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NURS-6501 week 1 discussion – sore throat essay
NURS-6501 week 1 discussion – sore throat essay
NURS-6501 Module 1, week1 discussion. Topic: Discussion: Alterations in Cellular Processes
Alterations of cellular responses are caused by multiple changes occurring within the cell in response to the environmental stressors. When signals sent by the signaling molecules are received by the target cell, the normal cellular response is the end of the line. However, diseases cause alterations of cellular responses resulting in abnormal changes in the normal response processes and is often caused by…
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A 16-year-old boy comes to clinic with chief complaint of sore throat for 3 days. Denies fever or chills. PMH negative for recurrent colds, influenza, ear infections or pneumonias. NKDA or food allergies. Physical exam reveals temp of 99.6 F, pulse 78 and regular with respirations of 18. HEENT normal with exception of reddened posterior pharynx with white exudate on tonsils that are enlarged to 3+. Positive anterior and posterior cervical adenopathy. Rapid strep test performed in office was positive. His HCP wrote a prescription for amoxicillin 500 mg po q 12 hours x 10 days disp #20. He took the first capsule when he got home and immediately complained of swelling of his tongue and lips, difficulty breathing with audible wheezing. 911 was called and he was taken to the hospital, where he received emergency treatment for his allergic reaction. NURS-6501 week 1 discussion – sore throat essay.
By Day 3 of Week 1
Post an explanation of the disease highlighted in the scenario you were provided. Include the following in your explanation:
•The role genetics plays in the disease.
•Why the patient is presenting with the specific symptoms described.
•The physiologic response to the stimulus presented in the scenario and why you think this response occurred.
•The cells that are involved in this process.
•How another characteristic (e.g., gender, genetics) would change your response.
Use three scholarly peer review article not later than FIVE YEARS eg 2015 to 2020 in writing this NURS-6501 week 1 discussion – sore throat essay paper.
Resources
McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019).
Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children
(8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier.file:///C:/Users/obyok/AppData/Local/Packages/Microsoft.MicrosoftEdge_8wekyb3d8bbwe/TempState/Downloads/Pathophysiology-%20The%20Biologic%20Basis%20for%20Disease%20in%20Adults%20and%20Children%20%20(1).pdf
Use this textbook and the YouTube videos and three scholarly peer reviewed articles related to cell and immunity and disease to write this 2 page discussion. The articles must be from 2015 to 2020. Cite in APA format. The link following the textbook is the E version of the textbook. NURS-6501 week 1 discussion – sore throat essay.
Rubric Detail
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to change the rubric’s layout.Name:
NURS_6501_Discussion_RubricGrid View
List View
Excellent
Good
Fair
Poor
Main Posting
45 (45%) – 50 (50%)
Answers all parts of the Discussion question(s) with reflective critical analysis and synthesis of knowledge gained from the course readings for the module and current credible sources. NURS-6501 week 1 discussion – sore throat essay
Supported by at least three current, credible sources.
Written clearly and concisely with no grammatical or spelling errors and fully adheres to current APA manual writing rules and style.
40 (40%) – 44 (44%)
Responds to the Discussion question(s) and is reflective with critical analysis and synthesis of knowledge gained from the course readings for the module.
At least 75% of post has exceptional depth and breadth.
Supported by at least three credible sources.
Written clearly and concisely with one or no grammatical or spelling errors and fully adheres to current APA manual writing rules and style.
35 (35%) – 39 (39%)
Responds to some of the Discussion question(s).
One or two criteria are not addressed or are superficially addressed.
Is somewhat lacking reflection and critical analysis and synthesis.
Somewhat represents knowledge gained from the course readings for the module.
Post is cited with two credible sources.
Written somewhat concisely; may contain more than two spelling or grammatical errors.
Contains some APA formatting errors.
0 (0%) – 34 (34%)
Does not respond to the Discussion question(s) adequately.
Lacks depth or superficially addresses criteria.
Lacks reflection and critical analysis and synthesis.
Does not represent knowledge gained from the course readings for the module.
Contains only one or no credible sources.
Not written clearly or concisely.
Contains more than two spelling or grammatical errors.
Does not adhere to current APA manual writing rules and style.
Main Post: Timeliness
10 (10%) – 10 (10%)
Posts main post by Day 3.
0 (0%) – 0 (0%)
N/A
0 (0%) – 0 (0%)
N/A
NURS-6501 week 1 discussion – sore throat essay
0 (0%) – 0 (0%)
Does not post main post by Day 3.
First Response
17 (17%) – 18 (18%)
Response exhibits synthesis, critical thinking, and application to practice settings.
Provides clear, concise opinions and ideas that are supported by at least two scholarly sources.
Demonstrates synthesis and understanding of Learning Objectives.
Communication is professional and respectful to colleagues.
Responses to faculty questions are fully answered, if posed.
Response is effectively written in standard, edited English.
15 (15%) – 16 (16%)
Response exhibits critical thinking and application to practice settings.
Communication is professional and respectful to colleagues.
Responses to faculty questions are answered, if posed.
Provides clear, concise opinions and ideas that are supported by two or more credible sources.
Response is effectively written in standard, edited English.
13 (13%) – 14 (14%)
Response is on topic and may have some depth.
Responses posted in the Discussion may lack effective professional communication.
Responses to faculty questions are somewhat answered, if posed.
Response may lack clear, concise opinions and ideas, and a few or no credible sources are cited.
NURS-6501 week 1 discussion – sore throat essay
0 (0%) – 12 (12%)
Response may not be on topic and lacks depth.
Responses posted in the Discussion lack effective professional communication.
Responses to faculty questions are missing.
No credible sources are cited.
Second Response
16 (16%) – 17 (17%)
Response exhibits synthesis, critical thinking, and application to practice settings.
Provides clear, concise opinions and ideas that are supported by at least two scholarly sources.
Demonstrates synthesis and understanding of Learning Objectives.
Communication is professional and respectful to colleagues.
Responses to faculty questions are fully answered, if posed.
Response is effectively written in standard, edited English.
14 (14%) – 15 (15%)
Response exhibits critical thinking and application to practice settings.
Communication is professional and respectful to colleagues.
Responses to faculty questions are answered, if posed.
Provides clear, concise opinions and ideas that are supported by two or more credible sources.
Response is effectively written in standard, edited English.
12 (12%) – 13 (13%)
Response is on topic and may have some depth.
Responses posted in the Discussion may lack effective professional communication.
Responses to faculty questions are somewhat answered, if posed.
Response may lack clear, concise opinions and ideas, and a few or no credible sources are cited.
0 (0%) – 11 (11%)
Response may not be on topic and lacks depth.
Responses posted in the Discussion lack effective professional communication.
Responses to faculty questions are missing.
No credible sources are cited.
Participation
5 (5%) – 5 (5%)
Meets requirements for participation by posting on 3 different days.
0 (0%) – 0 (0%)
N/A
0 (0%) – 0 (0%)
N/A
0 (0%) – 0 (0%)
Does not meet requirements for participation by posting on 3 different days.
Total Points: 100
NURS-6501 week 1 discussion – sore throat essay
Name:
NURS_6501_Discussion_RubricNURS-6501 Module 1, week1 discussion. Topic: Discussion: Alterations in Cellular Processes
Alterations of cellular responses are caused by multiple changes occurring within the cell in response to the environmental stressors. When signals sent by the signaling molecules are received by the target cell, the normal cellular response is the end of the line. However, diseases cause alterations of cellular responses resulting in abnormal changes in the normal response processes and is often caused by diseases and are demonstrated as signs and symptoms. This paper examines a case study of a 16-year-old boy who visits the clinic with a chief complaint of sore throat for 3 days presenting in multiple symptoms. However, he experiences a severe allergic reaction after the administration of amoxicillin 500 mg. therefore, the role of genetics, presentation of specific symptoms and the impact of age factor are explored in this assignment.
Role of genetics
Recurrent sore throat is common particularly in children. It is caused by a
Streptococcus
group A bacteria and is often linked to genetics. Genetic variations taking place at the HLA region are linked to the recurrent nature of sore throat (Chauhan et al., 2016). In essence, these specific variations of the gene are evident during genetic testing and are associated with the immune systems interaction with pathogens. As such, the patient becomes more susceptible to sore throat following the genetic changes causing variations. Notably, insufficient responses of the antibody responses against SpeA bacteria are connected to immunologic and genetic factors (Chauhan et al., 2016). This challenges the recognition of the Streptococcus group A bacteria factor. NURS-6501 week 1 discussion – sore throat essayWhy the patient presents with the specific symptoms
The alteration of normal responses within the cells of the body results in the development of signs and symptoms of diseases. For instance, the invasion of Streptococcus group A bacteria in the body causes the secretion of pus and reddening as well as the inflammation of the throat. Clinical manifestations are thus associated with the pharynx colonialization by the fibronectin-binding proteins of
Streptococcus pyogenes
(Soderholm, Barnett, Sweet & Walker, 2018)
.
On the other hand, the symptoms occurring on the patient after the administration of the first capsule of amoxicillin 500 mg are as a result of allergic reactions to antibiotics. Severe nausea and vomiting, dizziness, swelling of lips and face, fast heart rates, shortness of breath, wheezing and shock are common allergic responses to antibiotics.Physiologic response and cells involved in the process
The physiologic responses evident in this patient include reddened posterior pharynx with white exudate on tonsils that are enlarged to 3+. Positive anterior and posterior cervical adenopathy is also observed. On carrying out the rapid strep test, the patient turned out positive of Streptococcus group A bacteria. The adaptive and innate responses are responsible for the physiologic responses as they create a defense mechanism to fight the infection. Cellular mediators produce PGE2 and leukotriene B4 (LTB4 ), chemokines, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), eicosanoids and proinflammatory cytokines among other substances which induce and maintain host responses. These cells include epithelial cells, macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells. NURS-6501 week 1 discussion – sore throat essay
How age factor would change the response
Age influences the risks of contracting diseases. This is to mean that some illnesses are more common in the young persons while others are common among the elderly. The increased prevalence of sore throat is recorded in children of between 5 to 15 years. According to Campbell et al. (2018), a 5 to 10% risk of sore throat infection exists among the adults regardless of the already established strong immune system. Safe pharmacologic treatment of sore throat patients should thus be guided by the age of the patient to prevent adverse reactions and allergies.
References
Campbell, P. T., Frost, H., Smeesters, P. R., Kado, J., Good, M. F., Batzloff, M., … & Steer, A. (2018). Investigation of group A Streptococcus immune responses in an endemic setting, with a particular focus on J8.
Vaccine
,
36
(50), 7618-7624.Chauhan, S., Kashyap, N., Kanga, A., Thakur, K., Sood, A., & Chandel, L. (2016). Genetic diversity among group A streptococcus isolated from throats of healthy and symptomatic children.
Journal of tropical pediatrics
,
62
(2), 152-157.Soderholm, A. T., Barnett, T. C., Sweet, M. J., & Walker, M. J. (2018). Group A streptococcal pharyngitis: Immune responses involved in bacterial clearance and GAS‐associated immunopathologies.
Journal of leukocyte biology
,
103
(2), 193-213. NURS-6501 week 1 discussion – sore throat essay -
6501 Week 3 discussion : Pathophysiology of Pain
6501 Week 3 discussion : Pathophysiology of Pain
Pathophysiology of Pain
Pain is described by Huether and McCance (2017) as a complex experience, one that includes physical, cognitive, spiritual, emotional, and environmental factors, which may be a signal of tissue damage, lasting from seconds to as long as three months, or chronic lasting greater than three to six months and have no purpose (p.340-341). Pain is an unpleasant sensation that can only be described by the person who feels it. The sensation of pain is transmitted by the central nervous system, which processes potentially harmful stimuli by way of nociceptors, which are pain receptors. (Huether & McCance, 2017) 6501 Week 3 discussion : Pathophysiology of Pain. Nociceptors are distributed throughout the body, which transmits the sensation of pain, and responds to the stimuli in different ways (Huether & McCance, 2017). Different types of stimuli cause different types of pain sensations, such as mechanical, thermal and chemical. Some chemical receptors that are associated with the sensation of pain include bradykinin, histamine, leukotrienes and prostaglandins. (Huether & McCance, 2017). Pain has been recognized in the past as the fifth vital sign, making it an important part of the assessment process. Pain can be characterized in many different ways, such as acute, chronic, or referred, which are dependent on the different criteria that identify each.Acute Pain
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Acute pain is a sensation that last only seconds to day, but may be present for up to three months. Acute pain is a mechanism of the body that warns of immediate danger that can cause harm, which causes the person to immediately respond to remove the cause of the pain. Acute pain is normally self-limiting, resolving within days or weeks, but may continue longer as healing occurs (Anwar, 2016). Acute pain results in autonomic nervous stimulation, which results in increase in heart rate, hypertension, diaphoresis and dilated pupils (Huether & McCance, 2017, p. 340). Acute pain is further divided into classifications, which include somatic, visceral or referred, which help to diagnose and treat the pain more effectively (Huether & McCance, 2017). Somatic pain is pain that is felt as sharp and well localized, or dull, aching, throbbing, which can be poorly localized (Huether & McCance, 2017). Acute pain is commonly the type of pain that patients experience after surgery, traumatic injuries, tissue damage and the inflammatory process (Anwar, 2016).
Chronic Pain
Chronic pain is pain that has been present for longer than three to six months and beyond the natural healing time (Huether & McCance, 2017). Although it may accompany any type of injury, chronic pain serves no purpose and causes suffering of the individual (Huether & McCance, 2017). Chronic pain often leads to negative impact on quality of life, well-being and a person’s long term ability of function (Anwar, 2016). Huether and McCance (2017) explain that with chronic pain, there have been actual changes to the peripheral and central nervous systems that cause a dysregulation of nociception and the pain modulation process (p. 340). Over time, people who suffer with chronic pain have adaptations that lead to normalization of heart rate and blood pressure, which can lead to the misconception that these patients are not actually in pain. Chronic pain that is not controlled leads to problems such as depression, poor eating and sleeping habits, preoccupation with pain and avoidance of any stimuli that causes the pain (Huether & McCance, 2017). Patients who experience chronic pain also are commonly faced with the fact that their pain may never be completely resolved, which is normally achieved with acute pain.
Referred Pain
Referred pain is pain that is felt in a different area that where the pain originates from. An example is symptoms of MI, such as pain in the jaw or shoulder. Referred pain can be from an acute problem or it can be chronic, such as pain felt from sciatic with a chronic back injury. Huether and McCance (2017) explain that the reason behind pain being referred to other areas in the body is because the brain cannot distinguish the origin due to the many impulses that are being received from cutaneous and visceral neurons that converge at the same ascending neurons.
Gender and Age
Shea and McDonald (2010) explain that women and their descriptions of pain had been shown to be dependent on social interactions, and that women who suffered chronic pain seemed to have difficulty with self-esteem, and dignity as patients. Age has an impact on the way pain may be reported, or even assessed due to cognitive function. As a hospice nurse, I have learned that the elderly, cognitively impaired patients often act out when in pain, similar to young children, which leads to undertreatment of pain. I have worked with physicians in the past who did not believe in treating pain with infants, for instance, when circumcising newborns, he refused to order any type of topical pain control. As a nurse, I have worked on both ends of the spectrum, and I have seen pain that was poorly controlled at both ends. I had also done research to support my teaching of patients and families about pain control and the safety of morphine use at the end of life, which has led me many times to learn that patients with dementia are very undertreated for pain, partly because they can’t verbalize, and partly because physicians and nurses are afraid of overdosing them, which leads to poorly controlled pain. Shea and McDonald (2010) explained that it is imperative that healthcare providers have a keen awareness of hour to accurately assess for pain in patients of all ages, so that it can be treated effectively.
Anwar, K. (2016). Pathophysiology of pain.
Disease-a-Month, 62
(9), 324-329. RetrievedFrom
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.disamonth.2016.05.015
.Huether, S.E. & McCance, K.L. (2017) Understanding pathophysiology (6th ed.). St. Louis,
MO: Mosby.
Shea, M., & McDonald, D. (2010). Factors associated with increased pain communication by
Older adults. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 33(2), 169-206. Retrieved from
http://journals.sagepub.com.ezp.waldenlibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1177/0193945910372775
Week 3
Pain
The neurological system affects all parts and functions of the body through nerve stimulation. Nerves also control the sensation and perception of pain. While pain can be described in a variety of ways, it is essentially labeled according to its duration and source. As an advanced practice nurse evaluating a patient, you need to consider the following questions: Does the pain quickly come and go, or is it persistent and ongoing? Does the pain arise at the source of injury or in another location? In this Discussion, you compare three common types of pain—acute, chronic, and referred.
To prepare:
· Review this week’s media presentation on the neurological system, as well as Chapter 13 in the Huether and McCance text.
· Identify the pathophysiology of acute, chronic, and referred pain. Consider the similarities and differences between these three types of pain.
· Select two of the following patient factors: genetics, gender, ethnicity, age, or behavior. Reflect on how the factors you selected might impact the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and prescription of treatment for acute, chronic, and referred pain.
Post A 1 page paper APA format
1
a description of the pathophysiology of
acute
,
chronic
, and
referred pain
, including similarities and differences between them.2
Then, explain how the factors you selected might impact the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and prescription of treatment for acute, chronic, and referred pain. 6501 Week 3 discussion : Pathophysiology of Pain.Course resources
· Huether, S. E., & McCance, K. L. (2012).
Understanding pathophysiology
(Laureate custom ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.o Chapter 12, “Structure and Function of the Neurologic System”
This chapter begins with an overview of the structure and function of the nervous system. It also explains the importance of the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems.
o Chapter 13, “Pain, Temperature, Sleep, and Sensory Function”
This chapter covers the role of pain, sleep, stress, and the senses on body functions. It also explores alterations involving pain, sleep, stress, and the senses.
o Chapter 14, “Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function”
This chapter explores disorders of cognitive systems, neuromotor function, tone, movement, and motor performance. It also examines factors that impact these disorders as well as clinical manifestations.
o Chapter 15, “Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and Neuromuscular Junction”
This chapter examines the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and evaluation and treatment of central and peripheral nervous system disorders. Tumors of the central nervous system are also covered. 6501 Week 3 discussion : Pathophysiology of Pain.
o Chapter 16, “Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children”
This chapter focuses on the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, evaluation, and treatment of neurologic disorders and brain tumors in children. Normal growth and development is also examined.
· McPhee, S. J., & Hammer, G. D. (2010).
Pathophysiology of disease: An introduction to clinical medicine
(Laureate Education, Inc., custom ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Medical.o Chapter 7, “Nervous System Disorders”
This chapter begins with an overview of the structure and function of the nervous system to lay a foundation for exploring nervous system disorders. It then examines several nervous system disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, and stroke. 6501 Week 3 discussion: Pathophysiology of Pain.
Chapter 12, “Disorders of the Adrenal Medulla”
This chapter examines disorders relating to alterations of the adrenal medulla. It classifies disorders by the organ or tissue that is most impacted by the disorder. The pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, symptoms, and signs of the disorders are also covered.
Chapter 19, “Disorders of the Hypothalamus & Pituitary Gland”
This chapter covers the structure and function of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands. It also explores disorders of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands.
Chapter 21, “Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex”
This chapter begins by exploring the structure and function of the adrenal cortex. It then explores disorders relating to alterations of the adrenal cortex.
Media
· Laureate Education, Inc. (Executive Producer). (2012f).
The neurological system
. Baltimore, MD: Author.This media presentation outlines the pathophysiology of the neurological system and associated alterations.
Optional Resources
· Alzheimer’s Association. (2012). Retrieved from
http://www.alz.org/· National Multiple Sclerosis Society. (2012). Retrieved from
http://www.nationalmssociety.org/index.aspx· National Parkinson Foundation. (2012). Retrieved from
http://www.parkinson.org/NURS 6501N-6 Advanced Pathophysiology
Pain
Pain is defined as “an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage”, per the American Pain Society (Huether & McCance, 2012, p.324). Pain descriptions are subjective to the person experiencing it and at times can be very hard to control once started. This week’s discussion will consider types of pain, including acute, chronic and referred pain and their similarities and differences. Also, other factors that affect pain will be discussed and their effects on pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. 6501 Week 3 discussion : Pathophysiology of Pain.
Acute Pain
Acute pain begins when the body is attempting to warn of a potentially harmful experience, to relieve it (Huether & McCance, 2012, p.327). It is usually sudden or unexpected, and may linger for minutes to days, depending on location and severity. Acute pain can be further divided into somatic, visceral, or referred. Somatic pain comes from the skin, while visceral pain is pain from internal organs (p.327). Referred pain, however, refers to the air where the pain is felt (p.328) “The polymodal peripheral receptors initiate unpleasant sensations that can be modulated in the dorsal horn and the anterior columns of the spinal cord before reaching the cerebral cortex” (Fink, 2005, p. 277). Although neurological pathways of the body allow for sensation of pain, skin and visceral sensations are different.
Chronic Pain
Chronic pain is constant pain lasting a minimum of 3 months (Huether & McCance, 2012). Chronic pain can be sub grouped into neuropathic pain, which results from a neurological lesion dysfunction, or peripheral neuropathic pain, that results from trauma or disease of a peripheral nerve. There is also central neuropathic pain that develops from dysfunction in the brain or spinal cord (p.328). The process of nociception drives chronic pain. When nociceptors are stimulated, an action potential is started along the nerve that it is attached to 6501 Week 3 discussion : Pathophysiology of Pain. The nerves, composed of axons are classified per the nerve innervated. Some axons are myelinated, which help to protect the myelin and produce a faster pain transmission signal. Nerve endings that respond to sensory processes such as heat, cold and touch have different myelination properties and neurotransmitters that they respond to (Rashiq et al., 2008).
Referred Pain
Pain felt in the area other than the point of origin is defined as referred pain (Huether& McCance, 2012). Research has shown that the mechanism of convergence is the explanation for referral pain. When primary afferent fibers from different sites converge on the same second-order neuron in the brainstem nucleus (Hashemipour & Borna, 2014). In a case study on orofacial pain, referred pain was of greatest concern when the pathology became progressive in conditions such as “infections, vascular disorders, and neoplastic disease. Well-known sources of pain referred to the jaws include the pain of ischemic cardiac disease, esophageal pathology, and central lesions that cause increased intracranial pressure or produce compression of one or more of the cranial nerves” (p. 152).
Pain Comparison
Onset between the specific types of pain differ. Acute pain is sudden, whereas, chronic and referred pain occur due to some other etiology. Description of pain also differs. In acute pain, the exact area and reason for the pain is easily identified, whereas, chronic and referred pain usually occur because of some other problem, and may be harder to diagnose. Signs and symptoms of acute pain are usually immediately felt and observed, while chronic and referred pain may show symptoms slowly over time (Huether & McCance, 2012) 6501 Week 3 discussion : Pathophysiology of Pain.
Age and Genetic Factors on Pain
At any age, pain effects the body differently. As an infant and child, the pain threshold, or the lowest toleration of pain is very low due painful experiences (Huether & McCance, 2012). Physiological changes in heartrate and breathing often show signs of pain or discomfort. 6501 Week 3 discussion : Pathophysiology of Pain Behavioral changes in facial muscles, crying, and restlessness, also show an observable change that could be a response to pain. In adults, the pain threshold is subjective and can change within moments. Physiological changes in behavior are like infants and children, but adults can be more specific about what they are feeling (p.330).Genetic research has shown that a rare disease called congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (lack of sweating), also known as hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type 4. It is characterized by profound insensitivity to noxious stimuli and absence of sweating, as well as secondary complications such as repeated injuries, self-mutilation, and recurrent febrile episodes. Delayed developmental milestones, hyperactivity, emotional lability, and intellectual disabilities are also observed to varying degrees. Morphologic studies revealed that insensitivity to pain and anhidrosis result from the absence of sensory and sympathetic postganglionic neurons (Wang et al., 2016).
Conclusion
Structures and functions of the neurological system are very complex, yet it continues to regulate the body with little help from us. Pain is regulated by this system, and helps to warn the body of potentially dangerous experiences. Pain treatments vary individually, and can take time to diagnose and maintain. Pain will always be an issue that the human body faces daily. With continued research, the pathophysiology may be better understood and possibly better treatments invented. 6501 Week 3 discussion : Pathophysiology of Pain.
References
Fink, W. A. (2005). The pathophysiology of acute pain.
Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America
,
23
(2), 277-284. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2004.12.001Hashemipour, M. A., & Borna, R. (2014). Incidence and characteristics of acute referred orofacial pain caused by a posterior single tooth pulpitis in an Iranian population.
Pain Practice
,
14
(2), 151-157. doi:10.1111/papr.12034Huether, S. E., & McCance, K. L. (2012).
Understanding pathophysiology (Laureate custom ed.)
. St. Louis, MO: Mosby.Rashiq, S., Schlopflocher, D., Taenzer, P., & Jonsson, E. (2008).
Chronic pain: A health policy perspective
. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-Blackwell/Wiley-VCH.Wang, Q., Guo, S., Duan, G., Ying, Y., Huang, P., Liu, J. Y., & Zhang, X. (2016). Phenotypes and genotypes in five children with congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis.
Pediatric Neurology
,
61
, 63-69. doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2016.04.006 6501 Week 3 discussion : Pathophysiology of Pain -
Nurs 6501 week 2 discussion – Erythematosus & Psoriasis Essays
Nurs 6501 week 2 discussion – Erythematosus & Psoriasis Essays
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus & Psoriasis
This week’s discussion will deal with the pathophysisology of Systemic Lupus Erythmatosus (SLE) and Psoriasis. The discussion will entail the compensatory mechanisms, maladaptive and physiological responses of the two disorders. The age inference with regards to the pathophysiology of both SLE and Psoriasis will be reviewed.
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Pathophysiology of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Systemic Lupus Erythmatosus originates from autoimmune system and is a multisystem inflammatory disease. During the disease state, there is production of huge varieties of auto antibodies against nucleic acids (single and double stranded DNA), erythrocytes, coagulation proteins, lymphocytes, platelets, and many other self- proteins which causes inflammation, pain, and damage in various parts of the body(Lupus Foundation of America, 2012). These autoimmune reactions are directed against constituents of the cell nucleus that is antinuclear antibodies, particularly DNA, and as a result, the circulating immune complexes containing antibody against DNA are deposited in the basement membranes of capillaries in the kidneys, heart, skin, brain, and joints. Once the complement is activated, inflammation occurs. Nurs 6501 week 2 discussion – Erythematosus & Psoriasis Essays It is imperative for advanced practice nurses to know that the specific manifestations of SLE depends on type of cell or organs that is involved (Lewis, Heitkemper, Dirksen, Bucher, & Camera, 2011)
Pathophysiology of Psoriasis
Psoriasis is a chronic dermatitis and relapsing inflammatory disease involving excessively rapid turnover of epidermal cells. During the inflammatory cascade of this disorder, there is secretion of multiple inflammatory mediators( interferon, tumor necrosis factor- alpha), and cytokines (interleukin-12, 13, 17) due to complex interactions between macrophages, fibroblasts, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, T helper cells, and regulatory T cells (Huether &McCance, 2017) Nurs 6501 week 2 discussion – Erythematosus & Psoriasis Essays.
Variation in
Physiological ResponsesSLE is extremely variable in its severity, ranging from a relatively mild disorder to a rapidly progressive one affecting multiple body system due to accumulation of circulating immune complexes (Lupus Foundation of America, 2012), whereas psoriasis can be mild, moderate, or severe, depending on the size, distribution, and inflammation of the lesions implicating mostly the dermis and epidermis due to cellular hyper-proliferation, altered keratinocyte differentiation, and expanded dermal vasculature (Huether & McCance, 2017). The most commonly affected tissues by the SLE are the skin and muscle, the lining of the lungs, heart, nervous tissue, and the kidneys whereas psoriasis mostly affects the skin, scalp, and the nails. Generalized complaints like fever, weight loss, arthralgia, and excessive fatigue may precede an exacerbation of SLE activity, whereas a well-demarcated, thick, silvery, scaly erythematous plaque surrounded by normal skin is the most common clinical manifestation of psoriasis (Lewis et al., 2011). It is very crucial that advanced practice nurses should familiarize themselves with this variation for proper diagnosis and treatment. Nurs 6501 week 2 discussion – Erythematosus & Psoriasis Essays.
Patient Factor: Age
According to Huether and McCance (2017), psoriasis can occur at any age, but the onset is generally established by forty years of age. Any onset of psoriasis at later stage in life is less familial and much secondary to co-morbidities, like obesity, smoking, high blood pressure, and diabetes. With SLE, symptoms and diagnosis occur most often when women are in their childbearing years, between the ages of 15 and 44. Symptoms of lupus will occur before age 18 in 15 percent of the people who are later diagnosed with the disease (Lupus Foundation of America, 2012) Nurs 6501 week 2 discussion – Erythematosus & Psoriasis Essays.
Conclusion
Both SLE and psoriasis are both inflammatory disorders, but psoriasis mostly affect the skin while SLE is multiple system based. Both disorders involve complex interactions to precipitate a pathological responses of the disease state. Age is cited in different research findings as one of the factors that implicate the pathophysiology of both SLE and psoriasis.
References
Huether, S. E., & McCance, K. L. (2017). Understanding pathophysiology (6th ed.). St. Louis,
MO: Mosby.
Lewis, S. L., Heitkemper, M.M., Dirksen, S. R., & Bucher, L., & Camera, I. (2011). Medical-
surgical nursing: Assessment and management of clinical problems (7th ed.). St. Louis,
Missouri: Mosby. Nurs 6501 week 2 discussion – Erythematosus & Psoriasis Essays
Lupus Foundation of America. (2012).What are the risk factors for developing lupus? Retrieved
from
http://www.lupus.org/answers/entry/risks-for-developing-lupusLupus Foundation of America. (2012).What happens in autoimmune diseases like lupus?
Retrieved from
http://www.lupus.org/answers/entry/what-happens-in-autoimmune-diseases-like-lupusNURS 6501
Week 2, Discussion 2, Initial Post
Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis (OA) is joint inflammation related to the destruction of cartilage. There can be genetic factors involved in OA, but the primary mechanism of damage in this condition is an excess of wear (Huether & McCance, 2012). The cartilage that lines the joints is worn away, and the bones begin to rub against one another with joint movement causing friction and bone breakdown, which in turn prompts bone growth in the form of osteophytes or bone spurs. There are also some proteolytic actors in play that aid in the degeneration of the cartilage (Vincent, Conrad, Fregly, & Vincent, 2012). Nurs 6501 week 2 discussion – Erythematosus & Psoriasis Essays.
Primary treatment of OA is pain control and lifestyle modifications including resting inflamed joints, weight loss if indicated, and range of motion exercises to promote joint capsule health. Treatment for severe cases of OA include surgical procedures to address bone spurs, manage/correct joint deformities, and to replace entire joints when necessary.
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), while causing similar joint damage to that of OA, is an autoimmune disorder rather than an age-related disorder (Mcphee & Hammer, 2010). Pannus, or granulation tissue forms in response to inflammation of the synovium. Ankylosing, or fixation of the joint in an abnormal position occurs due to destruction of the articular cartilage and subchondral bone. Rheumatoid factor, IgM antibody and neutrophils are the primary autoimmune culprits responsible for the destruction of tissue in RA (Choy, 2012). Treatment consists of control and reduction of inflammation. Disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs help decrease joint damage. Anti-inflammatory meds and steroids can help with the pain and inflammation. Nurs 6501 week 2 discussion – Erythematosus & Psoriasis Essays.
Patient Factors
Genetics plays a role in both OA and RA. Continued research is necessary to increase understanding of the genetics impact of both OA (Vincent, Conrad, Fregly, & Vincent, 2012) and RA (Choy, 2012). Advancement of genetic research related to OA and RA could lead to new treatments and even the potential of preventative therapies/treatments.
References
Choy, E. (2012). Understanding the dynamics: Pathways involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis.
Rheumatology, 51
, v3-v11. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kes113Huether, S., & McCance, K. (2012).
Understanding Pathophysiology
(5th ed.). St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier.Mcphee, S. J., & Hammer, G. D. (2010).
Pathophysiology of disease: An introducion to clinical medicine
(6th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill.Vincent, K. R., Conrad, B. P., Fregly, B. J., & Vincent, H. K. (2012). The pathophysiology of osteoarthritis: A mechanical perspective on the knee joint.
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 4
(5 0), S3-S9. doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2012.01.020 Nurs 6501 week 2 discussion – Erythematosus & Psoriasis Essays -
NURS 6501 Discussion Week 2 Psoriasis Post and response
NURS 6501 Discussion Week 2 Psoriasis Post and response
NURS 6501 Discussion Week 2 Initial Post
Psoriasis is a chronic, relapsing, proliferative, inflammatory disorder that involves the skin, scalp, and nails and can occur at any age. Psoriasis affects about 1% to 4% of the population in countries north of the equator. The onset is generally established by the age of 40. A family history of psoriasis is common and the genetic mechanisms are complex. The onset of psoriasis later in life is less familial and more secondary to comorbidities, such as obesity, smoking, hypertension, and diabetes (Huether & McCance) NURS 6501 Discussion Week 2 Psoriasis Post and response.
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Psoriasis is the prototypical form of psoriasiform dermatitis, a pattern of inflammatory skin disease in which the epidermis is thickened as a result of elongation of rete ridges. In psoriatic lesions, epidermal thickening reflects excessive epidermopoiesis. This increase is reflected in shortening of the duration of the keratinocyte cell cycle and doubling of the proliferative cell populations. NURS 6501 Discussion Week 2 Psoriasis Post and response Because of these alterations, lesional skin contains up to 30 times as many keratinocytes per unit area as normal skin (Hammer & McPhee).
The turnover time for shedding the epidermis is decreased to 3 to 4 days from the normal 14 to 20 days, with many germinative cells and increased transit time through the dermis. Cell maturation and keratinization are bypassed, and the epidermis thickens and plaques form. The disease can be mild, moderate, or severe depending on the size, distribution, and inflammation of the lesions. Psoriasis is marked by remissions and exacerbations (Huether & McCance). NURS 6501 Discussion Week 2 Psoriasis Post and response.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
The prevalence of irritable bowel disease (IBD) is about 1.6 million people in the United States with about 70,000 new cases per year. The disease is more prevalent among white populations and Ashkenazi Jews. Risk factors and theories of causation include susceptibility genes, environmental factors, alterations in epithelial cell barrier functions, and an altered immune response to intestinal microflora. NURS 6501 Discussion Week 2 Psoriasis Post and response Environmental factors or infections are thought to alter the barrier functions, and an altered immune response to intestinal microflora (Huether & McPhee).
There are two forms of chronic inflammatory bowel disease; Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis. The causes of IBD are unknown. Genetic risk and environmental factors are recognized as two key elements in the pathogenesis of IBD. Genetic factors are not the sole contributor to IBD. Many environmental factors have been found to contribute to the development of Crohns disease, including pathogenic microorganisms, indigenous intestinal microbes, dietary factors, smoking, defective immune responses, and psychosocial factors. Similar factors may contribute to the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis, including infections, allergies to dietary components, immune responses to bacteria and self-antigens, and psychosocial factors. The features common to all forms of IBD are mucosal ulceration and inflammation of the GI tract. Accumulating evidence suggests that cytokine dysregulation may be a key factor in connecting these conditions (Hammer & McPhee) NURS 6501 Discussion Week 2 Psoriasis Post and response.
Psoriasis and IBD cluster at all genetic levels of human populations. They share the same geographic/ethnic, kindred and patient niches. Psoriasis and crohns disease also coexist in the same patient more often than expected by chance. The relative risks of psoriasis are significantly increased in both ulcerative colitis and crohns disease patients, and psoriasis patients are at increased risk of developing irritable bowel disorder Vlachos, C., Gaitanis, G., Katsanos, K., Christodoulou, D., Tsianos, E., & Bassukas, I., 2016).
According to current knowledge, both psoriasis and IBD recognize two pathogenetic moments, the first one involving innate immunity triggered by unknown stimuli and the second one involving the adaptive immunity, due to cytokines released from cells of the innate immune system, mainly dendritic cells. Cytokines subsequently influence the activity of T cells subtypes as T-helper17 and T-regs, now considered as crucial within the pathogenetic process (Skroza, N., Proietti, I., Pampena, R., LaViola, G., Bernardini, N., Nicolucci, F., & Potenza, C., 2013) NURS 6501 Discussion Week 2 Psoriasis Post and response.
The inflammatory disease involve thickening of the epidermis in psoriasis, and the mucosa with inflammatory bowel disease. This thickening or inflammation is followed by sloughing or necrosis of the thickened lesions. Psoriasis and IBD are strictly related inflammatory diseases, probably sharing immune-pathogenetic mechanisms. Skin and bowel represent, at the same time, barrier and connection between the inner and the outer sides of the body. This explains why, at these levels, immune processes play a key role in maintaining homeostasis and in sustaining pathological processes (Skroza, N., et.al.) NURS 6501 Discussion Week 2 Psoriasis Post and response.
Reference
Huether, S. E., & McCance, K. L. (2017).
Understanding pathophysiology
(6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.Hammer, G.D. & McPhee, S.J. (2014).
Pathophysiology of disease: An introduction to clinical medicine.
New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Medical.Skroza, N., Proietti, I., Pampena, R., La Viola, G., Bernardini, N., Nicolucci, F., & … Potenza, C. (2013). Correlations between Psoriasis and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.
Biomed Research International
,
2013
983902. doi:2013/983902Vlachos, C., Gaitanis, G., Katsanos, K., Christodoulou, D., Tsianos, E., & Bassukas, I. (2016). Psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease: links and risks.
Psoriasis : Targets And Therapy, Vol 2016, Iss Issue 1, Pp 73-92 (2016)
, (Issue 1), 73. NURS 6501 Discussion Week 2 Psoriasis Post and response.RE: Discussion 1 – Week 2 response # 1
Thank you for an informational and interesting post. I did not realize that 1.) irritable bowel disease (IBD) was an umbrella term for chron’s and ulcerative colitis and 2.) there were so many similarities between psoriasis and IBD.
Innate and adaptive immunity seem to play a large role in triggering chronic inflammation in IBD, which is also common in psoriasis (another immune related disease). This leads to similar theraputic strategies in both diseases including steroids, immunomodulators, and monoclonal antibodies (Fiorino & Omodu, 2015) NURS 6501 Discussion Week 2 Psoriasis Post and response.
Lesuis, Befrits, Nyberg, & van Vollenhoven (2012) report that previous studies have shown women with IBD generally have worse scores on pain and quality of life measurements, while gender relationships remain unclear on psoriasis. They did an observational study on gender and treatment for women and men in relation to immune- mediated chronic inflammatory diseases and found that women, even though they have the same treatment as men, may be undertreated. This study an hopefully aid in the proper treatment of these painful life changing diseases.
References:
Fiorino, G., & Omodei, P.D. (2015). Psoriasis and the inflammatory bowel disease: Two sides f the same coin?.
Journal of Chron’s Colitis,
9(9), 697- 698. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjv110. NURS 6501 Discussion Week 2 Psoriasis Post and responseLesuis, N., Befrits, R., Nyberg, F., & van Vollenhaven, R. (2012). Gender and the treatment of immune- mediated chronic inflammatory diseases: rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and psoriasis: an observational study.
BMC Medicine,
10(1), 82. DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-10-82. NURS 6501 Discussion Week 2 Psoriasis Post and response -
ENG- 106 Definition Argument Essay Assignment
ENG- 106 Definition Argument Essay Assignment
Goal
Write a
1,500-1,750-word essay
using
five to seven academic resources
in which you argue that a contested
“case”
involving the sale, trade, or donation of human organs fits (or does not fit) within a given category.
A case may include a specific news article, story, or incident illustrating a dilemma or controversy relating to the exchange of human organs. The case does
not
need to be a court case. ENG- 106 Definition Argument Essay Assignment.ORDER A CUSTOM-WRITTEN, PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HERE
Directions
Follow these steps when composing your essay:
1. Start by selecting a controversial case found in the media involving the sale, trade, or donation of human organs. For example, an appropriate case might include a story in the news about an organ broker, and the term to define might be “criminal.”
2. Decide what category you think your case belongs in, with the understanding that others may disagree with you about the definition of your category, and/or whether your chosen case matches your category. ENG- 106 Definition Argument Essay Assignment.
3. In the opening of your essay, introduce the case you will examine and pose your definition question. Do
not
simply summarize here. Instead, introduce the issue and offer context.4. To support your argument, define the boundaries of your category (criteria) by using a commonly used definition or by developing your own extended definition.
Defining your boundaries
simply means naming the criteria by which you will discuss your chosen case involving the sale, trade, or donation of human organs. If you determine, for example, that an organ broker is a criminal, what criteria constitute this? A criminal may intentionally harm others, which could be one of your criteria.5. In the second part of your argument (the match), show how your case meets (or does not meet) your definition criteria. Perhaps by comparing or sizing up your controversial case to other cases can help you to develop your argument. ENG- 106 Definition Argument Essay Assignment.
This essay is
NOT
simply a
persuasive essay
on the sale, trade, or donation of human organs. It is an argumentative essay where the writer explains what a term means and uses a specific case to explore the meaning of that term in depth.First Draft Grading
· You will receive completion points for the first draft based upon the successful submission of a complete draft.
· Because your first draft is a completion grade, do not assume that this grade reflects or predicts the final grade. If you do not consider your instructor’s comments, you may be deducted points on your final draft.
Sources
· Include in-text citations and a references page in
GCU Style
for
FIVE to SEVEN
scholarly sources outside of class texts.· These sources should be used to support any claims you make and should be present in the text of the essay. ENG- 106 Definition Argument Essay Assignment.
· Use the GCU Library to help you find sources.
· Include this research in the paper in a scholarly manner.
Format
APA
Turnitin
· Must pass with less than 5%
Thesis Statements
Will need to be written at the bottom at the paper also. ENG- 106 Definition Argument Essay Assignment
-
ENG 106 Definition Peer Review Worksheet – Turning Organs into a Money Bribe
ENG 106 Definition Peer Review Worksheet – Turning Organs into a Money Bribe
Please see attached files. There is a peer review sheet that needs to be fill out based on the Peer Review Assignment please and thank you.
Next follow instruction below and fill out the Peer Review assignment sheet.
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Please follow these steps:
1. Review the “Rubric Peer Review” media piece for information on effective peer reviews.
2. Begin by posting your Definition Argument Rough Draft by the deadline to TWO places: the Week 2 Peer Review Forum: Definition AND the Week 2 Definition Argument First Draft assignment box.
3. Perform a peer review of the draft of the classmate who posted his/her response directly below yours in the Week 2 Peer Review forum. If your draft is the last posted, review the first draft posted. Then, complete the “Peer Review Worksheet: Definition” (see attachment) to guide your review of a classmate’s paper.
4. You will then need to post your completed Peer Review Worksheet to TWO places: the Week 2 Peer Review Forum: Definition for your peer to view AND the Week 2 Peer Review Assignment for the Definition Argument Essay assignment box, so the instructor can grade your work. ENG 106 Definition Peer Review Worksheet – Turning Organs into a Money Bribe.
5. Attach the file with your completed Peer Review Worksheet to the Peer Review Forum: Definition as a “reply” to the initial post of your peer’s first draft.
ENG-106 Peer Review Worksheet: Definition Argument
Part of your responsibility as a student in this course is to provide quality feedback to your peers that will help them to improve their writing skills. This worksheet will assist you in providing that feedback. To highlight the text and type over the information in the boxes on this worksheet,
double-click
on the first word. ENG 106 Definition Peer Review Worksheet – Turning Organs into a Money Bribe.Name of the draft’s author:
Name of the peer reviewer:
Reviewer
After reading through the draft one time, write a summary (3-5 sentences) of the paper that includes
your assessment of how well the essay meets the assignment requirements as specified in the syllabus and the rubric.Type 3-5 Sentence Summary Here
After a second, closer reading of the draft, answer each of the following questions. Positive answers will give you specific elements of the draft to praise; negative answers will indicate areas in need of improvement and revision. Please be sure to indicate at least three positive aspects of the draft and at least three areas for improvement in reply to the questions at the bottom of this worksheet. ENG 106 Definition Peer Review Worksheet – Turning Organs into a Money Bribe.
Definition Argument Content and Ideas
How effectively does the thesis statement identify the main points that the writer would like to make in this definition argument?
.
How successfully does the argument focus on explaining and justifying a specific definition?
.
If the writer uses resemblance arguments, how successfully were they used?
.
How persuasively is evidence used to justify ideas and enrich the essay?
.
How effectively does the essay incorporate supporting strategies such as the criteria-match pattern described?
.
Organization
How effectively does the introduction engage the reader while providing an overview of the paper?
.
Please identify the writer’s thesis and quote it in the box below. ENG 106 Definition Peer Review Worksheet – Turning Organs into a Money Bribe.
How effectively do the paragraphs develop the topic sentence and advance the essay’s ideas?
How effectively does the conclusion provide a strong, satisfying ending, not a mere summary of the essay?
Format
How closely does the paper follow GCU formatting style? Is it double-spaced in 12 pt. Times New Roman font? Does it have 1″ margins? Does it use headers (page numbers using appropriate header function)? Does it have a proper heading (with student’s name, date, course, and instructor’s name)?
☐Yes ☐No Add optional clarification here (Yes)
Are all information, quotations, and borrowed ideas cited in parenthetical GCU format? (Yes)
☐Yes ☐No Add optional clarification here
Are all sources listed on the references page in GCU format? (Yes)
☐Yes ☐No Add optional clarification here
Is the required minimum number of sources listed? (Yes)
☐Yes ☐No Add optional clarification here
Language Use and Style
Are the voice and tone of the essay effective in characterizing ideas and creating the appropriate mood? If “No,” please provide examples of ineffective or inappropriate voice and tone.
☐Yes ☐No Add optional clarification here (Yes)
How effectively does the paper incorporate a variety of sentence structures that strengthen the ideas, create vitality, and avoid choppiness in the writing? The sentence structure with creativity and ideas a poorly Incorporated.(NO) ENG 106 Definition Peer Review Worksheet – Turning Organs into a Money Bribe
☐Yes ☐No Add optional clarification here
How would you assess the writer’s diction (i.e., word choice)? Does the writer use active verbs, concrete nouns, and precise words? (Yes)
☐Yes ☐No Add optional clarification here
Grammar and Mechanics
Does the writer use proper grammar, punctuation, and spelling? If “No,” please provide examples of errors in need of correction.
☐Yes ☐No Add optional clarification here – Some words are missed spelled example “Wealthy, in this case, are upper classman who are able to afford almost anything. ”
Is the writing clear and comprehensible throughout the draft? If “No,” please provide examples in need of improvement.
☐Yes ☐No Add optional clarification here ( Yes) ENG 106 Definition Peer Review Worksheet – Turning Organs into a Money Bribe
Three things that I liked about your draft are:
Type First Thing You Liked- I liked the format
Type Second Thing You Liked-I liked the organztion
Type Third Thing You Liked- I liked citetaion
Three things that could be improved are:
Type 1st Area for Improvement- Her thesis needs improvemnet
Type 2nd Area for Improvement- Her introduction, body, and conclusion needs improvement
Type 3rd Area for Improvement All her paragraphs needs a topic sentence something that really draws the readers in.
ENG106_Definition_Peer_Review_Worksheet-
Turning Organs into a Money Bribe.
We have grown up knowing about the donor question on our driver’s license. Everyone talks about how much good can come of donating your organs if you are no longer living on this beautiful earth. However, what if someone asked you for your kidney and would compensate you? What if you were in college and your family was struggling to pay your tuition and this gave you the opportunity to pay for your college and help out your family financially? This all sounds great, but there is a lot more that you need to think about. Compensation for organs has been a moral controversy for years now that needs to be discussed on a public basis. Legalizing organ sales in the United States would be immoral because it can produce a biased margin towards the wealthy, it causes a profit to companies for someone’s health needs, and the regulation for who gets the organs first could be compromised by the wealthy. ENG 106 Definition Peer Review Worksheet – Turning Organs into a Money Bribe.
Our society has always come up with solutions to solve an issue. There is currently around 117,000 people in the United States needing an organ transplant (Fry-Revere 2018.) With a shortage of organs in our society, the rich have began to look out towards other options such as bribing poor people for their organs such as kidneys (Kessler and Roth, 2014). Now as long as the person is in good health, the kidney transplant will be successful for both parties. If there were only a monetary value associated with the donation then there would never be a reason for a wealthy person to donate any of their organs. Our first instinct is to think that donation is something that people do out of the goodness of their heart for someone else, but legalizing the ability to sell and purchase organs would be changing the game forever in the organ transplant world (Kessler and Roth, 2014). This creates an immoral sense for the wealthy to be able to purchase a longer life with the poor never being able to afford such luxury as a longer life. The United States currently has a list for people that need transplants. This matches up current organs being harvested for transplant patients so they are given an equal share at a longer life. If there is biases that wealthy are just able to purchase the organs that they need, when they need it, there would be no way a person with a regular income would be able to purchase one with out funds being perhaps borrowed from a lender. ENG 106 Definition Peer Review Worksheet – Turning Organs into a Money Bribe.
Organ sales in the United States would have to be regulated with some sort of company to oversee the process of organ sales (Peterson, M & Willman, D. 2019). This would cause the company to have profit over organ donation with compensation and would be taking a piece of the pie. There is nothing wrong with this, but the companies that would be making a profit from this are already medical companies that make millions per year. This seems like an unfair advantage to first of all make profit off of donations that someone is already making money off of peoples needs. There is already a life on the line. For organ brokers to be making money off of the need of organs to preserve life is a huge moral issue. ENG 106 Definition Peer Review Worksheet – Turning Organs into a Money Bribe.
Organ donations are matched up with specific blood types. There is only a small window of time that the organs can be used. Medical facilities are used to having these specific parameters towards the donor and receiver. If a donor is looking for a specific person to donate, this may not match up to the organ they really need. Same with a donor trying to give their kidney, there may not be someone who is willing to pay what they want for that organ. An aspect we have to keep in mind is how much are these organs going to be for purchase. An issue that could come up is that wealthy people are able to purchase these organs because they are going for 3,000 and up and that the middle class will not be able to afford this amount (Shaw & Bell 2015). This makes the organ trade bias for the wealthier people and only serve a way for them to live longer and no one else. Where the current system of a donation list there is no bias, the current organ goes to the next person in line ENG 106 Definition Peer Review Worksheet – Turning Organs into a Money Bribe. The only issue with this is how long it takes for someone to get an organ. It could take up to years, which a lot of people on the list do not have years to live, some only days. If there were a way to have a surplus of organs, then to be able to give who needs specific organs without an issue would be great, then whomever wants to purchase specific organs then they would be able to choose.
Organ compensation could be helpful in only the fact that more people would want to come out to donate for monetary value. Since there is quite a shortage of organs that are needed, it can help this shortage. The issue with this as stated before, the people who are receiving these organs would be going to only the people that can afford it. This may make more room on the list for people needing organs that are not able to pay cash for an organ. This sounds like it would be good for everyone as far as helping the list be shorter for donations needed, however there are some organs you cannot purchase from someone that is living. Organs that would be needed form a deceased body could be compensated to the family of the donor, but traditionally these are given to the people who have been waiting on the list for a donor. How would it be fair to have people who have been waiting for months or even a year to have people cut in front of them on the list because they were able to purchase the organ instead of waiting like everyone else? ENG 106 Definition Peer Review Worksheet – Turning Organs into a Money Bribe
There is a real way to help this crisis of an organ shortage and that is for people to help donate what they can out of the goodness of their own heart, and also for people to except that sometimes the hand they are dealt is what they are going to have to live with. Luckily we live in an amazing time where some artificial organs are being tested that could greatly improve human life by giving us another chance without having to take an organ from another human being (Hînganu Stan, Gandore & Hînganu 2016). We can look forward to the future of using our technology to help us overcome these hard moral decisions which could end up hurting or killing someone if they were not able to get the organ needed in time. Doctors could have the ability to have plenty of organs in stock to do a transplant whenever needed because of how a non-organic organ would be able to have a shelf life unlike real tissue.
We need to continue to look for new alternatives to help our organ shortage issue. The process of purchasing organs can be detrimental to what we have set up already to help people that need them more. Companies would be able to make more profit on what is really not something that people should profit from. When someone needs a medical procedure to save his or her life, there should not be any more profit made from that. With the wealthy having more draw because of money, it would create bias towards them without giving everyone else a fair chance to get the help they need. With medical advances on the horizon there can be plenty of other options to create a safer and more efficient way to solve an issue that medical professionals and the population has debated for decades. Being able to purchase your way to a longer life doesn’t give everyone a fair chance. ENG 106 Definition Peer Review Worksheet – Turning Organs into a Money Bribe
ENG-106 Peer Review Worksheet: Definition Argument sample
Part of your responsibility as a student in this course is to provide quality feedback to your peers that will help them to improve their writing skills. This worksheet will assist you in providing that feedback. To highlight the text and type over the information in the boxes on this worksheet,
double-click
on the first word.Name of the draft’s author:
Name of the peer reviewer:
Reviewer
After reading through the draft one time, write a summary (3-5 sentences) of the paper that includes
your assessment of how well the essay meets the assignment requirements as specified in the syllabus and the rubric. ENG 106 Definition Peer Review Worksheet – Turning Organs into a Money BribeType 3-5 Sentence Summary Here
After a second, closer reading of the draft, answer each of the following questions. Positive answers will give you specific elements of the draft to praise; negative answers will indicate areas in need of improvement and revision. Please be sure to indicate at least three positive aspects of the draft and at least three areas for improvement in reply to the questions at the bottom of this worksheet.
Definition Argument Content and Ideas
How effectively does the thesis statement identify the main points that the writer would like to make in this definition argument?
The thesis statement is presented direct and clear it is easily identified with three specific main points. Stating how live organ donation should be illegal in the United States. and expressing how poor people will receive cash and the upper class will only be able to purchase and how lives will not be preserved.
How successfully does the argument focus on explaining and justifying a specific definition? ENG 106 Definition Peer Review Worksheet – Turning Organs into a Money Bribe
In my opinion the essay is not focused on one specific definition. she jumps back and forth undecided on trade or sell of organs. It seems like she wants the essay to focus on how organ donations are illegal. But as i read the first body paragraph it seems to be everywhere on explaining her first main point of her thesis statement.
If the writer uses resemblance arguments, how successfully were they used?
She includes resemblance through out her essay but some of them are successful than others. Not all of them help with explaining her main points or even help with justifying them but some of them do. They were in cited correctly.
How persuasively is evidence used to justify ideas and enrich the essay?
The essay wasn’t persuasive-in my opinion. I felt like it was biased and all the evidence wasn’t presented. I got confused on what exactly her main focus. It seems like she lost focus on the definition and really presenting a argument essay. ENG 106 Definition Peer Review Worksheet – Turning Organs into a Money Bribe
How effectively does the essay incorporate supporting strategies such as the criteria-match pattern described?
The essay incorporates strategies but there is not a pattern describe. The strategies are not supporting her main points. The criteria doesn’t match the pattern.
Organization
How effectively does the introduction engage the reader while providing an overview of the paper?
The introduction is very information. In my opinion could have been left out it was interesting but had nothing to to with the essay. It did not provide a overview of the essay.
Please identify the writer’s thesis and quote it in the box below.
“Live Organ Donor Sales should remain illegal in the United States, because poor people would sell organs to receive cash, the upper classman would be the only people able to purchase, and lives are not always being preserved.”
How effectively do the paragraphs develop the topic sentence and advance the essay’s ideas?
The paragraphs didn’t not have a develop topic sentence. I didn’t see any creativity. the essay didn’t have any advance ideas.
How effectively does the conclusion provide a strong, satisfying ending, not a mere summary of the essay?
There wasn’t a conclusion provide. The essay ends with a strategic that justifies why the organ sales should be legal. There was not summary and it effects what she says states in the introduction and thesis statement. Even her main definition. ENG 106 Definition Peer Review Worksheet – Turning Organs into a Money Bribe
Format
How closely does the paper follow GCU formatting style? Is it double-spaced in 12 pt. Times New Roman font? Does it have 1″ margins? Does it use headers (page numbers using appropriate header function)? Does it have a proper heading (with student’s name, date, course, and instructor’s name)? ENG 106 Definition Peer Review Worksheet – Turning Organs into a Money Bribe
☐Yes ☐No Add optional clarification here (Yes)
Are all information, quotations, and borrowed ideas cited in parenthetical GCU format? (Yes)
☐Yes ☐No Add optional clarification here
Are all sources listed on the references page in GCU format? (Yes)
☐Yes ☐No Add optional clarification here
Is the required minimum number of sources listed? (Yes)
☐Yes ☐No Add optional clarification here
Language Use and Style
Are the voice and tone of the essay effective in characterizing ideas and creating the appropriate mood? If “No,” please provide examples of ineffective or inappropriate voice and tone.
☐Yes ☐No Add optional clarification here (Yes)
How effectively does the paper incorporate a variety of sentence structures that strengthen the ideas, create vitality, and avoid choppiness in the writing? The sentence structure with creativity and ideas a poorly Incorporated.(NO) ENG 106 Definition Peer Review Worksheet – Turning Organs into a Money Bribe
☐Yes ☐No Add optional clarification here
How would you assess the writer’s diction (i.e., word choice)? Does the writer use active verbs, concrete nouns, and precise words? (Yes)
☐Yes ☐No Add optional clarification here
Grammar and Mechanics
Does the writer use proper grammar, punctuation, and spelling? If “No,” please provide examples of errors in need of correction.
☐Yes ☐No Add optional clarification here – Some words are missed spelled example “Wealthy, in this case, are upper classman who are able to afford almost anything. ” ENG 106 Definition Peer Review Worksheet – Turning Organs into a Money Bribe
Is the writing clear and comprehensible throughout the draft? If “No,” please provide examples in need of improvement.
☐Yes ☐No Add optional clarification here ( Yes)
Three things that I liked about your draft are:
Type First Thing You Liked- I liked the format
Type Second Thing You Liked-I liked the organztion
Type Third Thing You Liked- I liked citetaion
Three things that could be improved are:
Type 1st Area for Improvement- Her thesis needs improvemnet
Type 2nd Area for Improvement- Her introduction, body, and conclusion needs improvement
Type 3rd Area for Improvement All her paragraphs needs a topic sentence something that really draws the readers in. ENG 106 Definition Peer Review Worksheet – Turning Organs into a Money Bribe
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ENG 106 Definition Essay – Organ Sales Are a Good Thing
ENG 106 Definition Essay – Organ Sales Are a Good Thing
Organ Sales Are a Good Thing
According to the Health Resources and Services Administration (2015), nearly 119,000 patients are on the organ transplant list in the United States alone. Organs are in high demand all over the world, but organ sales are illegal almost everywhere. The only country that has not banned organ sales is Iran. In the United States, the National Organ Transplant Act was enforced in 1984, banning the buying and selling of human organs because it was seen as exploitative (Mayes, 2003). The topic has always been an ongoing debate. Because organ sales are illegal, desperate patients turn to the black market in order to get the organs they need. The black market is a place where serious crime can happen, such as organ trafficking, organ harvesting, and theft. People will lie and cheat others to make a profit. For example, one case that took place in the United States was about a man named Levy Rosenbaum who made money from buying organs from people in Israel for a few thousand dollars and selling them in the United States to patients for hundreds of thousands of dollars (Porter and Johnson, 2009). If it were legal to buy and sell organs, the black market would no longer be needed, and the crime would be greatly reduced. Also, the number of organ donors would increase due to being compensated, therefore providing more organs for patients in need. Organ sales should be legal in the United States because it could save thousands of lives, encourage more donors, and reduce the existing black market for organs. ENG 106 Definition Essay – Organ Sales Are a Good Thing.
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Patients all over the world are waiting to be matched with the organs that they need, but the lack of usable organs is a major problem. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (n.d.), there is a new patient added to the organ transplant waiting list every 10 minutes. The number of people on the list is increasing every day, and there are not enough donors to save all of those lives. Even with the increasing list, there are patients out there that are denied a spot on the list. Doctors can choose to not put people on the organ transplant list because of how badly their condition is and how much time they have to live. Many people do not live long enough for their turn to receive a transplant organ ENG 106 Definition Essay – Organ Sales Are a Good Thing. Legalizing organ sales could help to replenish the shortage of transplant organs available today, shortening the long wait and saving tons of lives. Patients on the list could be matched faster and more patients could be added because the wait will not be as long. Faster transplants could also result in shorter hospital stays and lower medical costs. As for the opposing side to the argument, they may contend that legalizing organ sales would be more harmful than helpful (Wilkinson, 2015). In reality, organ sales could make a change for the better. With a well regulated system for organ sales, patients in need would be provided organs and donors would be compensated. A well regulated system could make buying and selling organs much safer and efficient. For example, all sales could go to the National Health Service and then be distributed to patient matches (Erin and Harris, 2003). This way, sales would not be direct and fair. Not only could organ sales save patients’ lives by providing more legal transplants, it could also save many lives of those whom turn to the black market for illegal transplants. Resorting to illegal transplants can be risky for many reasons. There could be risk of infection, acquiring diseases or viruses, complications, and having no aftercare. With organ sales, patients would no longer need to go through that ENG 106 Definition Essay – Organ Sales Are a Good Thing. Organs could be purchased and transplanted in good timing.
Compensation for donations will attract and encourage more donors. With a safe, regulated system for organ sales and compensation for donors, the number of available organs should make a vast increase. Today, organ transplantation relies on altruism and the public to donate organs to those in need without being compensated in return (Bard, 2008) ENG 106 Definition Essay – Organ Sales Are a Good Thing. The reliance on altruism is the reason for the shortage of organs available for transplantation (Bard, 2008). People would feel more encouraged to donate if there were something in it for them, rather then only donating out of feeling altruistic. Many argue that if organ sales were legal, altruism would be reduced and donations would only be for the money. Who says one can’t feel altruistic and be compensated for donating part of their body at the same time? Some people may feel altruistic and never actually go through with donating. Those whom go through with it to help others and make profit are making the difference. After a legal organ transplant, the patient has an organ, the doctors and nurses get paid for doing the surgery, and the donor gets nothing in return. Voluntary donors should be compensated for giving up a piece of themselves to save another person, and for preventing them from turning to the dangerous black market.
The existing black market can be a very dangerous place. It is home to many criminals and gangs that will do anything to make money ENG 106 Definition Essay – Organ Sales Are a Good Thing. Like Levy Rosenbaum, criminals will buy and sell organs to make profit. Some criminals will even kidnap people, take their organs, and sell them to make money. The black market is known for scams and trouble, but those in desperate need for an organ transplant may feel it is the only option for survival. The list of patients in need of organs increases daily, and approximately 22 patients die each day waiting their turn (Health Resources & Services Administration, 2015). When Desperate patients turn to the black market for an organ transplant, they take many risks, including undergoing surgeries in places not affiliated with a hospital (Small-Jordan, 2016). In addition, the patients do not receive any following medical care or check ups making it even riskier. If organ sales were legal, patients could get the organs they need from honest donors, and in good timing. The surgeries could be performed legally, in clean hospitals, and aftercare would be provided. With this type of change, the black market for organs would become a thing of the past, crime would be greatly reduced, and patients would not feel the need to resort to risky, illegal surgeries ENG 106 Definition Essay – Organ Sales Are a Good Thing.
In conclusion, legalizing organ sales could make a remarkable difference in patients’ lives, donors’ lives, and the existing black market for organs. Organ sales could help provide more transplant organs for those in need and compensate the donors for their contributions. The compensation for donors would encourage more people to become donors and give their healthy organs to those in need. The black market for organs would no longer be needed, therefore reducing the number of scams and crimes that happen. Legalizing organ sales would make a great change. No one would need the black market for organs anymore, saving them from the trouble that happens there. Besides, if a $50,000 fine and a prison sentence is not stopping people from making organ sales on the black market today, then there is no point in having organ sales banned anyway (Small-Jordan, 2016). Organ sales can only help for the better ENG 106 Definition Essay – Organ Sales Are a Good Thing.
References
Bard, J. S. (2008). Black Markets: The Supply and Demand of Body Parts.
Journal of Health Policy & Law, 33
(1), 117-133. Retrieved from
https://lopes-idm-oclc-org.library.gcu.edu:2443/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=29419413&site=ehost-live&scope=siteErin, C. A., Harris, J. (2003). An Ethical Market in Human Organs. Journal of Medical Ethics. Retrieved from
http://jme.bmj.com/content/29/3/137.fullHealth Resources & Services Administration. (2015). Organ Donation Statistics. Retrieved from
https://organdonor.gov/statistics-stories/statistics.htmlMayes, G. (2003). Buying and Selling Organs for Transplantation in the US: National Organ Transplant Act of 1984 (NOTA) Bans Buying and Selling. Retrieved from
http://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/465200_2Porter, D., Johnson C. K. (2009). First Case of Organ Trafficking in U.S.? Retrieved from
http://www.nbcnews.com/id/32132371/ns/us_news-crime_and_courts/t/first-case-organ-trafficking-us/#.WG2c47YrLR0Small-Jordan, D. (2016). Organ Harvesting, Human Trafficking, and the Black Market. Retrieved from
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. (n.d.) Organ Procurement and Transplant Network. Retrieved from
https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/Wilkinson, S. (2015). The Sale of Human Organs. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved from
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/organs-sale/#pagetopright
ENG 106 Definition Essay – Organ Sales Are a Good Thing -
NUR-550 Benchmark – Population Health Policy Analysis
NUR-550 Benchmark – Population Health Policy Analysis
Benchmark – Population Health Policy Analysis
Racial or ethnic minorities continue to suffer from diabetes-related mortality and morbidity which is relatively twice as higher as compared to the non-Hispanic whites. Among those, 12.6% of African American adults have been diagnosed with diabetes as compared to that of all the non-Hispanic whites at 7.1% (Berkowitz et al., 2015). consequently, minorities have a higher tendency of being hospitalized as a result of diabetes-related complications including diabetes retinopathy, lower extremity amputations, and end-stage renal disease. However, in order to address the challenges that contribute to several health disparities among ethnic or racial minorities effectively, several interventions will need to be formulated with the utilization of multifactorial approaches including health care policies NUR-550 Benchmark – Population Health Policy Analysis. According to most research findings, culturally tailored interventions which involve the collaboration of the public, community and healthcare system to reduce health disparities, improve disease management and improve health outcome are well suited to solve the problem of disease burden among populations that are underserved such as…
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Select a current or proposed health care policy that is designed to improve a specific population’s access to quality, cost-effective health care. In a paper of 1,000-1,250 words, include the following:
Explain the policy and how it is designed to improve cost-effectiveness and health care equity for the population. Is the policy financially sound? Why or why not? How does the policy account for any relevant ethical, legal, and political factors and the nursing perceptive one must consider when implementing it?
To what state, federal, global health policies or goals is this particular policy related? How well do you think the policy is designed to achieve those goals? NUR-550 Benchmark – Population Health Policy Analysis.
Finally, discuss the advocacy strategies you would employ on behalf of your population to ensure they have access to the benefits of the policy. Explain, from a Christian perspective, the professional and moral obligation of advanced registered nurse to advocate for and promote health and prevent disease among diverse populations.
You are required to cite five to 10 sources to complete this assignment. Sources must be published within the last 5 years and appropriate for the assignment criteria and nursing content.
Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.
This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
You are required to submit this NUR-550 Benchmark – Population Health Policy Analysis assignment to LopesWrite. Please refer to the directions in the Student Success Center.
Course Code
Class Code
Assignment Title
Total Points
NUR-550
NUR-550-XO0905XB
Benchmark – Population Health Policy Analysis
160.0
NUR-550 Benchmark – Population Health Policy Analysis
Criteria
Percentage
Unsatisfactory (0.00%)
Less than Satisfactory (80.00%)
Satisfactory (88.00%)
Good (92.00%)
Excellent (100.00%)
Content
70.0%
Financially Sound Health Care Policy That Incorporates the Nursing Perspective and Relevant Ethical, Legal, and Political Factors (2.1)
20.0%
A discussion of financially sound health care policy that incorporates the nursing perspective and relevant ethical, legal, and political factors is not included.
A discussion of financially sound health care policy that incorporates the nursing perspective and relevant ethical, legal, and political factors is present, but it lacks detail or is incomplete.
A discussion of financially sound health care policy that incorporates the nursing perspective and relevant ethical, legal, and political factors is present.
A discussion of financially sound health care policy that incorporates the nursing perspective and relevant ethical, legal, and political factors is clearly provided and well developed.
A comprehensive discussion of financially sound health care policy that incorporates the nursing perspective and relevant ethical, legal, and political factors is thoroughly developed with supporting details.
Integration of Appropriate State, Federal, and Global Health Policies and Goals Related to Equitable Health Care for Populations (4.2)
20.0%
A discussion of appropriate state, federal, and global health policies and goals related to equitable health care for populations is not included.
A discussion of appropriate state, federal, and global health policies and goals related to equitable health care for populations is present, but it lacks detail or is incomplete.
A discussion of appropriate state, federal, and global health policies and goals related to equitable health care for populations is present.
A discussion of appropriate state, federal, and global health policies and goals related to equitable health care for populations is clearly provided and well developed.
A comprehensive discussion of appropriate state, federal, and global health policies and goals related to equitable health care for populations is thoroughly developed with supporting details.
Advocacy Strategies for Improving Access, Quality, and Cost-Effective Health Care for Diverse Populations (2.2)
10.0%
A discussion of advocacy strategies for improving access, quality, and cost-effective health care for diverse populations is not included.
A discussion of advocacy strategies for improving access, quality, and cost-effective health care for diverse populations is present, but it lacks detail or is incomplete.
A discussion of advocacy strategies for improving access, quality, and cost-effective health care for diverse populations is present.
A discussion of advocacy strategies for improving access, quality, and cost-effective health care for diverse populations is clearly provided and well developed.
A comprehensive discussion of advocacy strategies for improving access, quality, and cost-effective health care for diverse populations is thoroughly developed with supporting details.
The Professional and Moral Obligation of Advanced Registered Nurses to Respect Human Dignity and Advance the Common Good Through Working to Promote Health and Prevent Disease Among Diverse Populations from a Christian Perspective (4.3)
15.0%
A discussion of the professional and moral obligation of advanced registered nurses to respect human dignity and advance the common good through working to promote health and prevent disease among diverse populations from a Christian perspective is not included.
A discussion of the professional and moral obligation of advanced registered nurses to respect human dignity and advance the common good through working to promote health and prevent disease among diverse populations from a Christian perspective is present, but it lacks detail or is incomplete.
A discussion of the professional and moral obligation of advanced registered nurses to respect human dignity and advance the common good through working to promote health and prevent disease among diverse populations from a Christian perspective is present.
A discussion of the professional and moral obligation of advanced registered nurses to respect human dignity and advance the common good through working to promote health and prevent disease among diverse populations from a Christian perspective is clearly provided and well developed.
A comprehensive discussion of the professional and moral obligation of advanced registered nurses to respect human dignity and advance the common good through working to promote health and prevent disease among diverse populations from a Christian perspective is thoroughly developed with supporting details.
Required Sources
5.0%
Sources are not included.
Number of required sources is only partially met.
Number of required sources is met, but sources are outdated or inappropriate.
Number of required sources is met. Sources are current, but not all sources are appropriate for the assignment criteria and nursing content.
Number of required resources is met. Sources are current, and appropriate for the assignment criteria and nursing content.
Organization and Effectiveness
20.0%
Thesis Development and Purpose
7.0%
Paper lacks any discernible overall purpose or organizing claim.
Thesis is insufficiently developed or vague. Purpose is not clear.
Thesis is apparent and appropriate to purpose.
Thesis is clear and forecasts the development of the paper. Thesis is descriptive and reflective of the arguments and appropriate to the purpose.
Thesis is comprehensive and contains the essence of the paper. Thesis statement makes the purpose of the paper clear.
Argument Logic and Construction
8.0%
Statement of purpose is not justified by the conclusion. The conclusion does not support the claim made. Argument is incoherent and uses noncredible sources.
Sufficient justification of claims is lacking. Argument lacks consistent unity. There are obvious flaws in the logic. Some sources have questionable credibility.
Argument is orderly, but may have a few inconsistencies. The argument presents minimal justification of claims. Argument logically, but not thoroughly, supports the purpose. Sources used are credible. Introduction and conclusion bracket the thesis.
Argument shows logical progressions. Techniques of argumentation are evident. There is a smooth progression of claims from introduction to conclusion. Most sources are authoritative.
Clear and convincing argument that presents a persuasive claim in a distinctive and compelling manner. All sources are authoritative.
Mechanics of Writing (includes spelling, punctuation, grammar, language use)
5.0%
Surface errors are pervasive enough that they impede communication of meaning. Inappropriate word choice or sentence construction is used.
Frequent and repetitive mechanical errors distract the reader. Inconsistencies in language choice (register) or word choice are present. Sentence structure is correct but not varied.
Some mechanical errors or typos are present, but they are not overly distracting to the reader. Correct and varied sentence structure and audience-appropriate language are employed.
Prose is largely free of mechanical errors, although a few may be present. The writer uses a variety of effective sentence structures and figures of speech.
Writer is clearly in command of standard, written, academic English.
Format
10.0%
Paper Format (Use of appropriate style for the major and assignment)
5.0%
Template is not used appropriately or documentation format is rarely followed correctly.
Template is used, but some elements are missing or mistaken; lack of control with formatting is apparent.
Template is used, and formatting is correct, although some minor errors may be present.
Template is fully used; There are virtually no errors in formatting style.
All format elements are correct.
Documentation of Sources (citations, footnotes, references, bibliography, etc., as appropriate to assignment and style)
5.0%
Sources are not documented.
Documentation of sources is inconsistent or incorrect, as appropriate to assignment and style, with numerous formatting errors.
Sources are documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, although some formatting errors may be present.
Sources are documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, and format is mostly correct.
Sources are completely and correctly documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, and format is free of error.
NUR-550 Benchmark – Population Health Policy Analysis
Total Weightage
100%
Benchmark – Population Health Policy Analysis
Racial or ethnic minorities continue to suffer from diabetes-related mortality and morbidity which is relatively twice as higher as compared to the non-Hispanic whites. Among those, 12.6% of African American adults have been diagnosed with diabetes as compared to that of all the non-Hispanic whites at 7.1% (Berkowitz et al., 2015). consequently, minorities have a higher tendency of being hospitalized as a result of diabetes-related complications including diabetes retinopathy, lower extremity amputations, and end-stage renal disease. However, in order to address the challenges that contribute to several health disparities among ethnic or racial minorities effectively, several interventions will need to be formulated with the utilization of multifactorial approaches including health care policies. According to most research findings, culturally tailored interventions which involve the collaboration of the public, community and healthcare system to reduce health disparities, improve disease management and improve health outcome are well suited to solve the problem of disease burden among populations that are underserved such as African Americans (King, Moreno, Coleman, & Williams, 2018). This is precisely true for diabetes as the decisions that impact diabetes self-management comprises the importance of regular physical exercise and a healthy diet, which are greatly influenced by infrastructure and support provided by the government or the community. This paper focuses on the affordable care act as a healthcare policy designed to improve the quality of healthcare at an affordable cost for the management of diabetes among the African American population. NUR-550 Benchmark – Population Health Policy Analysis.
The Affordable Care Act was formulated to help improve access to healthcare services by expanding insurance coverage. In as much as some aspects of the affordable care act applied to people from all socioeconomic strata, key features of the law were focused in increasing healthcare coverage among people with low income who were the ethnic minorities such as the African Americans (Buchmueller, Levinson, Levy, & Wolfe, 2016). These key features of the law include federal subsidies which are aimed at expanding eligibility for Medicaid to every American citizen with an income of up to 138% of the federal poverty level, and for those with income of between 100 to 400% of poverty, who are able to purchase insurance on the recently created exchange, large premium subsidies have been set aside. In 2014, the number of uninsured African American citizens reduced significantly as a result of the affordable care act as compared to the whites (Schmittdiel et al., 2017) NUR-550 Benchmark – Population Health Policy Analysis. Generally, the affordable care act has greatly reformed the healthcare system by boosting primary care as providers are more focused on aligned attention to the sickest, “high need, high cost,” as these patients account for most of the national health spending, making the policy financially sound. The policy has also reduced the cost of healthcare while improving the quality as clinicians are paid for their outcome (quality) rather that their workload (quantity).In June 2012, the supreme court upheld the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) policy which was aimed at providing guidance to the state, employers, insurers and consumers on what is expected of them when implementing the ACA, to avoid ethical, legal or political disparities (Griffith, Evans, & Bor, 2017). The PPACA comprises of reforms such as expanding Medicaid eligibility, preventing insurers from repudiating coverage for pre-existing health conditions, giving incentives for enterprises to provide health care benefits and subsidizing insurance premiums. When implementing the policy, the nursing perspective of not dropping a client in case they become ill by insurance companies is also included in the PPACA (Islam et al., 2015). As a nurse, it is important to ensure that the policy ensures ethical rights of the patient such as, improved quality of health, freedom of choice for the patient on “who”, “when”, and “where” they can access health care, and affordability of healthcare NUR-550 Benchmark – Population Health Policy Analysis.
With the emergence of the Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs), under the ACA, healthcare organizations have incentives to prioritize on population-centered health and collaborate with providers, clients and other healthcare personnel’s in the public health, social service sector, and community, to broaden the impact of the health system, control health costs, and promote quality in healthcare so as to reduce the burden of chronic diseases such as diabetes and improve healthcare outcome (Myerson, & Laiteerapong, 2016). Given that the burden of chronic diseases such as diabetes is increasing especially among ethnic or racial minorities, the policy is aimed at creating evidence-based interventions to address diabetes management in both community and healthcare settings to achieve the goal of ending disease burden among ethnic minorities such as African Americans.
To ensure that all communities members within this marginalized population enjoy maximum benefit from ACA, I will enhance patient education and public awareness through multiple integrated systems and community linkages. African Americans, with diabetes, need to be informed on the importance of health coverage in the management of diabetes. For instance, they need to be aware of the fact that treatment for diabetes contributes approximately 18% of the national GDP in the US on healthcare expenses NUR-550 Benchmark – Population Health Policy Analysis. Consequently, associated care costs the country approximately $237 billion annually in direct medical cost (Hayes, Riley, Radley, & McCarthy, 2017). And as a result of late detection of the complication among other psychosocial barriers, the African Americans are more likely to receive medical services during tertiary stages which is even more costly and prevents productivity. It is only through insurance coverage that they will be able to afford early detection and effective disease management. The insurance cover will give them the privilege of taking part in routine clinical services including HbA1c testing, comprehensive dilated eye exams and complete foot exams, which helps in reducing complications of diabetes and mortality rates (Ramírez, Estrada, & Ruiz, 2017). With the above information, individuals from this marginalized population will see the need of applying for an insurance cover and maximumly benefit from the affordable care act. Additionally, I will encourage the development of support groups for diabetic patients where they will enjoy educational support on healthy living such as balanced diet, and what kind of exercise to engage in. finally, I will ensure that as stated in the policy, healthcare resources are distributed equally so as to benefit even the homeless and those with low income NUR-550 Benchmark – Population Health Policy Analysis.
In conclusion, the healthcare system in the current world is based on the “medical model,” where most of the healthcare providers only focus on the diagnosis and treatment of physical and mental conditions. However, as Christians, an advanced registered nurse, must uphold human dignity and provide patient-centred care that is customized according to the needs, values, choices, and preferences of the patient (Balint, & George, 2015). While promoting health and preventing diseases among diverse populations, an advanced registered nurse should incorporate spiritual dimension in nursing practice which is not separate from the science of nursing. As such, spiritual care will ensure that the nurse does not only focus on the patient physical recovery but also, his or her quality of life, well-being, and general functioning. NUR-550 Benchmark – Population Health Policy Analysis.
References
Balint, K. A., & George, N. M. (January 01, 2015). Faith community nursing scope of practice: extending access to healthcare.
Journal of Christian Nursing: a Quarterly Publication of Nurses Christian Fellowship, 32,
1, 34-40.Berkowitz, S. A., Meigs, J. B., DeWalt, D., Seligman, H. K., Barnard, L. S., Bright, O.-J. M., Schow, M., … Wexler, D. J. (February 01, 2015). Material Need Insecurities, Control of Diabetes Mellitus, and Use of Health Care Resources: Results of the Measuring Economic Insecurity in Diabetes Study.
Jama Internal Medicine, 175,
2, 257.Buchmueller, T. C., Levinson, Z. M., Levy, H. G., & Wolfe, B. L. (January 01, 2016). Effect of the Affordable Care Act on Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Insurance Coverage.
American Journal of Public Health, 106,
8, 1416-21.Griffith, K., Evans, L., & Bor, J. (August 01, 2017). The Affordable Care Act Reduced Socioeconomic Disparities In Health Care Access.
Health Affairs, 36,
8, 1503-1510. NUR-550 Benchmark – Population Health Policy Analysis.Hayes, S. L., Riley, P., Radley, D. C., & McCarthy, D. (January 01, 2017). Reducing Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Access to Care: Has the Affordable Care Act Made a Difference?.
Issue Brief (Commonwealth Fund), 2017,
1-14.Islam, N., Nadkarni, S. K., Zahn, D., Skillman, M., Kwon, S. C., & Trinh-Shevrin, C. (January 01, 2015). Integrating Community Health Workers Within Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Implementation.
Journal of Public Health Management and Practice.King, C. J., Moreno, J., Coleman, S. V., & Williams, J. F. (December 01, 2018). Diabetes mortality rates among African Americans: A descriptive analysis pre and post-Medicaid expansion.
Preventive Medicine Reports, 12,
20-24.Myerson, R., & Laiteerapong, N. (April 01, 2016). The Affordable Care Act and Diabetes Diagnosis and Care: Exploring the Potential Impacts.
Current Diabetes Reports, 16,
4, 1-8.Ramírez, A. S., Estrada, E., & Ruiz, A. (August 01, 2017). Mapping the Health Information Landscape in a Rural, Culturally Diverse Region: Implications for Interventions to Reduce Information Inequality.
The Journal of Primary Prevention, 38,
4, 345-362.Schmittdiel, J. A., Gopalan, A., Chau, C. V., Adams, A. S., Lin, M. W., Banerjee, S., & Chau, C. V. (May 01, 2017). Population Health Management for Diabetes: Health Care System-Level Approaches for Improving Quality and Addressing Disparities.
Current Diabetes Reports, 17,
5. NUR-550 Benchmark – Population Health Policy Analysis)