Author: admin

PICO analysis of depression essay

A PICO analysis is used to pose a focused clinical question to which you find appropriate evidence-based answers. The PICO question should include the patient or population (P), anticipated intervention (I), comparison group or current standard (C), and outcome desired (O). In this Assignment, you develop a question related to dementia, delirium, or depression. Through your PICO analysis, you explore various resources and examine current evidence to answer the question you develop.

To prepare:

Select one of the following disorders as your topic: dementia, delirium, or depression.

Review the guidelines in the “Literature Review Matrix” document in this week’s Learning Resources.

BUY A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HERE

Think about a research question around your issue as indicated in Part I: PICO Analysis of Research Topic. PICO analysis of depression essay.

Consider the resources you will use, search terms and criteria, and Boolean search strings as indicated in Part II: Search Strategy.

Using the Walden Library and other appropriate databases, locate five articles related to your PICO question. At least one article must be a systematic review. All of the articles should be primary sources.

Reflect on the five articles you selected as indicated in Part III: Analysis of Literature. Consider the conceptual framework/theory, main finding, research method, strengths of study, weaknesses, and level of evidence for each article PICO analysis of depression essay.

Consider how to use the summaries in Part III to create an evidence table. Use this evidence table to determine appropriate treatment options for patients who present with the disorder you selected as your topic.

To complete:

Formulate a question around the disorder you selected as indicated in Part I: PICO Analysis of Research Topic. PICO analysis of depression essay.

Identify the resources you will use, search terms and criteria, and Boolean search strings as indicated in Part II: Search Strategy.

Summarize the five articles you selected as indicated in Part III: Analysis of Literature. Describe the conceptual framework/theory, main finding, research method, strengths of study, weaknesses, and level of evidence for each article.

Create an evidence table based on the article summaries in Part III. Describe appropriate treatment options for patients based on this evidence table.

Managing Depression among Pregnant Women

Part I and II

This study investigated the need and strategies to manage depression cases among pregnant women. For this study, five sources were selected from varying databases after entering several search terms and search strings. The key search term deployed for the study included pregnancy, prenatal, depression, exercise. Consequently, the search strings for the study included maternal depression, pregnancy depressive symptoms, child outcomes, pregnancy and prenatal depression, and pregnancy depressive disorder. PICO analysis of depression essay. The resources selected were all primary sources and had a time range of not more than five years. Moreover, two of the articles were systematic reviews.

Part III: Analysis of Literature.

Gentile (2017) conducted a systematic review investigating the effect of Untreated depression during pregnancy with emphasis on both the Short-and long-term effects to the offspring. In the study, Forty-three articles were selected from varying databases since August 2015. This studies revealed that untreated depression during pregnancy had adverse effects on the developing fetus, newborns and young children, a factor which facilitated including hyperactivity, and irregular fetal heart rate, and resulted to premature deaths PICO analysis of depression essay. Consequently, untreated depression during pregnancy had a significant effect on children in later development ranging from “increased salivary cortisol levels, internalizing and externalizing problems, and central adiposity.” The study highlighted a controversy on the correlation between gestational depression and an increase in prematurity and low birth weight.

Another study by Glover, (2014) investigating on the measures that should be enacted to address “Maternal depression, anxiety and stress during pregnancy and child outcome” from the study Results revealed that even though other factors such as genetics and postnatal care were at play, prenatal anxiety and depression played a significant role facilitating the child’s behavioral and psychological outcomes PICO analysis of depression essay.

The study by Perales, Refoyo, Coteron, Bacchi, and Barakat. (2015) was a randomized controlled trial investigating whether “Exercise during pregnancy attenuates prenatal depression.” the sample for this study was 184 pregnant women selected from Fuenlabrada Hospital. Two groups EG supervised exercise and CG control group were developed and 90 women from the sample were allocated to the EG while the other 77 women were included in the control group (CG). From this study, it was observed that “supervised physical exercise during pregnancy curbed depression and its incidence in pregnant women.”(Perales et al., 2015)

The other study selected was a systematic review conducted by Staneva, Bogossian, Pritchard, and Wittkowski, (2015) investigating “The effects of maternal depression, anxiety, and perceived stress during pregnancy on preterm birth” in this study Four databases were searched in a bid to select articles “focusing on the association between antenatal depression, anxiety, and stress, and preterm birth published in English between 1980 and 2013.” The study result highlighted a strong correlation between antenatal distress during the pregnancy and preterm birth.

The article by Woolhouse, Gartland, Mensah and Brown (2015) “Maternal depression from early pregnancy to 4 years postpartum in a prospective pregnancy cohort study: implications for primary health care” sort to highlight the prevalence and the underlying  risk factors for depressive symptoms employing a cohort study for a 4 years nulliparous women as the study design. The sample was 1507 women whereby the resultant data highlighted a mean gestation of 15 weeks PICO analysis of depression essay. From the study 1 in every three women reported a case of depression symptom in the first four months and the resultant depression prevalence in this study was at 14.5%.

Appropriate treatment options

From the analyzed literature its evident that prevalence of depressive symptoms among pregnant women is high. Moreover, Woolhouse et al. (2015) observed that depression symptoms were also likely to extend to the early years of postpartum heightening the negative impact of depression. Consequently, the articles recommend several interventions to curb the depression symptoms and manage stress and depression cases related to pregnancy PICO analysis of depression essay. However, Gentile’s study also cautions the medical practitioners to weigh out possible effects of some intervention strategies especially the antidepressants which have been highlighted as harbouring utero exposure risks (Gentile, 2017). In this regard, following the literature analysis, this study has highlighted four interventions strategies as adequate to manage pregnancy depression cases.

Notably, depression symptoms in women are high in pregnancy and early years of parenting and pose a significant risk to both the mother and the child (Woolhouse et al., 2015). As such, healthcare services should scale up surveillance of depressive symptoms to all women in this categories. In this regard, this study suggests that free depression medical checkups should be enacted in health centres to cater for the pregnant women and those in early years of postpartum.

Consequently, psychological distress manifest in varying ways including anxiety and stress was shown to be highly correlated with depression (Staneva et al., 2015). As such, this paper proposes that any form of psychological distress evident in pregnant women should be handled with heightened caution and curbed adequately. The Health practitioners especially those engaged perinatal care to women should be adequately informed to work in corroboration and share information amongst them self to ensure that all symptoms have been assessed and adequate intervention measures enacted as deemed appropriate (Glover, 2014). This intern will improve outcomes for both mothers and infants.

Lastly, a notable intervention strategy that had a significant positive outcome in the reduction of depression in pregnant women was evident in Perales et al. (2015) study. According, to the study, supervised physical exercise during pregnancy was shown to significantly lower the level of depression and probability of depression incidence in the pregnant women (Perales et al., 2015). The efficacy of the approach was also heightened by the possibility of negative effect both to the mother and the fetus accrued with depressants PICO analysis of depression essay.

According to Gentile (2017), several studies have pointed out on the possibility of negative outcome associated with in utero exposure to antidepressants. However, the study also emphasizes that if untreated dare consequences are likely to befall the mother and the child extending to later years in life. According to the study possible effects of depression in pregnancy to the child in later years include “increased salivary cortisol levels, internalizing and externalizing problems, and central adiposity” (Gentile, 2017, p 157). As such, this study proposes that healthcare institutions should enact programs or collaborate with professional physical exercise providers to ensure the pregnant patients get supervised physical exercise sessions as a means to curb depression cases and symptoms

References

Gentile, S. (2017). Untreated depression during pregnancy: Short-and long-term effects in offspring. A systematic review. 
Neuroscience
, 
342
, 154-166.

Glover, V. (2014). Maternal depression, anxiety and stress during pregnancy and child outcome; what needs to be done. 
Best practice & research Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology
, 
28
(1), 25-35.

Perales, M., Refoyo, I., Coteron, J., Bacchi, M., & Barakat, R. (2015). Exercise during pregnancy attenuates prenatal depression: a randomized controlled trial. 
Evaluation & the health professions
, 
38
(1), 59-72 PICO analysis of depression essay.

Staneva, A., Bogossian, F., Pritchard, M., & Wittkowski, A. (2015). The effects of maternal depression, anxiety, and perceived stress during pregnancy on preterm birth: a systematic review. 
Women and Birth
, 
28
(3), 179-193.

Woolhouse, H., Gartland, D., Mensah, F., & Brown, S. J. (2015). Maternal depression from early pregnancy to 4 years postpartum in a prospective pregnancy cohort study: implications for primary health care. 
BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology
, 
122
(3), 312-321 PICO analysis of depression essay.

Older Adult Interview/Patient Questionnaire/Assessing and Planning Care for an Elderly Person

Choose an older adult to interview. This cannot be a patient in your clinical setting. You can use a friend, family member, or co-worker. The older adult should be 65 years or older. Use the format provided to record the responses. A list of questions is available for you to start with. Include 2–3 questions of your own to get a complete picture of the older adult. Summarize your findings and also contrast the responses with findings in your readings and other current literature Older Adult Interview/Patient Questionnaire/Assessing and Planning Care for an Elderly Person.

This form should be used as an example:

[Patient Questionnaire

INTERVIEW OF CHOSEN ELDER ADULT

Name:

BUY A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HERE

Age:

Brief Introduction (Background information):

1. Philosophy on living a long life:

2. Thoughts about when a person is considered “too old”:

3. Opinion on the status and treatment of older adults:

4. Beliefs about health and illness:

5. Health promotion activities he or she participates in:

6. Something special that helped the person live so long:

7. Life span of other family members:

8. Special dietary traditions in patient’s culture attributed with aiding long life:

9. Any remedies/medications that have been handed down in family/group. If yes, describe.

10. Patient’s description of current and past health status

11. The values that guided life so far Older Adult Interview/Patient Questionnaire/Assessing and Planning Care for an Elderly Person

Additional Questions

1.

2.

3.

Summary:

Contrast of client’s responses with findings in current literature:]

After gaining permission, conduct a physical and mental functional assessment of the older adult you have chosen. Review your readings for the process of functional assessment.

Make use of the tools discussed this week to complete a comprehensive assessment of your patient. Search the Internet for resources on these tools.

Tinetti Balance and Gait Evaluation

Katz Index of Activities of Daily Living

Assessment of Home Safety

The Barthel Index

Make sure the older adult is clearly identified on the tools. Do not include their name, but do include professional or other designation, and age. Your name should also be identified on the tool. (This should be a part of your Appendix.)

Compare and contrast the age-related changes of the older person you interviewed and assessed with those identified in this week’s reading assignment. During this data analysis process provide at least 4–6 preliminary issues that you have identified. Identify three alterations in health that you would propose and describe them. Identify a minimum of three comprehensive interventions for each problem. Older Adult Interview/Patient Questionnaire/Assessing and Planning Care for an Elderly Person.

Make sure that you integrate personal cultural awareness and cultural competency.

Paper should be 5–6 pages, not including the questionnaire or tools used. These should be attached as an Appendix. Remember to use headings to identify the different sections in your paper.

On a separate references page, cite all sources using APA format.

Patient Questionnaire

Name:

Age: 80

Questionnaire and the responses

What is your philosophy on longevity of life?

“Living a long life means you led or living a good life. Those who die early have a bad life”

2. What are your thoughts about when a person is considered “too old”?

“A person is considered too old when they become less functional and start depending on others. They start getting memory problems. They start having many illnesses and have less comfortable life.”

3. What is your opinion on the status and treatment of older adults?

“Treatment of elderly people should be holistic and should start from preventive stages. Diseases of old age can be predicted and so physicians must prepare to handle them”.

4. What are your beliefs about health and illness in the elderly?

“The old get sick often and their diseases are frequently more than one.”

5. Do you participate in any health promotion activities? Older Adult Interview/Patient Questionnaire/Assessing and Planning Care for an Elderly Person.

“I help young women try to lose their weight. We have a group that meets weekly to discuss progress of weight loss over the week. I mostly play passive role though but keep the younger ones in check to achieving their target.”

6. Is there anything special that has helped you live long?

“I successfully controlled my smoking and was always watching on my diet. I also have my blood pressure under control.”

7. How many years have your other family members lived?

“My wife is 60 years old and alive. My dad died at 100 years. My mother is alive and 105 years old. My siblings are 67 and 60 years old.”

8. Is there any special dietary tradition in your culture that has contributed to your long life?

“There are nothing written by the book but we always encourage vegetarian diet. We only take meet and junk foods after the church service on Sundays.”

9. Are there any remedies that have been passed down the generation that is responsible for longevity?

“There are no medications or any other remedy that is passed down the generation tree”

10. Can you kindly describe your current and past health condition/status?

“I have high blood and that is under control. I was admitted once for very high blood pressures in the recent past. I also had Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease but I stopped smoking 5 years ago and I am doing well.”

11. What are the values that have guided your life so far?

“Love for my wife and family. We always are happy and happiness lengthens our lives. We are still a strong family.” Older Adult Interview/Patient Questionnaire/Assessing and Planning Care for an Elderly Person.

12. Do you believe that the elderly are useful in the society?

“The elderly, even though dependent on people, play a crucial role in society. They have experience and have good advice for the younger ones. Even though, passively, they can play other important roles for example what I do to help people lose weight”

Do you think having non-communicable diseases as you shorten life?

“I think things such as high blood pressure, diabetes take a toll on us as they are present for lifetime. They make us go to hospital many times.”

14. Why do people want to live long life?

“I do not really know. It could be because old age is associated with good life or because they want to accomplish everything they wanted to have.”

Do you think that the population of elderly people will rise in future?

“Yes. I think many people are increasingly becoming old. So yes, the older people will be many in future.” Older Adult Interview/Patient Questionnaire/Assessing and Planning Care for an Elderly Person.

Summary

Most of the interviewer’s views are in tandem with the literature. For example, it is true that most elderly are prone to getting illnesses. Their health deteriorates over time. Singh & Misra (2009) asset that the elderly experience many social, psychological and physical challenges in life that impact on their sense of capacity and self. They experience depression and loneliness (Singh &Misra, 2009). His view that the elderly population will rise in the near future is also true. Most of his family members are also elderly. The elderly population is growing due to advance in the level of care and health education. For example, the population of elderly has risen from 5 % in 1960 to 23% in 2010. It is also true that the elderly get many diseases. Non-communicable diseases are also on the rise. Social and psychosocial problems in the elderly hamper their ability to live a healthy life (Isaacowitz& Smith, 2003) Older Adult Interview/Patient Questionnaire/Assessing and Planning Care for an Elderly Person. Another research also found poor health disproportionally affects the elder although the mean-level age difference in well-being is positive or null (Arai et al., 2012).

Tinetti Balance and Gait Evaluation

Tinetti Balance and Gait score assess the chances of an elderly falling within the next one year. Each variant is given a score from 0-2 and higher scores have better outcome in terms of risk of fall.  It has a total score of 28 with values less than 19 being indicative of high risk of fall. Any value from 19 is considered to have risk of fall. Older Adult Interview/Patient Questionnaire/Assessing and Planning Care for an Elderly Person.

Tinetti Balance and Gait Evaluation

Interviewer:

Date:

BALANCE

ACTIVITY

SCORE

Balance when sitting

1

Can rise with arm support

1

He rises with single attempt

2

Standing balance is firm without support

2

Standing balance is steady with wide stance

2

Steady on nudging

2

Balance intact with eyes closed

2

Has discontinuous steps on 360 turn

0

Non-smooth motion on sitting down

1

SUB-TOTAL

13/16

 

 

GAIT

ACTIVITY

SCORE

Patient can initiate gait immediately

1

Step length and height for left and right swing foot-passes stance to the opposite

1,1

Has equal left and right step symmetry

1

Has continuous step

1

No deviation in path

2

Has no sway on trunk but slight flexion of knees

1

Heels almost touch on walking

1

SUB-TOTAL

9/12

TOTA TINNETI SCORE

22/28

INTERPRETATION

RISK FOR FALL

 

(Elsawy, & Higgins, 2011)

Katz Index of Activities of Daily Living

Interviewer:

Interviewee:

Age:

Profession:

The Katz index of independence in Activities of Daily Living was 5/6 for this patient. The points are as follows Older Adult Interview/Patient Questionnaire/Assessing and Planning Care for an Elderly Person.

 

ACTIVITY

SCORE

Baths without any help

1

Dresses without any help

1

Does toileting on his own

1

Can transfer himself without help

1

Has partial urinary incontinence

0

Feeds himself without help

1

TOTAL

5/6

INTERPRETATION

Patient is independent

 

(Elsawy, & Higgins, 2011)

Assessment of Home Safety

The assessment of home safety for this elderly person will be considered under the living room, the status of the bathroom, bedroom and outside the house

LIVING ROOM

Has doorways are appropriately wide

The living room has loose electrical cords that are unsafe

The pathways in the living room are clear

The electrical cables are not overloaded and the switch is within acceptable reach.

BEDROOM

The bed is set low enough to be freely accessible

There is no installation of night light

There are no loose area rugs and carpet sections

There is no stable chair in the room to make dressing safer and easy

There is no rolling furniture Older Adult Interview/Patient Questionnaire/Assessing and Planning Care for an Elderly Person

BATHROOM

There are no grab handles near sink, toilet or shower

The water heater temperature had not been set to less than 120 degrees

There are loose rugs on the bathroom floor

Toilet sit is raised well

No phone or waterproof medical alert device for emergency call

OUTSIDE HOME

The sidewalk is in appropriate condition

The front door is in good condition

There is adequate lighting

There are railings along the front steps

 

(Tomita et al., 2014)

Interpretation: Outside the home is safe. The bathroom is unsafe. The living room is safe. The bedroom is 50% safe.

The Barthel Index assesses functional independence.

THE BARTHEL INDEX SCORE

ACTIVITY

SCORE

INTERPRETATION

Feeding

10

Independent

Grooming

5

Independent

Toileting

10

Independent

Bowel Control

10

Has continence

Dressing

10

Independent

Transfers

15

Independent

Bladder control

5

Occasional accident

Bathing

5

Independent

Mobility on flat surface

15

Independent

Stair case movement

5

Needs help

TOTAL SCORE

95

Fully independent

MINI-COGNITIVE ASSESSMENT INSTRUMENT

Assesses for presence of dementia

ITEMS RECALLED

DRAWING OF CLOCK

INTERPRETATION

0

A

P

1

n

N

1

A

P

2

n

N

2

A

P

3

n

N

3

A

N

KEY

ITEMS RECALLED-the number of three unrelated items that the interviewee recalls

DRAWING-ability to draw clock

A-abnormal

n-Normal

P-Positive

N-negative

INTERPRETATION

The patient is at the red line where he recalls only two unrelated words (dog and table) and has abnormal clock drawing and therefore tests positive for dementia

Whole Analysis-comparison

The patient tested positive for dementia. He was able to recall two unrelated words; dog and table. His clock drawing result was abnormal and therefore he tested positive for dementia on the mini-cognitive assessment. Dementia refers to progressive decline in the cognitive functions of an individual. Symptoms such as apathy, depression, agitation and other neuropsychiatric symptoms are common. With this loss of function, the patient looses independence and may require placement in home care. Older Adult Interview/Patient Questionnaire/Assessing and Planning Care for an Elderly Person. The age-standardized prevalence of dementia from 11 European countries based on population studies was at 6.4% for all cases and 4.4 % for Alzheimer’s disease. The prevalence is higher in women than in men and nearly doubled every five-year increase in age.  For the population above 90 years, close to 30% of them had dementia. Alzheimer’s disease was present in 54% of the patients who have dementia. Thus, it is normal for the interviewee to have some form of cognitive impairment. Another important finding is the occasional loss of bladder control. This is also an expected finding in male patients of that age. Most times it can be from bladder outlet obstruction secondary to Benign Prostatic Enlargement. Other symptoms of Benign Prostatic Enlargement should be sought. The levels of the PSA will also be valuable in the further assessment of the patient. The patient should be seen by the urologist for further assessment. If enlargement is found he can be given medications or have urinary catheter in situ for symptomatic relief before prostatectomy is carried out. On physical evaluation, it was also found that, the interviewer had difficulty in climbing stairs. He has strong balance control for his age and his gait is normal for the age. Home safety found the bathroom is unsafe. To make his home safer for his age, there is need to install grab handles near the sink, toilet and the shower. The water heater also needs to be set to less than 120-degree for the maximum temperature. Further, there is need to eliminate loose throw rugs on the bathroom floor. Lastly, there is need to install a phone in the bathroom or have a waterproof medical alert device for emergency calls. The patient has Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease that he has acquired due to long-standing cigarette smoking. It is commendable that he has quit smoking. However, COPD is a chronic disease and elderly patient are at risk of developing acute exacerbations. He has to be taught appropriate inhaler technique. His role in helping others lose weight is also recommendable. He plays a passive role despite being overweight. Moderate exercise is advisable for him. Apart from weight loss, it will also help him to control his blood pressures well. He is a vegetarian. DASH diet will be recommendable for him. Residential nursing care is not recommended for him as he has fairly good physical and mental functions. Further, he has a fairly young and supportive wife who can take good care of him Older Adult Interview/Patient Questionnaire/Assessing and Planning Care for an Elderly Person.

.

References

Arai, H., Ouchi, Y., Yokode, M., Ito, H., Uematsu, H., Eto, F., … & Tsubota, K. (2012). Toward the realization of a better aged society: messages from gerontology and geriatrics. 
Geriatrics & gerontology international
, 
12
(1), 16-22.

Elsawy, B., & Higgins, K. E. (2011). The geriatric assessment. 
Am Fam Physician
, 
83
(1), 48-56.

Isaacowitz, D. M., & Smith, J. (2003). Positive and negative affect in very old age. 
The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences
, 
58
(3), P143-P152.

Singh, A., & Misra, N. (2009). Loneliness, depression and sociability in old age. 
Industrial psychiatry journal
, 
18
(1), 51. Older Adult Interview/Patient Questionnaire/Assessing and Planning Care for an Elderly Person.

Tomita, M. R., Saharan, S., Rajendran, S., Nochajski, S. M., & Schweitzer, J. A. (2014). Psychometrics of the Home Safety Self-Assessment Tool (HSSAT) to prevent falls in community-dwelling older adults. 
American journal of occupational therapy
, 
68
(6), 711-718 Older Adult Interview/Patient Questionnaire/Assessing and Planning Care for an Elderly Person.

Age-related changes that affect the lifestyle of the elderly essay

What do you think are the two most prevalent age-related changes that affect the lifestyle of the elderly? How would you help an elderly patient adjust to the two changes you identified?

Discussion

BUY A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HERE

As individuals age, they are faced with age-related changes that affect their lifestyle. These changes are in the form of cognitive, physical and income declines. There is a correlation between completion of cognitive tasks and age. In fact, persons of advanced age will typically underperform their younger counterparts in recall and memory tasks. The performance difference is blamed in cognitive decline, except for habitual and instinctive tasks that are conducted subconsciously and do not engage recall or memory. As such, cognitively decline makes it difficult for elderly persons to complete tasks adequately and competently, thus affecting their lifestyle. This is addressed by implementing a reminder system (such as notes and alarms) that simplifies recall and memory (Dhami, Schlottmann & Waldmann, 2012). Age-related changes that affect the lifestyle of the elderly essay. Other than cognitive declines, elderly persons also face physical declines that reduce their mobility and make them prone to injury. Although not much can be done about cognitive declines except to conduct memory exercises, physical declines can be addressed in a more direct manner. Addressing physical declines would entail actively maintaining peak physical condition as a tactic for reducing the risk of falls. This would occur by making the individuals more nimble at navigating physical obstacles and developing greater physical awareness. Exercise programs present a good opportunity for maintaining peak physical condition as well as developing greater physical awareness that improves balance, back strength, lower extremity strength and flexibility, while reducing the fear of falling. This occurs by training the muscles and bone structures to be resilient and stronger. Besides physical and cognitive declines, elderly persons also face income declines that are compounded by inflation making it difficult for them to maintain the same lifestyle. This can be addressed through better investment management (Pitta, 2015) Age-related changes that affect the lifestyle of the elderly essay. In this respect, elderly persons face physical, income and cognitive declines that affect their lifestyles.

References

Dhami, M., Schlottmann, A. & Waldmann, M. (2012).
Judgment and Decision Making as a Skill: Learning, Development, and Evolution
. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Pitta, P. (2014).
Solving modern family dilemmas: an assimilative therapy model
. New Yor, NY: Routledge Age-related changes that affect the lifestyle of the elderly essay.

Perception of Aging Discussion Essay

Discuss your own philosophy of aging. When do you think a person becomes elderly? What do you think of older people? Are they active, senile, debilitated, etc.? Give a description of an elderly person that you know.

Perception of Aging

The aging process begins from birth and follows a predictable sigmoid curve that ultimately leads to the loss of all body functions and death. In fact, aging is linked with both cognitive and physical declines. This predictable pattern occurs if growth is allowed to progress without hindrance. The more current improvement to medical treatment approaches, research and technology allow for individuals to have longer lifespans. Perception of Aging Discussion Essay. In essence, these improvements have only managed to slow down the deteriorative physical and cognitive growth process. This implies that advancing in age does not necessarily imply becoming dependent and frail. Similar to other population identifiers, aging is not a uniform process that relies on time. That is because aging is socially diverse, and is affected by ongoing medical, economic and social changes that present different circumstances, settings and needs (Harlew, 2013). For instance, a man who ate healthy foods may appear less aged when compared to a similar aged counterpart who mostly ate junk food.

BUY A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HERE

Kamouni (2016) reports on one of the scientific advances reported to reverse aging. In fact, the online newspaper article reports on the development of an anti-ageing compound by British scientists. In this case, the scientists linked to Nottingham University stated that they had identified a cellular protein (carbonic anhydrase) located in the mitochondria and responsible for aging. The study noted that the proteins’ quantities increased with advance in age to imply that older individuals had a larger quantity of the protein when compared to their younger counterparts (Kamouni, 2016) Perception of Aging Discussion Essay.

Tangible evidence collected from experimental studies involving mice as subjects noted that the identified protein was present in the muscle cells and brain tissue thereby supporting the scientists’ assertions and reports. Also, it was observed that mice with brain deterioration reported higher amounts of the protein. This led the scientists to deduct that carbon anhydrase is linked to degeneration of the body and brain. To validate their results, the scientific researchers synthesized the protein then used it to treat nematode worms. Comparing the results between untreated and treated worms showed that the treated warms had a shorter lifespan than their untreated counterparts. Perception of Aging Discussion Essay. Following this results, they conclude that the protein’s function was to facilitate the aging process. Working with this evidence (that carbonic anhydrase is responsible for aging), they postulated that inhibiting the protein action would effectively slow or even halt the aging process. They anticipate that once these inhibitors are identified, they could then be packaged and sold as pharmaceutical drugs (Kamouni, 2016). In this respect, aging can be considered as the increased accumulation and concentration of carbon anhydrase in the body since its function is to increase cognitive and physical declines Perception of Aging Discussion Essay.

References

Harlew, G. (2013).
Ethics in Clinical Practice: An inter-professional approach
. New York: Routledge.

Kamouni, S. (2016).
Anti-Ageing Pill? Breakthrough as scientists discover how to slow down the ageing process – raising hopes of drug treatments
. Retrieved from https://www.thesun.co.uk/living/1944409/breakthrough-as-scientists-discover-how-to-slow-down-the-ageing-process-raising-hopes-of-drug-treatments Perception of Aging Discussion Essay.

NR439 Week 6: Research Article Critique Paper Example

Research Article Critique Guidelines

Purpose

The purpose of this assignment completed as an APA Paper is for the student to learn to examine, analyze, critique, and summarize an original research article.

Course Outcomes

Through this assignment, the student will demonstrate the ability to meet the following course outcomes:

BUY A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HERE

CO1: Examine the sources of evidence that contribute to professional nursing practice. (PO7)

CO2: Apply research principles to the interpretation of the content of published research studies. (POs 4 and 8)

CO4: Evaluate published nursing research for credibility and lab significance related to evidence-based practice. (POs 4 and 8) NR439 Week 6: Research Article Critique Paper Example.

CO5: Recognize the role of research findings in evidence-based practice. (POs 7 and 8)

Points

The assignment is worth a total of 175 points.

Rubric

Click to view and download the NR439 Research Article Critique Paper Rubric (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site..

Due Date

You are to submit your paper by Sunday 11:59 p.m. MT at the end of Week 6.

Requirements

Through this assignment, the student will:

Critique the required article found below and in your own words, describe the research question, sample, design of study, data collection method, findings, and limitations of each. (CO 1, CO2,)

Summarize the research article and evaluate the significance to nursing. Do not just quote the author’s words NR439 Week 6: Research Article Critique Paper Example. Paraphrase the information. (CO 4, CO5).

You are required to use the article below or you will earn a ”0” for the assignment. In addition, assignments that do not follow the current guidelines and use the required article will be evaluated for evidence of an academic integrity violation.

After the due date, there will be no opportunity for revision or resubmission of assignments that have been uploaded to the submission area. It is your responsibility to submit the correct assignment to the correct submission area NR439 Week 6: Research Article Critique Paper Example.

Guidelines to Writing the Paper

This assignment is completed as an APA paper. APA resources can be found on the Course Resources Module.

Download the required article for analysis:

Lesiuk, T. (2015). The effect of mindfulness-based music therapy on attention and mood in women receiving adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer: A pilot study. Oncology Nursing Forum, 42(3), 276-282 NR439 Week 6: Research Article Critique Paper Example.

https://chamberlainuniversity.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edswsc&AN=000354233000010&site=eds-live&scope=site (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

Introduction (one paragraph): The introduction should be interesting and capture the reader’s attention.

Provide a brief description of the research article to be discussed.

Discuss the purpose of your paper. The purpose statement of the paper should relate to the research article reviewed and the implications that it has to evidence based nursing practice.

You will need to summarize and analyze the information from the article in your own words

Describe the research question for this study in a paragraph.

Describe the research in greater detail.

Include your observations about this question.

Discuss events or trends that could have affected this question.

You will need to summarize and analyze the information from the article in your own words

Describe the research design of this study, and in your own words discuss the design.

Discuss the research design of the study.

Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the type of design and hypothesize why the author utilized the design as opposed to others.

You will need to summarize the information from the article in your own words

Describe the sample NR439 Week 6: Research Article Critique Paper Example.

Briefly describe the sample size used for this study

Make a judgment as to whether the sample size was adequate and defend your answer.

Describe the number or participants and determine if the number of participants was adequate compared to the research question and the intent of the study.

Are these numbers adequate? Discuss gaps in that you identified.

You will need to summarize and analyze the information from the article in your own words

Describe the data collection method(s)’

Who collected the data?

What tools were used?

What were the ethical considerations addressed and discuss gaps you identified.

You will need to summarize and analyze the information from the article in your own words

Describe the limitations of the study.

Identify the limitations within the study

Describe how the limitations could be overcome in subsequent studies

Comment on why limitations are important to list and discuss within a study

You will need to summarize and analyze the information from the article in your own words

Describe the findings reported in the study.

Describe the findings reported in the study

Discuss whether the findings of the study answered the research question posed within the study

Discuss the credibility of the findings

If the findings do not support the research question posed within the study, what do you believe is the reason?

You will need to summarize and analyze the information from the article in your own words

Summary

Summarize important points from the body of your paper including the key components of the NR439 Week 6: Research Article Critique Paper Example.

Include a statement about the research question and the findings.

Discuss the probability of implementation into practice. Based on these findings, is the evidence that you found on your topic strong enough to suggest a change in practice, or an idea for practice?

End with a concluding statement.

Citations and References must be included to support the information within each topic area. Refer to the APA manual, Chapter 7, for examples of proper reference format. In-text citations are to be noted for all information contained in your paper that is not your original idea or thought. Ask yourself, ”How do I know this?” and then cite the source.

Reference Page: The Reference Page should start on a new page (insert a page break). All references should be cited within the body of the paper as (Author, year) and the full reference should be included in APA format on the reference page. A url link alone is not an adequate reference. See the APA Guidelines in Course Resources for examples of properly formatted references.

Submit the completed paper by 11:59 p.m. MT on Sunday at the end of Week 6.

Research Article Critique

Introduction

Lesiuk (2015) is an eight-page article that presents the results of a study to evaluate the effect of mindfulness-based music therapy (MBMT) on Attention and Mood in Women Receiving Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer. As the title suggests, the study postulated that MBMT would be effective in improving mood and attention outcomes for breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy since mindfulness-based therapies had been determined to be effective in improving cognitive functioning. Of interest is that chemotherapy is acknowledged to be effective in treating breast cancer, yet it is accompanied by undesirable negative effects in the form of depressed attention and mood. Given that medical attention is intended to address a patient’s health needs without causing any undesirable harm, then it stands to reason that an ideal outcome would entail applying chemotherapy without experiencing depressed attention and mood. At its conclusion, the study intended to recommend the use of chemotherapy alongside MBMT to prevent the occurrence of depressed mood and attention as negative effects thereby ensuring better outcomes for breast cancer patients who seek chemotherapy treatment (Lesiuk, 2015) NR439 Week 6: Research Article Critique Paper Example.

Research Question

The article did not explicitly state the research question. Still the question can be inferred that: Can MBMT effectiveness improve the attention and mood of breast cancer patients using chemotherapy treatment? This would be an appropriate question since it identifies the population of interest, intervention under review, an appropriate comparison treatment, and desired outcome. The population of interest is breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy as a management strategy. The intervention under review is MBMT whose effectiveness and functioning is being evaluated. The MBMT measure is applied alongside chemotherapy. The appropriate comparison treatment is the use of chemotherapy alone. The desired outcome is to improve mood and attention of the patients undergoing treatment. Based on these elements the research question can be considered appropriate (Lesiuk, 2015).

Design of the Study

The design applied in the study to collect primary data has been identified as a quantitative, descriptive, longitudinal design. The quantitative aspect of the design refers to its reliance on empirical data collected from the treatment effects on a sample population. The descriptive aspect refers to how the collected data is manipulated to make inferences that answer the research question. The longitudinal aspect refers to the justification applied in selecting the sample participants from among the population of interest NR439 Week 6: Research Article Critique Paper Example. Overall, the research intended to review MBMT performance in terms of affecting attention and mood. To facilitate the evaluation exercise, Conners’ Continuous Performance Test II (CPT-II) version 5 and POMS-BF were applied as tools to measure attention and mood respectively. The two tools are appropriate since they are recognized for presenting true measures of the two variables. The research proceeded by first seeking institutional ethics approval for the study to proceed. This was followed by recruiting 15 breast cancer patients as participants who were subjected to the MBMT program in once-weekly sessions over four weeks. Data was then collected using the two tools before carrying out statistical analysis that determined the correlation between the use of MBMT and the variables of interest (Lesiuk, 2015). The research design applied in the study is appropriate. That is because it recruited participants from among the population of interest and used verified tools to collect a true measure of attention and mood as the variables of interest. Additionally, the collected data was subjected to statistical analysis carried out be software (Privitera, 2014) NR439 Week 6: Research Article Critique Paper Example.

Sample/Population of the Study

The study recruited a sample of 15 participants who were all breast cancer patients who were undergoing chemotherapy as part of their treatment. These participants were recruited from Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center where they were undergoing treatment using chemotherapy. The recruited participants were a suitable source of primary data for the study since they are the population of interest (breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy as treatment). Besides that, the sample was recruited in a cancer treatment facility where data can easily be collected to advance the research goals (Lesiuk, 2015) NR439 Week 6: Research Article Critique Paper Example. Although the sample can be considered appropriate since it was selected from the population of interest, the number of participants who were recruited is worrying. That is because 15 is a small number when evaluated against the total number of breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Although this was a number recruited through convenience by accepting the patients who qualified to participate in the study and expressed a willingness to be recruited, more effort should have been expended to recruit a larger number of participants to ensure that the results presented an average of the population. That is to say that the results generalizability can only be guaranteed by recruiting a larger number of participants (Bryman, 2016) NR439 Week 6: Research Article Critique Paper Example.

Data Collection Methods

Data collection relied on two tools. The first tool is Conners’ Continuous Performance Test II (CPT-II) version 5 that measured the participants’ attention scores. The second tool is POMS-BF that measured the participants’ mood score. These two tools are considered appropriate since they presented a true measure of attention and mood as the variables under review as evidenced by the fact that they have been used in other studies for the same purpose (Lesiuk, 2015). While the data collection methods may have presented a true measure of the variables under review, the accuracy of the collected data cannot be guaranteed since there is a possibility of researcher bias. The study was conducted by a single individual who was responsible for all aspects of data collection. This implies that the research could have easily manipulated the data to conform to some preconceived notion of what the results should reflect NR439 Week 6: Research Article Critique Paper Example. To counter this bias, the researcher should have recruited more people to verify that the data collection was conducted honestly with no bias (Bryman, 2016).

Limitations

The article does not mention any limitations that the researcher faced during the course of the study. Still, there are some limitations that can be inferred from the article. The first limitation is that the research only recruited 15 participants thereby reducing the results generalizability. A larger number of participants should have been recruited from different facilities to improve generalizability. The second limitation is that the study was conducted over a very short period of time. Four sessions spread over four weeks is not enough time to gain a true understanding of the effects of MBMT. The study should be conducted over a longer period of time to counter this limitation (Manfra & Bolick, 2017).

Findings

The mean age of the participants is 52.6 with the oldest participant being 70 years while the youngest participant was 27 years. The MBMT program improved both attention (
F
[1,14] = 6.69,
p
=0.022) and mood (
F
[5,65] = 20.83,
p
<0.001) with the results being statistically significant. Based on this results, it can be accepted that MBMT is effective in improving both attention and mood for breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. These results are credible since the procedure for arriving at them was well presented to facilitate replication (Lesiuk, 2015). NR439 Week 6: Research Article Critique Paper Example. Summary of the Article The article explores the position that MBMT can play in improving both attention and mood for breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. To achieve this aim, the study applied a quantitative, descriptive, longitudinal design to collect primary data. In fact, it recruited 15 breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy for treatment then subjected them to Conners’ Continuous Performance Test II (CPT-II) version 5 and POMS-BF to collect their attention and mood scores respectively. The collected data was then subjected to statistical analysis, which determined that MBMT is effective in improving both attention and mood for breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy NR439 Week 6: Research Article Critique Paper Example. Still, the value of the results is reduced by the small number of participants and the study being conducted over a short period of time as limitations. References Bryman, A. (2016). Social Research Methods (5 th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Lesiuk, T. (2015). The effect of mindfulness-based music therapy on attention and mood in women receiving adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer: A pilot study. Oncology Nursing Forum , 42(3), 276-282. Manfra, M. & Bolick, C. (2017). The Wiley Handbook of Social Studies Research . West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons. Privitera, G. (2014). Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences . Los Angeles, CA: SAGE NR439 Week 6: Research Article Critique Paper Example.

Capstone Project Milestone 3: Educating Staff: Implementing Change Guidelines

Purpose

The purpose of this assignment is to create the 
Educating Staff: Implementing Change Project
 PowerPoint presentation. Your plan is to educate the staff that will be involved in the pilot program. You will need to educate them on the problem, show the supporting evidence, and how your pilot plan will be implemented.

Course Outcomes

BUY A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HERE

This assignment enables the student to meet the following Course Outcomes.

CO2: Proposes leadership and collaboration strategies for use with consumers and other healthcare providers in managing care and/or delegating responsibilities for health promotion, illness prevention, health restoration and maintenance, and rehabilitative activities. (PO2)

CO3: Communicates effectively with patient populations and other healthcare providers in managing the healthcare of individuals, families, aggregates, and communities. (PO3)

CO7: Integrates the professional role of leader, teacher, communicator, and manager of care to plan cost-effective, quality healthcare to consumers in structured and unstructured settings. (PO7) Capstone Project Milestone 3: Educating Staff: Implementing Change Guidelines.

Directions

A tutorial with tips on completing this assignment may be viewed at 
https://atge.webex.com/atge/ldr.php?RCID=8912a4b3268463312e115abf9e73efd6(Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

Create an educational presentation for staff before the launch of your change project. This should inform the staff of the problem, your potential solution, and their role in change project.

The format for this proposal will be a PowerPoint presentation.

Tutorial: For those not familiar with the development of a PowerPoint slideshow, the following link to the Microsoft website may be helpful. 
http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/support/training-FX101782702.aspx(Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
 The Chamberlain Student Success Strategies (SSPRNBSN) offers a module on Computer Literacy that contains a section on PowerPoint. You can access SSPRNBSN from  your Canvas course list.

The length of the PowerPoint presentation should be 15-20 slides; excluding the title and reference slides. Capstone Project Milestone 3: Educating Staff: Implementing Change Guidelines.

Below are the main topics or bullet points for your slides:

Title slide

Description of the Ace Star change model that you have used for this project.

Practice Issue (Using the one of the required articles)

Scope of the problem—use basic statistics from what you know of the problem in your work area.

Your team/stakeholders

Evidence to support your need for change—from your Evidence Summary

Action Plan

Timeline for the plan Capstone Project Milestone 3: Educating Staff: Implementing Change Guidelines

The nurse’s role and responsibility in the pilot program

Procedure (what steps are to be taken to complete this change process, from start to finish?)

Forms that will be used (if applicable)

Resources available to the staff—including yourself

Summary

References

Citations and References must be included
to support the information within each topic area. Refer to the APA manual, Chapter 7, for examples of proper reference format. Citations are to be noted for all information contained in your paper that is not your original idea or thought. Ask yourself, “How do I know this?” and then cite the source. Scholarly sources are expected, which means choose peer-reviewed journals and credible websites.

Guidelines

Application: Use Microsoft PowerPoint 2010 or later.

Length: The PowerPoint slide show is expected to be 
between 15-20 slides
in length (not including the title slide and reference list slides).

Submission: Submit your by 11:59 p.m. Sunday by the end of Week 6.

Late Submission: See the Policies on late submissions.

Tutorial: For those not familiar with the development of a PowerPoint slideshow, the following link to the Microsoft website may be helpful. 
http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/support/training-FX101782702.aspx(Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
The Chamberlain Student Success Strategies (CCSSS) offers a module on Computer Literacy that contains a section on PowerPoint. The link to SSP CCSSS may be found under your course list in the student portal Capstone Project Milestone 3: Educating Staff: Implementing Change Guidelines.

Best Practices in Preparing a PowerPoint Presentation

The following are best practices in preparing this presentation.

Be creative.

Incorporate graphics, clip art, or photographs to increase interest.

Make easy to read with short bullet points and large font.

Use 
speaker notes
(found under the section View and “Notes” in the PowerPoint template you choose. These are for your personal use to use as a reference if you are giving your presentation to an audience and they help faculty identify what you will speak to your audience about.

Review directions thoroughly.

Cite all sources within the slides with (author, year) as well as on the Reference slide.

Proofread prior to final submission Capstone Project Milestone 3: Educating Staff: Implementing Change Guidelines.

Spell check for spelling and grammar errors prior to final submission.

´EDUCATING STAFF: Implementing Change

´Name:

´Institution:

´
Description of The Ace Star Change Model Used

´The program adopted ACE Star model to facilitate the proposed change.

´The model creates a link between evidence based practice and the knowledge characteristics, nature and cycles available to nurses.

´In the present case, the model argues that any material treated with antibiotics will develop some form of resistance against microbial infection (Ellis, 2016).

´Using antimicrobial catheters is anticipated to prevent microbial infection incidences.

´

´
Description of The Ace Star Change Model Used

´The position that antimicrobial catheters can play in reducing the incidence of microbial infection will be verified by collecting secondary evidence from published literature and primary evidence from the results of the pilot study.

´As such, ACE Star model will be used in solving the problem: the position that antimicrobial catheters can play in reducing the incidence of secondary infection for persons using urinary catheters Capstone Project Milestone 3: Educating Staff: Implementing Change Guidelines.

´
Practice Issue

´The practice issue to be addressed is the presentation of a viable strategy for countering secondary infection among patients using catheters.

´This acknowledges that both patients and medical personnel are wary of facility acquired urinary tract infection. The implication is that a solution is required to effectively counter secondary infection for patients using catheters.

´In fact, the issue can be presented in the form of a PICO question: “Will using antimicrobial catheters reduce the incidence of secondary infection?”

´The outcome presents the desired result as reduced incidence of secondary infection.

´In using antimicrobial catheters (viewed as a solution), the programs anticipates to arrive at the desired outcome.

´
Practice Issue

´´The four PICO elements have been presented as:

´P- (Patient, population, or problem): Patients using catheters.

´I – (Intervention):  Using antimicrobial catheters to counter secondary infection.

´C- (Comparison with other treatment/current practice): Catheters without antimicrobial properties.

´O- (Desired outcome): Reduced incidence of secondary infection.

´

´
Scope of the
Problem

´Policies for managing catheters use have been shown to be largely ineffective in preventing secondary infection Capstone Project Milestone 3: Educating Staff: Implementing Change Guidelines.

´The reality is that managing catheters in the wrong way presents opportunities for secondary infection.

´Additionally, the present strategies for managing catheters have only partially eliminated incidences of secondary infection.

´The implication is that there is a need to applying strategies that are more effective in preventing incidence of secondary infection.

´Following this awareness, the present project proposes that antimicrobial catheters will preemptively prevent microbial infections thereby reducing the incidence of secondary infection reported among catheter users.

´
Scope of the
Problem contd.

´´The project intends to determine whether or not using microbial catheters will have a meaningful effect on incidence of secondary infection. This will be evaluated by comparing incidence for a sample of patients who use microbial catheters against their counterparts who use other catheters Capstone Project Milestone 3: Educating Staff: Implementing Change Guidelines.

´
Team and
Stakeholders

´The program will be managed by a team comprised of the team manager, a hospital administrator and four nurses.

´The team manager is responsible for assigning responsibilities and ensuring that all aspects of the program proceed as planned.

´The hospital administrator is responsible for ensuring that the program is in line with the facility policies, and that approval is provided for the program to proceed within the facility.

´The four nurses are responsible for implementing the program and collecting data on its results.

´
Evidence to Support Need for
Change

´Despite effort to improve catheter handling approaches, they are still noted for allowing secondary infection. Capstone Project Milestone 3: Educating Staff: Implementing Change Guidelines.

´This means that an additionally strategy is necessary to address the incidence of secondary infection that cannot be handled by other strategies.

´Given that secondary infections are caused by microbials and antimicrobials specifically target these microbials, then it standard to reason that material subjected to antimicrobial treatment will stem microbial infection.

´
Evidence to Support Need for
Change contd.

´As such, it is proposed that using antimicrobial catheters ensures that these catheters will not act as an avenue for infection thereby reducing the incidence of secondary infection for catheter users.

´
Action P
lan

´The project manager will first formalize the project proposal and seek approval from the relevant offices for the project to proceed. The approval includes that provided by ethics board since the program involves human subjects Capstone Project Milestone 3: Educating Staff: Implementing Change Guidelines.

´The second step is to identify the team that will implement the project, and educating them on the project details after successfully recruiting them for the program.

´Next, the patients will be for recruitment in the program and their voluntary consent to participate sought.

´This would be followed by the program being implemented and data collected on incidence of secondary infection.

´Next, the results would be collected, focusing on incidence of secondary infection.

´
Action Plan contd.

´The collected data would then be subjected to statistical analysis that evaluates the relationship between antimicrobial use and secondary infection incidence as the variables of interest Capstone Project Milestone 3: Educating Staff: Implementing Change Guidelines.

´Next, the results would be formalized in a document that shows the program progression from problem presentation to methodology, results and conclusion.

´Finally, the formalized documents would be presented to stakeholders through presentations and published articles.

´
Timeline for the Plan

´The program will proceed for eleven months.

´The first month will be spent on conducting extensive research on the existing problem, the need for a solution and propose a viable solution.

´The second month will be spent on conceptualizing and preparing a program to test the viable of the proposed solution.

´The third month will be spent on seeking institutional approval for the program to proceed after which the antimicrobial catheters will be solicited. Capstone Project Milestone 3: Educating Staff: Implementing Change Guidelines.

´The fourth month will be spent on recruiting a team that will implement the program and educating them on the program details.

´The fifth month will be spent on recruiting patients to participate in the program. The recruitment will emphasize voluntary participation.

´
Timeline for the
Plan contd.

´The sixth month will be spent on implementing the program and collecting data on infection incidence. This will proceed for the next three months. This implies that the program implementation will halt at the end of the ninth month.

´The tenth month will be spent on evaluating the collected data, identifying implications for practice then publishing and presenting the program results.

´The final month will be spent on presenting the results to stakeholders.

´
Nurses Role and Responsibility in the Pilot
Program

´The nurses will be responsible for implementing the program by subjecting selected patients to antimicrobial catheters use and collecting data on secondary infection incidence.

´In fact, the nurses will identify the treatment and control groups, then ensure that data collection assigns the correct values to each group.

´
Procedure

´Once it has been determined that the project will proceed, the project management team will be appointed.

´Next, they will be educated on how the program will proceed to include how to handle patients in each group and how to collect data.

´This was followed by recruitment of patients to participate in the study, focusing on their voluntary participation after informing them of what the program entails.

´The recruited participants would then be assigned to either the treatment group (using antimicrobial catheters) or control group (using normal catheters).

´Finally, the program would proceed will information on secondary infection incidence being collected before analysis to determine if the use of antimicrobial catheters was effective in reducing incidence of secondary infection. Capstone Project Milestone 3: Educating Staff: Implementing Change Guidelines.

´
Forms That Will Be
Used

´An ethics form will be completed and presented to the ethics review board to seek approval for the study to proceed after confirming that the human participants would not be intentionally harmed.

´A consent form will be presented to participants to inform them of the study details and seek their voluntary participation.

´
Resources Available to
Staff

´Training on how to use antimicrobial catheters.

´Training on how to collect data from both the treatment and control groups.

´Antimicrobial catheters that will be used on the participants assigned to the treatment group.

´
Summary

´Incidence of secondary infection noted as a problem for catheter users.

´This is particularly true when it is considered that catheter management policies have not been effective in preventing all incidence of secondary infection.

´ACE Star model to guide the development of a solution for this problem.

´The intention is to determine whether the use of antimicrobial catheters will reduce the incidence of secondary infection Capstone Project Milestone 3: Educating Staff: Implementing Change Guidelines.

´This proposed solution would be tested through a practice program that recruits nurses and patients to test the proposed solution against standard catheter management practice.

´The program will be run over eleven months during which the program management team will be appointed, program implemented, data collected and results presented to stakeholders.

´References

´Cooper, F., Alexander, C., Sinha, S. & Omar, M. (2016). Policies for replacing long-term indwelling urinary catheters in adults.
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
, 2016(7), Art. No.: CD011115. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011115.pub2

´Ellis, P. (2016).
Evidence-based Practice in Nursing
(3rd ed.). London: Learning Matter/SAGE Publications Ltd.

´Patterson, C. (2015). Basic principles of infection control.
Nursing made Incredibly Easy
, 13(3), 28-37 Capstone Project Milestone 3: Educating Staff: Implementing Change Guidelines.

´

Antimicrobial catheters against secondary infection Essay

When accessing a medical facility owing to an illness, the last thing that a patient would want is to get a facility-acquired infection. An example is seen in the case of urinary catheters use where the possibility of facility-acquired urinary tract infection (UTI) is presented. In this case, it is noted that nurses can apply evidence-based infection control strategies to ensure that patient do not get such infections. Antimicrobial catheters against secondary infection Essay. Some of these strategies include disinfecting and washing hands, applying barrier precautions, wearing protective clothing, and keeping the environment clean. Nurses now understand that although the strategies applied in infection control adds to their responsibilities, it is worth the effort by avoiding preventable infections (Patterson, 2015). As a result, there is a need to present a strategy for reducing the risk of UTI when using catheters, with the focus being on presenting tangible evidence.

BUY A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HERE

Change Model Overview

The ACE Star Model has been considered appropriate for guiding the change project. The model is focused on understanding the different aspects of evidence-based practice, particularly the unique knowledge characteristics, nature and cycles, and how these aspects can be formalized into a logical practice format (Ellis, 2016). In the present case, the model has been conceptualized as a simplified presentation of the relationship between the use of antimicrobial catheters and reduced incidence of secondary infection as well as how this information can be used to modify nursing policies and practice. In fact, the model will be applied to review relevant primary and secondary information within the context of evidence-based practice with the intention of reducing the incidence of secondary infection when catheters are used Antimicrobial catheters against secondary infection Essay.

Evidence

Cooper et al. (2016) acknowledges that policies for managing urinary catheters have an influence in secondary infection incidence. This means that if the catheters are handled in the wrong way, then the incidence of secondary infection will rise with the reverse being equally true. Additionally, the article notes that outcomes are influenced by perception of patients’ satisfaction, quality of life, type of trauma on the urinary tract, economics, replacement method used, environment-specific performance difference at home and hospital, catheter replacement strategy, and lubrication used. As such, there is a need to present evidence that points out a standardized policy for catheter management that reduces the secondary infection incidence Antimicrobial catheters against secondary infection Essay. Based on this awareness, the proposed change anticipates that using antimicrobial catheters is a good policy that is likely to preempt the probability of secondary infection.

Translation

To collect the required evidence that would inform nursing practice, the change will first be applied on a small scale with one facility selected with only part of its population voluntarily subjected to the experimental use of antimicrobial catheters. The secondary infection incidence for the treatment group will then be compared against the infection incidence for the patients who did not use antimicrobial catheters. Any difference in infection incidence would be attributed to the antimicrobial catheters as the cause. Lower incidence of infection rate will imply that the antimicrobial catheters are effective while higher incidence of infection will imply that the antimicrobial catheters are ineffective. Once the results are collected, they will be published with recommendations on how the medical fraternity should interpret the results.

Conclusion

One must accept that the risk of secondary infection linked with catheter use is a source of concern. Additionally, one must acknowledge that the different policies for managing catheters produce different results in terms of causing secondary infection. The proposed change intends to reduce the incidence of secondary infection by using antimicrobial catheters. Should the results from the change project show that antimicrobial catheter are effective in reducing the incidence of secondary infection, then a recommendation will be made that use of microbial catheters should be considered standard practice Antimicrobial catheters against secondary infection Essay.

References

Cooper, F., Alexander, C., Sinha, S. & Omar, M. (2016). Policies for replacing long-term indwelling urinary catheters in adults.
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
, 2016(7), Art. No.: CD011115. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011115.pub2

Ellis, P. (2016).
Evidence-based Practice in Nursing
(3
rd
ed.). London: Learning Matter/SAGE Publications Ltd.

Patterson, C. (2015). Basic principles of infection control.
Nursing made Incredibly Easy
, 13(3), 28-37.

Manufacturing Beauty Essay

Week 6 Assignment Critical Thinking Exercise – Manufacturing Beauty This assignment involves the critical analysis of a case study. The case study subject is model Cindy Jackson exploring attraction and media influence Process:Explore Cindy Jackson’s official website at http://www.cindyjackson.com/Critically analyze the contents of the complete website Based on your findings answer the following four questions:1.What does your critical analysis of the website reveal to you about Cindy Jackson’s sense of her social self, her self-concept, her self-esteem and her self-presentation?2.How does the physical attractiveness stereotype of interpersonal attraction factor into your findings about Cindy Jackson?3.How does the mass media influence Cindy Jackson’s life world?4.What do you perceive that the theme of “manufacturing beauty” means?Graded Product: 1.Write an essay presenting your critical analysis in an orderly and persuasive manner2. Using subheadings, address each of the four required questions3. Remember to use APA citations and include a References section, don’t forget to cite and reference Cindy Johnson’s website.4.Spell and grammar check your document 5. Submit your assignment below by 11:59 PM MT on Sunday of Week 6 Grading: 75 points total* 60 points -addressing each of the four required questions effectively, demonstrating critical thinking and using course concepts (15 points per question) * 15 points for orderly presentation in subsections, freedom from spelling and grammar errors, and use of APA style.  Manufacturing Beauty Essay.

BUY A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HERE

Introduction

New technologies in the field of aesthetic surgery and anti-ageing have gained prominence in the society as means to enhance the physical outlook. A global icon in this field is Cindy Jackson, a 60-year-old woman residing in London, and a notable mass media champion of cosmetic surgery. As a proponent of cosmetic surgery, Cindy underwent aesthetic surgery 30 years ago, halting her ageing physic to permanently resemble that of a 30-year-old woman (Cindyjackson.com, n.d). Further, she has continued to perform cosmetic surgery to her private clients in the belief that the procedure harbors diverse positive outcomes.

Cindy Jackson’s sense of social self, self-concept, self-esteem her self-presentation

From the Website, it is evident that Cindy’s sense of social-self is ingrained in physical attraction, with youngness as the key definer of attraction. As such, retaining the youthful outlook heightens her self-concept viewing it as a significant milestone and as contributing to increased acceptance by others. Consequently, by improving her physical outlook she has increased her self-esteem and the resultant confidence in the eyes of the public.

Physical attractiveness stereotype of interpersonal attraction in Cindy Jackson’s case

The notion that individuals with a higher physical attractiveness tend to poses more positive qualities is well exemplified in Cindy Jackson’s case. For instance, Cindy has not only been featured as a global icon by the international media but has also been the preferred guest speaker at many international medical conferences. The preferential treatment in the media circles as heightened the stereotype that beauty is solely codified in youth and that by halting ageing process one becomes automatically likeable. Further, Cindy’s physical attractiveness has been used to draw an inference about her perceived knowledge of what constitutes beautiful.

Mass media influence Cindy Jackson’s life world

The mass media has significantly enhanced Cindy’s storm of hype with regard to aesthetic and anti-ageing surgery. Notably, through the mass media, the narrative of ageing as unattractive and as an illustration of failure has been expounded to the society (Titton, 2015). For instance, she has been featured as a consultant in global media platforms such as Skype news, and popular TV shows positively enhancing her publicity. Further, Cindy has used media platforms to improve public literacy on matters concerning aesthetic surgery and anti-ageing medications (Cindyjackson.com, n.d). In this regard, with the help of the mass media, Cindy has become a public figure, been able to market her brand on cosmetic surgery, facilitating her reach for new clients. Manufacturing Beauty Essay.

Meaning of the theme of “manufacturing beauty”

Manufacturing beauty primarily entails engraving the definition of the abstract concept of beauty as attainable with cosmetic surgery and anti-ageing medications. Largely, the theme underlying manufacturing of beauty entails distorting reality and denting the self-esteem by making people feel unattractive and then offering a plastic surgery and cosmetics as an adequate solution (Titton, 2015). Notably, the great numbers of people undergoing cosmetic surgery are women in the hope of increasing their social status and sense of attraction. However, while promoting the presumed gains underlying plastic surgery manufacturing of beauty rarely points out the impending risks associated with obvious plastic surgery. In this regard, cosmetic surgery should not only be an option geared towards changing the physical outlook but should integrate caution for it to succeed.

References

CindyJackson.com (n.d) My Surgery. Retrieved from. http://www.cindyjackson.com/

Titton, M. (2015). Fashionable personae: Self-identity and enactments of fashion narratives in fashion blogs. 
Fashion Theory
, 
19
(2), 201-220. Manufacturing Beauty Essay.

Research Article Critique Paper Purpose

The purpose of this assignment completed as an APA Paper is for the student to learn to examine, analyze, critique, and summarize an original research article.

Course Outcomes

Through this assignment, the student will demonstrate the ability to meet the following course outcomes:

CO1: Examine the sources of evidence that contribute to professional nursing practice.

CO2: Apply research principles to the interpretation of the content of published research studies.

CO4: Evaluate published nursing research for credibility and lab significance related to evidence-based practice.

BUY A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HERE

CO5: Recognize the role of research findings in evidence-based practice.

Due Date

You are to submit your paper by Sunday 11:59 p.m. MT at the end of Week 6.

Requirements

Through this assignment, the student will:

Critique the required article found below and in your own words, describe the research question, sample, design of study, data collection method, findings, and limitations of each. (CO 1, CO2,)

Summarize the research article and evaluate the significance to nursing. Do not just quote the author’s words. Paraphrase the information. (CO 4, CO5).

You are required to use the article below or you will earn a ”0” for the assignment. In addition, assignments that do not follow the current guidelines and use the required article will be evaluated for evidence of an academic integrity violation Research Article Critique Paper.

After the due date, there will be no opportunity for revision or resubmission of assignments that have been uploaded to the submission area. It is your responsibility to submit the correct assignment to the correct submission area.

Guidelines to Writing the Paper

This assignment is completed as an APA paper. APA resources can be found on the Course Resources Module.

Download the required article for analysis:

Lesiuk, T. (2015). The effect of mindfulness-based music therapy on attention and mood in women receiving adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer: A pilot study. Oncology Nursing Forum, 42(3), 276-282.

https://chamberlainuniversity.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edswsc&AN=000354233000010&site=eds-live&scope=site (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

Introduction (one paragraph): The introduction should be interesting and capture the reader’s attention.

Provide a brief description of the research article to be discussed.

Discuss the purpose of your paper. The purpose statement of the paper should relate to the research article reviewed and the implications that it has to evidence based nursing practice.

You will need to summarize and analyze the information from the article in your own words

Describe the research question for this study in a paragraph.

Describe the research in greater detail Research Article Critique Paper.

Include your observations about this question.

Discuss events or trends that could have affected this question.

You will need to summarize and analyze the information from the article in your own words

Describe the research design of this study, and in your own words discuss the design.

Discuss the research design of the study.

Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the type of design and hypothesize why the author utilized the design as opposed to others.

You will need to summarize the information from the article in your own words

Describe the sample.

Briefly describe the sample size used for this study

Make a judgment as to whether the sample size was adequate and defend your answer.

Describe the number or participants and determine if the number of participants was adequate compared to the research question and the intent of the study.

Are these numbers adequate? Discuss gaps in that you identified.

You will need to summarize and analyze the information from the article in your own words

Describe the data collection method(s)’

Who collected the data Research Article Critique Paper?

What tools were used?

What were the ethical considerations addressed and discuss gaps you identified.

You will need to summarize and analyze the information from the article in your own words

Describe the limitations of the study.

Identify the limitations within the study

Describe how the limitations could be overcome in subsequent studies

Comment on why limitations are important to list and discuss within a study

You will need to summarize and analyze the information from the article in your own words

Describe the findings reported in the study.

Describe the findings reported in the study

Discuss whether the findings of the study answered the research question posed within the study

Discuss the credibility of the findings

If the findings do not support the research question posed within the study, what do you believe is the reason?

You will need to summarize and analyze the information from the article in your own words

Summary

Summarize important points from the body of your paper including the key components of the paper.

Include a statement about the research question and the findings.

Discuss the probability of implementation into practice. Based on these findings, is the evidence that you found on your topic strong enough to suggest a change in practice, or an idea for practice?

End with a concluding statement.

Citations and References must be included to support the information within each topic area. Refer to the APA manual, Chapter 7, for examples of proper reference format. In-text citations are to be noted for all information contained in your paper that is not your original idea or thought. Ask yourself, ”How do I know this?” and then cite the source.

Reference Page: The Reference Page should start on a new page (insert a page break). All references should be cited within the body of the paper as (Author, year) and the full reference should be included in APA format on the reference page. A url link alone is not an adequate reference. See the APA Guidelines in Course Resources for examples of properly formatted references Research Article Critique Paper.

GCU NUR 641 genetic disorder

DISCUSSION ONE

Cystic Fibrosis Article

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9358-cystic-fibrosis

1.Find an article on a genetic disorder (use article above about Cystic Fibrosis), and

1.1. Summarize in two to three paragraphs the genetic component causing the disorder and any multifactorial inheritance components that may contribute to the disorder.

1.2.Discuss the usual age of disease onset and if the sex-specific threshold model fits the disorder.

1.3.What education could you present to high-risk patients to reduce the risk of disease onset if a multifactorial component exists.

References

Use the article indicated and

The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children GCU NUR 641 genetic disorder.

McCance, K. L., Huether, S. E., Brashers, V.L., and Rote, N. S. (2013). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (7th ed.). St. Louis: Mosby Elsevier. ISBN-13: 9780323088541

Total of 3 references for each discussion question.

BUY A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HERE

DISCUSSION QUESTION 2

2. Genetic screening has become widely available to the public including prenatal screening of the fetus in utero to screening adults for genetic disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease and breast cancer. 2.1.Share your thoughts on the legal, ethical, and social implications that may be related to genetic screening.

2.2.How would you educate your patient that is considering having genetic screening?

Reference GCU NUR 641 genetic disorder

Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children

McCance, K. L., Huether, S. E., Brashers, V.L., and Rote, N. S. (2013). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (7th ed.). St. Louis: Mosby Elsevier. ISBN-13: 9780323088541

Total of 3 references for each discussion question.

Pathophysiology –
Cystic Fibrosis

DISCUSSION ONE

Find an article on a genetic disorder (use article above about Cystic Fibrosis), and

1.1. Summarize in two or three paragraphs the genetic component causing the disorder and any multifactorial inheritance components that may contribute to the disorder.

Cystic fibrosis is a genetically inherited disease to imply that its cause has a genetic component. In fact, the disease expression is linked to the CFTR gene whereby two parents with the carrier genes will produce an offspring that inherits both carrier genes thus expressing the disease. Having one faulty gene identifies the individual as a carrier whereby the disease is not expressed. The disease is only expressed if two faulty genes are inherited, one from each parent. Population estimates postulate that 3.2% of the US population are cystic fibrosis carriers who will not express the symptoms associated with the disease (Cleveland Clinic, 2018) GCU NUR 641 genetic disorder. As such, homozygosity for the faulty CFTR gene results in cystic fibrosis expressing as a phenotype.

1.2. Discuss the usual age of disease onset and if the sex-specific threshold model fits the disorder.

Unlike other medical ailments that may show age- or sex-specific peculiarities, cystic fibrosis can occur at any age and occurs equally in both males and females. To be more succinct, the genes that cause the disease are not impacted by gender. This is explained by the fact that the genes causing the disease must be inherited from both the mother and father who are carriers. Still, it must be noted that gender variations exist for symptoms presentation GCU NUR 641 genetic disorder. In fact, females who present the disease at a young age have trouble with meeting growth milestones and experience more breathing related problems when compared to their male counterparts. Additionally, the females live for four years fewer than their male counterparts. Besides that, females who begin presenting disease symptoms while under 20 years of age present 60% mortality (owing to disease complications) when compared to their male counterparts. The implication is that males with the disorder have a greater advantage when compared to females with the disorder (Acton, 2013).

1.3. What education could you present to high-risk patients to reduce the risk of disease onset if a multifactorial component exists.

High risk patients must understand that other than genetics, multifactorial components may exist in the environment to affect disease onset. For instance, the presence of certain ailments or a particular climate could speed up the disease onset. As such, it is important for the patient to identify all the multifactorial components that could influence disease onset then control these components to reduce the risk of disease onset. For instance, if a particular climate could speed up disease onset, then the patient should identify a climate that reduces that onset (Quinn, de Paor & Blanck, 2015) GCU NUR 641 genetic disorder.

DISCUSSION QUESTION 2

Genetic screening has become widely available to the public including prenatal screening of the fetus in utero to screening adults for genetic disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease and breast cancer.

2.1. Share your thoughts on the legal, ethical, and social implications that may be related to genetic screening.

Although genetic screening has improved the medical management of genetic disorders, it has legal, ethical and social implications. Firstly, it raises the question of how the screening information should be handled in terms of confidentiality and access. This is an important concern since this information can be used inappropriately. For instance, insurers and employers can use the information to discriminate against persons whose genetic profile identify them as being high risk individuals GCU NUR 641 genetic disorder. Secondly, the screening presents some social concerns, particularly when the patient is turned into a second-class citizen and victimized because of having a particular genetic anomaly. Finally, it presents an ethical concern when the test results are used to influence reproduction decisions such as getting an abortion (McCance et al., 2013).

2.2. How would you educate your patient that is considering having genetic screening?

Any patient considering genetic screening should first understand what the screening entails. It is useful when the family history identifies the patient as being at risk for an inborn condition. In this case, the patient should understand that genetic screening can act as a confirmatory test so that the patient gets to prepare for any eventualities. This is particularly true when the disease onset is dependent on multifactorial components. By conducting the test, the patient can confirm the presence of the disease and control the multifactorial components to reduce the risk of disease onset (McCance et al., 2013).

References

Acton, A. (2013). 
Cystic fibrosis: new insights for the healthcare professional
(2013 Edition). Atlanta, GA: ScholarlyEditions.

Cleveland Clinic (2018).
Cystic Fibrosis
. Retrieved from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9358-cystic-fibrosis

McCance, K. L., Huether, S. E., Brashers, V. L. & Rote, N. S. (2013). 
Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children
 (7
th
ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier.

Quinn, G., de Paor, A. & Blanck, P. (2015).
Genetic discrimination: transatlantic perspectives on the case for a European-level legal response
. New York, NY: Routledge GCU NUR 641 genetic disorder