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  • Child Food Requests Journal Article Critique

    Child Food Requests Journal Article Critique

    Journal Article Critiques

    Instructions:

    These critiques should be between 1.5 and 2 pages, double-spaced, in Times New Roman (12 point) font, and with 1” margins on all sides. Please include and APA style cover page, page numbers and headers/sub headers, in text citations, and works cited page.

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    Summary: The summary should be between 1 and 2 paragraphs. This should briefly explain the authors’ purpose(s), method, and results (main findings in your own words. No numbers.) Keep the summary informative, but concise (less than a page) Child Food Requests Journal Article Critique.

    Critique: You should critique the articles based on the following criteria. Be sure to completely and concisely address each point. Remember this should be a critical assessment or the study (objective). DO NOT INCLUDE YOUR OPINION. Paraphrase , no direct quotes.

    1. Purpose/Research Question: Determine the authors’ purpose of the research and state it in your own words. Comment on how clearly this was presented in the article.

    2. Method: Comment on how appropriate the method used was for addressing the purpose. State if the method was employed effectively.

    3. Evidence of Support: Examine the method and results of the article and determine if they helped the authors effectively address the purpose presented. Also discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the evidence and the study as a whole Child Food Requests Journal Article Critique.

    4. Real World Application: After reading the discussion section summarize any real world implications the authors suggest. Also give your own suggestions for the real world application of the study and its’ findings.

    5. Recommendations: Determine who might benefit from the article, what the benefit may be, and the importance of the benefit. Here you may summarize your subjective judgments of the work and suggestions on how to improve or extend the work.

     

     
    Child Food Request: Article Critique

    Summary

    Most children exhibit fewer problems related to health compared to adults. However, obese children bear the risk of becoming overweight in adulthood. They are more susceptible to chronic conditions such as high cholesterol levels, high blood pressure musculoskeletal issues, breathing problems and insulin resistance. According to a research conducted by Center of Disease Control (CDC), obesity affects close to 17% of children in the United States alone (2013) Child Food Requests Journal Article Critique. However, the trend displays great disparities within racial and minority groups.

    Specifically, children from minority and immigrant parents are more likely to develop obesity than those from non-minority and non-migrant families. Similarly, children that come from low-income earning families develop prevalence to obesity compared to those from middle-income and high-income earning households. Child Food Requests Journal Article Critique. Children develop obesity due to regular consumption of foods high in sugar, fast foods that contain too much salt and fat, low fruit and vegetable intake, and sedentary behaviors.  It is therefore important to implement nutrition strategies that focus on the determinants of obesity amongst the low- income earning, minority and immigrant families.

    Purpose

    Haroldson, Cordell and Haldeman (2015) conducted a research to ascertain the food requests made by pre-school children and the maternal compliance to the children from low-income earning families. Besides, the researchers sought to compare the types of foods preferred by Hispanic and Non-Hispanic families, and the rates of requests.  Their choice of population sample was perfect, since it encompassed a group that experiences the problems enlisted in their topic of study. Child Food Requests Journal Article Critique.

    Methodology

    The researchers used a community-based cross-sectional design, where they chose a group from a southern metropolitan area that consisted of 40% African-American Blacks, 50% Caucasians and 8% Hispanics. Participants were recruited in clinics and filled in questionnaires after prior and thorough screening. Collected data was analyzed using the quota and snowball techniques. The methodology used by the researchers was appropriate, since it encompassed a diverse population. Haroldson et al (2015) clearly outlined the main aspects in the research, which included maternal compliance in the form of primary care givers fulfilling a meal request by a youngster, and child food request, outlining the literal request for any foodstuff a child made in a given family. This way, the researchers eradicated any confusion that would arise. Besides, prior screening of participants ensured the scholars obtained accurate results Child Food Requests Journal Article Critique.

    Evidence of Support

    Haroldson et al (2015) found out that most Hispanic families had less education and low income. Besides, 80% of the mothers fulfilled their maternal compliance by giving out the requested foods without objection. All the children who participated in the sample requested to buy food from the groceries. Flour-based foods were the most requested foods, followed by cheese and sweets. The results from the study confirmed researchers’ purpose. Child Food Requests Journal Article Critique. They were helpful, since they provided a baseline for discussing the causes of obesity in minority and poor households. However, the research did not clearly disclose substantial results on non-minority and high-income families.

    Application

    The study was instrumental in ascertaining causes of obesity among low-income earning families. Interestingly, low-income earners depict lives where basic needs are not met. However, cases of obesity amongst their children continue to rise. Besides, high rates of compliance may lead to bad choices when buying foods. From the research findings, one can infer that authoritative parenting is vital to good health among young children. Child Food Requests Journal Article Critique.

    Recommendations

    From the research, parents can learn on how to control their children’s eating habits. Besides, they ought to educate their youngsters on appropriate diets to guarantee proper health.  Government officials ought to review the findings and suggest on appropriate interventions based on causative factors of obesity among marginalized groups in the society. This way, they ensure reduced mortality rates and a healthy population. Child Food Requests Journal Article Critique.

    Reference

    Haroldson, A., Cordell, Z., & Haldeman, L. (2015). Analysis of Child Food Requests and Maternal Compliance in Low‐income Hispanic and Non‐Hispanic Families.
    Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal
    ,
    44
    (1), 37-50.

    Retrieved from http://sci-hub.la/http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/fcsr.12126/full Child Food Requests Journal Article Critique.

  • Role of Care Neglect and Supervisory Neglect in Childhood Obesity Article Critique

    Role of Care Neglect and Supervisory Neglect in Childhood Obesity Article Critique

    Journal Article Critiques

    Instructions:

    These critiques should be between 1.5 and 2 pages, double-spaced, in Times New Roman (12 point) font, and with 1” margins on all sides. Please include and APA style cover page, page numbers and headers/sub headers, in text citations, and works cited page.

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    Summary: The summary should be between 1 and 2 paragraphs. This should briefly explain the authors’ purpose(s), method, and results (main findings in your own words. No numbers.) Keep the summary informative, but concise (less than a page) Role of Care Neglect and Supervisory Neglect in Childhood Obesity Article Critique.

    Critique: You should critique the articles based on the following criteria. Be sure to completely and concisely address each point. Remember this should be a critical assessment or the study (objective). DO NOT INCLUDE YOUR OPINION. Paraphrase , no direct quotes.

    1. Purpose/Research Question: Determine the authors’ purpose of the research and state it in your own words. Comment on how clearly this was presented in the article.

    2. Method: Comment on how appropriate the method used was for addressing the purpose. State if the method was employed effectively.

    3. Evidence of Support: Examine the method and results of the article and determine if they helped the authors effectively address the purpose presented. Also discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the evidence and the study as a whole.

    4. Real World Application: After reading the discussion section summarize any real world implications the authors suggest. Also give your own suggestions for the real world application of the study and its’ findings.

    5. Recommendations: Determine who might benefit from the article, what the benefit may be, and the importance of the benefit. Here you may summarize your subjective judgments of the work and suggestions on how to improve or extend the work.

    Summary:

    Cases of childhood obesity have been on the rise in the modern society eliciting various studies on its causality with parental care. In one study, investigating the roles of parental care in childhood obesity, Knutson and associates found out that child neglect had a high correlation with childhood obesity (Knutson, Taber, Murray, Valles, & Koeppl, 2009). Notably, child neglect amongst the disadvantaged children was the greatest risk factor for childhood obesity. However, the study also highlighted that neglect was not limited to the disadvantaged but was also evident to children in the middle and high-class families. Role of Care Neglect and Supervisory Neglect in Childhood Obesity Article Critique. This critic indulges in the specifics of Knutson and colleagues study before concluding with a discussion on its implications to the real word and recommendations to build on highlighted gaps.

    Purpose/Research Question:

    The primary objective of this study was to assess the roles of childcare and supervisory neglect as a factor contributing to childhood obesity. The study was founded on the assertion that parental supervisory plays a significant role in child development and young children are more likely to be neglected which is liable to facilitate obesity. To ascertain or nullify the hypothesis two research questions can be deduced including; what is the influence of parental care in facilitating childhood obesity? and, is a child’s age a factor in childhood obesity. Role of Care Neglect and Supervisory Neglect in Childhood Obesity Article Critique.

    Method:

    The study employed a multi-source survey analysis approach with questionnaires as the primary data collection tools. Notably, the scope of the study was in two counties in Southeastern Lowa with the sample derived from the neglected and disadvantaged children between the age of 3 years 7 months to 9 years 6 months with the children 571 children constituting the study sample. The methodology was employed effectively since by adopting a multi-source survey and the structured parent-child interaction the study eliminated possible interviewee (parents) bias, which was further heightened by the child’s BMI tests. Role of Care Neglect and Supervisory Neglect in Childhood Obesity Article Critique.

    Evidence of Support:

    Use of an age range for the sampled children and conducting structured parent-child interaction was effective for the study’s objective. Notably, the Bivariate correlations between the BMI, demographic variables, and the indices of neglect were found to be less than 10 which ascertained the study’s hypothesis. Role of Care Neglect and Supervisory Neglect in Childhood Obesity Article Critique. For instance, the study results highlighted the B.M.I of the neglected children as ranging from11.6 to 37 (M ¼ 16.7, SD ¼ 3.03; n ¼ 569. Additionally, 14.9% of the children in the study sample was found to be within the at-risk range, with 16.3% considered obese.

    Real World Application:

    The findings of this study exemplify the correlation between parental care neglect and childhood obesity. As a result, the study pinpoints the need for parental care intervention in controlling childhood obesity. Moreover, although factors such as hereditary genetics and social disadvantage do facilitate the occurrence of childhood obesity, the study underlines childhood obesity as a multidimensional aspect thus the magnitude of parental care. As such, the findings of this study are insightful to both health practitioners and parents, in diagnosing and controlling the health issues emanating from childhood obesity Role of Care Neglect and Supervisory Neglect in Childhood Obesity Article Critique.

    Recommendations:

    Future research studies need to adopt a wider scoop by involving children with a broader age in the study sample. Such an approach will facilitate clarification the link between childhood obesity and differential care neglect in the different aspects of parenting. Role of Care Neglect and Supervisory Neglect in Childhood Obesity Article Critique. Additionally, prospective research studies should purposely isolate the unique implications of child neglect in facilitating the occurrence of child obesity.

    References

    Knutson, J. F., Taber, S. M., Murray, A. J., Valles, N. L., & Koeppl, G. (2009). The role of care neglect and supervisory neglect in childhood obesity in a disadvantaged sample. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 35(5), 523-532. Role of Care Neglect and Supervisory Neglect in Childhood Obesity Article Critique.

  • systems theory essay – Transitioning From Closed to Open Systems

    For this week’s systems theory essay – Transitioning From Closed to Open Systems Discussion, you identify an issue or process that could be improved and apply knowledge and strategies related to systems theory.

    To prepare:

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    Review the information presented in this week’s Learning Resources on systems theory and the difference between open and closed systems.

    Reflect on the practices and processes with which you are familiar in your organization. Identify one problematic issue or process that could be improved.

    Consider the problem from a closed-system perspective. Then think about how the issue or process you selected could be addressed by viewing it from an open-system perspective. How would the transition from a closed- to an open-system view help you and others to address the problem and improve outcomes? systems theory essay – Transitioning From Closed to Open Systems.

    Post a description of the problem that you identified in your selected organization. Explain the problem from a closed-system perspective. Then, describe how the problem could be addressed by viewing it from an open-system perspective, and explain how this modification would help you and others improve health care outcomes.

    Please include introduction, summary and references should be within the last five years. in text citation should have the page numbers or paragraph. Thank you. systems theory essay – Transitioning From Closed to Open Systems.

     

    Transitioning From Closed to Open Systems

    Introduction

    In systems theory, a system is defined as a whole entity comprised of various individual components but which are interdependent. According to Peters (2014), p. 2), “the healthcare system harbors complexity” cultivated by the multifaceted nature of its stakeholders and roles to the society. systems theory essay – Transitioning From Closed to Open Systems. As an organization strives to adapt amid the complexity, the system perspective –open or closed – guiding the adaptation acts as the success determinant either facilitating or hindering the optimal performance of the system as it interacts with the environment. This paper provides an example of healthcare problem rooted in the closed system perspective and discuss its alternative, the open system perspective, as an adequate solution.

    Problem highlight

    I interned in a healthcare organization with clear-cut hierarchy amongst the different professionals with an eminent dominance of the physicians over the rest. As such, the nurses and the physicians seemingly worked as different independent teams with little interaction between the two. As a result, the management-received complaints from the patients that when they aired their concerns to nurses in most cases the physicians did not seem to take into count. In this case, it was evident that the department was marred by misunderstandings instigated by miscommunication.

    Problem from a closed-system perspective

    The eminent misunderstandings and inadequate information flow is fueled by adopted closed system operation. In a closed system, the components of the system restrict the flow of information internally without adequate external information flow, which “inhibits the system’s ability to respond to external environment effectively” (Cordon, 2013, p. 4). In the case of the healthcare organization, the professional hierarchies act as individual components with adequate communication only happening within each circle. The professional hierarchies often hinder free interaction amongst the team members working in different departments prompting each to work independently. However, as Dobrzykowski, and Tarafdar (2015) observes, “information exchange relationship among the physician and a hospital’s healthcare providers is an essential element of coordination and key to delivering experiences which patients find valuable.” In this regard, when communication breakdown occurs between the healthcare providers the result is the organization’s inability to respond to the dynamics in both their internal and external environments, in this case, the patient’s concerns. systems theory essay – Transitioning From Closed to Open Systems.

    Addressing problem from an open-system perspective

    Healthcare institutions constitute of different professionals each with a distinct role but all serving as a single entity. In this regard, the institution should nurture adequate communication between the professionals by crippling the professional superiority complex. Adoption of an open system would sufficiently counter the challenges resulting from the culture of “us versus them” in terms of professions. According to May, Johnson, and Finch (2016, p. 9), entities in an open system although distinct in their roles recognize “the dynamic features of context that shape self-organization in complex adaptive social systems.” As such, components in open systems uphold the interrelation and symbiotic relation required for the benefit of the whole system, which in turn heightens the system’s ability to react with their environments by adapting to external and internal factors. As such, adoption of the open system perspective would facilitate interaction of healthcare administrators and practitioners in different departments systems theory essay – Transitioning From Closed to Open Systems.

    Summary

    In conclusion, there is a need for adoption of open systems in healthcare organizations to enhance efficiency in healthcare provision. Open system operations in healthcare services would go a long way in fostering communication and ensure that healthcare institutions meet the dynamic needs emanating from the external environment thus facilitating efficiency in healthcare provision systems theory essay – Transitioning From Closed to Open Systems

     

    References

    Cordon, C. P. (2013). System theories: An overview of various system theories and its application in healthcare.
    American Journal of Systems Science,
    2(1), 13-22.

    Dobrzykowski, D. D., & Tarafdar, M. (2015). Understanding information exchange in healthcare operations: Evidence from hospitals and patients.
    Journal of Operations Management
    , 36, 201-214.

    May, C. R., Johnson, M., & Finch, T. (2016). Implementation, context and complexity.
    Implementation Science,
    11(1), 141 systems theory essay – Transitioning From Closed to Open Systems.

    Peters, D. H. (2014). The application of systems thinking in health: why use systems thinking?.
    Health Research Policy and Systems
    , 12(1), 51.

    For this systems theory essay – Transitioning From Closed to Open Systems Assignment, you apply systems theory to the examination of a problem in a department or a unit within a health care organization. (Note: You may use the same problem you identified for the Discussion as long as it meets the criteria for this assignment.)

    To prepare:

    Review the Meyer article, “Nursing Services Delivery Theory: An Open System Approach,” in this week’s Learning Resources. Focus especially on the information presented in Table 1 (p. 2831) and Figure 2 (p. 2833).

    Reflect on your organization or one with which you are familiar. Within a particular department or unit in this organization, identify a problem the staff is encountering.

    Using Table 1 in the Meyer article as a guide, analyze the department or unit, identifying inputs, throughput, output, cycles of events, and negative feedback. Consider whether the problem you have selected relates to input, throughput, output, cycles of events, and/or negative feedback.

    Think about how you could address the problem: Consider what a desired outcome would be, then formulate related goals and objectives, and translate those goals into policies and procedures.

    Research professional standards that are pertinent to your identified problem.

    Reflect on the organization’s mission statement and values. In addition, consider how addressing this problem would uphold the mission and values, while improving the organizational culture and climate. (Depending on the organization you have selected, you may have explored these in the Week 1 Discussion.) systems theory essay – Transitioning From Closed to Open Systems.

    Write a 4 page paper (page count does not include title and reference page) that addresses the following:

    Describe a department or unit within a health care organization using systems theory terminology. Include a description of inputs, throughput, output, cycles of events, and negative feedback.

    Describe the problem you identified within the department or unit using an open- systems approach, and state where the problem exists using the systems theory model (input, throughput, output, cycles of events, or negative feedback).

    Based on this information, explain how you would address the problem as follows:

    Formulate a desired outcome systems theory essay – Transitioning From Closed to Open Systems.

    Identify goals and objectives that would facilitate that outcome.

    Translate those goals and objectives into policies and procedures for the department or unit.

    Describe relevant professional standards.

    Explain how your proposed resolution to the problem would uphold the organization’s mission and values and improve the culture and climate.

    Please paper should have introduction, summary and in text citation should have paragraph number or page number. References should be within the last five years. Thank you

    Applying Systems Theory systems theory essay – Transitioning From Closed to Open Systems.

    Question 1. Describing the department using systems theory terminology

    As a nursing professional, I am employed in the emergency department of Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital. I am engaged in offering nursing services. The facility is located in New York City and is under the management of Presbyterian Hospital within the same city (New York – Presbyterian Hospital, 2018). The emergency department serves three critical functions. Firstly, it is concerned with accurately assessing the patients who arrive at the facility. Secondly, it is concerned with diagnosis. systems theory essay – Transitioning From Closed to Open Systems. Finally, it offers the appropriate emergency medical care. In order to carry out the three core functions, the department has employed a multidisciplinary team of medical professionals that includes nurses and physicians. The team integrates the efforts of each individual and profession, focusing on concerted exertions to ensure that all patients who access the department receive the best possible emergency care that includes a safe environment, alleviating and stabilizing their condition, and facilitating speedy recovery. To facilitate the realization of these objectives, the facility has dedicated resources towards acquiring medical equipment and employing adequate staff levels. As a result, the medical equipment, staff and resources employed in the department can be considered as the facility’s input in the emergency department. Additionally, the management services in the emergency department is that throughput that systemizes the inputs, and orders and organizes medical services with a view to achieve the department’s primary goals. Reasonably, the patients who pass through the emergency department having received care are the output. Also, the turnover volumes reported for the patients is the measure of effectiveness for the emergency department. Given that the facility, including the emergency department, is profit oriented as a sustainability measure interpreted through offering the best possible care, then revenue and profit figures would be considered as the cycle of events. In addition, the performance indicators for the medical department, particularly the reviews offered by the public on staff and services performance, acts as the feedback for the department (Huber, 2013; Meyer & O’Brien-Pallas, 2010).

    Question 2. Describing the problem using an open- systems approach, and stating where the problem exists using the systems theory model

    In spite of the emergency department reporting a devotion and commitment to offering the best possible care to its patients, the patients have reported a general inability by the nursing personnel to correctly evaluate and manage their pain levels. In fact, the department scores poorly in pain management since the patients indicate that their pain is either inadequately addressed or ignored. The patient reviews show that pain management measures applied in the facility are largely ineffective with the nursing personnel receiving some negative reviews in that regard. To put it more succinctly, some of the patients who pass through the emergency department have indicated that nursing efforts are inadequate systems theory essay – Transitioning From Closed to Open Systems. The implication is that the performance indicators for the department presents subpar figures as nurses are unable to accurately perceive the patients’ pain levels (Meyer & O’Brien-Pallas, 2010). Pope and Deer (2017) explores the issue of ineffective pain management within a medical facility by reporting that it is a common problem. In fact, pain evaluation is only reported to capture 20% of the required information while losing 80% information. Should this statistics turn true for the emergency department, then there is a need to develop and apply better pain evaluation methods that would capture the remaining 80% of the information that had previously been lost. At the very least, inefficient pain evaluation holds true for the nursing personnel in the emergency department since one of their key responsibility is to apply assertive strategies in collecting and disseminating pain assessment information. When the patients complain that their pain has not been well managed, then it implies that nurses have failed to collect and disseminate the right information. To address this issue, there is a need for the nursing personnel to assume a leadership position in the multidisciplinary teams, focusing on developing appropriate solutions to the existing problem, executing the solution, and interpreting the feedback to identify areas that should be improved systems theory essay – Transitioning From Closed to Open Systems.

    Question 3. Explaining the desired outcome

    The problem existing in the emergency department has been identified the patients’ complaints about ineffective pain management strategies. The nursing personnel do not collect all the required information and end up applying the wrong pain management strategies. As such, the desired outcome is to ensure that pain is well managed in the department by collecting all the information on pain and development a management strategy based on the collected information.

    Question 4. The goal and objective that will facilitate the desired outcome

    The goal is to improve pain management results in the department. This would be assessed through patients’ reviews that report whether or not the applied pain management strategy was effective. The objective is to improve revenues and profits by receiving positive reviews from patients that increases their possibility for patronage or recommending the facility to others systems theory essay – Transitioning From Closed to Open Systems.

    Question 5. Goal and objective translation into policies and procedures

    Translating the identified goal and objective into policies and procedures for the department takes the form of improving pain assessment to allow for more pain information to be collected thus allowing for an effective pain management strategy to be selected and applied. Decoding this would entail actively engaging the patients through communication so that the nurses have an accurate awareness of the patients’ pain levels. This means that the new policies and procedures would focus on improving the interactions between the nurses in the emergency department and their patients. Also, the new procedures would be reviewed to prioritize costs so that the department does not report unfavorable revenues and profits. systems theory essay – Transitioning From Closed to Open Systems. Besides that, drug interactions, adverse reactions, tolerance and addiction must also be accounted for within the new policies.

    Question 6. The relevant professional standards

    All through the pain management process as applied within the emergency department, the nursing staff will ensure that their focus does not move away from addressing the patients’ pain. Any duties that are acknowledged as exceeding the nurses’ capabilities and scope will be transferred to the appropriate individuals or offices (Tintinalli et al., 2016). For example, if the pain medication being used within the department turns harmful, then the hospital administrators will be informed to assess the medication and approve the acquisition of safe medication. Besides that, the nursing staff will receive pain assessment and management training that improves their interactions with the patients to collect the right information (Cherry & Jacob, 2013). In this respect, the nursing staff will establish a pain baseline, scrutinize the currently applied strategies, formulate an appropriate response for the patients’ complaints, and develop an action plan to ensure that patients present a positive review about their pain management. systems theory essay – Transitioning From Closed to Open Systems.

    Question 7. How the proposed resolution will uphold the organization’s mission and values and improve the culture and climate

    The proposed solution will uphold the facility’s mission and values while improving culture and climate by ensuring that pain management in the department is effective. This would allow the department to offer appropriate care that is accompanied by high satisfaction levels by the patients to improve profit and revenue figures.

    References

    Cherry, B. & Jacob, S. (2013).
    Contemporary Nursing, Issues, Trends, & Management
    (6
    th
    ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier Health Sciences.

    Huber, D. (2013).
    Leadership and Nursing Care Management
    (5
    th
    ed.). St, Louis, MO: Elsevier/Saunders. systems theory essay – Transitioning From Closed to Open Systems.

    Meyer, R. & O’Brien-Pallas, L. (2010). Nursing Services Delivery Theory: An open system approach.
    Journal of Advanced Nursing
    , 66(12), 2828-2838.

    New York – Presbyterian Hospital (2018).
    Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital
    . Retrieved from http://www.nyp.org/morganstanley

    Pope, J. & Deer, T. (2017).
    Treatment of Chronic Pain Conditions: A comprehensive handbook
    . New York, NY: Springer.

    Tintinalli, J., Stapczynski, S., Ma, J., Cline, D. & Meckler, G. (2016).
    Tintinalli’s Emergency Medicine: A comprehensive study guide
    (8
    th
    ed.). New York, NY: McGraw Hill Professional systems theory essay – Transitioning From Closed to Open Systems.

     

    Transitioning From Closed to Open Systems

    Introduction

    In systems theory, a system is defined as a whole entity comprised of various individual components but which are interdependent. According to Peters (2014), p. 2), “the healthcare system harbors complexity” cultivated by the multifaceted nature of its stakeholders and roles to the society. systems theory essay – Transitioning From Closed to Open Systems. As an organization strives to adapt amid the complexity, the system perspective –open or closed – guiding the adaptation acts as the success determinant either facilitating or hindering the optimal performance of the system as it interacts with the environment. This paper provides an example of healthcare problem rooted in the closed system perspective and discuss its alternative, the open system perspective, as an adequate solution.

    Problem highlight

    I interned in a healthcare organization with clear-cut hierarchy amongst the different professionals with an eminent dominance of the physicians over the rest. As such, the nurses and the physicians seemingly worked as different independent teams with little interaction between the two. As a result, the management-received complaints from the patients that when they aired their concerns to nurses in most cases the physicians did not seem to take into count. In this case, it was evident that the department was marred by misunderstandings instigated by miscommunication.

    Problem from a closed-system perspective

    The eminent misunderstandings and inadequate information flow is fueled by adopted closed system operation. In a closed system, the components of the system restrict the flow of information internally without adequate external information flow, which “inhibits the system’s ability to respond to external environment effectively” (Cordon, 2013, p. 4). In the case of the healthcare organization, the professional hierarchies act as individual components with adequate communication only happening within each circle. The professional hierarchies often hinder free interaction amongst the team members working in different departments prompting each to work independently. However, as Dobrzykowski, and Tarafdar (2015) observes, “information exchange relationship among the physician and a hospital’s healthcare providers is an essential element of coordination and key to delivering experiences which patients find valuable.” In this regard, when communication breakdown occurs between the healthcare providers the result is the organization’s inability to respond to the dynamics in both their internal and external environments, in this case, the patient’s concerns. systems theory essay – Transitioning From Closed to Open Systems.

    Addressing problem from an open-system perspective

    Healthcare institutions constitute of different professionals each with a distinct role but all serving as a single entity. In this regard, the institution should nurture adequate communication between the professionals by crippling the professional superiority complex. Adoption of an open system would sufficiently counter the challenges resulting from the culture of “us versus them” in terms of professions. According to May, Johnson, and Finch (2016, p. 9), entities in an open system although distinct in their roles recognize “the dynamic features of context that shape self-organization in complex adaptive social systems.” As such, components in open systems uphold the interrelation and symbiotic relation required for the benefit of the whole system, which in turn heightens the system’s ability to react with their environments by adapting to external and internal factors. As such, adoption of the open system perspective would facilitate interaction of healthcare administrators and practitioners in different departments.

    Summary

    In conclusion, there is a need for adoption of open systems in healthcare organizations to enhance efficiency in healthcare provision. Open system operations in healthcare services would go a long way in fostering communication and ensure that healthcare institutions meet the dynamic needs emanating from the external environment thus facilitating efficiency in healthcare provision systems theory essay – Transitioning From Closed to Open Systems.

    References

    Cordon, C. P. (2013). System theories: An overview of various system theories and its application in healthcare.
    American Journal of Systems Science,
    2(1), 13-22.

    Dobrzykowski, D. D., & Tarafdar, M. (2015). Understanding information exchange in healthcare operations: Evidence from hospitals and patients.
    Journal of Operations Management
    , 36, 201-214.

    May, C. R., Johnson, M., & Finch, T. (2016). Implementation, context and complexity.
    Implementation Science,
    11(1), 141.

    Peters, D. H. (2014). The application of systems thinking in health: why use systems thinking?.
    Health Research Policy and Systems
    , 12(1), 51. systems theory essay – Transitioning From Closed to Open Systems.

  • Working With Children and Adolescents Versus Adults discussion essay

    Working With Children and Adolescents Versus Adults discussion essay

    Discussion: Working With Children and Adolescents Versus Adults

    Infant, childhood, and adolescent development are a continual interplay between nature (genetic or biologic predisposition) and nurture (environmental experiences). The nature/nurture continuum and debate will always be a part of your career as a PMHNP. Knowing common developmental milestone is important in the role as a child provider. Working With Children and Adolescents Versus Adults discussion essay. Not only is it essential to the diagnostic process, but it is also important to the interdisciplinary interactions with other mental health professionals. The study of normal developmental processes, however, is only one tool that allows the mental health professional to understand the child being evaluated. There are many different assessment instruments and interviewing techniques that PMHNPs can have in their toolkit when working with children and adolescents. Working With Children and Adolescents Versus Adults discussion essay.

    In this Discussion, you examine the differences in assessing and treating children and adolescents versus adults. You take into consideration your own clinical experiences, as well as your experiences in your clinical rotation, and the information from the readings thus far.

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    Post your answers to the following:

    • Explain why a developmental assessment of children and adolescents is important.

    • Describe two assessment instruments and explain why they are used for children and adolescents but not adults. Working With Children and Adolescents Versus Adults discussion essay.

    • Describe two treatment options for children and adolescents that may not be used when treating adults.

    • Explain the role parents play in assessment and treatment.

    Child and Adolescent Mental Health

    Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) is a children and adolescents assessment tool employed in the assessment of behavioral and emotional alterations in children and adolescents between the age 6 and 18 years. According to Raiker and associates the Achenbach uses the “Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), Teacher Report Form (TRF), and Youth Self-Report Form (YSR)” as some of its scales in children and adolescents (Raiker, Freeman, Perez-Algorta, Frazier, & Youngstrom, 2017, p. 3) Working With Children and Adolescents Versus Adults discussion essay.

    Consequently, Child and Adolescent Needs and Strengths-Mental Health (CANS-MH) is an assessment tool that centers in unearthing the needs and areas of strengths to indicate the necessary care and “assist in planning” the level of monitoring to be enacted (Ebesutani et al., 2017, p. 1). Like the CBCL, CANS also require the parents to complete the questions.

    The two assessment instruments are restricted to children assessments since they measures focus on the child’s development context. While some behaviors may be considered normal to children, the same behaviors at an older age signify metal disorders. Moreover, the assessment dependence of the caregiver’s observations emanates from the inadequacy of cognitive and linguistic development in children, which inhibits accurate expression of the systems. Working With Children and Adolescents Versus Adults discussion essay. However, with adults, self-expression of symptoms provides a more accurate assessment than observation would.

    With children and adults, some treatment options require incorporation of the primary caregivers in their approach and therefore are unlikely to be used when treating adults. For instance, “behavioral therapies conducted on both the child and the parent,” is different from adult cases where the therapy is conducted on the adult patient (Abbas et al., 2017, p. 2). Consequently, instigation of “educational courses and behavioral management tactics for the parents” or other caregivers as a treatment option would only be adequate in children and adolescents cases (Abbas et al., 2017, p. 2). Working With Children and Adolescents Versus Adults discussion essay.

    Parents play a critical role in ensuring the success a child’s assessment and treatment. According to (Raiker et al., 2017, p. 3) Parent participation engagement (PPE) correlates to a positive outcome in the treatment of a childhood disorder. Consequently, parents monitor the behavioral change in the child’s development process and provide the necessary information during the assessment process. Lastly, the parents ensure that the child complies with the treatment and consequently monitor the progress of the treatment to the physician. Finally, the parent should provide behavioral and emotional support to the affected children within the family context. Working With Children and Adolescents Versus Adults discussion essay.

    References

    Abbas, S., Ihle, P., Adler, J. B., Engel, S., Günster, C., Holtmann, M., … & Schubert, I. (2017). Predictors of non-drug psychiatric/psychotherapeutic treatment in children and adolescents with mental or behavioural disorders. 
    European child & adolescent psychiatry
    , 
    26
    (4), 433-444.

    Ebesutani, C., Daleiden, E., Becker, K. D., Schmidt, L., Bernstein, A., Rith-Najarian, L., … & Chorpita, B. F. (2017). Facilitating Communication of Ideas and Evidence to Enhance Mental Health Service Quality: Coding the Treatment Services Literature Using the Child and Adolescent Needs and Strengths-Mental Health Assessment Scales.
    Journal of Child and Family Studies
    , 26(11), 3123-3134.

    Raiker, J. S., Freeman, A. J., Perez-Algorta, G., Frazier, T. W., Findling, R. L., & Youngstrom, E. A. (2017). Accuracy of Achenbach scales in the screening of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a community mental health clinic.
    Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
    , 56(5), 401-409. Working With Children and Adolescents Versus Adults discussion essay.

    Discussion: Working With Children and Adolescents Versus Adults

    Infant, childhood, and adolescent development are a continual interplay between nature (genetic or biologic predisposition) and nurture (environmental experiences). The nature/nurture continuum and debate will always be a part of your career as a PMHNP. Knowing common developmental milestone is important in the role as a child provider. Not only is it essential to the diagnostic process, but it is also important to the interdisciplinary interactions with other mental health professionals. Working With Children and Adolescents Versus Adults discussion essay. The study of normal developmental processes, however, is only one tool that allows the mental health professional to understand the child being evaluated. There are many different assessment instruments and interviewing techniques that PMHNPs can have in their toolkit when working with children and adolescents.

    In this Discussion, you examine the differences in assessing and treating children and adolescents versus adults. You take into consideration your own clinical experiences, as well as your experiences in your clinical rotation, and the information from the readings thus far. Working With Children and Adolescents Versus Adults discussion essay.

    Post your answers to the following:

    • Explain why a developmental assessment of children and adolescents is important.

    • Describe two assessment instruments and explain why they are used for children and adolescents but not adults.

    • Describe two treatment options for children and adolescents that may not be used when treating adults.

    • Explain the role parents play in assessment and treatment. Working With Children and Adolescents Versus Adults discussion essay.

  • Organizational Culture and climate Sample Essay

    For this Organizational Culture and climate Sample Essay Discussion, you explore the culture and climate of your current organization or one with which you are familiar. You also consider decisions and day-to-day practices and the way they relate to the organization’s mission, vision, and values.

    To prepare:

    Review the information related to planning and decision making in health care organizations presented in the textbook, Leadership Roles and Management Functions in Nursing: Theory and Application. Consider how planning and decision making relate to an organization’s mission, vision, and values, as well as its culture and its climate. Organizational Culture and climate Sample Essay.

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    Familiarize yourself with the mission, vision, and values of your organization or one with which you are familiar. Consider how the statements and actions of leaders and others within the organization support or demonstrate the organizational mission, vision, and values. In addition, note any apparent discrepancies between word and deed. Think about how this translates into expectations for direct service providers. Organizational Culture and climate Sample Essay. Note any data or artifacts that seem to indicate whether behaviors within the organization are congruent with its mission, vision, and values.

    Begin to examine and reflect on the culture and climate of the organization. How do culture and climate differ?

    Why is it important for you, as a master’s-prepared nurse leader, to be cognizant of these matters?

    Post a description of your selected organization’s mission, vision, and values. Describe relevant data, or artifacts, words, and actions of leaders and others in the organization that support, or perhaps appear to contradict the organization’s mission, vision, and values statement. In addition, discuss the organization’s culture and its climate, differentiating between the two. Explain why examining these matters is significant to your role as a nurse leader. Organizational Culture and climate Sample Essay.

    Please references should be within the last five years. With in text citation please include page number or paragraph number. Thank You.

     

    Organizational Culture and climate

    Description of selected organization’s mission, vision, and values

    My organization’s mission statement lays emphasis on provision of quality care to all patients, assurance of heightened safety, and commitment to offer unparalleled healthcare. Consequently, the institution envisions being a revered community member recognized for commitment in provision of highest standards of patient care for the wellbeing of the society. The institution operations are grounded in values of dignity, trust, teamwork, and integrity Organizational Culture and climate Sample Essay.

    Supportive actions of leaders

    The conduct of the management and employees in my organization serves to strengthen the underlying mission and vision. For instance, the organization’s leadership lays a significant emphasis on open communication and interaction with the employees. This interactivity and openness in turn has facilitated teamwork and commitment in service delivery, which illuminates reverence to the institutions values (Spear, 2017, p162). Organizational Culture and climate Sample Essay.

    Culture and climate

    An organization culture denotes values that guide the conduct of individuals in an institution. According to Huber (2017, p57), culture acts as map defining the most appropriate way to conduct ones duty. My organization has developed a safety culture illustrated by the heightened emphasis on corroboration amongst practitioners to ensure patient safety. This culture has been cultivated by the institutions values including dignity and teamwork, and the mission statement’s emphasis on provision of highest standards of safety. On the other hand, organizational climate is the product of underlying culture and is defined as the manner in which individuals experience culture (Taplay, Jack, Baxter, Eva, & Martin, 2014, p2). In this regard, climate denotes what employees view as the disposition of the values emphasized in an institution. Notably, my organization harbors a safety climate in whereby all employees view patient safety and quality healthcare as an individual responsibility Organizational Culture and climate Sample Essay.

    Why examining these matters is significant to your role as a nurse leader

    As a nurse leader, it is imperative to understand the correlation between an institution’s mission, and values and the resultant organizational culture and climate. For instance, when the leaders cultivate certain values and lay emphasis on given behaviors the other employs follow suit which with time becomes the culture of the organization (Taplay, et al., 2014, p2).. As such, nurse leaders should strive to cultivate the values that strengthen the mission since the resultant culture and climate would uphold the same enabling the organization to achieve its vision (McNaught, & Shaw, 2017, p6) Organizational Culture and climate Sample Essay.

    References

    Huber, D. (2017). Leadership and Nursing Care Management-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. Retrieved from. https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=CZx5AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA57&lpg=PA57&dq=how+mission+statement+impacts+organization%E2%80%99s+culture+and+its+climate+nursing&source=bl&ots=u_yNFGbHVj&sig=bYXtyge5aKXm3zchWpkO-V0i05U&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjI99Gnu8TZAhVKXBQKHT5WBa4Q6AEIXzAG#v=onepage&q=how%20mission%20statement%20impacts%20organization%E2%80%99s%20culture%20and%20its%20climate%20nursing&f=false

    McNaught, K., & Shaw, G. (2017). Orientation to mission: Assessing the perceptions of effectiveness of an in-house orientation program focused on mission, vision and values within a large-scale, not-for-profit, private hospital. Organizational Culture and climate Sample Essay.

    Spear, S. (2017). Impression management activity in vision, mission, and values statements: A comparison of commercial and charitable organizations. International Studies of Management & Organization, 47(2), 159-175.

    Taplay, K., Jack, S. M., Baxter, P., Eva, K., & Martin, L. (2014). Organizational culture shapes the adoption and incorporation of simulation into nursing curricula: a grounded theory study. 
    Nursing research and practice
    , 
    2014
    . 1-12 Organizational Culture and climate Sample Essay

  • Systems Theory in healthcare delivery essay

    Systems Theory in healthcare delivery essay

    To prepare:

    Review the Meyer article, “Nursing Services Delivery Theory: An Open System Approach,” in this week’s Learning Resources. Focus especially on the information presented in Table 1 (p. 2831) and Figure 2 (p. 2833).

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    Reflect on your organization or one with which you are familiar. Within a particular department or unit in this organization, identify a problem the staff is encountering.

    Using Table 1 in the Meyer article as a guide, analyze the department or unit, identifying inputs, throughput, output, cycles of events, and negative feedback. Consider whether the problem you have selected relates to input, throughput, output, cycles of events, and/or negative feedback.

    Think about how you could address the problem: Consider what a desired outcome would be, then formulate related goals and objectives, and translate those goals into policies and procedures. Systems Theory in healthcare delivery essay.

    Research professional standards that are pertinent to your identified problem.

    Reflect on the organization’s mission statement and values. In addition, consider how addressing this problem would uphold the mission and values, while improving the organizational culture and climate. (Depending on the organization you have selected, you may have explored these in the Week 1 Discussion.) Systems Theory in healthcare delivery essay.

    To complete:

    By Day 7

    Write a 3- to 5-page Systems Theory in healthcare delivery essay paper (page count does not include title and reference page) that addresses the following:

    Describe a department or unit within a health care organization using systems theory terminology. Include a description of inputs, throughput, output, cycles of events, and negative feedback.

    Describe the problem you identified within the department or unit using an open- systems approach, and state where the problem exists using the systems theory model (input, throughput, output, cycles of events, or negative feedback).

    Based on this information, explain how you would address the problem as follows:

    Formulate a desired outcome.

    Identify goals and objectives that would facilitate that outcome.

    Translate those goals and objectives into policies and procedures for the department or unit.

    Describe relevant professional standards.

    Explain how your proposed resolution to the problem would uphold the organization’s mission and values and improve the culture and climate Systems Theory in healthcare delivery essay.

     

     

    Systems Theory

    Meyer and O’Brien’s article entitled, “
    Nursing services delivery theory: An open system approach,”
    highlights the problems that affect nursing outcomes in health organizations. The authors base their argument on the theory of nursing services delivery and the application of the open system theory. The principles of these theories inform on the influence of availability of resources to the performance of the hospital staff. Through these theories, the authors managed to link nursing responsibilities, staffing, to the work environment and results from different departments. Systems Theory in healthcare delivery essay. Meyer &O’Brien, (2016) collected data from CINAHL and Business Source Premier between 1980 and 2008. The research framework comprised of theories, models, organizational structure, nursing units, and administration.

    From a succinct literature review, the authors determined that many health organizations employ traditional nurse staffing methods, which later compromise the patient outcomes due to poor performance. For this reason, Meyer & O’Brien (2016) suggested that there is a need for a theory explains the strategies for quality service delivery in healthcare organizations. The authors established that healthcare organizations are open systems comprised of energy transformation, dynamic state, and cycles of events, negative feedback, differentiation, and coordination Systems Theory in healthcare delivery essay.

    Problem and Relation to Work Place

    According to the open systems theory, nursing practice is likened to a continuous coordination of inputs and outputs. The inputs entail an inflow of information from an external environment. Resultantly, the throughputs transform the inputs, which re-energize the entire system. The output refers to the products that exported to the external environment. Verleye, Gemmel and Rangarajan (2014) explain that the theory applies to the Nursing Services Delivery Theory, which explains that the inputs in a healthcare organization refer to the people, materials, resources, and labor .The throughputs include the nursing interventions and their roles in promoting patient care. Similarly, the outputs are the revenues and accreditation criteria, while negative feedback shows an organization’s performance indicators. Systems Theory in healthcare delivery essay. The theories help in cumulative need for coherency in frameworks that explain the relationship of organizational activities and outcome variables from a nursing perspective.

    In my current organization, there is a growing trend of clinical errors in the department in charge of acute care. Particularly, student trainees tend to perform inaccuracies, especially during night shifts. The errors not only cause poor patient outcomes, but also an unfriendly working environment. In other extreme cases, medical blunders result to reduced nurse-patient relationships. In relation to Meyer and O’Brien’s perspective, the problem of clinical errors relates with people as the staff in the Nursing Services Delivery. The main reason for faults in the department is long hours of work with no breaks. Besides, understaffing in the same department also aggravates the rate of mistakes, since there are few trained nurses who guide the trainees. In other circumstances, trainees face difficulties yet a professional nurse is not available to provide necessary guidance. Systems Theory in healthcare delivery essay.

    Addressing the Problem

    Understaffing is a crucial problem in many health care facilities that handle a large patient influx. Normally, short-staffed institutions experience frequent burnouts, leading to high employee turnovers (Schwartz,& Mazouni, 2017). To alleviate this situation, employers ought to invest more when hiring personnel.  It is important to provide for a better nurse-patient ration to ensure patient-centered care. Besides, enhancing proper working environments by investing in more technological infrastructure is vital.  Health care institutions ought to ensure enough room for patients and nursing staff Systems Theory in healthcare delivery essay.

    Outcomes

    Through equipping health institution with enough employees, the patient-nurse ratio is standardized. Cho, Kim, Yeon,You and Lee (2015) explain that through this way, medical practitioners dedicate more time on patients and attend to their problems. It is through such interventions that better patient outcomes are achieved.  Besides, improved working environments in health care facilities provide for easier maneuvering and faster service delivery. Equipping hospitals with adequate technology provides for easier and precise storage of data. This way, retrieval and analysis of information becomes easier. Systems Theory in healthcare delivery essay.

    Policies to facilitate the Outcomes

    Health care facilities ought to operate under a set of relevant guidelines, which stipulate clear procedures for execution of duties. For instance, it is essential that the institutions invest in qualified personnel, who guarantee minimal errors during medications. Besides, they ought to ensure they work under proper management, with adaptive and productive subsystems, leading to self-efficacy. Systems Theory in healthcare delivery essay. Administrators should be competent, by ensuring the staff practice in accordance to stipulated provisions.

    Professional Standards

    Professional standards are important in healthcare, since they outline frameworks which help institutions achieve the desired performances. They direct and maintain safe and competent nursing practice (Masters, 2015). In this case, health care professionals ought to provide enough personnel to ensure patients are served diligently. Employing fewer staff overburdens them, and this contravenes the professional standards of work amongst employees. Systems Theory in healthcare delivery essay. Facilities with enough nurses are guaranteed of minimal medical errors and low readmission rates.

    Proposed Solutions and upholding Mission and Vision

    Through the open systems theory, institutions ought to observe a steady flow between inputs and through puts to ensure desirable outputs. In a healthcare setting, nurses play an integral role to achieve improved health of patients, which is the primary desirable outcome that each health institution anticipates. Specifically, lack of enough staff is the major problems in many of the healthcare facilities. To achieve the mission and vision of providing quality services in the best way possible, these institutions ought to invest more in the hiring processes. This includes offering respectable salaries to qualified staff. This way, the facilities experience lower employee turnovers and increased nurse-patient interactions. Systems Theory in healthcare delivery essay.

    References

    Cho, S. H., Kim, Y. S., Yeon, K. N., You, S. J., & Lee, I. D. (2015). Effects of increasing nurse staffing on missed nursing care.
    International nursing review
    ,
    62
    (2), 267-274.

    doi: 10.1111/inr.12173

    Masters, K. (2015).
    Role development in professional nursing practice
    . Jones & Bartlett Publishers.

    Retrieved from https://books.google.co.ke/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ftkBCwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR1&dq=professional+standards+in+nursing+2015&ots=nhSdA1SmBt&sig=DhtlnHS0hCRJocN1yu6F2dskA9A&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=professional%20standards%20in%20nursing%202015&f=false

    Meyer, R. M., & O’Brien‐Pallas, L. L. (2010). Nursing services delivery theory: an open system approach.
    Journal of Advanced Nursing
    ,
    66
    (12), 2828-2838. Systems Theory in healthcare delivery essay.

    doi:  10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05449.x

    Schwartz, A., & Mazouni, A. (2017). Medical student, nursing student, and non-health care respondents’ implicit attitudes toward doctors and patients: Development and a pilot study of a new implicit attitudes test (IAT). 
    Plos ONE
    , 
    12
    (8), 1-12. Systems Theory in healthcare delivery essay.

    doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0183352

    Verleye, K., Gemmel, P., & Rangarajan, D. (2014). Managing engagement behaviors in a network of customers and stakeholders: Evidence from the nursing home sector.
    Journal of Service Research
    ,
    17
    (1), 68-84.

    Retrieved from http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1094670513494015 Systems Theory in healthcare delivery essay

  • Changes in Sites of Care essay

    Changes in Sites of Care essay

    Post a description of a case from your personal or clinical experiences in the last five years that involves an elderly patient who had been in at least two different sites of care. Explain whether thepatient had advanced directive in place at the time ofthe time of the change in sites of care, if do, whether any difficult treatment decisions had a result. Finally, explain the I.pact of financial issues on site placement and treatment decisions. impact of differences in the settings themselves, inherent culture of the settings, and ethical practices of thses sites on the patient Changes in Sites of Care essay.

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    Transitional care encompasses an array of services and environments that facilitate timely and safe passage of patients from one care giver to the other. High quality transitional care is most appropriate for older patients who suffer from multiple chronic conditions. Changes in Sites of Care essay. It is normal to witness older people receiving care from more than one institution, due to regular movements. It is therefore important to ensure better transitions during the handover of patients by considering financial, ethical and environmental aspects (Anderson et al., 2014). This way, patients and their relatives are guaranteed of better outcomes.

    Description of Case

    Recently, I witnessed an old woman suffering from cancer and chronic lung bronchitis being moved for our institution to another health care facility. The patient was under rehabilitative care for the elders, where the nurses literally dressed, fed and bathed her. Since she was suffering from cancer, our radiotherapist administered chemotherapy as a way to control further defects on the normal body cells. She was prescribed painkillers, which reduced the pain she experienced after chemotherapy sessions. However, the family decided to move her to a normal palliative care institution since they could not afford services offered at our institution anymore Changes in Sites of Care essay.

    Advanced instructions and its health and financial effects

    The patient had prior instructions from her relatives about the transfer to another care. She knew that the destined facility did not offer chemotherapy and therefore, was convinced of the availability of another option at the institution. However, the facility was a step-down due to lack of chemotherapy machines, leading to deterioration of her condition (Starmer et al., 2014) Changes in Sites of Care essay. The treatment decision proved erroneous, leading to stress and discomfort on her relatives. Specifically, the patient was prescribed of expensive drugs, which bore a psychological effect on the relatives.

    Impact of setting due to its organizational culture

    Transitions of patients suffering from chronic ailments more often lead to serious errors during medication. Besides, institutions charge different fees in accordance to the type of care offered (Friedberg et al., 2015). Besides, different institutions offer different care services depending on their specialization and capability. However, cite placement may save the relative medical fees depending on the care services required at a particular time. Contrariwise, it may cost a lot of money due to errors during medication that may require corrective medicine.

    References

    Anderson, D. J., Podgorny, K., Berríos-Torres, S. I., Bratzler, D. W., Dellinger, E. P., Greene, L., … Kaye, K. S. (2014). Strategies to prevent surgical site infections in acute care hospitals: 2014 update.
    Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology
    ,
    35
    (S2), S66-S88. Changes in Sites of Care essay.

    https://doi.org/10.1086/591064

    Friedberg, M. W., Schneider, E. C., Rosenthal, M. B., Volpp, K. G., & Werner, R. M. (2014). Association between participation in a multipayer medical home intervention and changes in quality, utilization, and costs of care.
    Jama
    ,
    311
    (8), 815-825.

    doi:10.1001/jama.2014.353

    Starmer, A. J., Spector, N. D., Srivastava, R., West, D. C., Rosenbluth, G., Allen, A. D., … Lipsitz, S. R. (2014). Changes in medical errors after implementation of a handoff program.
    New England Journal of Medicine
    ,
    371
    (19), 1803-1812. Changes in Sites of Care essay doi: 10.1056/nejmsa1405556

  • Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT

    Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT

    Details:

    Use the practice problem and a quantitative, peer-reviewed research article you identified in the Topic 1 assignment to complete this assignment.

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    In a 1000-1,250 word essay, summarize the study, explain the ways in which the findings might be used in nursing practice, and address ethical considerations associated with the conduct of the study. Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT.

    Refer to the resource ”Research Critique Guidelines” for suggested headings and content for your paper.

    Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

    This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

    You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin. Please refer to the directions in the Student Success Center. Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT.

    PICOT Question and Literature Search

    Nursing practice problem

    Although nicotine replacement therapy is acknowledged as a strategy for smoking cessation, its efficacy is not well established. As such, there is a need to provide tangible evidence that compares nicotine replacement therapy with other strategies applied for the same purpose. The intention is to establish whether nicotine replacement therapy is worth receiving special attention from nursing practitioners. Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT.

    PICOT Statement

    Population:
    in cigarette smokers older than 17 years

    Intervention:
    does nicotine replacement therapy

    Control:
    versus using other smoking cessation therapies

    Outcome:
    affect smoking cessation outcomes

    Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT

    Time:
    over a period of three months?

    Literature Search (References List and Abstract)

    Silla, K., Beard, E. & Shahab, L. (2014). Nicotine replacement therapy use among smokers and ex-smokers: associated attitudes and beliefs: a qualitative study.
    BMC Public Health
    , 14, 1311. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-1311

    Abstract

    Background: Smokers who are unwilling or unable to quit smoking may benefit from using nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) for harm reduction. This may include the partial or complete substitution of cigarettes with NRT. Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. A taxonomy of the characteristics of those using NRT for harm reduction would be helpful in tailoring advice and treatment. Although attempts to categorize those using NRT for harm reduction have been made, these have largely been based on quantitative data. In order to provide further in-depth exploration of views, beliefs and experiences, the current study probed issues surrounding NRT and harm reduction qualitatively to better understand barriers and facilitators to this approach. Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT.

    Methods: Three groups of participants (n = 15) were recruited from a student sample: current smokers with a history of NRT use, smokers without a history of NRT use, and ex-smokers with a history of NRT use. Participants were asked about their demographic characteristics, smoking behaviors, intention and perceived ability to quit smoking, awareness and use of NRT, beliefs about the health consequences of using NRT, and the safety and efficacy of NRT, using semi-structured telephone interviews. Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT.

    Results: Twenty-four themes were identified; these themes were clustered into three main issues of cross-cutting themes: attitudes towards smoking and motivation to quit; smoking reduction and quit attempts; and beliefs, use and concerns about NRT. Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. Those with a history of NRT use were more motivated and engaged with the quitting process than non-users. However, irrespective of smoking status and past NRT use, all participants showed misperceptions about NRT, such as the health consequences associated with NRT use.

    Conclusions: NRT users are more motivated to quit smoking than non-users and are more likely to employ techniques to assist their cessation attempts. The majority of smokers have misperceptions regarding the safety and efficacy of NRT which may act as a barrier to its usage.

    Barbeau, A., Burda, J. & Siegel, M. (2013). Perceived efficacy of e-cigarettes versus nicotine replacement therapy among successful e-cigarette users: a qualitative approach.
    Addict Sci Clin Pract.
    , 8, 5. doi: 10.1186/1940-0640-8-5 Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT.

    Abstract

    Background: Nicotine is widely recognized as an addictive psychoactive drug. Since most smokers are bio-behaviorally addicted, quitting can be very difficult and is often accompanied by withdrawal symptoms. Research indicates that nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) can double quit rates. However, the success rate for quitting remains low. E-cigarettes (electronic cigarettes) are battery-powered nicotine delivery devices used to inhale doses of vaporized nicotine from a handheld device similar in shape to a cigarette without the harmful chemicals present in tobacco products. Anecdotal evidence strongly suggests that e-cigarettes may be effective in helping smokers quit and preventing relapse, but there have been few published qualitative studies, especially among successful e-cigarette users, to support this evidence Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT.

    Methods: Qualitative design using focus groups (N = 11); 9 men and 2 women. Focus groups were conducted by posing open-ended questions relating to the use of e-cigarettes, comparison of effectiveness between NRTs and e-cigarettes, barriers to quitting, and reasons for choosing e-cigarettes over other methods. Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT.

    Results: Five themes emerged that describe users’ perceptions of why e-cigarettes are efficacious in quitting smoking: 1) bio-behavioral feedback, 2) social benefits, 3) hobby elements, 4) personal identity, and 5) distinction between smoking cessation and nicotine cessation. Additionally, subjects reported their experiences with NRTs compared with e-cigarettes, citing negative side effects of NRTs and their ineffectiveness at preventing relapse Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT.

    Conclusion: These findings suggest tobacco control practitioners must pay increased attention to the importance of the behavioral and social components of smoking addiction. By addressing these components in addition to nicotine dependence, e-cigarettes appear to help some tobacco smokers transition to a less harmful replacement tool, thereby maintaining cigarette abstinence.

    Buller, D., Halperin, A., Severson, H., Borland, R., Slater, M., Bettinghaus, E., Tinkelman, D., Cutter, G. & Woodall, G. (2014). Effect of Nicotine Replacement Therapy on Quitting by Young Adults in a Trial Comparing Cessation Services.
    J Public Health Manag Pract.
    , 20(2), E7-E15. doi: 10.1097/PHH.0b013e3182a0b8c7

    Abstract

    Context: Young adult smokers have the highest smoking prevalence among all US age groups but are least likely to use evidence-based cessation counseling or medication to quit.

    Objective: Use and effectiveness of nicotine patch were explored in a randomized trial evaluating smoking cessation interventions with this population. Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT.

    Participants: Smokers aged 18 to 30 (n = 3094) were recruited through online and off-line methods and from telephone quit lines and analyzed.

    Design: Smokers were enrolled in a pretest-posttest trial, and randomized to 1 of 3 cessation services.

    Setting: Trial delivering counseling services by self-help booklet, telephone quit lines, or online expert system in the 48 continental United States.

    Intervention: Smokers could request a free 2-week course of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) patches from the project.

    Main Outcome Measure: Follow-up surveys at 12 and 26 weeks assessed smoking abstinence, use of NRT, counseling, and other cessation medications, and smoking-related variables. Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT.

    Results: Overall, 69.0% of smokers reported using NRT (M = 3.2 weeks) at 12 weeks and 74.8% (M = 3.3 weeks) at 26 weeks. More smokers who were sent the free nicotine patches (n = 1695; 54.8%) reported using NRT than those who did not receive them (12 weeks: 84.3% vs 41.9%, P < .001; 26 weeks: 87.6% vs 51.1%, P < .001). The use of NRT was associated with greater smoking abstinence at 12 weeks (P < .001) and 26 weeks (P < .05), especially if used for more than 2 weeks (P < .001). Smokers assigned to a self-help booklet or cessation Web site and heavier smokers were most likely to use NRT (P < .05), whereas those reporting marijuana use and binge drinking used NRT less (P < .05). Conclusions: Many young adults were willing to try NRT, and it appeared to help them quit in the context of community-based cessation services. Strategies should be developed to make NRT available to this age group and support them in using it to prevent lifelong smoking. Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. Rath, J., Villanti, A., Abrams, D. & Vallone, D. (2012). Patterns of Tobacco Use and Dual Use in US Young Adults: The Missing Link between Youth Prevention and Adult Cessation. Journal of Environmental and Public Health , Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 679134. doi: 10.1155/2012/679134 Abstract Few studies address the developmental transition from youth tobacco use uptake to regular adulthood use, especially for noncigarette tobacco products. The current study uses online panel data from the Legacy Young Adult Cohort Study to describe the prevalence of cigarette, other tobacco product, and dual use in a nationally representative sample of young adults aged 18-34 (N = 4,201). Of the 23% of young adults who were current tobacco users, 30% reported dual use. Ever use, first product used, and current use were highest for cigarettes, cigars, little cigars, and hookah. Thirty-two percent of ever tobacco users reported tobacco product initiation after the age of 18 and 39% of regular users reported progressing to regular use during young adulthood. This study highlights the need for improved monitoring of polytobacco use across the life course and developing tailored efforts for young adults to prevent progression and further reduce overall population prevalence. Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. Thurgood, S., McNeill, A., Clark-Carter, D. & Brose, L. (2015). A Systematic Review of Smoking Cessation Interventions for Adults in Substance Abuse Treatment or Recovery. Nicotine & Tobacco Research , 18(5), 993-1001. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntv127 Abstract Introduction: The aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions for patients with substance use disorders. The secondary aim was to evaluate the impact on substance use treatment outcomes. Methods: Randomized controlled trials involving adult smokers, recently or currently receiving inpatient or outpatient treatment for substance use disorders were reviewed. Databases, grey literature, reference lists, and journals were searched for relevant studies between 1990 and August 2014. Two authors extracted data and assessed quality. The primary outcome was biochemically verified continuous abstinence from smoking at 6 or 12 months, secondary outcomes were biochemically verified 7-day point prevalence smoking abstinence (PPA) at 6 or 12 months and substance use outcomes. Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. Heterogeneity between studies precluded pooled analyses of the data. Results: Seventeen of 847 publications were included. Five studies reported significant effects on smoking cessation: (1) nicotine patches improved continuous abstinence at 6 months; (2) nicotine gum improved continuous abstinence at 12 months; (3) counseling, contingency management and relapse prevention improved continuous abstinence at 6 and 12 months; (4) cognitive behavioral therapy, plus nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), improved PPA at 6 months; and (5) a combination of bupropion, NRT, counseling and contingency management improved PPA at 6 months. Two studies showed some evidence of improved substance use outcomes with the remaining eight studies measuring substance use outcomes showing no difference. Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. Conclusions: NRT, behavioral support, and combination approaches appear to increase smoking abstinence in those treated for substance use disorders. Higher quality studies are required to strengthen the evidence base. Garcia-Rodriguez, O., Secades-Villa, R., Florez-Salamanca, L., Okuda, M., Liu, S. & Blanco, C. (2014). Effect of Nicotine Replacement Therapy on Quitting by Young Adults in a Trial Comparing Cessation Services. Drug Alcohol Depend. , 132(3), 479-485. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.03.008 Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. Abstract Context: Young adult smokers have the highest smoking prevalence among all US age groups but are least likely to use evidence-based cessation counseling or medication to quit. Objective: Use and effectiveness of nicotine patch were explored in a randomized trial evaluating smoking cessation interventions with this population. Participants: Smokers aged 18 to 30 (n = 3094) were recruited through online and off-line methods and from telephone quit lines and analyzed. Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. Design: Smokers were enrolled in a pretest-posttest trial, and randomized to 1 of 3 cessation services. Setting: Trial delivering counseling services by self-help booklet, telephone quit lines, or online expert system in the 48 continental United States. Intervention: Smokers could request a free 2-week course of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) patches from the project Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. Main Outcome Measure: Follow-up surveys at 12 and 26 weeks assessed smoking abstinence, use of NRT, counseling, and other cessation medications, and smoking-related variables. Results: Overall, 69.0% of smokers reported using NRT (M = 3.2 weeks) at 12 weeks and 74.8% (M = 3.3 weeks) at 26 weeks. More smokers who were sent the free nicotine patches (n = 1695; 54.8%) reported using NRT than those who did not receive them (12 weeks: 84.3% vs 41.9%, P < .001; 26 weeks: 87.6% vs 51.1%, P < .001). The use of NRT was associated with greater smoking abstinence at 12 weeks (P < .001) and 26 weeks (P < .05), especially if used for more than 2 weeks (P < .001). Smokers assigned to a self-help booklet or cessation Web site and heavier smokers were most likely to use NRT (P < .05), whereas those reporting marijuana use and binge drinking used NRT less (P < .05). Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. Conclusions: Many young adults were willing to try NRT, and it appeared to help them quit in the context of community-based cessation services. Strategies should be developed to make NRT available to this age group and support them in using it to prevent lifelong smoking. Research Critique Guidelines Qualitative Study Background of Study: Identify the clinical problem and research problem that led to the study. What was not known about the clinical problem that, if understood, could be used to improve health care delivery or patient outcomes? This gap in knowledge is the research problem. How did the author establish the significance of the study? In other words, why should the reader care about this study? Look for statements about human suffering, costs of treatment, or the number of people affected by the clinical problem. Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. Identify the purpose of the study. An author may clearly state the purpose of the study or may describe the purpose as the study goals, objectives, or aims. List research questions that the study was designed to answer. If the author does not explicitly provide the questions, attempt to infer the questions from the answers. Were the purpose and research questions related to the problem? Method of Study: Were qualitative methods appropriate to answer the research questions? Did the author identify a specific perspective from which the study was developed? If so, what was it? Did the author cite quantitative and qualitative studies relevant to the focus of the study? What other types of literature did the author include? Are the references current? For qualitative studies, the author may have included studies older than the 5-year limit typically used for quantitative studies. Findings of older qualitative studies may be relevant to a qualitative study. Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. Did the author evaluate or indicate the weaknesses of the available studies? Did the literature review include adequate information to build a logical argument? When a researcher uses the grounded theory method of qualitative inquiry, the researcher may develop a framework or diagram as part of the findings of the study. Was a framework developed from the study findings?   Results of Study What were the study findings? What are the implications to nursing? Explain how the findings contribute to nursing knowledge/science. Would this impact practice, education, administration, or all areas of nursing? Ethical Considerations Was the study approved by an Institutional Review Board? Was patient privacy protected? Were there ethical considerations regarding the treatment or lack of? Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. Conclusion Emphasize the importance and congruity of the thesis statement. Provide a logical wrap-up to bring the appraisal to completion and to leave a lasting impression and take-away points useful in nursing practice. Incorporate a critical appraisal and a brief analysis of the utility and applicability of the findings to nursing practice. Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. Integrate a summary of the knowledge learned.   Quantitative Study Background of Study: Identify the clinical problem and research problem that led to the study. What was not known about the clinical problem that, if understood, could be used to improve health care delivery or patient outcomes? This gap in knowledge is the research problem. How did the author establish the significance of the study? Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. In other words, why should the reader care about this study? Look for statements about human suffering, costs of treatment, or the number of people affected by the clinical problem. Identify the purpose of the study. An author may clearly state the purpose of the study or may describe the purpose as the study goals, objectives, or aims. List research questions that the study was designed to answer. If the author does not explicitly provide the questions, attempt to infer the questions from the answers. Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. Were the purpose and research questions related to the problem?  Methods of Study Identify the benefits and risks of participation addressed by the authors. Were there benefits or risks the authors do not identify? Was informed consent obtained from the subjects or participants? Did it seem that the subjects participated voluntarily in the study? Was institutional review board approval obtained from the agency in which the study was conducted? Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. Are the major variables (independent and dependent variables) identified and defined? What were these variables? How were data collected in this study? What rationale did the author provide for using this data collection method? Identify the time period for data collection of the study. Describe the sequence of data collection events for a participant. Describe the data management and analysis methods used in the study. Did the author discuss how the rigor of the process was assured? For example, does the author describe maintaining a paper trail of critical decisions that were made during the analysis of the data? Was statistical software used to ensure accuracy of the analysis? What measures were used to minimize the effects of researcher bias (their experiences and perspectives)? For example, did two researchers independently analyze the data and compare their analyses? Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. Results of Study What is the researcher’s interpretation of findings? Are the findings valid or an accurate reflection of reality? Do you have confidence in the findings? What limitations of the study were identified by researchers? Was there a coherent logic to the presentation of findings? What implications do the findings have for nursing practice? For example, can the findings of the study be applied to general nursing practice, to a specific population, or to a specific area of nursing? What suggestions are made for further studies? Ethical Considerations Was the study approved by an Institutional Review Board? Was patient privacy protected? Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. Were there ethical considerations regarding the treatment or lack of? Conclusion Emphasize the importance and congruity of the thesis statement. Provide a logical wrap-up to bring the appraisal to completion and to leave a lasting impression and take-away points useful in nursing practice. Incorporate a critical appraisal and a brief analysis of the utility and applicability of the findings to nursing practice. Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. Integrate a summary of the knowledge learned. Reference Burns, N., & Grove, S. (2011). Understanding nursing research (5th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.   Quantitative Research Critique Background of Study The article presented the outcome of a research where the effectiveness of nicotine replacement therapy use among young adults was determined. It presented the understanding that the therapy is a tool that facilitates smoking cessation, allowing smokers to quit with minimal risk of reversion or experiencing other undesirable side effects such as withdrawal symptoms. Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. In line with this awareness, the study objective was to review the effectiveness of nicotine patch as a nicotine replacement therapy for use when quitting smoking. The underlying intention was to address smoking cessation needs among young adults in the US since they represent the single largest age group with results to smoking prevalence. In this respect, the article explores the likelihood of positioning nicotine patches as useful for young adult smokers who seek to cease smoking. Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. Methods of Study The research applied a quantitative methodology that used a post-test and pre-test trial design. In this case, 3,094 young adult (between 18 and 30 years) smoking participants were recruited using online and offline methods. Other than age and identity as current smokers, the participants also had to exhibit an intention to quit smoking before inclusion in the study. Once all the participants had been recruited, they were enrolled into the trial before being randomized into three groups that include a nicotine patch group representing nicotine replacement therapy, counselling, and medication to facilitate cessation. Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. Once the trial began and the participants were subjected to the interventions in the three groups, they were then subjected to two evaluation surveys at the 12-week and 26-week points of the trial. The data collected from the evaluations was then subjected to statistical analysis that compared the cessation figures for the three groups. The data focus was on smoking abstinence with the comparison showing how the three programs performed in terms of effectiveness. Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. The research methodology can be considered appropriate since it allowed for a large sample to be recruited for the research, the right data to be collected, and interpretation carried out on the data. It presented a true comparison between nicotine patches, counselling and medication so that the results were reliable. Also, the detailed presentation of the research methodology facilitates the research replication. In addition, researcher bias was minimized by using pre-structured tools to collect primary data directly from the participants. Perhaps, the only shortcoming in the methodology is that there is no mention of whether the data analysis was verified by a third party to confirm its accuracy. Another shortcoming is that the specific software that was used for data analysis has not been mentioned thereby making it difficult to ascertain the truthfulness of the analysis. These shortcomings create an opportunity for researcher bias since a third party cannot verify the truthfulness of the results analysis. Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. Results of Study The data analysis determined that nicotine patches produce comparably favorable results when used by young adult smokers. That is because they increased the possibility of enrolling for and adhering to the process set by nicotine replacement therapy. At the 12 th week evaluation, 84.3% of the participants using nicotine patches enrolled for nicotine replacement therapy when compared to 41.9% who used other programs ( p <0.001). At the 26 th week evaluation, 87.6% of the participants using nicotine patches enrolled for nicotine replacement therapy when compared to 51.1% who used other programs ( p <0.001). Following this results that showed greater willingness for the persons who use patches to pursue other smoking cessation programs concurrently, the research made the recommendation that nicotine patches should be offered as part of the smoking cessation standard package program for young adult smokers who have enrolled in a cessation program Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. These results are valuable to nursing practitioners since it presents evidence to supports advice they may offer young adult smokers to use nicotine patches to improve enrollment in smoking cessation programs. Although the research does not make suggestions for future studies, it is cautious when advocating for nicotine patches use. This implies that there is need for additional research to ascertain the exact value of nicotine patches. Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. Ethical Considerations There is evidence to show that the research was carried out following ethical considerations. Firstly, the research mentions that approval was sought and received from the Western Institutional Review Board before the research could proceed. The approval shows that the board was convinced that the research would not harm the participants (whether the harm was intentional or unintentional) and sufficient measures had been put in place for their protection. Secondly, although there is no mention of a consent form and whether the participants signed one to show that they were cognizant of the study objectives and voluntarily agree to participate, the fact that they were not coerced and were politely asked to participate in the study and allowed to withdraw without a penalty is sufficient to show that their participation was voluntary. Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. Thirdly, the participants were not offered any remuneration for their participation in the study thereby showing that they were motivated to advance the research (and would be truthful by extension) and eliminated the possibility that they would haphazardly participate in the research (not being truthful) just to get paid. Finally, the treatments (nicotine replacement therapy, counseling and medication) applied in the three groups did not pose any harm to the participants since they are approved therapies for smoking cessation programs. The four measures show that the research was conducted in an ethical manner Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. Conclusion The research evaluates the effectiveness of nicotine replacement therapy as a smoking cessation tool for use among young adult smokers. This is based on the understanding that the therapy is a tool that facilitates smoking cessation, allowing smokers to quit with minimal risk of reversion or experiencing other undesirable side effects such as withdrawal symptoms. Applying a quantitative methodology that recruited 3,094 young adult smokers between 18 and 30 years of age, the research randomized the participants’ group assignment into nicotine patch (nicotine replacement therapy), counseling and medication groups. Ethical consideration were undertaken to ensure that the participants were protected to include receiving approval from a review board, voluntary participation, no remuneration was offered, and treatment did not pose any harm. The three randomized groups were then evaluated for program effectiveness at the 12-week and 26-week milestones. Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. The results showed that using the nicotine patch improved enrollment in nicotine replacement therapy from 84.3% at the 12th week to 87.6% at the 26th week, almost doubling the figures reported by the other programs. Following this results that showed greater willingness for the persons who use patches to pursue other smoking cessation programs concurrently, the research made the recommendation that nicotine patches should be offered as part of the smoking cessation standard package program for young adult smokers who have enrolled in a cessation program. As such, nicotine patches should be included in cessation services for young adult smokers. Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT. Reference Buller, D., Halperin, A., Severson, H., Borland, R., Slater, M., Bettinghaus, E., Tinkelman, D., Cutter, G. & Woodall, G. (2014). Effect of Nicotine Replacement Therapy on Quitting by Young Adults in a Trial Comparing Cessation Services. J Public Health Manag Pract. , 20(2), E7-E15. doi: 10.1097/PHH.0b013e3182a0b8c7 Quantitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations PICOT.

  • Treatment of Psychiatric Emergencies in Children Versus Adults

    Treatment of Psychiatric Emergencies in Children Versus Adults

    Discussion: Treatment of Psychiatric Emergencies in Children Versus Adults

    The diagnosis of psychiatric emergencies can include a wide range of problems—from serious drug reactions to abuse and suicidal ideation/behaviors. Regardless of care setting, the PMHNP must know how to address emergencies, coordinate care with other members of the health care team and law enforcement officials (when indicated), and effectively communicate with family members who are often overwhelmed in emergency situations. Treatment of Psychiatric Emergencies in Children Versus Adults.

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    In this week’s Discussion, you compare treatment of adult psychiatric emergency clients to child or adolescent psychiatric emergency clients.

    Learning Objectives

    Students will:

    Compare treatment of adult psychiatric emergency clients to child or adolescent psychiatric emergency clients

    Analyze legal and ethical issues concerning treatment of child or adolescent psychiatric emergency clients Treatment of Psychiatric Emergencies in Children Versus Adults.

    To Prepare:

    Review the Learning Resources concerning emergency psychiatric medicine.

    Consider a case where your adult client had a psychiatric emergency. (Note: If you have not had an adult client with a psychiatric emergency, ask your preceptor to describe one of their clients with a psychiatric emergency to use as an example for this Discussion.)

    Note: For this Discussion, you are required to complete your initial post before you will be able to view and respond to your colleagues’ postings. Begin by clicking on the “Post to Discussion Question” link and then select “Create Thread” to complete your initial post. Remember, once you click submit, you cannot delete or edit your own posts and cannot post anonymously. Please check your post carefully before clicking Submit! Treatment of Psychiatric Emergencies in Children Versus Adults.

    By Day 3

    Post:

    Briefly describe the case you selected.

    Explain how you would treat the client differently if he or she were a child or adolescent.

    Explain any legal or ethical issues you would have to consider when working with a child or adolescent emergency case.

    By Day 6

    Respond to at least two of your colleagues by recommending at least one additional way you would treat a child or adolescent client differently than you would an adult and at least one additional way you would address the legal and ethical issues involved. Treatment of Psychiatric Emergencies in Children Versus Adults.

     

    Psychiatric Emergencies: Violent Behavior

    Violent behavior is a common manifestation of psychiatric disorders. Specifically, violent behavior is a manifestation maniac phase of bipolar disorder.  Violent patients are harmful to both self and others, including the healthcare workers (Savage, 2014). The following essay will describe a case of violent behavior, management with emphasis on adult versus child patient and finally the related legal issues in such a case. Treatment of Psychiatric Emergencies in Children Versus Adults.

    While working as a nurse in a hospital, a patient was brought to emergency department with allegations of violent behavior. The patient was male and 40 years of age. The allegations included physical assault to relatives, co-workers and other persons with no clear cause for the violent behavior for the previous two days Treatment of Psychiatric Emergencies in Children Versus Adults.

    Thorough history was taken from the relatives, including the patient’s biographic data, history drug use, family history of psychiatric cases and alcohol use. In addition, complete physical examination was performed, paying attention to the dressing mode, the client’s language and general appearance. The patient’s mood, level of concentration and memory were also assessed comprehensively. The patient was treated with lorazepam and haloperidol so as to stabilize the moods. Thereafter, the patient was admitted to mental unit and restrained followed by daily psychotherapy. If the patient was an adolescent, the history taking would be similar although different. For instance, while taking the history, the nurse would emphasize on the history of drug abuse and use since adolescents are a higher risk of drug abuse than the adults. In addition, the appropriateness of the dressing code should be assess paying attention to the patient’s age (Duxbury & Scholes, 2018) Treatment of Psychiatric Emergencies in Children Versus Adults.

    When providing care to vilent patient, prior to admission, the patient’s caretaker should fill in the prerequisite forms for involuntary admission so as to avoid forced detention cases. While restraining the patient, only trained and supervised staff should take the role to avoid harm to the patient (Layde, 2015).

    In conclusion, the treatment for violent behavior is similar although different for adult and adolescent patients. There are several legal issues concerning care for violent patients Treatment of Psychiatric Emergencies in Children Versus Adults.

    References

    Layde, J. B. (2015). The legal framework of medical ethics in the United States. In
    Professionalism and Ethics in Medicine
    (pp. 27-38). Springer, New York, NY.

    Savage, J. (2014). The association between attachment, parental bonds and physically aggressive and violent behavior: A comprehensive review.
    Aggression and violent behavior
    ,
    19
    (2), 164-178.

    Duxbury, J. A., & Scholes, A. (2018).Minimising Violence and Related Harms.
    Essentials of Mental Health Nursing
    , 385. Treatment of Psychiatric Emergencies in Children Versus Adults.

  • Practicum: Decision Tree

    Assignment 1 Practicum Decision Tree

    For this Assignment, as you examine the client case study in this week’s Learning Resources, consider how you might assess and treat pediatric clients presenting symptoms of a mental health disorder.

    Learning Objectives

    Students will:

    Evaluate clients for treatment of mental health disorders

    Analyze decisions made throughout diagnosis and treatment of clients with mental health disorders

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    The Assignment:

    Examine Case 2: You will be asked to make three decisions concerning the diagnosis and treatment for this client. Be sure to consider co-morbid physical as well as mental factors that might impact the client’s diagnosis and treatment. Practicum: Decision Tree.

    At each Decision Point, stop to complete the following:

    Decision #1: Differential Diagnosis

    Which Decision did you select?

    Why did you select this Decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.

    What were you hoping to achieve by making this Decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.

    Explain any difference between what you expected to achieve with Decision #1 and the results of the Decision. Why were they different?

    Decision #2: Treatment Plan for Psychotherapy

    Why did you select this Decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.

    What were you hoping to achieve by making this Decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources. Practicum: Decision Tree.

    Explain any difference between what you expected to achieve with Decision #2 and the results of the Decision. Why were they different?

    Decision #3: Treatment Plan for Psychopharmacology

    Why did you select this Decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.

    What were you hoping to achieve by making this Decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.

    Explain any difference between what you expected to achieve with Decision #3 and the results of the decision. Why were they different? Practicum: Decision Tree.

    Also include how ethical considerations might impact your treatment plan and communication with clients and their families.

    BACKGROUND

    Tyrel is an 8-year-old black male who is brought in by his mother for a variety of psychiatric complaints. Shaquana, Tyrel’s mother, reports that Tyrel has been exhibiting a lot of worry and “nervousness” over the past 2 months. She states that she notices that he has been quite “keyed up” and spends a great deal of time worrying about “germs.” She states that he is constantly washing his hands because he feels as though he is going to get sick like he did a few weeks ago, which kept him both out of school and off the playground. He was also not able to see his father for two weekends because of being sick. Shaquana explains that although she and her ex-husband Desmond divorced about 2 years ago, their divorce was amicable and they both endeavor to see that Tyrel is well caredfor.

    Shaquana reports that Tyrel is irritable at times and has also had some sleep disturbances (which she reports as “trouble staying asleep”). She reports that he has been more and more difficult to get to school as he has become nervous around his classmates. He has missed about 8 days over the course of the last 3 weeks. He has also stopped playing with his best friend from across the street.

    His mother reports that she feels “responsible” for his current symptoms. She explains that after he was sick with strep throat a few weeks ago, she encouraged him to be more careful about washing his hands after playing with other children, handling things that did not belong to him, and especially before eating. She continues by saying “maybe if I didn’t make such a big deal about it, he would not be obsessed with germs.” Practicum: Decision Tree.

    Per Shaquana, her pregnancy with Tyrel was uncomplicated, and Tyrel has met all developmental milestones on time. He has had an uneventful medical history and is current on all immunizations.

    OBJECTIVE

    During your assessment of Tyrel, he seems cautious being around you. He warms a bit as you discuss school, his friends at school, and what he likes to do. He admits that he has been feeling “nervous” lately, but when you question him as to why, he simply shrugs his shoulders.

    When you discuss his handwashing with him, he tells you that “handwashing is the best way to keep from getting sick.” When you question him how many times a day he washes his hands, he again shrugs his shoulders. You can see that his bilateral hands are dry. Throughout your assessment, Tyrel reveals that he has been thinking of how dirty his hands are; and no matter how hard he tries to stop thinking about his “dirty” hands, he is unable to do so. He reports that he gets “really nervous” and “scared” that he will get sick, and that the only way to make himself feel better is to wash his hands. He reports that it does work for a while and that he feels “better” after he washes his hands, but then a little while later, he will begin thinking “did I wash my hands well enough? What if I missed an area?” He reports that he can feel himself getting more and more “scared” until he washes his hands again.

    MENTAL STATUS EXAM

    Tyrel is alert and oriented to all spheres. Eye contact varies throughout the clinical interview. He reports his mood as “good,” admits to anxiety. Affect consistent to self-reported mood. He denies visual/auditory hallucinations. No overt delusional or paranoid thought processes were apparent. He denies suicidal ideation.

    Lab studies obtained from Tyrel’s pediatric nurse practitioner were all within normal parameters. An antistreptolysin O antibody titer was obtained for reasons you are unclear of, and this titer was shown to be above normal parameters. Practicum: Decision Tree.

    Decision Point One

    BASED ON THE INFORMATION PROVIDED IN THE SCENARIO ABOVE, WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING DIAGNOSES WOULD THE PMHNP GIVE TO TYREL?

    In your write-up of this case, be certain to link specific symptoms presented in the case to DSM–5 criteria to support your diagnosis. Practicum: Decision Tree.

    Decision Point One

    Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

    Decision Point Two

    Begin Fluvoxamine immediate release 25 mg orally at bedtime

    RESULTS OF DECISION POINT TWO

    Client returns to clinic in four weeks

    Upon return to the clinic, Tyrel’s mother reported that he has had some decrease in his symptoms. She states that the frequency of the handwashing has decreased, and Tyrel seems a bit more “relaxed” overall.

    She also reports that Tyrel has not fully embraced returning to school, but that his attendance has improved. She reported that over this past weekend, Tyrel went outside to play with his friend from across the street, which he has not done in a while. Practicum: Decision Tree.

    Decision Point Three

    Increase Fluvoxamine to 50 mg orally at bedtime

    Guidance to Student

    In terms of an actual diagnosis, the child’s main symptoms are most consistent with obsessive-compulsive disorder. There may also be an element of social phobia developing, but at this point, the PMHNP has not assessed the nature of the school avoidance—that is, why is the child avoiding school. Notice that nothing in the scenario tells us that the PMHNP has assessed this.

    Fluvoxamine immediate release is FDA-approved for the treatment of OCD in children aged 8 years and older. Fluvoxamine’s sigma-1 antagonist properties may cause sedation and as such, it should be dosed in the evening/bedtime.

    At this point, it would be appropriate to consider increasing the bedtime dose, especially since the child is responding to the medication and there are no negative side effects.

    Atypical antipsychotics are typically not used in the treatment of OCD. There is also nothing to tell us that an atypical antipsychotic would be necessary (e.g., no psychotic symptoms). Additionally, the child seems to be responding to the medication, so there is no rationale as to why an atypical antipsychotic would be added to the current regimen.

    Cognitive behavioral therapy is the psychotherapy of choice for treating OCD. The PMHNP should augment medication therapy with CBT. If further assessment determines that Tyrel has social anxiety disorder, CBT is effective in treating this condition as well. Practicum: Decision Tree.

    P(5.u)

     

    Can I Push Back Time? A Realistic Approach to Reducing Ageing Effects

    Can I Push Back Time? A Realistic Approach to Reducing Ageing Effects

    No one likes to grow old, especially when it means that your appearance will change, sometimes drastically. Although ageing is a natural process and we should accept it and grow old gracefully, it is difficult. Some people age quicker than others and some people are blessed with great genes, and then there are those who go to great lengths to slow down the ageing process. This module teaches you what happens to your skin as it ages and what physical signs to expect as you grow older. You will also get a better insight on how you can prevent  through a careful skincare regime. This module includes the following items: Practicum: Decision Tree.

    7.1. What Happens when your Skin ages?

    7.2. How your Skin Changes with Each Birthday

    7.3. Ethnicity and Ageing

    7.4. Ingredients to Look for in Anti-Ageing Products

    7.5. Botox versus Facelift

    7.1. What Happens when your Skin ages?

    As a person gets older, their body produces less collagen and elastin, thus leading to the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. If you add gravity and sun exposure to that equation, the result will be saggy skin that appears leathery and old.

    As you grow older, your skin continues to change. It becomes thinner, much drier, and even more fragile as the dermis of the skin begins to thin out. The fatty areas in your chin, cheeks, and nose begin to disappear, again making the skin sag more. More facial hair is evident in women as their bodies go through a number of different hormonal changes, sometimes making the skin more prone to acne and blackhead breakouts. Practicum: Decision Tree.

    People, who suffer from oilier skin, will continue to have breakouts; however, there is a positive side to this – the oilier the skin is, the longer it will remain moist and smooth.

    Using a good moisturiser over the years is one way that a person can lessen the impact of wrinkles and premature ageing.

    Also with age, your body’s ability to attack free radicals that damage your cells and collagen slows down.

    Consciously consuming foods with more antioxidants will protect your skin against free radicals and also improve its appearance, which is why vitamins A, C and E are often found in anti-ageing supplements.

    7.2. How your Skin changes with each Birthday

    Your 30s

    Between the ages of 30-35 is the most common time when women give birth to children. Pregnancy is good for a woman’s skin because there is a normal healthy production of the hormonesoestrogen and progesterone. Some women break out in spots due to the overgrowth of blood vessels caused by too much oestrogen. It is also common for the texture of a woman’s skin to become tougher and drier while she is pregnant because the baby takes up so many of its mother’s nutrients. Practicum: Decision Tree.

    Some other common features of a woman’s skin in their 30s include:

    Drier and duller in colour due to the slowing down of the production of a person’s skin cells.

    Visible fine lines appear around eyes and mouth.

    Smile lines do not disappear.

    Collagen and elastin start to become weaker.

    Smoking accentuates fine lines.

    May begin to lose part of your skin tone due to the weakening of the lymph glands that are responsible for flushing out all of the body’s toxins.

    Skin’s appearance is less bright.

    Tendency to put on more weight with more visible cellulite due to hormonal changes.

    Stretch marks are more evident through pregnancy or slimming.

    Your 40s

    When a person is in their 40s their lymphatic system begins to steadily slow down resulting in puffiness in and around the eye and cheek areas.  This is a period when a person, especially a woman will notice visible physical differences in their appearance due to their age.

    People in their 40s will notice:

    More susceptible to the environment around them, such as smoky or polluted places due to the skin’s waxy protective coating being weaker. It is weaker due to the body’s lower sebum production.

    Oestrogen production slows down resulting in duller skin.

    Evidence of sagging and wrinkles around the neck and chest areas.

    Increased cellulite and fat deposits around the hip and thigh areas.

    Practicum: Decision Tree

    50 +

    More visible signs of ageing can be seen on other parts of the body other than the face in a person’s 50s. Pigmentation patches on the skin are common as are age spots. Excesses over the years, such as drinking, smoking, and sun worshipping will begin to show in damaged skin like spider veins caused by damaged blood vessels caused by the sun.

    People in their 50s will notice:

    Increased pore size.

    Flakier skin.

    Wrinkles become more apparent due to dehydration of the skin caused by weaker skin cells.

    Eyelids may become hooded and wrinkled.

    Break down of skin’s elasticity.

    Menopause begins in women and the decreased oestrogen levels slow down the production of sebum resulting in drier skin.

    Facial hair in women is not uncommon due to hormone imbalances brought on by menopause.

    Skin is more likely to dry out and crack.

    Loss of muscle tone and definition.

    7.3. Ethnicity and Ageing

    A lot of how you age is related to the colour of your skin and your ethnicity.

    White Skin/Caucasian

    The paler or fairer you are, the more you will have to do to protect it from ageing prematurely externally. Naturally, your melanin levels are lower, which means that the harmful UVA/UVB rays can penetrate much deeper into your skin thus causing photo-ageing and contributing to your skin’s break down of elastin and collagen.

    For white complexions, the most important anti-ageing weapon would be a broad spectrum SPF 30 sun cream which has both UVA and UVB protection. Apply this daily, even when it is cloudy to every bit of your skin that is exposed, especially your face and neck.

    Keep your skin nice and soft with its natural oils intact by using a gentle cleanser. After cleansing, apply your broad-spectrum cream and then your make-up.

    Fairer skin tones have less collagen bundles than darker skin tones, which results in getting fine lines earlier than other ethnicities.

    Use night creams that contain retinoids to boost the skin-cell turnover and thicken your thinning skin to make it feel and appear smoother. Look out for products that contain antioxidants such as soy, vitamins C and E to help nourish the skin and repair it.

    When fairer skin is damaged by the sun, it causes the skin to develop an uneven skin tone. To overcome this, replace your harsher facial and body scrubs with natural enzyme-based scrubs and exfoliants. If you find that retinol creams are toosevere for your face, try peptides instead as they act as a great collagen booster.

    Olive Skin

    Because you have a warmer skin tone, it is likely you will show signs of ageing with fine lines and wrinkles later than people that have fairer skin.

    Your skin haslower melanin content than those people with darker skin, but more than people with lighter skin. Your risk of sun damage compared to the fairer skinned person is significantly lower, but there is still a risk, which is why it is important to still always wear a broad-spectrum sun cream.

    Generally, olive skin tans well, but at the same time it is more susceptible to melasma, which are darker brown patches of skin on the forehead, upper lip, cheeks, and chin areas. It is possible to fade these darker patches using certain creams and lotions that contain hydroquinone, azelaic acid or kojic acid. The combination of antioxidants in the above ingredients will help protect the skin from further damage; it will also help even out the skin tone, and strengthen the skin’s outer layer to help it retain its moisture. Continue wearing a high SPF sun cream that has zinc oxide or titanium dioxide.

    Olive skin tones are prone to hypigmentation as they grow older. To help combat this, use a gentle foaming cleanser to get rid of the excess oil and then follow up by applying a serum which is rich in vitamin C.

    People with olive skin are also more prone to an under-the-eye hollowness as they get older. To firm up the sagging skin in these areas use a night cream that contains peptides.

    Middle Eastern and Asian Skin

    Middle Eastern and Asian ethnicities do not begin to show signs of ageing until their mid-forties. However, although wrinkles tend to come later, these ethnicities are more prone to getting an uneven skin tone and darker patchy areas due to hormones, irritation and too much sun exposure.

    Because of the excess pigment in the skin, Asians and those from the Middle East are prone to darker circles under the eyes. These bags under the eyes are often accentuated by the loss of volume under this area as a person ages. These ethnicities also suffer from more water retention when their hormones change, which again worsens the appearance under the eyes.

    To try and reduce any signs of ageing underneath the eyes, you need to apply an eye cream that has cucumber extract, caffeine, or vitamin E to make the skin plumper and fresher looking.

    Cleanse your skin gently with a face cloth and lukewarm water. After cleansing, use a serum that contains kokic acid to help fade the darker areas of the skin caused by hyperpigmentation and sun damage.

    The moisturiser you use should be nourishing and rich. It should also contain salicylic acid, which will prevent your pores from getting too clogged.

    Black / Dark Skin

    Due to the high melanin levels in darker skin, they will not see any signs of ageing until their late 40’s or even 50’s. However, over time, darker skin loses its density and could result in sagging. To fight the sagging, opt for creams containing peptides as they help the body produce more collagen.

    Darker skin tones also tend to suffer from uneven skin tones. You cannot scrub this away, so to reduce the severity of this, use a gentle cleanser together with an electric brush and glycolic toner to help stimulate your skin’s collagen and fade the darker patchy areas while regulating the skin’s oil production at the same time.

    Moisturise in the morning with a cream that is rich in vitamin C. This will help brighten your skin and even out the patchier areas.  In the evening, use creams that contain retinol, peptides and ceramides to hydrate the skin and prevent sagging.

    Some people with darker skin benefit from semi-regular microdermabrasion treatments. This treatment is done by licensed professionals and gently buffs the skin, getting rid of all the dead skin cells to help even out and soften the skin with reduced pores.

    7.4. Ingredients to Look for in Anti-Ageing Products

    Retinol

    Retinol comes from vitamin A. Although it may take a few weeks to start seeing results, it is the most effective anti-ageing ingredient bought over the counter. It helps smooth out the face’s wrinkles and unclogs the pores. Additionally, it helps improve the skin’s texture and lightens superficial dark spots. Retinol is quite potent, which results in some people suffering from skin irritation, especially when they come into contact with direct sunlight. Use retinol-based anti-ageing products at nighttime on dry skin and make sure you apply an SPF moisturiser in the morning.

    Niacinamide

    If you suffer from darker uneven spots that have been caused by acne scars, old age, or sun damage, you can use a product that contains niacinamade, which comes from vitamin B3 to lighten them and prevent melanin from rising to the skin’s surface.  As a result your skin’s moisture and collagen production will improve and slowly over time reverse the damage from the sun.

    Hyaluronic Acid

    Hyaluronic acid is a form of humectants, which means that it draws water from both the air and dermis. Lotions with hyaluronic acid have excellent hydrating qualities and sometimes help improve collagen production to firm up sagging skin.

    Alpha Hydroxyl Acid

    Alpha hydroxyl acids (AHAs) work as exfoliators. They help remove dead skin cells and encourage new cell turnover revealing more youthful skin. When you exfoliate your skin, you will also allow serums, moisturisers, and other skin treatments to absorb and penetrate the skin more effectively. Look for a product that has 8% or less AHAs – when there are high concentrations of AHAs, you will help reduce and fade brown marks, spots and fine lines, but it will also make you more vulnerable and sensitive to the sun.

    L-ascorbic Acid

    L-ascorbic acid is another word for vitamin C. It helps build your skin’s collagen, helps to reduce any inflammation, and at the same time it plumps up the skin and promotes elasticity.

    Avobenzone

    This is a common chemical ingredient found in sun creams and sun blocks. Usually, this is found in combination with oxybenzone or benzophenone-3 to help block UVB rays. Use this before applying your regularmoisturiser or serum.

    Antioxidants

    Antioxidants help to prevent more damage happening and they also help repair your body’stissue and cell damage. They neutralise the free radicals and promote cell grown. Popular antioxidants found in anti-ageing products include vitamins C and E, green tea, berry extracts, and pomegranate.

     

    7.5. Botox versus Facelift

    While Botox and facelifts are more extreme measures for looking young, they are not uncommon and it is becoming increasingly common for people, especially in the 40s and 50s, to go under the knife whereas the popularity of Botox is waning slightly.

    When a person’s age begins to show from their many years of excessive sun exposure, pollutants, daily life stress, and smoking, they begin to suffer from wrinkles, some of which are deeper creases than others. It is also common for a person to suffer from sagging skin around the jaw line and neck area, which often makes them appear older than they really are.

    No person really enjoys the idea of having an invasive facelift, otherwise known as rhytidectomysurgergy and the long hard recovery process that follows, but it does not stop people, especially in the US where 13 million people undergo surgery for anti-ageing purposes alone each year.

    Can you explain the difference between Botox and facelifts?

    A facelift is an invasive surgical procedure while Botox are injections and are non-surgical.

    Some people opt for Botox because it is non-surgical; however, it really depends on the specific problems you have to know which anti-ageing beauty procedure is the right one for you. The important thing to remember is that facelifts and Botox are completely different and they are used for completely different purposes – they do complement each other, but it is essential to remember that they do not produce the same results.

    Facelift

    People have facelifts usually to reshape their deep facial structures. Additionally, they are used to try and remove extra skin tissue which results in a more youthful appearance; these saggy skin tissues are usually located in the lower region of the face, neck, and jowls. If a person has a lot of sagging skin, there is nothing that can be done to reduce it significantly. To reduce the skin, it needs to be removed, repositioned, and repaired. Some facelift surgeries might involve eyelid surgery, a neck lift, or a forehead lift to improve the appearance and age of a person.

    Facelift surgery helps correct the following problems:

    Deep under-the-eye creases and wrinkles

    Deep forehead wrinkles and creases

    Droopy eyebrows

    Lowered cheek pads

    Deep creases, folds or wrinkles along the nose

    Saggy jowls

    Double chin

    Botox

    Botox is a form of botulinum toxin. It is directed at a person’s overactive muscles to help alleviate expression lines, wrinkles, and crows’ feet. Usually Botox is used mostly in the upper parts of a person’s face,in the corners of a person’s eyes, forehead creases, and lines and wrinkles that form between the eyebrows. The muscles absorb the Botox and help them relax more. Botox injections do not really have any impact on the skin and Botox is often referred to as a “non-surgical facelift.” However, it cannot really be called a facelift because it does not involve any kind of skin removal or lifting. However, the Botox injections can help the skin’s appearance look smoother, softer, and more youthful.

    Botox helps correct the following problems:

    Fine facial lines and wrinkles

    Expression lines e.g. laughter lines

    Crows’ feet

    Furrows between the eyebrows

    Fine forehead lines and wrinkles

    Neck bands

    Scenario for Week 7 Case: You are a PMHNP

    Scenario for Week 7 Case:

    You are a PMHNP working in a large intercity hospital. You receive a call from the answering service informing you that a “stat” consult has been ordered by one of the hospitalists in the ICU. Upon arriving in the ICU, you learn that your consult is a 14 year old male who overdosed on approximately 50 Benadryl (diphenhydramine hydrochloride) tablets in an apparent suicide attempt. At the scene, a suicide note was found indicating that he wanted to die because his girlfriend’s parents felt that their daughter was too young to be “dating.” The client stated in the suicide note that he could not “live without her” and decided to take his own life. Although he has been medically stabilized and admitted to the ICU, he has been refusing to talk with the doctors or nurses. The hospital staff was finally able to get in touch with the clients parents (using contact information retrieved from the 14 year old’s cell phone). Unbeknown to the hospital staff, the parents are divorced, and both showed up at the hospital at approximately the same time, each offering their own perspectives on what ought to be done. The client’s father is demanding that the client be hospitalized because of the suicide, but his mother points out that he does not have “physical custody” of the child. The client’s mother demands that the client be discharged to home with her stating that her son’s actions were nothing more than a “stunt” and “an attempt at manipulating the situation that he didn’t like.” The client’s mother then becomes “nasty” and informs you that she works as a member of the clerical staff for the state board of nursing, and if you fail to discharge her child “right now” she will make you “sorry.” How would you proceed?

    The Assignment (2–3 pages):

    Based on the scenario, would you recommend that the client be voluntarily committed? Why or why not?

    Based on the laws in your state, would the client be eligible for involuntary commitment? Explain why or why not.

    Did understanding the state laws confirm or challenge your initial recommendation regarding involuntarily committing the client? Explain.

    If the client were not eligible for involuntary commitment, explain what actions you may be able to take to support the parents for or against voluntary commitment.

    If the client were not eligible for involuntary commitment, explain what initial actions you may be able to take to begin treating the client.

    Scenario for Week 7 Case: You are a PMHNP

    Scenario for Week 7 Case:

    You are a PMHNP working in a large intercity hospital. You receive a call from the answering service informing you that a “stat” consult has been ordered by one of the hospitalists in the ICU. Upon arriving in the ICU, you learn that your consult is a 14 year old male who overdosed on approximately 50 Benadryl (diphenhydramine hydrochloride) tablets in an apparent suicide attempt. At the scene, a suicide note was found indicating that he wanted to die because his girlfriend’s parents felt that their daughter was too young to be “dating.” The client stated in the suicide note that he could not “live without her” and decided to take his own life. Although he has been medically stabilized and admitted to the ICU, he has been refusing to talk with the doctors or nurses. The hospital staff was finally able to get in touch with the clients parents (using contact information retrieved from the 14 year old’s cell phone). Unbeknown to the hospital staff, the parents are divorced, and both showed up at the hospital at approximately the same time, each offering their own perspectives on what ought to be done. The client’s father is demanding that the client be hospitalized because of the suicide, but his mother points out that he does not have “physical custody” of the child. The client’s mother demands that the client be discharged to home with her stating that her son’s actions were nothing more than a “stunt” and “an attempt at manipulating the situation that he didn’t like.” The client’s mother then becomes “nasty” and informs you that she works as a member of the clerical staff for the state board of nursing, and if you fail to discharge her child “right now” she will make you “sorry.” How would you proceed?

    The Assignment (2–3 pages):

    Based on the scenario, would you recommend that the client be voluntarily committed? Why or why not?

    Based on the laws in your state, would the client be eligible for involuntary commitment? Explain why or why not.

    Did understanding the state laws confirm or challenge your initial recommendation regarding involuntarily committing the client? Explain.

    If the client were not eligible for involuntary commitment, explain what actions you may be able to take to support the parents for or against voluntary commitment.

    If the client were not eligible for involuntary commitment, explain what initial actions you may be able to take to begin treating the client.

    Assignment 1: Practicum: Decision Tree

    For this Assignment, as you examine the client case study in this week’s Learning Resources, consider how you might assess and treat pediatric clients presenting symptoms of a mental health disorder.

    Learning Objectives

    Students will:

    · Evaluate clients for treatment of mental health disorders

    · Analyze decisions made throughout diagnosis and treatment of clients with mental health disorders

    The Assignment:

    Examine Case 2: You will be asked to make three decisions concerning the diagnosis and treatment for this client. Be sure to consider co-morbid physical as well as mental factors that might impact the client’s diagnosis and treatment.

    At each Decision Point, stop to complete the following:

    · Decision #1: Differential Diagnosis

    · Which Decision did you select?

    · Why did you select this Decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.

    · What were you hoping to achieve by making this Decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.

    · Explain any difference between what you expected to achieve with Decision #1 and the results of the Decision. Why were they different?

    · Decision #2: Treatment Plan for Psychotherapy

    · Why did you select this Decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.

    · What were you hoping to achieve by making this Decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.

    · Explain any difference between what you expected to achieve with Decision #2 and the results of the Decision. Why were they different?

    · Decision #3: Treatment Plan for Psychopharmacology

    · Why did you select this Decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.

    · What were you hoping to achieve by making this Decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources.

    · Explain any difference between what you expected to achieve with Decision #3 and the results of the decision. Why were they different?

    · Also include how ethical considerations might impact your treatment plan and communication with clients and their families.

    BACKGROUND

    Tyrel is an 8-year-old black male who is brought in by his mother for a variety of psychiatric complaints. Shaquana, Tyrel’s mother, reports that Tyrel has been exhibiting a lot of worry and “nervousness” over the past 2 months. She states that she notices that he has been quite “keyed up” and spends a great deal of time worrying about “germs.” She states that he is constantly washing his hands because he feels as though he is going to get sick like he did a few weeks ago, which kept him both out of school and off the playground. He was also not able to see his father for two weekends because of being sick. Shaquana explains that although she and her ex-husband Desmond divorced about 2 years ago, their divorce was amicable and they both endeavor to see that Tyrel is well cared for.

    Shaquana reports that Tyrel is irritable at times and has also had some sleep disturbances (which she reports as “trouble staying asleep”). She reports that he has been more and more difficult to get to school as he has become nervous around his classmates. He has missed about 8 days over the course of the last 3 weeks. He has also stopped playing with his best friend from across the street.

    His mother reports that she feels “responsible” for his current symptoms. She explains that after he was sick with strep throat a few weeks ago, she encouraged him to be more careful about washing his hands after playing with other children, handling things that did not belong to him, and especially before eating. She continues by saying “maybe if I didn’t make such a big deal about it, he would not be obsessed with germs.”

    Per Shaquana, her pregnancy with Tyrel was uncomplicated, and Tyrel has met all developmental milestones on time. He has had an uneventful medical history and is current on all immunizations.

    OBJECTIVE

    During your assessment of Tyrel, he seems cautious being around you. He warms a bit as you discuss school, his friends at school, and what he likes to do. He admits that he has been feeling “nervous” lately, but when you question him as to why, he simply shrugs his shoulders.

    When you discuss his handwashing with him, he tells you that “handwashing is the best way to keep from getting sick.” When you question him how many times a day he washes his hands, he again shrugs his shoulders. You can see that his bilateral hands are dry. Throughout your assessment, Tyrel reveals that he has been thinking of how dirty his hands are; and no matter how hard he tries to stop thinking about his “dirty” hands, he is unable to do so. He reports that he gets “really nervous” and “scared” that he will get sick, and that the only way to make himself feel better is to wash his hands. He reports that it does work for a while and that he feels “better” after he washes his hands, but then a little while later, he will begin thinking “did I wash my hands well enough? What if I missed an area?” He reports that he can feel himself getting more and more “scared” until he washes his hands again.

    MENTAL STATUS EXAM

    Tyrel is alert and oriented to all spheres. Eye contact varies throughout the clinical interview. He reports his mood as “good,” admits to anxiety. Affect consistent to self-reported mood. He denies visual/auditory hallucinations. No overt delusional or paranoid thought processes were apparent. He denies suicidal ideation.

    Lab studies obtained from Tyrel’s pediatric nurse practitioner were all within normal parameters. An antistreptolysin O antibody titer was obtained for reasons you are unclear of, and this titer was shown to be above normal parameters.

    Decision Point One

    BASED ON THE INFORMATION PROVIDED IN THE SCENARIO ABOVE, WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING DIAGNOSES WOULD THE PMHNP GIVE TO TYREL?

    In your write-up of this case, be certain to link specific symptoms presented in the case to DSM–5 criteria to support your diagnosis.

    Decision Point One

    Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

    Decision Point Two

    https://mym.cdn.laureate-media.com/2dett4d/Walden/NURS/6660/05/mm/decision_tree/img/pill-blue.pngBegin Fluvoxamine immediate release 25 mg orally at bedtime

    RESULTS OF DECISION POINT TWO

    · Client returns to clinic in four weeks

    · Upon return to the clinic, Tyrel’s mother reported that he has had some decrease in his symptoms. She states that the frequency of the handwashing has decreased, and Tyrel seems a bit more “relaxed” overall.

    · She also reports that Tyrel has not fully embraced returning to school, but that his attendance has improved. She reported that over this past weekend, Tyrel went outside to play with his friend from across the street, which he has not done in a while.

    Decision Point Three

    https://mym.cdn.laureate-media.com/2dett4d/Walden/NURS/6660/05/mm/decision_tree/img/pill-red.pngIncrease Fluvoxamine to 50 mg orally at bedtime Practicum: Decision Tree.

    Guidance to Student

    In terms of an actual diagnosis, the child’s main symptoms are most consistent with obsessive-compulsive disorder. There may also be an element of social phobia developing, but at this point, the PMHNP has not assessed the nature of the school avoidance—that is, why is the child avoiding school. Notice that nothing in the scenario tells us that the PMHNP has assessed this. Practicum: Decision Tree.

    Fluvoxamine immediate release is FDA-approved for the treatment of OCD in children aged 8 years and older. Fluvoxamine’s sigma-1 antagonist properties may cause sedation and as such, it should be dosed in the evening/bedtime.

    At this point, it would be appropriate to consider increasing the bedtime dose, especially since the child is responding to the medication and there are no negative side effects. Practicum: Decision Tree.

    Atypical antipsychotics are typically not used in the treatment of OCD. There is also nothing to tell us that an atypical antipsychotic would be necessary (e.g., no psychotic symptoms). Additionally, the child seems to be responding to the medication, so there is no rationale as to why an atypical antipsychotic would be added to the current regimen.

    Cognitive behavioral therapy is the psychotherapy of choice for treating OCD. The PMHNP should augment medication therapy with CBT. If further assessment determines that Tyrel has social anxiety disorder, CBT is effective in treating this condition as well. Practicum: Decision Tree.

    NURS 660 Week 4: Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders in Childhood

    “He was drunk again, so I should have known better. I should have stayed away from the house, but that would have made him madder. He has done this before, but not nearly this bad. He broke my wrist as I was protecting my mom. The neighbor heard the screaming and called the cops. They hauled him away, but I know he will be back. She always lets him come back.”

    Avery, age 14

    In August of 2005, thousands of children lost their homes in Hurricane Katrina. On December 14, 2012, the students at Sandy Hook Elementary School experienced the death of 20 of their classmates and six of their teachers. Every day, children experience physical and sexual abuse and neglect by their parents or caregivers. These types of trauma have a lifelong impact on the children involved and those witnessing the events. As much as we try to prevent unwanted childhood trauma and stressors, the phenomena are present in our culture. Practicum: Decision Tree. Childhood trauma is a significant contributor to both physical and mental health problems in children and adults.

    This week, you examine several cases of child abuse and neglect, and you recommend strategies for assessing for abuse. You analyze influences of media and social media on mental health and evaluate the need for mandatory reporting of abuse. You also submit your Practicum Journal and Assignments. Practicum: Decision Tree.

    Photo Credit: StaffordStudios / Getty Images

    Learning Resources

    Required Readings

    Sadock, B. J., Sadock, V. A., & Ruiz, P. (2014). Kaplan & Sadock’s synopsis of psychiatry: Behavioral sciences/clinical psychiatry (11th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer.

    · Chapter 31, “Child Psychiatry” (pp. 1216–1226)

    American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

    · “Trauma- and Stressor-related Disorders”

    Note: You will access this book from the Walden Library databases.

    Pfefferbaum, B., & Shaw, J. A. (2013). Practice parameter on disaster preparedness. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 52(11), 1224–1238. Retrieved from http://www.jaacap.com/article/S0890-8567(13)00550-9/pdf Practicum: Decision Tree

    American Psychiatric Nurses Association. (2017). Childhood and adolescent trauma. Retrieved from http://www.apna.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageID=4545

    Stahl, S. M. (2014). Prescriber’s Guide: Stahl’s Essential Psychopharmacology (5th ed.). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

    Optional Resources

    Thapar, A., Pine, D. S., Leckman, J. F., Scott, S., Snowling, M. J., & Taylor, E. A. (2015). Rutter’s child and adolescent psychiatry (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Blackwell.

    · Chapter 50, “Provision of Intensive Treatment: Intensive Outreach, Day Units, and In-Patient Units” (pp. 648–664)

    · Chapter 58, “Disorders of Attachment and Social Engagement Related to Deprivation” (pp. 795–805)

    · Chapter 59, “Post Traumatic Stress Disorder” (pp. 806–821)

    · Chapter 64, “Suicidal Behavior and Self-Harm” (pp. 893–912)

    Discussion: Treating Childhood Abuse

    In 2012, statistics in the United States indicated that state CPS agencies received 3.4 million referrals for child abuse and neglect. Of these, nearly 700,000 children were found to be victims of maltreatment: 18% were victims of physical abuse and 78% were victims of neglect (CDC, 2014). Child sexual abuse makes up roughly 10% of child maltreatment cases in the United States (CDC, 2014). The CDC considers sexual abuse at any age a form of violence. Child abuse of any kind can lead to an increased state of inflammatory markers in adulthood, as well as multiple physical illnesses and high-risk behavior such as alcoholism and drug abuse. If a PMHNP identifies child abuse, there may be a need to report the abuse to authorities. Practicum: Decision Tree. Once able to provide treatment, the PMHNP can be instrumental in reducing the long-term effects of child abuse.

    In this Discussion, you recommend strategies for assessing for abuse and analyze influences of media and social media on mental health. You also evaluate the need for mandatory reporting of abuse.

    Learning Objectives

    Students will:

    · Recommend strategies for assessing for abuse

    · Analyze influences of media and social media on mental health

    · Evaluate the need for mandatory reporting of abuse

    To Prepare for this Discussion:

    · Read the Learning Resources concerning treating childhood abuse.

    · Read the Child Abuse Case Study in the Learning Resources. See Child Abuse Case Study

    Assignment Question to be addressed Practicum: Decision Tree

    · What strategies would you employ to assess the patient for abuse? Explain why you selected these strategies.

    · How might exposure to the media and/or social media affect the patient?

    · What type of mandatory reporting (if any) is required in this case? Why?

    Child Abuse Case Study

    NURS 6660: Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner Role I: Child

    and Adolescent

    Child Abuse Case Study

    NURS 6660: Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner Role I: Child and Adolescent

    Morgan, a 19-year-old male comes to your office to discuss his current mood and symptoms. This is his first visit to a mental health clinic. “I’ve had 26 jobs in the last 2years; I finally have a job that I like and I want to make it work.” As you begin to get to know him, he tells you that his mood is down and that he also has times where he has “more energy and motivation”: “That’s when I am able to get a new job.” Practicum: Decision Tree. He says that he has difficulty interacting with coworkers. “I feel like I can’t talk to them.” If it wasn’t for his supportive girlfriend, he wouldn’t be able to function. “She understands me and accepts me; she knows what I have been through.”

    As the PMHNP listens to the client and explores what he means by some of his statements, you try to put together his story. He mentions that he has been having nightmares and is not sleeping well. He says he startles easily. He becomes withdrawn when he begins to talk about the reason for the nightmares.“This all started a few weeks ago when a cousin of mine got out of jail.” He haltingly tells the story of his parents’ mental illness and how he had to live with various relatives. “One cousin who I stayed with a lot took advantage of me. He molested me.” They found out he also molested other children and he went to jail. “It gives me the creeps that he is out of jail. I have to face what he did to me.” Morgan asks about his diagnosis. The PMHNP tells him that he has some symptoms that sound like depression and anxiety, and that when a child has a traumatic experience, it can reoccur and stay with a person for many years. He acknowledges that he thought about PTSD but wasn’t sure what the symptoms look like.

    As you think about Morgan’s story, consider the following questions: Where did he fall between the cracks? Are there agencies who advocate for children like him? There are thousands of children like Morgan. They were in a vulnerable family situation and the “responsible” adult was not able to care for the child. Sometimes it takes yearsfor clients to remember and disclose the abuse. Practicum: Decision Tree

    Week 4: Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders in Childhood

    “He was drunk again, so I should have known better. I should have stayed away from the house, but that would have made him madder. He has done this before, but not nearly this bad. He broke my wrist as I was protecting my mom. The neighbor heard the screaming and called the cops. Practicum: Decision Tree. They hauled him away, but I know he will be back. She always lets him come back.”

    Avery, age 14

    In August of 2005, thousands of children lost their homes in Hurricane Katrina. On December 14, 2012, the students at Sandy Hook Elementary School experienced the death of 20 of their classmates and six of their teachers. Every day, children experience physical and sexual abuse and neglect by their parents or caregivers. These types of trauma have a lifelong impact on the children involved and those witnessing the events. Practicum: Decision Tree. As much as we try to prevent unwanted childhood trauma and stressors, the phenomena are present in our culture. Childhood trauma is a significant contributor to both physical and mental health problems in children and adults.

    This week, you examine several cases of child abuse and neglect, and you recommend strategies for assessing for abuse. You analyze influences of media and social media on mental health and evaluate the need for mandatory reporting of abuse. You also submit your Practicum Journal and Assignments.

    Note:
     To access this week’s required library resources, please click on the link to the Course Readings List, found in the 
    Course Materials
    section of your Syllabus. Practicum: Decision Tree.

    Required Readings

    Sadock, B. J., Sadock, V. A., & Ruiz, P. (2014). 
    Kaplan & Sadock’s synopsis of psychiatry: Behavioral sciences/clinical psychiatry 
    (11th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer.

    Chapter 31, “Child Psychiatry” (pp. 1216–1226)

    American Psychiatric Association. (2013). 
    Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
     (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

    “Trauma- and Stressor-related Disorders”

    Note:
     You will access this book from the Walden Library databases.

    Pfefferbaum, B., & Shaw, J. A. (2013). Practice parameter on disaster preparedness. 
    Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
    , 
    52
    (11), 1224–1238. Retrieved from http://www.jaacap.com/article/S0890-8567(13)00550-9/pdf Practicum: Decision Tree.

    American Psychiatric Nurses Association. (2017). 
    Childhood and adolescent trauma. 
    Retrieved from http://www.apna.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageID=4545

    Document: 
    Childhood Abuse Case Study (PDF)

     

    Stahl, S. M. (2014). 
    Prescriber’s Guide: Stahl’s Essential Psychopharmacology 
    (5th ed.). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

    Note:
    All Stahl resources can be accessed through the Walden Library using the link. This link will take you to a login page for the Walden Library. Once you log in to the library, the Stahl website will appear. Practicum: Decision Tree.

    To access information on the following medications, click on The Prescriber’s Guide, 5th Ed. tab on the Stahl Online website and select the appropriate medication.

    Review the following medications:

    Posttraumatic stress disorder

    citalopram

    clonidine

    desvenlafaxine

    escitalopram

    fluoxetine

    fluvoxamine

    mirtazapine

    nefazodone

    paroxetine

    prazosin (nightmares)

    propranolol (prophylactic)

    sertraline

    venlafaxine

    Note:
    Many of these medications are FDA approved for adults only. Some are FDA approved for disorders in children and adolescents. Many are used “off label” for the disorders examined in this week. As you read the Stahl drug monographs, focus your attention on FDA approvals for children/adolescents (including “ages” for which the medication is approved, if applicable) and further note which drugs are “off label.” Practicum: Decision Tree.

    Optional Resources

    Thapar, A., Pine, D. S., Leckman, J. F., Scott, S., Snowling, M. J., & Taylor, E. A. (2015). 
    Rutter’s child and adolescent psychiatry
     (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Blackwell.

    Chapter 50, “Provision of Intensive Treatment: Intensive Outreach, Day Units, and In-Patient Units” (pp. 648–664)

    Chapter 58, “Disorders of Attachment and Social Engagement Related to Deprivation” (pp. 795–805)

    Chapter 59, “Post Traumatic Stress Disorder” (pp. 806–821)

    Chapter 64, “Suicidal Behavior and Self-Harm” (pp. 893–912)

    Discussion: Treating Childhood Abuse

    In 2012, statistics in the United States indicated that state CPS agencies received 3.4 million referrals for child abuse and neglect. Of these, nearly 700,000 children were found to be victims of maltreatment: 18% were victims of physical abuse and 78% were victims of neglect (CDC, 2014). Child sexual abuse makes up roughly 10% of child maltreatment cases in the United States (CDC, 2014). Practicum: Decision Tree. The CDC considers sexual abuse at any age a form of violence. Child abuse of any kind can lead to an increased state of inflammatory markers in adulthood, as well as multiple physical illnesses and high-risk behavior such as alcoholism and drug abuse. If a PMHNP identifies child abuse, there may be a need to report the abuse to authorities. Once able to provide treatment, the PMHNP can be instrumental in reducing the long-term effects of child abuse.

    In this Discussion, you recommend strategies for assessing for abuse and analyze influences of media and social media on mental health. You also evaluate the need for mandatory reporting of abuse. Practicum: Decision Tree.

    Learning Objectives

    Students will:

    Recommend strategies for assessing for abuse

    Analyze influences of media and social media on mental health

    Evaluate the need for mandatory reporting of abuse

    To Prepare
     
    for this Discussion:

    Read the Learning Resources concerning treating childhood abuse.

    Read the Child Abuse Case Study in the Learning Resources.

    Note: 
    For this Discussion, you are required to complete your initial post before you will be able to view and respond to your colleagues’ postings. Begin by clicking on the “Post to Discussion Question” link and then select “Create Thread” to complete your initial post. Remember, once you click submit, you cannot delete or edit your own posts and cannot post anonymously Practicum: Decision Tree. Please check your post carefully before clicking
    Submit
    !

    By Day 3

    Post:

    What strategies would you employ to assess the patient for abuse? Explain why you selected these strategies.

    How might exposure to the media and/or social media affect the patient?

    What type of mandatory reporting (if any) is required in this case? Why?

    By Day 6

    Respond
     to at least 
    two
     of your colleagues by providing at least two ways that their strategies may be expanded or improved.

    Submission and Grading Information

    Grading Criteria

    To access your rubric:

    Week 4 Discussion Rubric

    Post by Day 3 and Respond by Day 6

    To participate in this Discussion:

    Week 4 Discussion

    Assignment 1: Practicum: Week 1 Practicum Journal

    By Day 7

    Submit
     your Assignment. Refer to Week 1 for additional guidance.

    Submission and Grading Information NURS 6660 Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders

    To submit your completed Assignment for review and grading, do the following:

    Please save your Assignment using the naming convention “WK4Assgn1+last name+first initial.(extension)” as the name. NURS 6660 Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders

    Click the 
    Week 4 Assignment 1 Rubric 
    to review the Grading Criteria for the Assignment.

    Click the 
    Week 4 Assignment 1 
    link. You will also be able to “View Rubric” for grading criteria from this area.

    Next, from the Attach File area, click on the 
    Browse My Computer
     button. Find the document you saved as “WK4Assgn1+last name+first initial.(extension)” and click 
    Open
    .

    If applicable: From the Plagiarism Tools area, click the checkbox for 
    I agree to submit my paper(s) to the Global Reference Database
    . Practicum: Decision Tree.

    Click on the 
    Submit
     button to complete your submission.

    Grading Criteria

    To access your rubric:

    Week 4 Assignment 1 Rubric NURS 6660 Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders

    Check Your Assignment Draft for Authenticity

    To check your Assignment draft for authenticity:

    Submit your Week 4 Assignment 1 draft and review the originality report.

    Submit Your Assignment by Day 7

    To submit your Assignment:

    Week 4 Assignment 1

    Assignment 2: Practicum: Week 3 Decision Tree

    By Day 7 NURS 6660 Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders

    Submit
     your Assignment. Refer to Week 3 for additional guidance.

    Submission and Grading Information

    To submit your completed Assignment for review and grading, do the following:

    Please save your Assignment using the naming convention “WK4Assgn2+last name+first initial.(extension)” as the name.

    Click the 
    Week 4 Assignment 2 Rubric 
    to review the Grading Criteria for the Assignment.

    Click the 
    Week 4 Assignment 2 
    link. You will also be able to “View Rubric” for grading criteria from this area. Practicum: Decision Tree.

    Next, from the Attach File area, click on the 
    Browse My Computer
     button. Find the document you saved as “WK4Assgn2+last name+first initial.(extension)” and click 
    Open
    .

    If applicable: From the Plagiarism Tools area, click the checkbox for 
    I agree to submit my paper(s) to the Global Reference Database
    .

    Click on the 
    Submit
     button to complete your submission.

    Grading Criteria

    To access your rubric: NURS 6660 Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders

    Week 4 Assignment 2 Rubric

    Check Your Assignment Draft for Authenticity

    To check your Assignment draft for authenticity:

    Submit your Week 4 Assignment 2 draft and review the originality report.

    Submit Your Assignment by Day 7

    To submit your Assignment:

    Week 4 Assignment 2 NURS 6660 Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders

    Assignment 3: Board Vitals

    This week you will be responding to twenty Board Vitals questions that cover a broad review of your Nurse Practitioner program courses up to this point.

    These review questions will provide practice that is critical in your preparation for the national certification exam that’s required to certify you to practice as a nurse practitioner. These customized test questions are designed to help you prepare for your Nurse Practitioner certification exam. It is in your best interest to take your time, do your best, and answer each question to the best of your ability. NURS 6660 Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders

    You can access Board Vitals through the link sent to you in email or by following the link below:

    By Day 7 NURS 6660 Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders

    Complete the Board Vitals questions.

    Practicum Reminder

    Time Logs

    You are required to keep a log of the time you spend related to your practicum experience 
    and enter every patient you see each day
    . You can access your time log from the Welcome Page in your Meditrek account. You track time individually for each patient you work with. Please make sure to continuously input your hours throughout the term.

    Making Connections

    This week, you examined several cases of child abuse and neglect and recommended strategies for assessing for abuse. You analyzed influences of media and social media on mental health and evaluated the need for mandatory reporting of abuse. You also submitted your Practicum Journal and Assignments. Practicum: Decision Tree.

    Next week, you analyze case studies to determine the diagnosis and treatment of anxiety disorders.

    NURS 6660 Midterm and Final Exam Study Guide Questions and Answers

    Working from a lifespan approach, this course introduces child and adolescent psychiatry. Emphasis is placed on the psychiatric and/or mental health disorders that begin in childhood and adolescence. Topics include psychiatric assessment; differential diagnosis; and application of diagnostic criteria, appropriate diagnostic testing, and diagnostic formulation. The learner will select a combination of psychotherapeutic modalities coupled with psychopharmacologic approaches to treat common psychiatric mental health conditions of children and adolescents. The focus of the practicum experience is on application of didactic concepts to actual patient care situations. Legal and ethical considerations for working with children and adolescents will be addressed. NURS 6660 Midterm and Final Exam Study Guide Questions and Answers Practicum: Decision Tree

    BUY NURS 6600 EXAM HERE

    Assignments and Projects

    An Assignment or Project often is a writing assignment submitted to the Instructor for evaluation. Complete Assignment or Project directions are in the 
    Assignments
     or 
    Projects
     areas, including how and where to submit the Assignment or Project and the due date. Please note that you should keep copies of your Assignments and Projects on your computer in case of any technical difficulties. NURS 6660 Midterm and Final Exam Study Guide Questions and Answers

    Information on scholarly writing may be found in the APA manual and at the Walden Writing Center website.

    Please refer to the APA Guide or visit the Walden University Online Writing Center at 
    http://writingcenter.waldenu.edu/
    .

    Walden University expects you to act with integrity and honesty in your academic courses. Refer to the 
    Guidelines and Policies
     and 
    Academic Integrity
     areas for more details.

    Check the 
    Course Information
     area for any rubrics relating to the Assignments and Projects.

    All assignments must be completed to pass the course. NURS 6660 Midterm and Final Exam Study Guide Questions and Answers Practicum: Decision Tree

    Practicum Activities

    The practicum experience in this course will assist your transition from the role of learner to that of scholar-practitioner. To achieve this transition, you will engage in a relationship with a clinical instructor and preceptor, focusing on roles and role functions and the achievement of individualized learning objectives. The primary objective of your practicum is to provide you with the basic skills necessary to serve as a mid-level provider of primary care to selected populations and prepare you to take the appropriate national certification exam. NURS 6660 Midterm and Final Exam Study Guide Questions and Answers

    The practicum component of the course will be graded as Satisfactory or Unsatisfactory. In order to pass the course, you must earn a grade of Satisfactory on all required practicum activities including journal entries and time logs.

    At the end of the course, you must also ensure that your practicum preceptor submits an online evaluation of your performance. You will also complete an online evaluation of your practicum experience at the end of the course. These evaluations will not only provide information about the progress of individual students, but also help program leadership to continuously work on the course review and improvements. You will receive an Incomplete (I) as a grade if any of the above evaluations are not received by the posted deadlines. NURS 6660 Midterm and Final Exam Study Guide Questions and Answers Practicum: Decision Tree

    Time Logs:
     Students are required to keep a log of the time spent related to their practicum experience and enter every patient they see each day. Students can access their time log from the Welcome Page in their Meditrek account. Students will track time individually for each patient they work with. Students are required to continuously input their hours throughout the term. Logs are reviewed by instructors in Weeks 4, 7, and 10. Please print and keep your completed Meditrek Log at the end of your clinical experiences for future use as a component of your portfolio. NURS 6660 Midterm and Final Exam Study Guide Questions and Answers

    Week 1

    Comprehensive Integrated Psychiatric Assessment

    Learning Resources

    Required Readings

    Required Media

    Optional Resources

    Discussion

    Comprehensive Integrated Psychiatric Assessment

    Assignment

    Practicum Journal Entry: Analyzing an Ethical Decision

    Making Connections

    Looking Ahead

    Didactic Assignments

    Practicum Assignments

    Week 2

    Assessment in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Practicum: Decision Tree

    Learning Resources

    Required Readings

    Optional Resources

    Discussion

    Working With Children and Adolescents Versus Adults

    Assignment 1

    Practicum: Cover Letter, Resume, and Portfolio

    Assignment 2

    Board Vitals

    Making Connections

    Looking Ahead

    Week 3

    Autism Spectrum Disorder, ADHD, ODD, and ICD

    Learning Resources

    Required Readings

    Required Media

    Optional Resources

    Discussion

    Parent Guide

    Assignment 1

    Practicum: Decision Tree

    Assignment 2

    Board Vitals

    Making Connections

    Week 4

    Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders in Childhood

    Learning Resources

    Required Readings

    Optional Resources

    Discussion

    Treating Childhood Abuse

    Assignment 1

    Practicum: Week 1 Practicum Journal

    Assignment 2

    Practicum: Week 3 Decision Tree

    Assignment 3

    Board Vitals

    Practicum Reminder

    Practicum: Decision Tree

    Making Connections

    Week 5

    Anxiety Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence

    Learning Resources

    Required Readings

    Required Media

    Optional Resources

    Discussion

    Clinical Supervision

    Assignment 1

    Practicum: Decision Tree

    Assignment 2

    Board Vitals

    Making Connections

    Looking Ahead

    Week 6

    Emergency Psychiatric Care in Childhood and Adolescence

    Learning Resources

    Required Readings

    Optional Resources

    Discussion

    Treatment of Psychiatric Emergencies in Children Versus Adults

    Assignment 1

    Midterm Exam

    Assignment 2

    Board Vitals

    Making Connections

    NURS 6660 Midterm and Final Exam Study Guide Questions and Answers

    Looking Ahead

    Week 7

    Learning and Motor Disorders in Childhood

    Learning Resources

    Required Readings

    Optional Resources

    Discussion

    Parent Guide

    Assignment 1

    Practicum Journal: Voluntary and Involuntary Commitment

    Assignment 2

    Practicum: Week 5 Decision Tree

    Assignment 3

    Board Vitals

    Practicum Reminder

    Time Logs

    Making Connections

    NURS 6660 Midterm and Final Exam Study Guide Questions and Answers

    Week 8

    Mood Disorders Practicum: Decision Tree

    Learning Resources

    Required Readings

    Optional Resources

    Discussion

    Pediatric Bipolar Depression Disorder Debate

    Assignment

    Board Vitals

    Making Connections

    Looking Ahead

    NURS 6660 Midterm and Final Exam Study Guide Questions and Answers

    Week 9

    Early-Onset Schizophrenia

    Learning Resources

    Required Readings

    Required Media

    Optional Resources

    Assignment 1

    Early Onset Schizophrenia

    Assignment 2

    Practicum: Decision Tree

    Assignment 3

    Board Vitals

    Making Connections

    Week 10

    Feeding, Eating, and Elimination Disorders in Childhood

    Learning Resources

    Required Readings

    Optional Resources

    Discussion

    Parent Guide

    Assignment 1

    Practicum: Week 2 Cover Letter, Resume, and Portfolio

    Assignment 2

    Practicum: Week 9 Decision Tree

    Assignment 3

    Board Vitals

    Practicum Reminder

    Time Logs

    Making Connections

    Week 11

    Special Topics in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

    Learning Resources

    Required Readings

    Optional Resources

    Discussion

    Special Topics in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

    Assignment 1

    Final Exam

    Assignment 2 NURS 6660 Midterm and Final Exam Study Guide Questions and Answers

    American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

    Giles, L. L., & Martini, D. R. (2016). Challenges and promises of pediatric psychopharmacology. Academic Pediatrics, 16(6), 508-518.

    Hargrave, T. M., & Arthur, M. E. (2015). Teaching child psychiatric assessment skills: Using pediatric mental health screening tools. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 50(1), 60-72.

    Kaltiala-Heino, R. (2010). Involuntary commitment and detainment in adolescent psychiatric inpatient care. Social Psychiatry Epidemiology, 45, 785-793. doi: 10.1007/s00127-009-0116-3.

    Lindsey, M. A., Joe, S., Muroff, J., & Ford, B. E. (2010). Social and clinical factors associated with psychiatric emergency service use and civil commitment among African-American youth. General Hospital Psychiatry, 32, 300-309. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2010.01.007

    McClelland, M., Crombez, M., Crombez, C., Wenz, C., Lisius, M., Mattia, A., & Marku, S. (2015). Implications for advanced practice nurses when pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS) is suspected: A qualitative study. Journal of Pediatric Healthcare, 29(5), 442-452. doi:10.1016/j.pedhc.2015.03.005

    McGavey, E. L., Leon-Verdin, M., Wancheck, T. N., & Bonnie, R. J. (2013). Decisions to initiate involuntary commitment: The role of intensive community services and other factors. Psychiatric Services, 64(2), 120-126.

    Practicum: Decision Tree