apply it. The
global fight against HIV/AIDS presents one
model to draw from: networks of funders,
researchers, clinicians and patients have been
able to achieve standardized care protocols
by sharing information through interna-
tional working groups, society representa-
tives and UNAIDS, the UN programme for
HIV/AIDS. Similar networks exist in vaccine
and contraception research.
Sustain effective mental-health treat-
ments. A major problem is that research
funding does not support continued
delivery of services on the ground — this
requires a greater commitment from local
and national governments and aid agen-
cies to invest in mental health. The WHO
Mental Health Action Plan specifically calls
for stronger leadership and governance for
mental health at the national level, includ-
ing adequate funding. Around $1.6 billion
is needed in low-income countries, and
between $6.6 billion and $9.33 billion in
lower-middle-income countries, to provide
a basic package of mental health services;
this is eight and six times more, respectively,
than current investments6. The message that
poor investment in mental health is costly
for all countries must be communicated to
leaders with the power to invest7.
Evaluate the outcomes of treatments.
Globally, we lack adequate information
on the impact of services because clinics
and health systems often lack the funding,
capacity, motivation and protocols for
monitoring and evaluation. Rarer still is a
mechanism for using the results of evalu-
ation to improve services. So people need
to be trained to monitor and evaluate new
and established approaches. Collabora-
tive research networks can facilitate this
kind of capacity building. The WHO Men-
tal Health Action Plan sets out six global
targets to achieve by 2020. For example,
it calls for a 20% increase in service cov-
erage for severe mental disorders and a
10% reduction in suicide rates globally.
Mental-health advocates, clinicians and
patient groups in each country must track
progress towards these targets.
Disseminate successes and failures. The
risks that result from sharing information
about programme weaknesses must be min-
imized. Researchers rely on journal publica-
tions to disseminate information, but it is
much harder to publish unsuccessful trials
or evaluations. We need options beyond
research databases. Online platforms such
as the MHIN could be used here, espe-
cially by those who are not researchers who
develop new solutions to local problems.
In a world where mental-health innova-
tions cross borders as people do, a mother
migrating from Khayelitsha in South
Africa to New York could meet a commu-
nity health worker who delivers a depres-
sion treatment in her home, much like the
community counsellor at her maternal
health clinic in South Africa. People move
because of needs and opportunities — so,
too, must knowledge. ■ SEE NEWS FEATURE P.20
Pamela Y. Collins is director of the Office
for Research on Disparities & Global Mental
Health, US National Institute of Mental
Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Shekhar Saxena is director of the
Department of Mental Health and
Substance Abuse, World Health
Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
e-mail: pamela.collins@nih.gov;
saxenas@who.int
1. Steel, Z. et al. Int. J. Epidemiol. 43, 476–493
(2014).
2. Saxena, S., Thornicroft, G., Knapp, M. &
Whiteford, H. Lancet 370, 878–889 (2007).
3. Collins, P. Y. et al. Nature 475, 27–30 (2011).
4. Hamdani, S. U., Minhas, F. A., Iqbal, Z. & Rahman,
A. Pediatrics 136, 1166–1172 (2015).
5. Wang, P. S. et al. Lancet 370, 841–850 (2007).
6. Gilbert, B. J., Patel, V., Farmer, P. E. & Lu, C. PLoS
Med. 12, e1001834 (2015).
7. Vigo, D., Thornicroft, G. & Atun, R. Lancet
Psychiatry 3, 171–178 (2016).
The views expressed here do not necessarily
represent those of the US National Institute
of Mental Health, the US National Institutes of
Health, the US government or the World Health
Organization.
7 A P R I L 2 0 1 6 | V O L 5 3 2 | N A T U R E | 2 7
COMMENT
Palestinian children affected by conflict attend a UN mental-health programme in the Gaza Strip.
P
O
LA
R
IS
/E
YE
V
IN
E
© 2016 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without
permission.
**Spring2022DNP7900-GuideandrubricWeek6assignment.docx**
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**Spring2022DNP7900-GuideandrubricWeek6assignment.docx**
This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/spring2022dnp7900-guideandrubricweek6assignment-docx)
**## Spring2022DNP79006Template.docx**
1
1
**Sustainable Development Goals and Millennium Goals**
Student Name
Miami Regional University
DNP 7900: Global Health
Professor Name
Month, Year
**Header Here for the Title**
Purpose of the assignment: Evaluate and explore the correlation between the Millennium Development Goals and Communicable Diseases, , rememeber there are 17 goals. For this assignment you will use only 8.
(Introduction – not labeled 'Introduction'). When introducing the paper's purpose, the student demonstrates effective communication via written material by providing a summary of the correlation between the millennium developmental goals and communicable diseases and how the DNP essentials correlate to the assignment. After reviewing the United Nations website, elaborate briefly on how the original eight Millennium Development Goals evolved into the Seventeen Sustainable Development Goals. Include a brief overview of the content of the paper.
Provide a summary of the correlation between the Millennium Decelopmental Goals and Communicable diseases and how the DNP essentials correlates to the assignment. Brifly providing an overview of the content of the paper. Support this with in text citations for more credibility.
**Goal 1 & 2:**
**Eradicate extreme hunger and poverty and achieving universal primary education**
This section discusses both hunger and poverty contributing to the burden of the perpetuation of communicable disease. Include a discussion on how children's education can be adversely affected when mothers fail to address the need for basic hygiene.
**Goal 3 & 4:**
**Promote Gender equality and empower women and the reduction of child mortality rates**
This section discusses how improving maternal education leads to better hygiene practices within the family and the reduction of communicable diseases and how communicable diseases contribute to child mortality.
Here you need credible information, statistical data especially for the child mortality rate, which you could say which country has the higher mortality rate, which one has the lowest, what are things that can be done and what times are in place to modify this already
**Goal 5 & 6:**
**Improving maternal health and combating HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases**
This section discusses how HIV infection and malaria are particularly relevant to maternal outcomes.
**Goal 7 & 8:**
**Ensuring environmental sustainability and global partnership development**
This section discusses how open defecation, slum dwelling, and poor access to safe drinking water all significantly increase the risk of communicable disease transmission and what method can be used to address the threats posed by communicable diseases.
You can find relevant information on the World Health Organization website
**Summary**
Identify the main ideas and significant conclusions from the body of your manuscript. Do not add new information in conclusion.
**References**
The student uses a minimum of six scholarly articles for the assignment.
Use Articles within the last 5 years unless it s a centennial article
**## CollinsP.SaxenaS..pdf**
COMMENTT
BIOTECHNOLOGY Will the
reproductive lottery be left
behind so easily? p.35
SPACE The female
mathematicians of
NASA p.34
ENERGY Biography of peak-
oil predictor, Marion King
Hubbert p.31
ASTROPHYSICS The long, hard
road to the detection of
gravitational waves p.28
community to make the case for investment
in mental health. In the past three years,
the importance of mental health has been
highlighted by the WHO, in its Mental
Health Action Plan for 2013–20; by leaders
of countries in the Asia-Pacific Economic
Cooperation (APEC); and by the health
ministers of the Commonwealth nations. In
September 2015, mental health was incor-
porated into the United Nations’ Sustainable
Development Goals.
Five years ago, we, as members of the
expand. Notable are the tens of millions
of migrants fleeing persecution, conflict
and violence, as well as the survivors of
Ebola and other recent threats. Yet there
are only 9 mental-health providers per
100,000 people globally; an extra 1.7 million
mental-health workers are needed in low-
and middle-income countries alone.
Mental health does not lack political
support. This month, the World Bank and
the World Health Organization (WHO) will
together address the broader development
Action on mental health
needs global cooperation
As threats to populations transcend national boundaries, it is crucial that responses
to mental-health problems do too, say Pamela Y. Collins and Shekhar Saxena.
Mental-health disorders are the
leading causes of disability
worldwide. Nearly 30% of people
around the world experience a mood, anxi-
ety or substance-use disorder in their life-
time1. The resources required to address
these conditions are inadequate, unequally
distributed, inefficiently used and static2.
The widespread incarceration of people with
mental-health disorders persists.
The need and demand for mental-health
care is increasing as vulnerable populations
A counsellor at Nairobi Women’s Hospital.
S
V
EN
T
O
R
FI
N
N
/P
A
N
O
S
7 A P R I L 2 0 1 6 | V O L 5 3 2 | N A T U R E | 2 5
© 2016 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved
Grand Challenges in Global Mental Health
initiative, called for an equitable and global
approach to reducing the burden of mental
disorders3. The visibility of the issue has come
a long way since then. And although there
continue to be problems with the delivery of
mental-health services, funding for research
and innovation in mental health in low- and
middle-income countries has increased
substantially (albeit from a small base).
Since 2011, new investments estimated at
US$79.3 million have been made by the three
largest funders of mental-health research in
low- and middle-income countries (Grand
Challenges Canada, the UK Department
for International Development and the US
National Institute of Mental Health).
Researchers in such countries are tackling
the dearth of mental-health professionals
by testing the delivery of care by non-spe-
cialists — such as peers, community health
workers or primary-care providers. Others
are developing and testing applications on
smartphones and tablets to extend access to
screening and treatment4 (see page 20).
Now, clinicians, patients, caregivers and
researchers need to learn from each other.
The knowledge gained in all countries must
be evaluated, disseminated and adapted for
local use everywhere. Crucially, everyone
involved must start with the same mindset:
when it comes to mental health, all countries
are developing countries.
Of course, the resources available are
drastically different in the developing and
developed worlds: a teenager in Afghanistan
seeking mental-health care does so in a coun-
try that has 1 psychiatrist for every 10 million
people, not 1 per 5,000, as in, for instance, Bel-
gium. But no country has sufficient numbers
of trained mental-health-service providers.
Nearly one-third of the US population lacks
adequate access to mental-health-care pro-
viders. There are similar shortages in parts
of countries as diverse as Australia, Canada,
Finland, France, Japan, New Zealand and Slo-
vakia. Even in wealthy countries, 40–60% of
people with severe mental disorders do not
receive the care they need5.
Across all settings, those with the fewest
social and economic resources are least likely
to receive quality mental-health services,
be they in Arctic areas of Canada, inner-
city Glasgow or rural Sierra Leone. Today’s
global mental-health research must lead
to interventions developed in and for such
underserved communities.
MOVING FORWARD
Mirroring the global community’s commit-
ment to sustainable development, the world
needs a global commitment — financial
as well as moral — to mental health that
supports the translation of ideas and inter-
ventions between poor and rich settings
while taking into account local needs. If an
intervention shows great promise in Iran,
for instance, can it be adapted for Poland or
Indonesia?
In the 1980s and 1990s, global collabo-
rative research led by the WHO enabled
cross-national comparisons of the incidence,
prevalence and long-term course of mental
disorders, as well as cross-cultural concep-
tualizations of mental illness and traditional
modes of understanding and management.
Over the past 15 years, many of the efforts
in global mental health have focused on
introducing high-quality research in low-
and middle-income countries to establish
an evidence-base for the delivery of services
in these nations.
More-recent research has focused on
efficacy, effectiveness and implementa-
tion in low- and middle-income countries.
Local research teams frequently collabo-
rate with colleagues in rich countries. Yet,
the relevance of this work to underserved
populations in high-income countries is
not routinely part of the global conversa-
tion. In low-income countries, the limited
infrastructure for community mental-health
care and the dismal budgetary allocations
for mental health are significant obstacles
to implementing research findings.
The status quo is not working — and
innovations are needed urgently. The fol-
lowing case studies are exemplars of the
approaches we advocate.
South–south learning. The Programme for
Improving Mental Health Care (PRIME) is
a consortium of research institutions and
ministries of health funded by the UK govern-
ment. PRIME aims to scale up mental-health
services in Ethiopia, India, Nepal, South
Africa and Uganda
by integ rat ing
these into primary
care. Together,
these countries
have developed
locally relevant
mental-health plans
informed by com-
munity advisory
boards that include district health admin-
istrators, service users, traditional healers
and police. The consortium observes cross-
country differences and similarities in the
evolving mental-health-care systems.
The shared framework for developing
and implementing plans with local adap-
tations is a powerful tool. Adaptations
included change-management interven-
tions for district managers in South Africa,
a mental-health case manager in India, and
new assessment tools in Nepal. All country
teams have recognized the need for systemic
changes. The next phase of the study is
evaluation, to assess whether and how these
changes affect disease burden.
North–north learning. The Arctic Council,
an intergovernmental forum for the circum-
polar states, has emerged as an avenue for
launching collaborative efforts to reduce
suicide rates in those countries. Young Alaska
Native men experience the highest rates of
suicide of any demographic group in the
United States. Similarly high rates also occur
among some indigenous Arctic communi-
ties in Canada, Greenland and Russia. Local
responders can benefit from what has been
learned and shown to be effective elsewhere.
An Arctic Council initiative that ran
between 2013 and 2015, led by Canada,
identified promising practices for suicide
prevention and mental-health promotion,
and mapped the evidence across circumpolar
communities, noting what interventions were
acceptable where. Teams identified common
threads that made a programme scalable and
adaptable across the region. These included
having sustained funding and dedicated
physical spaces for services; easy access for
community members; having skilled workers
who were based in and were knowledgeable
about the community; and creating forums
for talking about suicide. Crucially, the effort
continues in the US-led RISING SUN initia-
tive, which engages researchers, community-
members and decision-makers to identify
shared tools.
South–north learning. BasicNeeds is a global
mental-health charity, established in 2000
in Britain, that facilitates access to employ-
ment and mental-health care for people with
mental illness. The organization refined a
model for helping people into care and work
and to advocate for their problems in Afri-
can and Asian countries, including Ghana,
Tanzania, Nepal, China and Vietnam.
In Nepal, for example, a local charity that
specialized in community-based rehabilita-
tion adopted the BasicNeeds model. Working
closely with government-funded mental-
health clinics, the programme conducted
community outreach and facilitated access
to mental-health-care services. It reduced
expenses for families with ill members. Eli-
gible families received training and financial
support for developing and implementing a
business plan for income generation. People
who received support were all earning money
6–12 months later. BasicNeeds received
funding last year from the Robert Wood
Johnson Foundation in Princeton, New
Jersey, to translate the model to a deprived,
inner-city environment in the United States.
This kind of translation of practices is
just beginning. Technology is increasingly
enabling innovators to make their ideas
and projects public. One venue for sharing
ideas is the Mental Health Innovation Net-
work (MHIN), funded by Grand Challenges
Canada and managed by a research team at
the London School for Hygiene & Tropical
2 6 | N A T U R E | V O L 5 3 2 | 7 A P R I L 2 0 1 6
COMMENT
“If an
intervention
shows great
promise in Iran,
for instance, can
it be adapted
for Poland or
Indonesia?”
© 2016 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved
Medicine and the WHO’s Department of
Mental Health and Substance Abuse (of
which S.S. is director). Another virtual
community is the WHO’s Global Clinical
Practice Network. This online platform
allows thousands of clinicians from around
the world to contribute to and benefit from
mental-health research. Through it, more
than 12,000 clinicians from 139 countries
have participated in field trials, testing diag-
nostic guidelines in a wide range of settings.
Such networks also break national, profes-
sional and linguistic boundaries to facilitate
global conversation and learning.
NEXT STEPS
To meet the mental-health needs of
vulnerable people everywhere, we must
develop, study and practise the translation of
knowledge and ideas in all directions. How?
Here are six suggestions.
Determine which innovations will scale up.
Sometimes local application is enough. The
community must distil guiding principles
that enable practitioners to decide what is
right for which contexts. This requires health
planners to consider system-level issues
(such as human resources and financing) and
community-level needs (including accept-
ability and feasibility of care practices). In all
contexts, cost, complexity and fragmented
services can curtail wider implementation.
Train scientists to translate research
findings. A new cadre of global mental-
health researchers is needed to adapt treat-
ments to fit local health systems. They must
be able to assess needs and must be equipped
with the collaborative skills to engage deci-
sion-makers, clinicians and community
members. They need to generate knowledge
that informs cross-cultural translation.
Use the community’s knowledge. The
growing evidence base on effective low-cost
mental-health treatments is underused.
Scientific knowledge is often inaccessible to
practitioners, because they lack the time and
resources to review information. We need
to develop ways to synthesize new global
mental-health findings routinely, and present
this information so that users can apply it. The
global fight against HIV/AIDS presents one
model to draw from: networks of funders,
researchers, clinicians and patients have been
able to achieve standardized care protocols
by sharing information through interna-
tional working groups, society representa-
tives and UNAIDS, the UN programme for
HIV/AIDS. Similar networks exist in vaccine
and contraception research.
Sustain effective mental-health treat-
ments. A major problem is that research
funding does not support continued
delivery of services on the ground — this
requires a greater commitment from local
and national governments and aid agen-
cies to invest in mental health. The WHO
Mental Health Action Plan specifically calls
for stronger leadership and governance for
mental health at the national level, includ-
ing adequate funding. Around $1.6 billion
is needed in low-income countries, and
between $6.6 billion and $9.33 billion in
lower-middle-income countries, to provide
a basic package of mental health services;
this is eight and six times more, respectively,
than current investments6. The message that
poor investment in mental health is costly
for all countries must be communicated to
leaders with the power to invest7.
Evaluate the outcomes of treatments.
Globally, we lack adequate information
on the impact of services because clinics
and health systems often lack the funding,
capacity, motivation and protocols for
monitoring and evaluation. Rarer still is a
mechanism for using the results of evalu-
ation to improve services. So people need
to be trained to monitor and evaluate new
and established approaches. Collabora-
tive research networks can facilitate this
kind of capacity building. The WHO Men-
tal Health Action Plan sets out six global
targets to achieve by 2020. For example,
it calls for a 20% increase in service cov-
erage for severe mental disorders and a
10% reduction in suicide rates globally.
Mental-health advocates, clinicians and
patient groups in each country must track
progress towards these targets.
Disseminate successes and failures. The
risks that result from sharing information
about programme weaknesses must be min-
imized. Researchers rely on journal publica-
tions to disseminate information, but it is
much harder to publish unsuccessful trials
or evaluations. We need options beyond
research databases. Online platforms such
as the MHIN could be used here, espe-
cially by those who are not researchers who
develop new solutions to local problems.
In a world where mental-health innova-
tions cross borders as people do, a mother
migrating from Khayelitsha in South
Africa to New York could meet a commu-
nity health worker who delivers a depres-
sion treatment in her home, much like the
community counsellor at her maternal
health clinic in South Africa. People move
because of needs and opportunities — so,
too, must knowledge. ■ SEE NEWS FEATURE P.20
Pamela Y. Collins is director of the Office
for Research on Disparities & Global Mental
Health, US National Institute of Mental
Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Shekhar Saxena is director of the
Department of Mental Health and
Substance Abuse, World Health
Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
e-mail: pamela.collins@nih.gov;
saxenas@who.int
1. Steel, Z. et al. Int. J. Epidemiol. 43, 476–493
(2014).
2. Saxena, S., Thornicroft, G., Knapp, M. &
Whiteford, H. Lancet 370, 878–889 (2007).
3. Collins, P. Y. et al. Nature 475, 27–30 (2011).
4. Hamdani, S. U., Minhas, F. A., Iqbal, Z. & Rahman,
A. Pediatrics 136, 1166–1172 (2015).
5. Wang, P. S. et al. Lancet 370, 841–850 (2007).
6. Gilbert, B. J., Patel, V., Farmer, P. E. & Lu, C. PLoS
Med. 12, e1001834 (2015).
7. Vigo, D., Thornicroft, G. & Atun, R. Lancet
Psychiatry 3, 171–178 (2016).
The views expressed here do not necessarily
represent those of the US National Institute
of Mental Health, the US National Institutes of
Health, the US government or the World Health
Organization.
7 A P R I L 2 0 1 6 | V O L 5 3 2 | N A T U R E | 2 7
COMMENT
Palestinian children affected by conflict attend a UN mental-health programme in the Gaza Strip.
P
O
LA
R
IS
/E
YE
V
IN
E
© 2016 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without
permission.
**Spring2022DNP7900-GuideandrubricWeek6assignment.docx**
This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/spring2022dnp7900-guideandrubricweek6assignment-docx)
**## Spring2022DNP79006Template.docx**
1
1
**Sustainable Development Goals and Millennium Goals**
Student Name
Miami Regional University
DNP 7900: Global Health
Professor Name
Month, Year
**Header Here for the Title**
Purpose of the assignment: Evaluate and explore the correlation between the Millennium Development Goals and Communicable Diseases, , rememeber there are 17 goals. For this assignment you will use only 8.
(Introduction – not labeled 'Introduction'). When introducing the paper's purpose, the student demonstrates effective communication via written material by providing a summary of the correlation between the millennium developmental goals and communicable diseases and how the DNP essentials correlate to the assignment. After reviewing the United Nations website, elaborate briefly on how the original eight Millennium Development Goals evolved into the Seventeen Sustainable Development Goals. Include a brief overview of the content of the paper.
Provide a summary of the correlation between the Millennium Decelopmental Goals and Communicable diseases and how the DNP essentials correlates to the assignment. Brifly providing an overview of the content of the paper. Support this with in text citations for more credibility.
**Goal 1 & 2:**
**Eradicate extreme hunger and poverty and achieving universal primary education**
This section discusses both hunger and poverty contributing to the burden of the perpetuation of communicable disease. Include a discussion on how children's education can be adversely affected when mothers fail to address the need for basic hygiene.
**Goal 3 & 4:**
**Promote Gender equality and empower women and the reduction of child mortality rates**
This section discusses how improving maternal education leads to better hygiene practices within the family and the reduction of communicable diseases and how communicable diseases contribute to child mortality.
Here you need credible information, statistical data especially for the child mortality rate, which you could say which country has the higher mortality rate, which one has the lowest, what are things that can be done and what times are in place to modify this already
**Goal 5 & 6:**
**Improving maternal health and combating HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases**
This section discusses how HIV infection and malaria are particularly relevant to maternal outcomes.
**Goal 7 & 8:**
**Ensuring environmental sustainability and global partnership development**
This section discusses how open defecation, slum dwelling, and poor access to safe drinking water all significantly increase the risk of communicable disease transmission and what method can be used to address the threats posed by communicable diseases.
You can find relevant information on the World Health Organization website
**Summary**
Identify the main ideas and significant conclusions from the body of your manuscript. Do not add new information in conclusion.
**References**
The student uses a minimum of six scholarly articles for the assignment.
Use Articles within the last 5 years unless it s a centennial article
**## CollinsP.SaxenaS..pdf**
COMMENTT
BIOTECHNOLOGY Will the
reproductive lottery be left
behind so easily? p.35
SPACE The female
mathematicians of
NASA p.34
ENERGY Biography of peak-
oil predictor, Marion King
Hubbert p.31
ASTROPHYSICS The long, hard
road to the detection of
gravitational waves p.28
community to make the case for investment
in mental health. In the past three years,
the importance of mental health has been
highlighted by the WHO, in its Mental
Health Action Plan for 2013–20; by leaders
of countries in the Asia-Pacific Economic
Cooperation (APEC); and by the health
ministers of the Commonwealth nations. In
September 2015, mental health was incor-
porated into the United Nations’ Sustainable
Development Goals.
Five years ago, we, as members of the
expand. Notable are the tens of millions
of migrants fleeing persecution, conflict
and violence, as well as the survivors of
Ebola and other recent threats. Yet there
are only 9 mental-health providers per
100,000 people globally; an extra 1.7 million
mental-health workers are needed in low-
and middle-income countries alone.
Mental health does not lack political
support. This month, the World Bank and
the World Health Organization (WHO) will
together address the broader development
Action on mental health
needs global cooperation
As threats to populations transcend national boundaries, it is crucial that responses
to mental-health problems do too, say Pamela Y. Collins and Shekhar Saxena.
Mental-health disorders are the
leading causes of disability
worldwide. Nearly 30% of people
around the world experience a mood, anxi-
ety or substance-use disorder in their life-
time1. The resources required to address
these conditions are inadequate, unequally
distributed, inefficiently used and static2.
The widespread incarceration of people with
mental-health disorders persists.
The need and demand for mental-health
care is increasing as vulnerable populations
A counsellor at Nairobi Women’s Hospital.
S
V
EN
T
O
R
FI
N
N
/P
A
N
O
S
7 A P R I L 2 0 1 6 | V O L 5 3 2 | N A T U R E | 2 5
© 2016 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved
Grand Challenges in Global Mental Health
initiative, called for an equitable and global
approach to reducing the burden of mental
disorders3. The visibility of the issue has come
a long way since then. And although there
continue to be problems with the delivery of
mental-health services, funding for research
and innovation in mental health in low- and
middle-income countries has increased
substantially (albeit from a small base).
Since 2011, new investments estimated at
US$79.3 million have been made by the three
largest funders of mental-health research in
low- and middle-income countries (Grand
Challenges Canada, the UK Department
for International Development and the US
National Institute of Mental Health).
Researchers in such countries are tackling
the dearth of mental-health professionals
by testing the delivery of care by non-spe-
cialists — such as peers, community health
workers or primary-care providers. Others
are developing and testing applications on
smartphones and tablets to extend access to
screening and treatment4 (see page 20).
Now, clinicians, patients, caregivers and
researchers need to learn from each other.
The knowledge gained in all countries must
be evaluated, disseminated and adapted for
local use everywhere. Crucially, everyone
involved must start with the same mindset:
when it comes to mental health, all countries
are developing countries.
Of course, the resources available are
drastically different in the developing and
developed worlds: a teenager in Afghanistan
seeking mental-health care does so in a coun-
try that has 1 psychiatrist for every 10 million
people, not 1 per 5,000, as in, for instance, Bel-
gium. But no country has sufficient numbers
of trained mental-health-service providers.
Nearly one-third of the US population lacks
adequate access to mental-health-care pro-
viders. There are similar shortages in parts
of countries as diverse as Australia, Canada,
Finland, France, Japan, New Zealand and Slo-
vakia. Even in wealthy countries, 40–60% of
people with severe mental disorders do not
receive the care they need5.
Across all settings, those with the fewest
social and economic resources are least likely
to receive quality mental-health services,
be they in Arctic areas of Canada, inner-
city Glasgow or rural Sierra Leone. Today’s
global mental-health research must lead
to interventions developed in and for such
underserved communities.
MOVING FORWARD
Mirroring the global community’s commit-
ment to sustainable development, the world
needs a global commitment — financial
as well as moral — to mental health that
supports the translation of ideas and inter-
ventions between poor and rich settings
while taking into account local needs. If an
intervention shows great promise in Iran,
for instance, can it be adapted for Poland or
Indonesia?
In the 1980s and 1990s, global collabo-
rative research led by the WHO enabled
cross-national comparisons of the incidence,
prevalence and long-term course of mental
disorders, as well as cross-cultural concep-
tualizations of mental illness and traditional
modes of understanding and management.
Over the past 15 years, many of the efforts
in global mental health have focused on
introducing high-quality research in low-
and middle-income countries to establish
an evidence-base for the delivery of services
in these nations.
More-recent research has focused on
efficacy, effectiveness and implementa-
tion in low- and middle-income countries.
Local research teams frequently collabo-
rate with colleagues in rich countries. Yet,
the relevance of this work to underserved
populations in high-income countries is
not routinely part of the global conversa-
tion. In low-income countries, the limited
infrastructure for community mental-health
care and the dismal budgetary allocations
for mental health are significant obstacles
to implementing research findings.
The status quo is not working — and
innovations are needed urgently. The fol-
lowing case studies are exemplars of the
approaches we advocate.
South–south learning. The Programme for
Improving Mental Health Care (PRIME) is
a consortium of research institutions and
ministries of health funded by the UK govern-
ment. PRIME aims to scale up mental-health
services in Ethiopia, India, Nepal, South
Africa and Uganda
by integ rat ing
these into primary
care. Together,
these countries
have developed
locally relevant
mental-health plans
informed by com-
munity advisory
boards that include district health admin-
istrators, service users, traditional healers
and police. The consortium observes cross-
country differences and similarities in the
evolving mental-health-care systems.
The shared framework for developing
and implementing plans with local adap-
tations is a powerful tool. Adaptations
included change-management interven-
tions for district managers in South Africa,
a mental-health case manager in India, and
new assessment tools in Nepal. All country
teams have recognized the need for systemic
changes. The next phase of the study is
evaluation, to assess whether and how these
changes affect disease burden.
North–north learning. The Arctic Council,
an intergovernmental forum for the circum-
polar states, has emerged as an avenue for
launching collaborative efforts to reduce
suicide rates in those countries. Young Alaska
Native men experience the highest rates of
suicide of any demographic group in the
United States. Similarly high rates also occur
among some indigenous Arctic communi-
ties in Canada, Greenland and Russia. Local
responders can benefit from what has been
learned and shown to be effective elsewhere.
An Arctic Council initiative that ran
between 2013 and 2015, led by Canada,
identified promising practices for suicide
prevention and mental-health promotion,
and mapped the evidence across circumpolar
communities, noting what interventions were
acceptable where. Teams identified common
threads that made a programme scalable and
adaptable across the region. These included
having sustained funding and dedicated
physical spaces for services; easy access for
community members; having skilled workers
who were based in and were knowledgeable
about the community; and creating forums
for talking about suicide. Crucially, the effort
continues in the US-led RISING SUN initia-
tive, which engages researchers, community-
members and decision-makers to identify
shared tools.
South–north learning. BasicNeeds is a global
mental-health charity, established in 2000
in Britain, that facilitates access to employ-
ment and mental-health care for people with
mental illness. The organization refined a
model for helping people into care and work
and to advocate for their problems in Afri-
can and Asian countries, including Ghana,
Tanzania, Nepal, China and Vietnam.
In Nepal, for example, a local charity that
specialized in community-based rehabilita-
tion adopted the BasicNeeds model. Working
closely with government-funded mental-
health clinics, the programme conducted
community outreach and facilitated access
to mental-health-care services. It reduced
expenses for families with ill members. Eli-
gible families received training and financial
support for developing and implementing a
business plan for income generation. People
who received support were all earning money
6–12 months later. BasicNeeds received
funding last year from the Robert Wood
Johnson Foundation in Princeton, New
Jersey, to translate the model to a deprived,
inner-city environment in the United States.
This kind of translation of practices is
just beginning. Technology is increasingly
enabling innovators to make their ideas
and projects public. One venue for sharing
ideas is the Mental Health Innovation Net-
work (MHIN), funded by Grand Challenges
Canada and managed by a research team at
the London School for Hygiene & Tropical
2 6 | N A T U R E | V O L 5 3 2 | 7 A P R I L 2 0 1 6
COMMENT
“If an
intervention
shows great
promise in Iran,
for instance, can
it be adapted
for Poland or
Indonesia?”
© 2016 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved
Medicine and the WHO’s Department of
Mental Health and Substance Abuse (of
which S.S. is director). Another virtual
community is the WHO’s Global Clinical
Practice Network. This online platform
allows thousands of clinicians from around
the world to contribute to and benefit from
mental-health research. Through it, more
than 12,000 clinicians from 139 countries
have participated in field trials, testing diag-
nostic guidelines in a wide range of settings.
Such networks also break national, profes-
sional and linguistic boundaries to facilitate
global conversation and learning.
NEXT STEPS
To meet the mental-health needs of
vulnerable people everywhere, we must
develop, study and practise the translation of
knowledge and ideas in all directions. How?
Here are six suggestions.
Determine which innovations will scale up.
Sometimes local application is enough. The
community must distil guiding principles
that enable practitioners to decide what is
right for which contexts. This requires health
planners to consider system-level issues
(such as human resources and financing) and
community-level needs (including accept-
ability and feasibility of care practices). In all
contexts, cost, complexity and fragmented
services can curtail wider implementation.
Train scientists to translate research
findings. A new cadre of global mental-
health researchers is needed to adapt treat-
ments to fit local health systems. They must
be able to assess needs and must be equipped
with the collaborative skills to engage deci-
sion-makers, clinicians and community
members. They need to generate knowledge
that informs cross-cultural translation.
Use the community’s knowledge. The
growing evidence base on effective low-cost
mental-health treatments is underused.
Scientific knowledge is often inaccessible to
practitioners, because they lack the time and
resources to review information. We need
to develop ways to synthesize new global
mental-health findings routinely, and present
this information so that users can apply it. The
global fight against HIV/AIDS presents one
model to draw from: networks of funders,
researchers, clinicians and patients have been
able to achieve standardized care protocols
by sharing information through interna-
tional working groups, society representa-
tives and UNAIDS, the UN programme for
HIV/AIDS. Similar networks exist in vaccine
and contraception research.
Sustain effective mental-health treat-
ments. A major problem is that research
funding does not support continued
delivery of services on the ground — this
requires a greater commitment from local
and national governments and aid agen-
cies to invest in mental health. The WHO
Mental Health Action Plan specifically calls
for stronger leadership and governance for
mental health at the national level, includ-
ing adequate funding. Around $1.6 billion
is needed in low-income countries, and
between $6.6 billion and $9.33 billion in
lower-middle-income countries, to provide
a basic package of mental health services;
this is eight and six times more, respectively,
than current investments6. The message that
poor investment in mental health is costly
for all countries must be communicated to
leaders with the power to invest7.
Evaluate the outcomes of treatments.
Globally, we lack adequate information
on the impact of services because clinics
and health systems often lack the funding,
capacity, motivation and protocols for
monitoring and evaluation. Rarer still is a
mechanism for using the results of evalu-
ation to improve services. So people need
to be trained to monitor and evaluate new
and established approaches. Collabora-
tive research networks can facilitate this
kind of capacity building. The WHO Men-
tal Health Action Plan sets out six global
targets to achieve by 2020. For example,
it calls for a 20% increase in service cov-
erage for severe mental disorders and a
10% reduction in suicide rates globally.
Mental-health advocates, clinicians and
patient groups in each country must track
progress towards these targets.
Disseminate successes and failures. The
risks that result from sharing information
about programme weaknesses must be min-
imized. Researchers rely on journal publica-
tions to disseminate information, but it is
much harder to publish unsuccessful trials
or evaluations. We need options beyond
research databases. Online platforms such
as the MHIN could be used here, espe-
cially by those who are not researchers who
develop new solutions to local problems.
In a world where mental-health innova-
tions cross borders as people do, a mother
migrating from Khayelitsha in South
Africa to New York could meet a commu-
nity health worker who delivers a depres-
sion treatment in her home, much like the
community counsellor at her maternal
health clinic in South Africa. People move
because of needs and opportunities — so,
too, must knowledge. ■ SEE NEWS FEATURE P.20
Pamela Y. Collins is director of the Office
for Research on Disparities & Global Mental
Health, US National Institute of Mental
Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Shekhar Saxena is director of the
Department of Mental Health and
Substance Abuse, World Health
Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
e-mail: pamela.collins@nih.gov;
saxenas@who.int
1. Steel, Z. et al. Int. J. Epidemiol. 43, 476–493
(2014).
2. Saxena, S., Thornicroft, G., Knapp, M. &
Whiteford, H. Lancet 370, 878–889 (2007).
3. Collins, P. Y. et al. Nature 475, 27–30 (2011).
4. Hamdani, S. U., Minhas, F. A., Iqbal, Z. & Rahman,
A. Pediatrics 136, 1166–1172 (2015).
5. Wang, P. S. et al. Lancet 370, 841–850 (2007).
6. Gilbert, B. J., Patel, V., Farmer, P. E. & Lu, C. PLoS
Med. 12, e1001834 (2015).
7. Vigo, D., Thornicroft, G. & Atun, R. Lancet
Psychiatry 3, 171–178 (2016).
The views expressed here do not necessarily
represent those of the US National Institute
of Mental Health, the US National Institutes of
Health, the US government or the World Health
Organization.
7 A P R I L 2 0 1 6 | V O L 5 3 2 | N A T U R E | 2 7
COMMENT
Palestinian children affected by conflict attend a UN mental-health programme in the Gaza Strip.
P
O
LA
R
IS
/E
YE
V
IN
E
© 2016 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without
permission.
**Spring2022DNP7900-GuideandrubricWeek6assignment.docx**
This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/spring2022dnp7900-guideandrubricweek6assignment-docx)