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Nursing literature review essay example

While the implementation plan prepares students to apply their research to the problem or issue they have identified for their capstone change proposal project, the literature review enables students to map out and move into the active planning and development stages of the project.

A literature review analyzes how current research supports the PICOT, as well as identifies what is known and what is not known in the evidence nursing literature review essay example. Students will use the information from the earlier PICOT Statement Paper and Literature Evaluation Table assignments to develop a 750-1,000 word review that includes the following sections:

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Title page

Introduction section

A comparison of research questions

A comparison of sample populations

A comparison of the limitations of the study

A conclusion section, incorporating recommendations for further research

Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required. nursing literature review essay example.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

Please, references should not be older than 5 years and use Grand Canyon University format

 

Abstract

Introduction:
Nicotine is presented a highly addictive psychoactive substance that requires a structured strategy to address the behavioral and biological aspects of the addiction. NRT is presented as one strategy that could be effective in smoking cessation efforts. The purpose is to provide evidence that supports NRT being recommended as an efficiency cessation tool for smokers who have expressed the intention to quit smoking. nursing literature review essay example.

Comparison of research questions:
The eight articles under review all address NRT use among young adult smokers.

Comparison of sample population:
The eight studies are categorized as qualitative and quantities studies with the qualitative studies recruiting a smaller sample of participants (between 11 and 15 smokers) while the quantitative studies recruited a larger sample of participants (between 100 and 3,094 smokers).

Comparison of limitations:
The qualitative studies recruited a small population sample that reduced their generalizability nursing literature review essay example. Additionally, some of the research aims are too broad. The current research intends to address the limitations by recruiting a large sample of participants that will improve results generalizability and focusing on NRT as a single smoking cessation strategy.

Conclusion:
Overall, the present research intends to present evidence that supports NRT use among smokers who have presented quitting intention to improve cessation efficiency.

Introduction

Nicotine is identified as a highly addictive psychoactive substance. In fact, it is behaviorally and biologically addictive making it difficult for cigarette smokers to quit as any quitting action would be accompanied by withdrawal symptoms (Barbeau, Burda & Siegel, 2013). To address the concern that links quitting with harm, nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) has been proposed. The therapy acts by replacing nicotine with a less harmful material so that the behavioral and biological aspects of smoking are not disrupted (Silla, Beard & Shahab, 2014). As such, nursing practitioners should recommend NRT for smokers who have expressed the intention to quit in order to improve the cessation efficiency. nursing literature review essay example.

A comparison of research questions

The present research intends to compare the cessation efficiency of NRT against other smoking cessation therapies with the intention of identifying the most efficient approach for use by cigarette smokers intending to quit. nursing literature review essay example. As such, it intends to answer the question of: Is NRT is more efficient than other smoking cessation therapies to justify special attention from nursing personnel? To answer this question, it is prudent to collect secondary information from sources talking about NRT. Buller et al. (2014) asked the question: How useful and effective is nicotine patch (NRT) in smoking cessation interventions? Silla, Beard and Shahab (2014) ask the question of: what attitudes and beliefs do smokers and ex-smokers exhibit towards NRT? Barbeau, Burda and Siegel (2013) ask the question: do e-cigarettes present better efficacy results when compared against other NRT strategies? Thurgood et al. (2015) asks two questions. The first question is: what is the effectiveness of different smoking cessation interventions for patients with substance use disorders? The second question is: what is the impact of smoking cessation treatment on substance use outcomes? Garcia-Rodriguez et al. (2014) asks the question: What are the estimated relapse rates and predictors to smoking when using NRT among young adults? Chen et al. (2016) asks the question: What are the high-risk smoking behaviors and barriers to smoking cessation among homeless individuals? Hakim, Chowdhury and Uddin (2017) ask the question: What are the correlates of unsuccessful smoking cessation among adults in Bangladesh? Diemert et al. (2013) asked the question: What are the predictors of young adults smoking cessation behavior? The research questions from the eight selected journal articles are all concerned with smoking cessation, six of them focusing on NRT. There relevance to the current research is highlighted by the fact that they all address the same topic (smoking cessation) for the same population (young adults). As such, they will be useful in answering the present question of whether NRT is more efficient than other smoking cessation therapies to justify special attention from nursing personnel. nursing literature review essay example.

A comparison of sample populations

Buller et al. (2014) applied a quantitative research approach whereby a sample of 3,094 smokers was recruited aged between 18 and 30 years. Silla, Beard and Shahab (2014) applied a qualitative approach that recruited 15 participants who included current and ex-smokers. Barbeau, Burda and Siegel (2013) applied a qualitative approach that recruited 11 participants who included 9 men and 2 women. Thurgood et al. (2015) applied a qualitative approach that evaluated randomized control trials published between 1990 and 2014. Garcia-Rodriguez et al. (2014) applied a quantitative research approach that relied on secondary data from Waves 1 and 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions. Chen et al. (2016) applied a quantitative research approach that recruited 100 smokers from a homeless shelter. Hakim, Chowdhury and Uddin (2017) applied a quantitative research approach that used secondary data from 2009 Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) for Bangladesh in which 1,552 smokers older than 14 years were recruited. Diemert et al. (2013) applied a quantitative design that relied on secondary data from the Ontario Tobacco Survey in which 592 young adult smokers were recruited as participants. The eight studies are focused on smokers as the population of interest, with the qualitative studies recruiting a smaller sample of participants (between 11 and 15 smokers) while the quantitative studies recruited a larger sample of participants (between 100 and 3,094 smokers). nursing literature review essay example. The present study will make use of these aspects by focusing on recruiting the participants from the population of interest (smokers older than 17 years).

A comparison of the limitations of the study

Although the eight studies do not clearly outline their limitations, one limitation can be gleaned in the qualitative studies. The qualitative studies recruited a very small sample of participants (between 11 and 15) when compared to the whole population of smokers thereby making the results non-generalizable. A larger sample would be required to improve the results generalizability since such a sample would be more representative of the demographic peculiarities of the population. Still, it is understood that recruiting a larger sample would have exponentially increase the research cost for the qualitative studies. The present research will address this limitation by recruiting a large number of participants while considering the cost, convenience and time aspects. Another limitation is noted in Thurgood et al. (2015) where the formulated research aim is too broad. The present study addresses this concern by focusing on NRT as a single smoking cessation strategy. nursing literature review essay example.

Conclusion (with recommendations)

One must accept that nicotine is a highly addictive psychoactive substances that presents both behavioral and biological aspects. As such, there is a need to develop effective strategies to break the addiction. In addition, one must acknowledge that there are a range of strategies available for facilitating smoking cessation, although they each differ in terms of approach, effectiveness and efficacy. NRT is one such strategy that has been explored, particularly its use among young adult smokers and performance in comparison to other strategies. Eight research studies have been presented that research this aspect, but their results are limited by use of small samples and formulation of very broad objectives. The present research will address the limitations by recruiting a large sample of participants to improve results generalizability, and narrowing the objective to focus on NRT use among smokers older than 17 years as a representative of all smokers. The intention is to present evidence that supports NRT use among smokers who have presented quitting intention to improve cessation efficiency nursing literature review essay example.

References

Barbeau, A., Burda, J. & Siegel, M. (2013). Perceived efficacy of e-cigarettes versus nicotine replacement therapy among successful e-cigarette users: a qualitative approach.
Addict Sci Clin Pract.
, 8, 5. doi: 10.1186/1940-0640-8-5

Buller, D., Halperin, A., Severson, H., Borland, R., Slater, M., Bettinghaus, E., Tinkelman, D., Cutter, G. & Woodall, G. (2014). Effect of Nicotine Replacement Therapy on Quitting by Young Adults in a Trial Comparing Cessation Services.
J Public Health Manag Pract.
, 20(2), E7-E15. doi: 10.1097/PHH.0b013e3182a0b8c7

Chen, J., Nguyen, A., Malesker, M. & Morrow, L. (2016). High-Risk Smoking Behaviors and Barriers to Smoking Cessation among Homeless Individuals.
Respiratory Care
, 61(5), 640-645. doi: 10.4187/respcare.04439 nursing literature review essay example

Diemert, L., Bondy, S., Brown, S. & Manske, S. (2013). Young Adult Smoking Cessation: Predictors of Quit Attempts and Abstinence.
American Journal of Public Health
, 103(3), 449-453. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300878

Garcia-Rodriguez, O., Secades-Villa, R., Florez-Salamanca, L., Okuda, M., Liu, S. & Blanco, C. (2014). Effect of Nicotine Replacement Therapy on Quitting by Young Adults in a Trial Comparing Cessation Services.
Drug Alcohol Depend.
, 132(3), 479-485. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.03.008

Hakim, S., Chowdhury, M. & Uddin, J. (2017). Correlates of unsuccessful smoking cessation among adults in Bangladesh.
Preventive Medicine Reports
, 8, 122-128. doi: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2017.08.007

Silla, K., Beard, E. & Shahab, L. (2014). Nicotine replacement therapy use among smokers and ex-smokers: associated attitudes and beliefs: a qualitative study.
BMC Public Health
, 14, 1311. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-1311 nursing literature review essay example.

Thurgood, S., McNeill, A., Clark-Carter, D. & Brose, L. (2015). A Systematic Review of Smoking Cessation Interventions for Adults in Substance Abuse Treatment or Recovery.
Nicotine & Tobacco Research
, 18(5), 993-1001. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntv127 nursing literature review essay example

Moral/ethical issues encountered by a PMHNP essay example

To prepare:

• Review literature for moral/ethical issues encountered by a PMHNP.

• Select one of the articles you found that was published within the last 5 years to use as a focus for this assignment.

Write a 2-page paper in which you do the following:

• Summarize the moral/ethical issue in the article (no more than 1 paragraph).

• Describe the moral and ethical dilemmas surrounding the issue.

• Analyze the ethical issue and compare them to the state health laws and regulations in your state. moral/ethical issues encountered by a PMHNP essay example.

• Outline the process of ethical decision making you would use to address this ethical dilemma.

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Ethics in Psychiatric Mental Health Practice

The Psychiatric-Mental Health Nurse Practitioner (PMHNP) is a registered nurse practitioner specialized wit handling psychiatrist mental cases. This group of nurses is highly trained and possesses a master’s degree level of education. PMHPs perform physical examinations and screening, formulate initial physical diagnoses and make precise references to indicate primary care for mentally ill patients. PMHNPs are entitled to develop relationships with severe mental cases, which help identify underlying health problems. They are in charge of coordinating and integrating multidisciplinary mental care services, while providing comprehensive family psychiatric mental health education. moral/ethical issues encountered by a PMHNP essay example. However, PMHNPs do face an array of ethical and moral challenges when disseminating their duties. It is in the light of their predicaments that it is important to evaluate the ethical issues which entail lack of confidentiality and poor decision making.

Ethical Issue

Findlay et al. (2015) conducted a research to ascertain the relationship between patients suffering from schizophrenia and poor behavioral decisions that lead to poor health outcomes. The researches employed a descriptive qualitative study to examine behavioral decision making amongst patients suffering from schizophrenia. The main objective of employing the descriptive qualitative analysis was to gain in-depth understanding on experiences and perspectives of the patients involved in the research.  All the participants were required to understand the purpose of the study, willing to communicate effectively about their schizophrenia conditions, and be 18 years and above. moral/ethical issues encountered by a PMHNP essay example. The researchers excluded patients who had communication problems, and exhibited inability to communicate. Findlay et al. (2015) used the content analysis to scrutinize collected and sampled data. The researchers discovered that the group of schizophrenic patients understood the cause of their predicaments and were able to reveal their behavioral indulgence. Particularly, some publicly stated that they engaged in smoking and listening to music to relieve their stress. The researchers, therefore, concluded that most of the schizophrenic patients understood their ailments, and would engage PMHNPs for relevant treatment methods.  They seconded that the root cause of poor outcomes in patients suffering from schizophrenia was contributed by poor decision making by PMHNP nurses. moral/ethical issues encountered by a PMHNP essay example.

Moral and ethical dilemmas

Behavioral decision making is a vital component when handling patients, specifically those suffering from mental disabilities. Normally, patients suffering from mental illnesses may be subjected to forceful commitment to care, majorly due to bad decisions from their relatives and families (Streiner, Norman, & Cairney, 2015). Patients might contest such decisions, since they are against their will. PMHNPs encounter such unethical dilemmas, since they compromise the legal rights of a patient (Annamalai, & Tek, 2015). Besides, they make decisions that lead to deterioration of a patient’s health instead of ensuring recovery. moral/ethical issues encountered by a PMHNP essay example.

Analysis and state health laws and regulations

The department of mental health services in Chicago is committed to offering utmost excellent care to all patients suffering from mental conditions. The state dictates that the department collaborates with community mental health providers to directly invest with the local partners to provide mental health services (Jacobson, & Dahlen, 2016). The law explains that not all interventions work for all patients, and therefore, PMHNPS need to precisely understand a patient’s problems and apply relevant approaches to foster better outcomes (Delaney, K. R. (2016). The law supports the need for practitioners to be diverse and integrate approaches that ensure better patient outcomes while keeping and upholding the law.

Opinion

It is normal for PMHNPs to encounter ethical dilemmas when handling patients with mental disabilities. In my opinion, however, it is necessary to engage family members when faced with such predicaments. Besides, I would consider the opinion of the patient about the preferred treatment method. This way, I would ensure the dissemination of an appropriate treatment approach that works within the law and satisfies the patient’s needs, guaranteeing better outcomes. moral/ethical issues encountered by a PMHNP essay example.

References

Annamalai, A., & Tek, C. (2015). An overview of diabetes management in schizophrenia patients: office based strategies for primary care practitioners and endocrinologists.
International journal of endocrinology
,
2015
.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/969182

Delaney, K. R. (2016). Psychiatric mental health nursing workforce agenda: Optimizing capabilities and capacity to address workforce demands.
Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association
,
22
(2), 122-131. moral/ethical issues encountered by a PMHNP essay example.

Retrieved from http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1078390316636938

 

Findlay, L. J., El-Mallakh, P., Howard, P. B., Hatcher, J., & Clark, J. J. (2015). Health Behavior Decision-making in African-American Adults Diagnosed with Schizophrenia.
Issues in mental health nursing
,
36
(7), 493-504.

https://doi.org/10.3109/01612840.2014.1002646

Jacobson, P. D., & Dahlen, R. (2016). Health Law 2015: Individuals and Populations.
Journal of health politics, policy and law
,
41
(6), 1097-1118.

https://doi.org/10.1215/03616878-3665940

Streiner, D. L., Norman, G. R., & Cairney, J. (2015).
Health measurement scales: a practical guide to their development and use
. Oxford University Press, USA. moral/ethical issues encountered by a PMHNP essay example.

Retrieved from https://books.google.co.ke/books?hl=en&lr=&id=JH3OBAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=Streiner,+D.+L.,+Norman,+G.+R.,+%26+Cairney,+J.+(2015).+Health+measurement+scales:+a+practical+guide+to+their+development+and+use.+Oxford+University+Press,+USA.&ots=tj_Fye9J9k&sig=lDHsWBilqZtWsjy9II1VeEQo7p4&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false moral/ethical issues encountered by a PMHNP essay example

Theoretical foundations of qualitative and quantitative methods and research-based (or evidence-based) practice

Answers to questions expected to be 150 words. Provide two or more references for each question using in-text citations and source referencing in APA 6th ed. formatting (see announcement on APA 6th ed. formatting). No title page or running header needed.

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DQ #1

The theoretical foundations of qualitative and quantitative methods are very different, but many researchers believe both methods should be used in the research study to increase validity and reliability. What advantages or disadvantages do you see in using both types of methods in a nursing study? Support your answer with current evidence-based literature.

DQ #2

According to the textbook, nurses in various settings are adopting a research-based (or evidence-based) practice that incorporates research findings into their decisions and interaction with clients. How do you see this being applied in your workplace? theoretical foundations of qualitative and quantitative methods and research-based (or evidence-based) practice

 

Research in Nursing Studies

DQ#1

The main difference between quantitative and qualitative analysis is the way the problem is approached. In particular, qualitative research entails a complete and detailed description of ideas or events whereas quantitative research involves describing activities by use of statistical models. Using both quantitative and qualitative research methods has advantages than using just one of the two ways. Just to mention, using both methods enlarges the research that a person would miss is they used a single approach (Grove, Gray, & Burns, 2015, p 32). As an illustration, the research will be more comprehensive since it gives statistical research and also observation analysis. Subsequently, using both methods provides sufficient information for developing an informative hypothesis and also speeds up the conclusion of the research study. theoretical foundations of qualitative and quantitative methods and research-based (or evidence-based) practice.

On the contrary, using both methods may be problematic. As a case in point, qualitative research concentrates on various answers whereas quantitative analysis necessitates only one truth. According to Moss and Media, such phenomena could cause breakdown of different problems at the qualitative and quantitative phases of the study and correct such a problem is hectic (2016).

References

Grove, S., Gray, J., & Burns, N. (2015).
Understanding Nursing Research, 6th Edition
.      Saunders, 092014. VitalBook file theoretical foundations of qualitative and quantitative methods and research-based (or evidence-based) practice

Moss, Dudovskiy, and Media, J. (2016). Research Methods.
Research Methodology.
Retrieved from:           

Research Methods

.

 

DQ#2

It is a fact that nurses working in diverse settings are using evidence-based practice and incorporates research outcomes in decision-making process and interaction with clients. As In O’Donnell and In Nácul puts forward, using evidence-based practices helps to manage patients and is essential in applied nursing research encompassing perioperative procedures (2016). The evidence-based practice at my workplace is an application used for hourly rounding. Such activities help the nurses in my workplace to anticipate and address the needs of the patients in time hence leading to the better patient outcome theoretical foundations of qualitative and quantitative methods and research-based (or evidence-based) practice.

According to Borbasi and Jackson (2014), the final evidence-based practice regularly used in the workplace is the rule of hand washing for both the patient and the nurse. My workplace uses this evidence-based practice as a way of eradicating germs. Evidence-based practice at my workplace has reduced the patient fall rate drastically as well as giving nurses the chance to assess the basic needs of a patient.

References

In O’Donnell, J. M., & In Nácul, F. E. (2016). 
Surgical intensive care medicine.
 Cham: Springer,

Borbasi, S., & Jackson, D. (2014). 
Navigating the maze of nursing research
. Chatswood, N.S.W: Elsevier Australia theoretical foundations of qualitative and quantitative methods and research-based (or evidence-based) practice

Extraneous & dependent variables and levels of evidence discussion essay example

Answers to questions expected to be 150 words. Provide two or more references for each question using in-text citations and source referencing in APA 6th ed. formatting (see announcement on APA 6th ed. formatting). No title page or running header needed.

DQ #1

Extraneous variables may have an influence on the dependent variable. In what ways do researchers attempt to control extraneous variables? Support your answer with current literature.

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DQ #2

Describe the levels of evidence and provide an example of the type of practice change that could result from each.

Discussion Questions

DQ #1: Extraneous variables may have an influence on the dependent variable. In what ways do researchers attempt to control extraneous variables? Support your answer with current literature.

Extraneous variables refer to factors that are not of interest to a research study but have an influence on the dependent variable. In an ideal research, any changes to the dependent variable should be attributed to the independent variable. As such, there is a need to control extraneous variables so that they do not influence the dependent variable and any changes will be attributed to the independent variable. Extraneous & dependent variables and levels of evidence discussion essay example. Control of extraneous variables reliable on the specific type of variable. Firstly, situational extraneous variables that include environmental aspects such as temperature and rain should be controlled by standardizing the experimental procedures. Secondly, participant extraneous variables that refer to the personal variability noted between participants such as intelligence and mood should be controlled using randomization of how participants are assigned into treatment groups. Thirdly, designing a control group. Finally, experimenter extraneous variable refers to the bias that an investigator can introduce into the research should controlled through independent verification of the research process and results by other experimenters (Hussain, 2014; Schutt, 2014). Applying the mentioned approaches will control the extraneous variables so that they have minimal or negligible effect on the dependent variable.

DQ #2: Describe the levels of evidence and provide an example of the type of practice change that could result from each.

Level of evidence is a scoring system assigned to studies that evaluates their applicability, validity and design quality. There are seven levels of evidence. Level I evidence refers to material from meta-analysis or systematic review of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines and randomized controlled trials. This level of evidence is typically used to answer clinical questions on treatment, intervention and therapy harms or benefits. Level II evidence refers to material collected from at least a single well-designed randomized controlled trial. This level of evidence is typically used to answer clinical questions on screening, risk and etiology. Extraneous & dependent variables and levels of evidence discussion essay example. Level III evidence refers to material collected from well-designed non-randomized controlled trials. This level of evidence is used to answer clinical questions on diagnostic testing and diagnosis. Level IV evidence refers to material collected from well-designed cohort and case control studies. This level of evidence is used to answer clinical questions on prevention and prognosis. Level V evidence refers to material from systematic reviews of qualitative or descriptive studies. This level of evidence is used to answer clinical questions on values, beliefs, attitudes, lived experiences, and meaning. Level VI evidence refers to material from a single qualitative or descriptive study. This level of evidence is used to answer clinical questions on quality improvement. Level VII evidence refers to opinion from experts and authorities. There is no restriction on the type of clinical question that this level of evidence can answer, although it has the least value and is not considered authoritative (Dang & Dearholt, 2017; Greenhalgh, 2014). Extraneous & dependent variables and levels of evidence discussion essay example.

References

Dang, D. & Dearholt, S. (2017).
Johns Hopkins Nursing Evidence-Based Practice: Model and guideline
(3
rd
ed.). Indianapolis, IN: Sigma Theta Tau International.

Greenhalgh, T. (2014).
How to Read a Paper: The basics of evidence-based medicine
(5
th
ed.). Hoboken NJ: BMJ Publishing Group Limited.

Hussain, A. (2014).
Experiments in Psychology
. Delhi: PHI Learning Private Limited.

Schutt, R. (2014).
Investigating the Social World: The process and practice of research
(8
th
ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. Extraneous & dependent variables and levels of evidence discussion essay example.

Does Psychotherapy Have a Biological Basis Discussion Essay Example

Explanation of whether psychotherapy has a biological basis. Explain how culture, religion, and socioeconomics might influence one’s perspective of the value of psychotherapy treatments. Support your rationale with evidence-based literature.

You may use the following references

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Wheeler, K. (Eds.). (2014). Psychotherapy for the advanced practice psychiatric nurse: A how-to guide for evidence-based practice (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.

• Chapter 1, “The Nurse Psychotherapist and a Framework for Practice” (pp. 3–52) Does Psychotherapy Have a Biological Basis Discussion Essay Example

Fournier, J. C., & Price, R. B. (2014). Psychotherapy and neuroimaging. Psychotherapy: New Evidence and New Approaches, 12(3), 290–298. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4207360/

Holttum, S. (2014). When bad things happen our brains change but psychotherapy and support can help the recovery of our brains and our lives. Mental Health and Social Inclusion, 18(2), 52–58. doi:10.1108/MHSI-02-2014-0006 Does Psychotherapy Have a Biological Basis Discussion Essay Example

Does Psychotherapy have a Biological Basis?

Explanation of whether psychotherapy has a biological basis.

The brain is a principal body organ system that has primary control over many body and behavioral functions. Occasionally, an individual will exhibit behavior that affects his/her capacity to complete routine tasks or daily life. In fact, there are times when the behavior can affect others in the same environment. The behavioral change, whether involuntary or voluntary, can include (but is not limited to) psychological diagnoses. These diagnosis cannot be considered as disorders since such a designation would identify the individual as abnormal and fail to distinguish that each person is unique, and enjoys diversity in body and brain. This is in recognition of the fact that the societal spectrum for ‘baseline’ or ‘normal’ is intrinsically biased thus adding ambiguity to the understanding of psychiatric and mental conditions. Some conditions will not interfere with the patient’s life even as others do so (Fournier & Price, 2014; Holttum, 2014). Still, it is clear that the behavioral changes linked to psychiatric conditions (requiring psychotherapy intervention) can be minimally considered as changes in the brain state. This means that psychotherapy would target changing the brain state to ‘normal’. These sentiments are supported by neuroimaging that has acknowledged changes in particular regions of the brain that are linked with treatment through psychotherapy Does Psychotherapy Have a Biological Basis Discussion Essay Example. As such, it is not hard to accept that applying psychotherapy to treat a psychological conditions basically corrects the brain’s chemical imbalances, with the imbalance neither being viewed as the cause of the behavioral change or a coexisting condition. Rather, independently correcting the balance is a way of returning the brain’s condition to normal (Fournier & Price, 2014). In this respect, the discussed understanding of psychotherapy and how it corrects the chemical imbalances in the brain that can easily be seen through imaging is a clear indication that psychotherapy has a biological basis. Does Psychotherapy Have a Biological Basis Discussion Essay Example.

Explain how culture, religion, and socioeconomics might influence one’s perspective of the value of psychotherapy treatments.

Psychotherapy adds the element of self-care to the holistic model of care so that it shifts the aim of care from curative to healing services. This is of importance consideration to culture, religion and socioeconomics since it directly talks to the aspect of relationships (Holttum, 2014). To understand this connection, let us first consider that psychotherapy is intended to reduce symptoms, improve functioning, prevent relapse, and increase empowerment, and achieve the specific collaborative goals set by the patients. At this point, psychotherapy neither views the imbalance (symptoms) as a cause of or coexisting with the ailment. Rather, the imbalance is handled independently. Does Psychotherapy Have a Biological Basis Discussion Essay Example. Looking at the holistic model, symptoms are considered as a form of communication that express disharmony and dys-regulation existing within the body. The allopathic model that disregards self-care and psychotherapy would view the symptoms as ‘nuisances’ that should simply be eliminated at the fastest speed through medication. On the other hand, psychotherapy views the symptoms as simply messages that transmit information on the body. By eliminating symptoms, medication is ‘shooting the messenger’. If course, psychotherapy does not eliminate all forms of medication since there are cases when quick relief is necessary to correct a patient’s impaired functioning. In essence, psychotherapy reframes our view of symptoms in relation to an existing problem within the patient’s body and ensures consistency with the mandate for recovery-oriented behavioral care. Tied in to this, it identifies five recovery gold standards that include meaningful role in life, self-responsibility, empowerment, self-esteem, and hope. This makes it clear that psychotherapy focuses on recovery through relationships and partnerships so that the patient acts as the driver for the healing process (Wheeler, 2014). Given the emphasis that psychotherapy places on relationships and partnerships, it can be influenced by culture, religion and socioeconomics that also place emphasis on relationships and partnerships. Does Psychotherapy Have a Biological Basis Discussion Essay Example.

 

References

Fournier, J. C., & Price, R. B. (2014). Psychotherapy and neuroimaging.
Psychotherapy: New Evidence and New Approaches
, 12(3), 290–298. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4207360/

Holttum, S. (2014). When bad things happen our brains change but psychotherapy and support can help the recovery of our brains and our lives.
Mental Health and Social Inclusion
, 18(2), 52–58. doi:10.1108/MHSI-02-2014-0006 Does Psychotherapy Have a Biological Basis Discussion Essay Example

Wheeler, K. (Eds.). (2014).
Psychotherapy for the advanced practice psychiatric nurse: A how-to guide for evidence-based practice
(2
nd
ed.). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.

Does Psychotherapy Have a Biological Basis Discussion Essay Example 2

Mental health processes and disorders originate from mechanisms within the brain. There has been the question within the psychiatric field as to whether plastic changes in the brain that can occur with the use of  pharmacological interventions for mental health disorders could also occur with the use of psychotherapy. Psychotherapy is extremely beneficial in treating several mental health issues (Laureate Education, 2016).There is compounding evidence that psychotherapy does have a biological basis and can have a positive impact in brain recovery from the stress response. According to Wheeler (2014), psychotherapy mediates the reintegration and connection of neural networks that have become maladaptively linked due to adverse life events facilitating healing of the brain. Does Psychotherapy Have a Biological Basis Discussion Essay Example. Psychotherapy has been found to be an effective treatment method for a variety of mental health disorders such as anxiety, major depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. According to Fournier (2014), activity in regions associated with negative emotion, emotion regulation, fear, and reward are associated with respones to psychotherapy, and psychotherapy appears to alter the functioning of these regions.

While proven to be an effective treatment modality for mental health disorders, there are factors such as culture, religion, and socioeconomic background that can affect the client and their perspective on the use of psychotherapy. Psychotherapy within itself can bring conflicting emotions for the client and the clinician must be aware of how religion, culture, and socioeconomics can alter how the client perceives psychotherapy and its efficacy in their treatment. According to Wheeler (2014), the powerful influence of culture permeates all dimensions of out life in a way that is often unconscious Does Psychotherapy Have a Biological Basis Discussion Essay Example. For example, if a client comes from a culture where emotions are not to be discusssed or if one discusses there past traumas or fears then the client could be resistant to the role of psychotherapy in their treatment plan. The clinician must be aware of the importance of culture in medical or psychological treatments. Religion also plays an instrumental role in how psychotherapy will be perceived by a client. Many clients may come from a religious background where one only speaks of negative emotions with someone from their clergy or a religious figure. According to Kim, Chen & Brachfeld (2018), religion and spirituality are important issues to consider and address in psychotherapy. Communication could become stagnant if the clinician is not aware of the role religion plays in the psychotherapy framework. Socioeconomic background can also be a variable in one‘s perspective of the value of psychotherapy. Certain traumatic events that a person can suffer throughout their lifetime can be directly correlated to socioeconomic standing. Does Psychotherapy Have a Biological Basis Discussion Essay Example. For example, poverty can be associated with depression, anxiety, substance abuse, and mood disorders. Patients from this type of background can experience barriers in both seeking and receiving mental health services. According to Bernal et al. (2017), vulnerable populations such as those low in social status face additional barriers to mental health treatment and experience unique barriers to receiving optimal care.

References

Bernal, D.R., Herbst, R.B., Lewis, B.L., & Feibelman, J. (2017). Ethical care for vulnerable populations receiving psychotropic treatment. 
Ethics & Behavior, 27
(7), 582-598. doi:10.1080/10508422.2016.1224187

Fournier, J.C., & Price, R.B. (2014). Psychotherapy and neuroimaging. 
Psychotherapy: New Evidence and New Approaches, 12
(3), 290-298. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4207360 Does Psychotherapy Have a Biological Basis Discussion Essay Example

Kim, E.E., Chen, E.C., & Brachfeld, C. (2018). Patients’ experience of spirituality and change in individual psychotherapy at a Christian counseling clinic: A grounded theory analysis. 
Spirituality in Clinical Practice
, doi:10.1037/scp0000176

Laureate Education (Producer). (2016). 
Introduction to psychotherapy with individuals 
[Video file]. Baltimore, MD: Author.

Wheeler, K. (Eds.). (2014). 
Psychotherapy for the advanced practice psychiatric nurse: A how-to guide for evidence-based practice 
(2nd ed.). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.

Does Psychotherapy Have a Biological Basis Discussion Essay Example 3

Psychotherapy is just as controversial as mental health as a whole is. Some believe it is helpful, others believe it is a waste of time. One question still remains unanswered for many, can talking about feelings help change behavior and therefore sure whatever condition a person is suffering from? I believe psychotherapy has a biological basis. Lyrakos, Spinaris, and Spyropoulos (2017) clearly stated as results of a research that “the use of psychotherapy plays a significant role in achieving optimal health outcomes of psychiatric patients” (p. s753). Pairing psychopharmacology with psychotherapy can make a positive impact towards recovery compared to treatment with just psychopharmacology.

Many different reasons can influence the belief that psychotherapy might or might not work. For example, Adams et al. (2017) concluded in an article that “findings suggest that patients’ attachment characteristics play a role in their views and choices regarding treatments” (p. 194). Other factors that can impact the belief that therapy is a waste of time are culture, religion, and socioeconomic status. A person’s upbringing can be one to avoid talking about feelings with a stranger, or even with a loved one. Religion can also play a role in not receiving this type of treatment as faith in a spiritual belief might be the perceived as the cure to an ailment. Economical status and education level can also negatively impact the decision to avoid this type of treatment as the importance of it might not be completely comprehended or there are no means to afford the treatment. In another study that correlates the importance of psychotherapy, data showed “that children/adolescents with not only behavioral and emotional disorders, but also affective (mood) disorders had a higher chance for nondrug psychiatric/psychotherapeutic treatment compared to children with other psychiatric disorders” (Abbas et al., 2017, p. 442).

References

Lyrakos, G., Spinaris, V., & Spyropoulos, I. (2017). The introduction of psychotherapy in

psychiatric outpatients as part of the treatment in the last four years in a Greek

hospital. 
European Neuropsychopharmacology, 27(4).

Adams, G. C., McWilliams, L. A., Wrath, A. J., Adams, S., & Souza, D. D. (2017).

Relationships between patients’ attachment characteristics and views and use of

psychiatric treatment.
Psychiatry Research, 256:194-201. Does Psychotherapy Have a Biological Basis Discussion Essay Example

Abbas, S., Ihle, P., Adler, J., Engel, S., Günster, C., Holtmann, M., & …Schubert, I. (2017).

Predictors of non-drug psychiatric/psychotherapeutic treatment in children and

adolescents with mental or behavioral disorders.
European Child & Adolescent

            Psychiatry, 26(4).

Does Psychotherapy Have a Biological Basis Discussion Essay Example

Does Psychotherapy have a Biological Basis?

Explanation of whether psychotherapy has a biological basis.

The brain is a principal body organ system that has primary control over many body and behavioral functions. Occasionally, an individual will exhibit behavior that affects his/her capacity to complete routine tasks or daily life. In fact, there are times when the behavior can affect others in the same environment. The behavioral change, whether involuntary or voluntary, can include (but is not limited to) psychological diagnoses. These diagnosis cannot be considered as disorders since such a designation would identify the individual as abnormal and fail to distinguish that each person is unique, and enjoys diversity in body and brain. This is in recognition of the fact that the societal spectrum for ‘baseline’ or ‘normal’ is intrinsically biased thus adding ambiguity to the understanding of psychiatric and mental conditions. Some conditions will not interfere with the patient’s life even as others do so (Fournier & Price, 2014; Holttum, 2014). Still, it is clear that the behavioral changes linked to psychiatric conditions (requiring psychotherapy intervention) can be minimally considered as changes in the brain state. This means that psychotherapy would target changing the brain state to ‘normal’. These sentiments are supported by neuroimaging that has acknowledged changes in particular regions of the brain that are linked with treatment through psychotherapy. As such, it is not hard to accept that applying psychotherapy to treat a psychological conditions basically corrects the brain’s chemical imbalances, with the imbalance neither being viewed as the cause of the behavioral change or a coexisting condition. Does Psychotherapy Have a Biological Basis Discussion Essay Example. Rather, independently correcting the balance is a way of returning the brain’s condition to normal (Fournier & Price, 2014). In this respect, the discussed understanding of psychotherapy and how it corrects the chemical imbalances in the brain that can easily be seen through imaging is a clear indication that psychotherapy has a biological basis.

Explain how culture, religion, and socioeconomics might influence one’s perspective of the value of psychotherapy treatments.

Psychotherapy adds the element of self-care to the holistic model of care so that it shifts the aim of care from curative to healing services. This is of importance consideration to culture, religion and socioeconomics since it directly talks to the aspect of relationships (Holttum, 2014). To understand this connection, let us first consider that psychotherapy is intended to reduce symptoms, improve functioning, prevent relapse, and increase empowerment, and achieve the specific collaborative goals set by the patients. At this point, psychotherapy neither views the imbalance (symptoms) as a cause of or coexisting with the ailment. Rather, the imbalance is handled independently. Looking at the holistic model, symptoms are considered as a form of communication that express disharmony and dys-regulation existing within the body. The allopathic model that disregards self-care and psychotherapy would view the symptoms as ‘nuisances’ that should simply be eliminated at the fastest speed through medication. On the other hand, psychotherapy views the symptoms as simply messages that transmit information on the body. By eliminating symptoms, medication is ‘shooting the messenger’. If course, psychotherapy does not eliminate all forms of medication since there are cases when quick relief is necessary to correct a patient’s impaired functioning. In essence, psychotherapy reframes our view of symptoms in relation to an existing problem within the patient’s body and ensures consistency with the mandate for recovery-oriented behavioral care. Does Psychotherapy Have a Biological Basis Discussion Essay Example. Tied in to this, it identifies five recovery gold standards that include meaningful role in life, self-responsibility, empowerment, self-esteem, and hope. This makes it clear that psychotherapy focuses on recovery through relationships and partnerships so that the patient acts as the driver for the healing process (Wheeler, 2014). Given the emphasis that psychotherapy places on relationships and partnerships, it can be influenced by culture, religion and socioeconomics that also place emphasis on relationships and partnerships.

References

Fournier, J. C., & Price, R. B. (2014). Psychotherapy and neuroimaging.
Psychotherapy: New Evidence and New Approaches
, 12(3), 290–298. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4207360/ Does Psychotherapy Have a Biological Basis Discussion Essay Example.

Holttum, S. (2014). When bad things happen our brains change but psychotherapy and support can help the recovery of our brains and our lives.
Mental Health and Social Inclusion
, 18(2), 52–58. doi:10.1108/MHSI-02-2014-0006

Wheeler, K. (Eds.). (2014).
Psychotherapy for the advanced practice psychiatric nurse: A how-to guide for evidence-based practice
(2
nd
ed.). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company. Does Psychotherapy Have a Biological Basis Discussion Essay Example.

Phenomenological, grounded theory, and ethnographic research and voluminous Qualitative data discussion essay

Answers to questions expected to be 150 words. Provide two or more references using in-text citations and source referencing in APA 6th ed. formatting (see announcement on APA 6th ed. formatting). No title page or running header needed.

DQ #1

Qualitative data has been described as voluminous and sometimes overwhelming to the researcher. In what ways could a researcher manage and organize the data?

DQ#2

The three types of qualitative research are phenomenological, grounded theory, and ethnographic research. What are the differences and similarities between two of the three types of studies?

 

Discussion Questions

DQ #1

Qualitative data has been described as voluminous and sometimes overwhelming to the researcher. In what ways could a researcher manage and organize the data?

It is true that extricating and coding qualitative data can be overwhelming, particularly when it is from multiple sources. Still, the task can be completed by standardizing the data and assigning themes. The first step is to review the collected data (after transcription if necessary) to identify the initial patterns and emerging themes that are then assigned categorical codes. The second step is to create a coding table that is congruent with the initial patterns and emerging themes. The third step is to group the data into categories and patterns to identify independent themes that would facilitate later discussion. phenomenological, grounded theory, and ethnographic research and voluminous Qualitative data discussion essay. The fourth step is to organize the collected qualitative data by topic, subtopic, respondent, and question to facilitate later analysis steps and clear up the emerging themes. The final step entails coding the data based on groupings with the source clearly labelled (Bernard & Ryan, 2010; Fortune, Reid & Miller, 2013). The five steps allow researchers to manage and organize qualitative data.

DQ#2

The three types of qualitative research are phenomenological, grounded theory, and ethnographic research. What are the differences and similarities between two of the three types of studies?

Table 1. Similarities and differences between ethnographic and phenomenological research

Data aspect

Similarity

The two deal with qualitative data

Differences

Ethnographic research

Phenomenological research

Research design

The population is observed for a long time within its culture with the intention of understanding common and shared experiences that are unique for that population.

It observes an individuals lived experiences. It concedes that each individual is unique in terms of perception and experiences.

Research problem

Foreshadowed problems that ask why, how and what questions. phenomenological, grounded theory, and ethnographic research and voluminous Qualitative data discussion essay

Seeking meaning and understanding of personal experiences while focusing on descriptive components.

Participants selection

Purposeful sampling is applied to select the participants, focusing on persons with extensive knowledge.

Participant is selected because of individual experiences.

Data collection

Participants are observed for a long time to collect data

The participants are subjected to a salient process (such as interview) to collect data

Data analysis

Data is examined and synthesized in a meaningful manner that follows set steps to include coding, summarization in an organized manner, and synthesis and seeking patterns.

Purveying a general description and impression of the lived experience. phenomenological, grounded theory, and ethnographic research and voluminous Qualitative data discussion essay

 

References

Bernard, R. & Ryan, G. (2010).
Analyzing Qualitative Data: Systematic Approaches
. Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications.

Fortune, A., Reid, W. & Miller, R. (2013).
Qualitative Research in Social Work
(2
nd
ed.). New York, NY: Columbia University Press.

Polit, D. & Beck, C. (2010).
Essentials of Nursing Research: Appraising Evidence for Nursing Practice
. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Yin, R. (2016).
Qualitative Research from Start to Finish
(2
nd
ed.). New York, NY: The Guilford Press. phenomenological, grounded theory, and ethnographic research and voluminous Qualitative data discussion essay

Sampling theory, experimental and nonexperimental research design essay example

Answers to questions expected to be 150 words. Provide two or more references for each question using in-text citations and source referencing in APA 6th ed. formatting (see announcement on APA 6th ed. formatting). No title page or running header needed.

DQ #1

Provide examples of experimental and nonexperimental research design. Contrast the levels of control applied to each.

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DQ #2

What is sampling theory? Describe it and provide examples to illustrate your definition. Discuss generalizability as it applies to nursing research. sampling theory, experimental and nonexperimental research design essay example.

Discussion Questions

DQ #1

Provide examples of:

experimental research design include;

An experimental design has a vivid hypothesis and is mainly employed in studies whose objective is to confirm or discredit a theory. In this design, the independent variable can be manipulated, and setting controlled, in a bid to illustrate a causal relationship (Parahoo, 2014).. Types of experimental research designs include Pre-experimental designs, true experimental designs, and quasi-experimental designs.

Nonexperimental research design.

In this type of research design, predictor variables are not manipulated, and setting cannot altered. Instead, it relies on interpretation, observation or interactions to come to a conclusion (Holloway, & Galvin, 2016).They include; Single-variable research, correlational and quasi-experimental research sampling theory, experimental and nonexperimental research design essay example

Contrast the levels of control applied to each.

In an experimental design the researcher has the ability to control the conditions surrounding the investigation depending on the nature of the hypothesis (Parahoo, 2014).. Experimental approach is preferred in lab settings

.In nonexperimental research design, experiment is carried out in a natural setting, and researcher has no obligation to change prevailing conditions or groups (Holloway, & Galvin, 2016).. This is because, the objective is to establish correlation, but not causation. Further, it lacks a control group.

DQ #2

What is sampling theory?

A sampling theory is a theory developed to determine the most appropriate sample for a study using a mathematical rationale. sampling theory, experimental and nonexperimental research design essay example. The objective of the sampling theory is to ensure that the selected sample denotes the target population in a study (Holloway, & Galvin, 2016). Hence, the choice of sample to include in investigation reflects the meaning, validity  and generalizability of research findings.

Describe it and provide examples to illustrate your definition.

Under this theory, the target population is the entire group of people with a specific condition that is of interest to the reseach. For instance, people with, or who in the past had malaria would befit the target population. However, since conducting a research employing the target population would be impossible the researcher employs the sampling theory to select an adequate representative sample of this population. The resultant selection will thus have fewer individuals under study but who are adequate for generalization of the results (Holloway, & Galvin, 2016).

Discuss generalizability as it applies to nursing research.

In nursing, generalizability denotes the use of results from a small group in assumption that the outcomes from the group reflect the target (Parahoo, 2014). This is possible when the accessible group is adequate to denotes target population as derived from the sampling theory.

 

References

Holloway, I., & Galvin, K. (2016). Qualitative research in nursing and healthcare. John Wiley & Sons.

Parahoo, K. (2014). Nursing research: principles, process and issues. Palgrave Macmillan. sampling theory, experimental and nonexperimental research design essay example.

Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic and Peplau’s Nursing and Counseling Theories Essay example

Select one nursing theory and one counseling theory to best guide your practice in psychotherapy.

Explain why you selected Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic Theory and Peplau\’s nursing theory. Support your approach with evidence-based literature within last five years.

Develop at least three goals and at least three objectives for the practicum experience in this course.

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Create a timeline of practicum activities based on your practicum requirements listed below.

Week 2:You will write about two clients from a family you observed or counseled. (Assignment to be submitted by Day 7 of Week 4)

Week 3: You will complete a comprehensive client family assessment. (Assignment to be submitted by Day 7 of Week 4)

Week 5: You will write about two clients from a family you observed or counseled and explain whether solution-focused or cognitive behavioral therapy would be effective with the family. (Assignment to be submitted by Day 7 of Week 7) Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic and Peplau’s Nursing and Counseling Theories Essay example.

Week 7: You will write a progress note and privileged psychotherapy note for the client family you assessed in Week 3 for the comprehensive client family assessment. (Assignment to be submitted by Day 7 of Week 7.)

Week 8: You will write about two clients you observed or counseled during a group therapy session and explain whether cognitive behavioral therapy would be effective with the group. (Assignment to be submitted by Day 7 of Week 10)

Week 10: You will write about two clients you observed or counseled during a group therapy session for children and adolescents. (Assignment to be submitted by Day 7 of Week 10)

Week 10: You will write a client termination summary for a client who is ready to complete group therapy. (Assignment to be submitted by Day 7 of Week 11) Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic and Peplau’s Nursing and Counseling Theories Essay example

Nursing and Counselling Theories

Varying theories guiding the nursing practice coupled with those of counseling provide a concrete framework in the practice of psychotherapy. According to Carvalho and Cordeiro (2018), psychotherapy practice should be grounded in theoretical frameworks that facilitate interpretation of patient’s behavior, emotions, and thought. In this regard, my psychotherapy practicum will be grounded in the Psychodynamic Theory of counseling and Peplau’s nursing theory both of which offer integral approaches befitting Psychotherapy’s therapeutic processes. Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic and Peplau’s Nursing and Counseling Theories Essay example. Consequently, this paper provides a detailed review on the efficacy of the two theories in relation to the psychotherapy practicum, the goals, and objectives of the practicum and the timeline of practicum activities

Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic Theory

Psychodynamic theory is counselling theory embedded on Sigmund Freud conviction that the projected behavior emanates from deeply rooted unconscious forces. Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic and Peplau’s Nursing and Counseling Theories Essay example. As such, by exploring the history of the patient, the theory presumes that the unconscious forces can be unearthed facilitating behavioral adjustments ( Sampaio, Sequeira, & Lluch, 2015). Greater emphasis is placed on the experiences and their possible contribution to the current problems. D’antonio and colleagues assert that psychoanalysis theory still employs various techniques developed by Sigmund Feud including free association and transference (D’antonio, Beeber, Sills, & Naegle, 2014). The theory and its techniques would provide significant insight during my practicum and enhance my interaction with the patients. Moreover, the theory tenets will also provide a framework to help the clients to review their backgrounds and possibly enact measures towards their psychological wellbeing. Notably, the theory will especially be integral in cases requiring alteration of deeply engrained behaviors. Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic and Peplau’s Nursing and Counseling Theories Essay example.

Peplaus nursing theory

Peplaus nursing theory is grounded on the presumption that nursing should strive to help individuals to understand and ease their discomfort. As such, the theory emphasizes the need for nurses to master and employ principles of human interaction when dealing with clients. According to Townsend and Morgan (2017), Peplaus theory has four key tenets, first the theory highlights interaction between nurses and patients is integral Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic and Peplau’s Nursing and Counseling Theories Essay example. Moreover, Peplau asserts that through the therapeutic interaction the nurse and patient enhance their maturity. Consequently, the theory underlines communication skills as essential in nursing practice. Lastly, the theory stresses the need for nurses to be open minded and self-aware to facilitate adequate client development.

Peplaus nursing theory will come in handy in the cause of the practicum enabling me to benefit from my interactions with patients. The theory will also facilitate focus on polishing of interviewing skills and interacting with the patients without instigating personal biases. Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic and Peplau’s Nursing and Counseling Theories Essay example.

Practicum goals and objectives

In the course of the practicum besides putting into practice the theoretical knowledge acquired in class the practicum offers me a chance to cultivate a professional identity illuminated through heightened observe of the set standards and conduct. However, to reap maximum benefit from the practicum one should construct specific goals and objectives to establish and sustain focused development. Meany, Davis‐and Lindo (2016), highlight goals as what one intends to accomplish while the objectives underline the planned steps to facilitate achievement of the goals. In this regard, my practicum goals are three fold: personal goal professional goal and educational goal.

Personal goals

To cultivate interaction, communication and interviewing skills as required when dealing with clients Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic and Peplau’s Nursing and Counseling Theories Essay example.

To nurture assertive attributes when interacting with clients and colleagues

Professional goal

To understand the responsibilities and rules governing psychotherapy practitioners including the underlying ethical considerations in the practice

To develop expertise in case assessment, preparation of case materials, treatment plans and professional articulation of views with other practitioners

Academic goals

To apply the classroom acquired psychotherapy theoretical knowledge in my practice and expound this knowledge adequately by the end of the practicum.

Objectives

To practice counseling skills by demonstrating empathy and genuineness during interaction with patients and conduct a self-review after every session

To document my progress through a weekly outline of the activities and lessons acquired from the activities Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic and Peplau’s Nursing and Counseling Theories Essay example.

To review and understand the institutions guidelines by reviewing the available material and consultation with other colleagues

To acquire professional conduct by observing keenly as other practitioners carry out their constantly and consulting them whenever in doubt.

To take notes on the recommendations offered by other practitioners

Timeline for practicum activities

Week 1

Tour the institution and interact with practitioners to understand their roles and practice.

Review the institutions guidelines

Prepare a summary of the institutions mission vision and core values

Week 2

Highlight the activities happening in different departments

Highlight cases of interest and the interventions enacted by the practitioners.

Prepare a summary of two family cases as observed

Week 3

Observe the strategies employed in the two family cases selected in week two

Collect additional material on the case

Prepare detailed analysis of the family assessment process as observed

Week 4

Prepare a review on the therapy strategies enacted on the family two cases

Interact with the practitioners for in-depth understanding of varying therapies

Submit the Prepare a detailed summary of two family cases as observed and prepared in week 2

Submit the a comprehensive client family assessment prepared in week 3 Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic and Peplau’s Nursing and Counseling Theories Essay example.

Week 5

Prepare a critical analysis of the varying therapy strategies in relation to the two family cases under review.

Write the final draft on two clients from a family you observed or counseled and explain whether solution-focused or cognitive behavioral therapy would be effective with the family

Week 6

Observe the varying family cases handled in the week and prepare a summary of the case

Assess the efficacy of either solution-focused or cognitive behavioral therapy in two select family cases

Prepare a detailed write-up on the efficacy of solution-focused or cognitive behavioral therapy in two cases selected in week five

Week 7

Prepare a write up progress note and privilege psychotherapy note for the client family assessed in Week 3 for the comprehensive client family assessment Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic and Peplau’s Nursing and Counseling Theories Essay example

Submit the write up prepared in week 5 about two clients from a family observed or counseled explaining whether solution-focused or cognitive behavioral therapy would be effective with the family

 

Week 8

Prepare a write up note for the two clients observed during a group therapy session explaining whether cognitive behavioral therapy would be effective with the group

Week 9

Observe and summarize sessions for children and adolescents

Highlight the therapeutical strategies for the session

Week 10

Prepare a detailed write up for the two clients observed and counseled during a group therapy session for children and adolescents in week 9.

Prepare a client termination summary for a client willing to complete the week 10 group therapy

Submit the week 8 write up for two clients observed or counseled during the group therapy session and explaining the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy for the group.

Week 11

Submit the client termination summary for a client willing to completing group therapy prepared in week 10. Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic and Peplau’s Nursing and Counseling Theories Essay example

References

Carvalho, J.., & Cordeiro, R. (2018). Theories of the Interpersonal Relationships, Transitions and Humanistic Theories: Contribution to Frameworks of Psychiatric/Mental Health Nursing in Europe. In European Psychiatric/Mental Health Nursing in the 21st Century (pp. 49-58). Springer, Cham.

D’antonio, P., Beeber, L., Sills, G., & Naegle, M. (2014). The future in the past: Hildegard Peplau and interpersonal relations in nursing.
Nursing inquiry,
21(4), 311-317. Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic and Peplau’s Nursing and Counseling Theories Essay example

Meany, K., Davis‐, D., & Lindo, N. (2016). The Impact of Wellness‐Focused Supervision on Mental Health Counseling Practicum Students.
Journal of Counseling & Development,
94(4), 464-472.

Sampaio, F, Sequeira, C., & Lluch ,M. (2015). Nursing psychotherapeutic interventions:A review of clinical studies.
Journal of clinical nursing,
24(15-16), 2096-2105.

Townsend, M.., & Morgan, K. (2017). Psychiatric mental health nursing: Concepts of care in evidence-based practice. FA Davis. Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic and Peplau’s Nursing and Counseling Theories Essay example

Legal and Ethical Considerations for Group and Family Therapy Essay Example

Give an explanation of how legal and ethical considerations for group and family therapy differ from those for individual therapy. Then, explain how these differences might impact your therapeutic approaches for clients in group and family therapy. Support your rationale with evidence-based literature.

Please you references that are within the last 5 years

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Legal and Ethical Considerations

Give an explanation of how legal and ethical considerations for group and family therapy differ from those for individual therapy. Then, explain how these differences might impact your therapeutic approaches for clients in group and family therapy. Support your rationale with evidence-based literature.

It is undeniable that group and family therapy faces greater ethical and legal challenges when compared to individual therapy with the existing codes of ethics and conduct offering little help to resolve the situation. It would seem that the existing principles are not specific enough to attend to the ethical and legal issues facing group and family therapy. Legal and Ethical Considerations for Group and Family Therapy Essay Example. The most significant difference occurs in the appreciation of context where group and family therapy relies on the foundational premise that social pluralities (in the form of groups and families) are systems. This means that while individual therapy may not focus on relationships, family and group therapy focus on relationships that are interpreted as existences that multiply the plural system (Bitter, 2014). Besides that, the values and issues that are held about relationships are closely linked with historical and social context that influence interpretation of the effectiveness and pathology of relationships. This means that therapists handling groups and families must develop a unique view of relationship complexities and respond effectively. They must hold the relationship in mind over and above any contributions made by individuals (Welfel, 2013). Legal and Ethical Considerations for Group and Family Therapy Essay Example.

There are three specific ethical considerations that family and groups therapists must reflect on when making decisions. Firstly, the therapist must be competent enough to handle the plurality and promote beneficence to always act on behalf of the clients. Legal and Ethical Considerations for Group and Family Therapy Essay Example. It is not enough that the therapist be generally qualified. Rather, he or she must be specialized enough to handle the complex issues surrounding relationships that include disruption of severe attachment, betrayal, infidelity, concerns about sexuality, family law issues, abuse and violence. Minus core training, the therapist has high potential to breach duty of care (Welfel, 2013). As such, the therapist must be competent enough to group and family needs.

Secondly, the issue of informed consent comes into play a lot. When a client approaches a therapist and is asked to congregate the other members of the family for a session, the very act of gathering other family members can be construed as a form of ‘social coercion’. It is undeniable that each family member has a different level of opportunity and power with some being at the core and capable to making decisions on behalf of others (for instance parents and guardians) while others are excluded from decision making (for instance children and other dependents). In essence, there are informed consent complexities across circumstances and ages, and about how the therapist would get the clients to attend a session Legal and Ethical Considerations for Group and Family Therapy Essay Example. As a therapist, it is prudent to ask if the persons with the highest level of opportunity and power the best gatekeeper for others since failing to do this would result in people attending the session with no idea about their presence (Bitter, 2014).

Finally, the issue of confidentiality comes into play. When individual members present information away from others but in relation to the session then it raises some difficulties. This is typically seen when assessing abuse of power dynamics such as child or spousal violence or when making disclosures that are significant to shaping future sessions. Additionally, issues of privacy and confidentiality can be disordered when the therapist is unsuspectingly compromised and silenced through assurances made in good faith. In fact, it is not rare for well-intentioned therapists to breach confidentiality when they juggle many agendas. Although there a confidentiality principles in place for handling therapy, they are not articulated with accessible rules for situations involving groups and families thus leaving the therapist to make independent decisions on a case-by-case basis (Bitter, 2014). Legal and Ethical Considerations for Group and Family Therapy Essay Example.

In addition to the ethical considerations, there are legal needs that each jurisdiction would present to define a therapist’s responsibilities in relation to professional practice. This mostly applies to the issues of training and education, competence and professional identity, informed consent, harm, abuse and confidentiality. Based that, there a general federal guidelines that must be considered (such as HIPAA) that deal with federal limitations and validations. Although professional ethics should be foremost in therapy, the applicable legal requirements (whether state or federal) should ultimately be considered as foremost (Hecker, 2010) Legal and Ethical Considerations for Group and Family Therapy Essay Example.

References

Bitter, J. (2014).
Theory and Practice of Family Therapy and Counseling
(2
nd
ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.

Hecker, L. (2010).
Ethics and Professional Issues in Couple and Family Therapy
. New York, NY: Routledge.

Welfel, E. (2013).
Ethics in Counseling & Psychotherapy
(5
th
ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole. Legal and Ethical Considerations for Group and Family Therapy Essay Example.

In this written assignment on how to deliver client-centered culturally competent care and work collaboratively with others sample essay, you have the opportunity to share your thoughts about how to deliver client-centered culturally competent care and work collaboratively with others.

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The Case of Mrs. G.

Mrs. G. is a 75 year old Hispanic woman who has been relatively well all of her life. She had been married for 50 years and had five children. Her children are grown with families of their own. All but one of her children live in other states. Mrs. G.’s husband passed away last year, which was devastating for her. She had been very close to him and relied upon him for everything. He was ”the life of the party” she always said and was a loving and caring man. Since his passing, Mrs. G. has continued to live in the house they shared for 35 years. In the last month, Mrs. G. has fallen twice sustaining injuries, though minimal. Her home health nurse comes weekly to check in on her. Mrs. G. likes her very much and wishes she could come more often. Mrs. G.’s daughter who lives in the next town over, has been worried and decided with the urging of her siblings and the doctor to start looking for an assisted living facility for her mother. She found one last week and talked with the Director who said she would be happy to help in whatever way was best. The daughter decided to tell her mother that it was time for her to move, so she can be cared for and be safe. When she told her mother, Mrs. G. cried and said, ”This will not happen ever. I plan to stay in this house of loving memories for the remainder of my life.”

In 3 – 4 pages answer the following questions:

How would you best describe Mrs. G.’s feelings about her life, her family, her traditions, and her future?

Did Mrs. G.’s response to her daughter surprise you? Please explain your answer.

In what way do you believe her culture might be influencing her decision?

If you were Mrs. G.’s daughter what would you say to her that shows you are caring and have compassion for her situation? What nonverbal communication would support that level of communication? how to deliver client-centered culturally competent care and work collaboratively with others sample essay.

Suppose Mrs. G. stands firm about not leaving her house. What resources and collaborations might be available and helpful so the daughter and other healthcare providers can keep her mother safe and make the most effective decision?

 

Case Study

How would you best describe Mrs. G.’s feelings about her life, her family, her traditions, and her future?

Mrs. G appears nostalgic, particularly in holding on to her home and the memories of the life she had with her husband. She gives the impression of being lonely as evidenced by her request that the nurse visit her home more frequently. She is not very close with her children since none of them live in the same town with her. In addition, she seems to hold to the traditional ideals whereby women are subservient to their husbands. how to deliver client-centered culturally competent care and work collaboratively with others sample essay. She was highly dependent on her husband and appears lost without him, reminiscing on her life when her husband was alive. She is not appreciative of the concern that her daughter showed when she suggested that she should relocate to an assisted living facility where her risk of falls would be reduced. Instead of holding a discussion with her daughter, she is categorical that she will not relocate from her home. Also, she might feel disrespected and disregarded by her children who did not consult her and went on to look for an assisted living facility that would accept her. They expected her to agree to the relocation without prior consultation or her involvement in the decision making.

Did Mrs. G.’s response to her daughter surprise you? Please explain your answer.

Mrs. G’s response was not surprising. As a woman of advanced age who has lived most of her life in the same home it would be very scary for her to relocate to a new location where she has to build new relationships. Additionally, her relocation could be interpreted as her abandoning her marital home where she spent most of her life with her husband. As an old woman who is observant of culture, she should be keen on maintaining the traditional role of women by staying at home and performing domestic tasks. Besides that, she has developed a relationship with her home health nurse and has even suggested that the nurse should visit her more often. Also, she is at an advanced age and it is to be expected that she would be resistant to change and keen on maintaining the ‘status quo’ that is her life in a familiar environment. In addition, it is expected that she would be resistant to a decision that was made without consulting her since she is an adult and does not expect her children to make her decisions how to deliver client-centered culturally competent care and work collaboratively with others sample essay.

In what way do you believe her culture might be influencing her decision?

Mrs. G’s culture might be influencing her decision not to relocate from her home. Firstly, her culture has identified the traditional role of women as homemakers whose presence completes the home. Leaving her home could be interpreted as abandoning her identity as a wife. Secondly, the Hispanic culture indicates that death is not the end of life and people transform into spirits that can still communicate with their loved ones. This means that her husband’s spirit is present in her home and she would be away from him if she relocates to the facility. Thirdly, parents are supposed to be wiser than their children. This makes it very difficult for her to follow her children’s’ decision that was made without consulting her when she should be at the core of decision making. Finally, as a women her identity relies on her capacity to complete house tasks. Asking her to relocate from her home because of her incapacity equates to taking away her identity as a Hispanic women. These four cultural aspects could have influenced Mrs. G’s decision not to relocate to the facility.

If you were Mrs. G.’s daughter what would you say to her that shows you are caring and have compassion for her situation? What nonverbal communication would support that level of communication?

As Mrs. G’s daughter, I would visit more often and talks to her regularly to indicate that I care and want to hear about her day. Additionally, I would relocate to a location near her so that she is able to visit me if she has any concerns. Besides that, I would share my concerns with her and seek her input on how best to ensure her safety at home while avoiding the falls. Overall, my physical presence and presenting a worried expression would communicate to her that I am concerned about her since her living safely would eliminate my worry. Also, I would present her with information (such as leaflets) on age-based physical declines, allowing her to read the material and understand that falling is normal at her age and that there are solutions to reduce the risk of falls. The literature would act as a subtle suggestion for her to seek help since her situation would only get worse. how to deliver client-centered culturally competent care and work collaboratively with others sample essay. The worried expression and literature would influence her to relocate to an assisted living facility.

Suppose Mrs. G. stands firm about not leaving her house. What resources and collaborations might be available and helpful so the daughter and other healthcare providers can keep her mother safe and make the most effective decision?

If Mrs. G stands firm about not leaving home, there are collaborations and resources that would help in her situation. Firstly, she can be taken on a visit to the facility where she would get a chance to see how her peers are coping. The visit might eliminate her concerns about the relocation. Secondly, her family could hire round the clock domestic help to allow her get more rest in her home. Thirdly, her physician and other health professionals can be invited to advise her on the merits of an assisted living facility and how best to avoid falls in the future. This could include hiring the services of a therapist who would offer professional help in taking her through her concerns and helping her to make the right decision. Finally, her home could be ‘accident proofed’ so that the hazards are eliminated. For instance, a mechanical system can be introduced to allow her move between floors in her home so that she does not have to use the stairs when moving between floors. how to deliver client-centered culturally competent care and work collaboratively with others sample essay.