Category: Nursing

  • NUR-646E Nursing Education Seminar I

    NUR-646E Nursing Education Seminar I

    Nursing Education Seminar I

    Course Description

    This course prepares nurse educators to deliver instruction within clinical, professional, and academic settings with

    specific emphasis on effective methods of facilitating learning and fostering critical thinking skills in diverse student

    populations. Students apply instructional strategies and methods grounded in evidence-based practice and learning

    theory and engage in the selection of appropriate strategies to facilitate learning. Students also consider the effective

    integration of technology and simulation into teaching practice. Students complete 50 direct care practicum hours to

    integrate advanced nursing knowledge and skills into practice. Practicum/field experience hours: 50. Prerequisite:

    NUR-643E.

    Pre-Requisites

    ORDER A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HERE

    NUR-643E.

    Co-Requisites

    None

    NUR-646E

    C Course Materials

    Creative Teaching Strategies for the Nurse Educator

    Description:

    Herrman, J. (2015). Creative teaching strategies for the nurse educator(2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis.

    ISBN-13: 9780803644687 (available as print text only)

    Clinical Nurse Educator Competencies: Creating an Evidence-Based Practice for Academic

    Clinical Nurse Educators NUR-646E Nursing Education Seminar I

    Description:

    page 2 of 19

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    4.

    Shellenbarger, T. (2018). Clinical nurse educator competencies: Creating an evidence-based practice for academic

    clinical nurse educators. Alphen aan den Rijn, Netherlands: Wolters Kluwer. ISBN-13: 9781975104269 (available as

    print text only)

    Learning Environment Observation

    Description:

    During your professional career as a nurse educator, you will be asked to teach in various learning environments;

    including traditional classroom, online, and clinical.

    For the assignment in Topic 5 you will be asked to complete a classroom observation.

    The classroom can be a traditional or clinical setting and be directed at students, nurses, or patients.

    Typhon Website: Access NUR-646E Nursing Education Seminar I

    Description:

    See the attached document and follow the steps to initiate your Typhon account. If you have difficulty, utilize the

    tutorial videos on the home page.

    Grand Canyon University requires you to use the Typhon Student Tracking System to log and document clinical hours

    and patient case logs for all clinical courses.

    You will complete the case logs after each clinical experience.

    http://www.typhongroup.net/gcu

    T Topic 1: Role of the Nurse Educator in Various Settings

    Description

    Objectives:

    Identify the teaching role expectations and competencies that define the scholarly nursing position.

    Explore different educational forums to understand the importance of professional nursing

    educators.

    Explore the historical development of the role of nurse educators.

    Formulate practicum goals to meet identified learning needs.

    S Study Materials

    Creative Teaching Strategies for the Nurse Educator

    Description:

    Read Chapter 1 in Creative Teaching Strategies for the Nurse Educator

    Clinical Nurse Educator Competencies: Creating an Evidence-Based Practice for Academic

    Clinical Nurse Educators NUR-646E Nursing Education Seminar I

    Description:

    page 3 of 19

    1.

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    3.

    Read Chapters 1 and 6 in Clinical Nurse Educator Competencies: Creating an Evidence-Based Practice for Academic

    Clinical Nurse Educators.

    A Day in the Life of a Nurse Educator

    Description:

    Read “A Day in the Life of a Nurse Educator,” by Brunt from Ohio Nurses Review (2014).

    Nurse Educator Core Competencies

    Description:

    Read “Nurse Educator Core Competencies,” found on the National League for Nursing website to complete the

    assignment.

    Nurse Educator Electronic Portfolio

    Description:

    Review the “Nurse Educator Electronic Portfolio” resource to the complete the topic assignment.

    T Tasks

    Practicum Goals

    Description:

    This assignment requires your collaboration with the course faculty and practicum preceptor early on

    to establish goals for successful completion of your practicum requirements.

    Develop a 250-500-word narrative for completing your practice hours and how objectives will be met.

    Include the following in your narrative:

    Five practicum goals that relate to course objectives, course deliverables, your personal and

    professional development needs, and your practicum setting.

    A proposed schedule to meet your goals and the 50 required practicum hours you must

    accumulate during this course NUR-646E Nursing Education Seminar I.

    A description of any challenges you expect to encounter, and strategies to help you overcome

    these challenges.

    Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the

    Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

    This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become

    familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

    You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Please refer to the directions in the

    Student Success Center.

    Pre-Practicum Preceptor, Faculty, and Student Conferences

    Description:

    page 4 of 19

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    Prior to starting practicum hours, students are required to arrange a conference with their preceptors

    to review the course objectives and discuss the proposed practicum experience.

    Students and preceptors will attest to meeting by signing the “Practicum Preceptor, Faculty, and

    Student conference” form and submitting it to the instructor in LoudCloud during the first week of

    class for approval of the proposed experiences.

    Nurse Educator Electronic Portfolio

    Description:

    For this program, you will be creating a working electronic portfolio that can be utilized when trying to

    obtain a position as a nurse educator. The electronic portfolio will encompass several artifacts from

    your practicum courses. Use the “Nurse Educator Electronic Portfolio,” resource to guide you in

    collecting the required artifacts for this. You will submit the completed electronic portfolio in

    NUR-665E.

    Topic 1 DQ 1

    Description:

    Compare the difference between a traditional faculty role versus the online faculty role. How are the

    expectations different for each role? What steps will you need to prepare to be successful in each?

    Topic 1 DQ 2

    Description:

    Referring to the National League of Nursing’s (NLN) Nurse Educator Competencies, choose one

    competency and describe how you will achieve this competency in your nurse educator role.

    T Topic 2: Learning Theory and Educational Philosophies NUR-646E Nursing Education Seminar I

    Description

    Objectives:

    Apply learning theories and teaching philosophies to provide structure for the learning process.

    Apply theory to teaching practices to support the ability to effectively teach utilizing evidence-based

    support.

    Evaluate learning theories and educational philosophies to develop effective learning environments.

    S Study Materials

    Creative Teaching Strategies for the Nurse Educator

    Description:

    page 5 of 19

    Review Chapter 1 in Creative Teaching Strategies for the Nurse Educator.

    Clinical Nurse Educator Competencies: Creating an Evidence-Based Practice for Academic

    Clinical Nurse Educators

    Description:

    Read Chapter 2 in Clinical Nurse Educator Competencies: Creating an Evidence-Based Practice for Academic Clinical

    Nurse Educators.

    T Tasks

    Teaching Philosophy Statement

    Description:

    The purpose of this assignment is to develop your personal teaching philosophy statement. This will

    be included in your e-portfolio to be submitted at the end of this course.

    Begin by researching a developed teaching philosophy and use the information to shape your own

    philosophy.

    In 250-500 words, develop a personal teaching philosophy statement that includes your beliefs on

    the purpose of education, how students learn, how your beliefs facilitate learning, the role of the

    nurse educator, and how you plan to implement this philosophy to grow as an educator as you seek

    to integrate the nurse educator competencies into your professional practice.

    APA style is not required, but solid academic writing is expected.

    This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become

    familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

    You are not required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite.

    Topic 2 DQ 1

    Description:

    Select two nursing theories and explain how they can be applied in nursing education. How can the

    theories aid in your teaching practices including clinical or patient specific experiences?

    Topic 2 DQ 2

    Description:

    Search the literature and find an example of a research study that uses an educational theory in a

    nursing education study. Does the study appear to use the theory appropriately? How does the

    research contribute to understanding of the theory? Be sure to cite the article.

    T Topic 3: Individualized Student Learning

    page 6 of 19

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    Description

    Objectives:

    Classify student types, learning styles, and learning style frameworks.

    Discover the importance of learning needs in a diversified student population.

    Evaluate teaching strategies useful for understanding and addressing the learning needs of diverse

    student populations NUR-646E Nursing Education Seminar I.

    S Study Materials

    Creative Teaching Strategies for the Nurse Educator

    Description:

    Read Chapter 5 in Creative Teaching Strategies for the Nurse Educator.

    Clinical Nurse Educator Competencies: Creating an Evidence-Based Practice for Academic

    Clinical Nurse Educators

    Description:

    Read Chapter 3 in Clinical Nurse Educator Competencies: Creating an Evidence-Based Practice for Academic Clinical

    Nurse Educators.

    College Success: A Fresh Look at Differentiated Instruction and Other Student-Centered

    Strategies

    Description:

    Read “College Success: A Fresh Look at Differentiated Instruction and Other Student-Centered Strategies,” by

    Lightweis, from College Quarterly (2013).

    Differentiation Through Blended Learning

    Description:

    Read “Differentiation Through Blended Learning,” by Kleber, from Leadership (2015).

    The Learning Environment and Learning Styles: A Guide for Mentors

    Description:

    Read “The Learning Environment and Learning Styles: A Guide for Mentors,” by Vinales, from British Journal of

    Nursing (2015).

    T Tasks

    page 7 of 19

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    2.

    SBAR Clinical Log

    Description:

    Complete the “SBAR Clinical Log” to document your total clinical hours completed to date, a

    description of observations and tasking completed, and additional comments regarding your

    practicum Experience. You will also complete the “SBAR,” section of the form related to a patient you

    have assessed during your clinical experience thus far.

    Topic 3 DQ 1

    Description:

    Discuss an experience working with a diverse patient or student population or students with

    diverse learning needs. Using evidence-based literature, develop a strategy to increase the

    success of these students in a classroom setting.

    Topic 3 DQ 2

    Description:

    Do you think it is practical and relevant to use a learning style inventory with patients or students in

    your selected area of education? Support your response with literature.

    T Topic 4: Student Diversity and Engagement Practices

    Description

    Objectives:

    Prepare optimal instructional plans for the diversity of the student nurse population.

    Describe educational laws that impact student diversity and instruction.

    S Study Materials

    Creative Teaching Strategies for the Nurse Educator

    Description:

    Review Chapter 5 and read Chapter 6 in Creative Teaching Strategies for the Nurse Educator.

    Clinical Nurse Educator Competencies: Creating an Evidence-Based Practice for Academic

    Clinical Nurse Educators

    Description:

    page 8 of 19

    Review Chapter 3 and read Chapters 4 and 6 in Clinical Nurse Educator Competencies: Creating an Evidence-Based

    Practice for Academic Clinical Nurse Educators.

    Translation of Knowledge and Skills from Controlled Learning Environment to Clinical Practice

    Description:

    Read “Translation of Knowledge and Skills from Controlled Learning Environment to Clinical Practice,” by Ali and

    Manokre, from International Journal of Nursing Education (2016).

    T Tasks

    Midterm Preceptor-Faculty-Student Conference and Evaluation

    Description:

    Complete the Preceptor-Faculty-Student Conference and Evaluation, including applicable

    signatures for each preceptor.

    Midterm Clinical Evaluation

    Description:

    The clinical faculty will contact the preceptor by phone and review the midterm clinical competencies. The preceptor

    will perform a midterm clinical evaluation with the clinical faculty. The clinical faculty will input the evaluation via the

    Typhon system.

    Students will access the completed preceptor evaluations in Typhon under the tab for “EASI: Evaluation and Survey

    Instrument” and print out the completed evaluation, sign it, and upload the signed evaluation into LoudCloud.

    This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the

    expectations for successful completion.

    Topic 4 DQ 1

    Description:

    What culture and diversity issues have you experienced when working with current student or

    patient populations? What strategies do nurse educators use to bridge culture and diversity

    barriers? How do these strategies aim to create a positive learning environment

    Topic 4 DQ 2

    Description:

    Choose an experience from your clinical practicum that demonstrates engagement and teaching

    strategies utilized to teach clinical experience in other education setting. How could you implement

    engagement or teaching strategies with learning theories to teach students or patients about the

    experience in a didactic or online classroom?

    page 9 of 19

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    T Topic 5: Teaching Strategies

    Description

    Objectives:

    Maintain and manage the learning environment for optimal student or patient outcomes.

    Establish an environment that promotes student participation and engagement.

    Prepare for a variety of learning environments, including online, traditional, and clinical.

    S Study Materials

    Creative Teaching Strategies for the Nurse Educator

    Description:

    Read Chapter 4 in Creative Teaching Strategies for the Nurse Educator.

    Clinical Nurse Educator Competencies: Creating an Evidence-Based Practice for Academic

    Clinical Nurse Educators

    Description:

    Read Chapter 5 in Clinical Nurse Educator Competencies: Creating an Evidence-Based Practice for Academic Clinical

    Nurse Educators.

    Translation of Knowledge and Skills From Controlled Learning Environment to Clinical Practice

    Description:

    Review “Translation of Knowledge and Skills From Controlled Learning Environment to Clinical Practice,” by Ali and

    Manokore fromInternational Journal of Nursing Education (2016).

    Managing the Higher Education Classroom

    Description:

    Read “Managing the Higher Education Classroom,” by Clark, from Radiologic Technology (2017).

    Undergraduate Nursing Students’ Experience Related to Their Clinical Learning Environment

    and Factors Affecting to Their Clinical Learning Process

    Description:

    Read “Undergraduate Nursing Students’ Experience Related to Their Clinical Learning Environment and Factors

    Affecting to Their Clinical Learning Process,” by Burcu, Ordin, and Yilmaz, from Nurse Education in Practice (2018).

    Stress Triggers in the Educational Environment From the Perspective of Nursing Students

    Description:

    page 10 of 19

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    4.

    Read “Stress Triggers in the Educational Environment From the Perspective of Nursing Students,” by Domingues,

    Devos, Edison Luiz, Leda, Tomaschewski-Barle,. Lerch, and Ramos, from Texto & Contexto Enfermagem,(2018).

    Effective Learning Environments Observation Tool (ELEOT)

    Description:

    Use the “Effective Learning Environments Observation Tool (ELEOT),” to complete the assignment.

    ELEOT Reference Guide

    Description:

    Use the “ELEOT Reference Guide,” to assist in completing the assignment.

    T Tasks

    Learning Environment Observation

    Description:

    During your professional career as a nurse educator, you will be asked to teach in various learning

    environments; including traditional classroom, online, and clinical.

    The purpose of this assignment is to provide knowledge of establishing an environment that

    promotes student participation, engagement, and optimal student outcomes.

    The classroom can be a traditional or clinical setting and be directed at students, nurses, or

    patients.

    Using the “ELEOT Reference Guide” complete the “Effective Learning Environments Observation

    Tool (ELEOT).”

    Write a 500-750 word summary of the observation. Include the following in your summary.

    Discuss the results of the ELEOT.

    Discuss how the instructor maintained and managed the learning environment.

    Discuss the various engagement and learning strategies that were used and how they could

    be implemented in different learning environments including traditional and non-traditional

    environments.

    Discuss how you could implement some these strategies into your own classroom.

    Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the

    Student Success Center.

    This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to

    become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

    You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Please refer to the directions in the

    Student Success Center.

    Topic 5 DQ 1

    Description:

    page 11 of 19

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    Consider a time as a student, in which you experienced a positive learning environment. What

    made the experience a quality learning environment? Why? Support your choice with current

    literature.

    Topic 5 DQ 2

    Description:

    In nursing, there are several diverse “physical learning environments.” Describe three strategies a

    nursing faculty utilizes to ensure a positive student learning experience within a variety of settings.

    T Topic 6: Facilitating Critical Thinking and Active Learning

    Description

    Objectives:

    Identify how to develop effective teaching strategies based on individual teaching style.

    Develop teaching strategies for multiple learning styles.

    Apply Bloom’s taxonomy to formulate learning objectives.

    S Study Materials

    Creative Teaching Strategies for the Nurse Educator

    Description:

    Review Chapter 5 in Creative Teaching Strategies for the Nurse Educator.

    Clinical Nurse Educator Competencies: Creating an Evidence-Based Practice for Academic

    Clinical Nurse Educators NUR-646E Nursing Education Seminar I

    Description:

    Review Chapter 4 in Clinical Nurse Educator Competencies: Creating an Evidence-Based Practice

    for Academic Clinical Nurse Educators.

    Using Innovative Teaching Strategies to Improve Outcomes in a Pharmacology Course

    Description:

    Read “Using Innovative Teaching Strategies to Improve Outcomes in a Pharmacology Course,” by

    Thomas and Schuessler, from Nursing Education Perspectives (2016).

    Bringing Learning to Light: Innovative Instructional Strategies for Teaching Infection Control to

    Nursing Students

    page 12 of 19

    Description:

    Read “Bringing Learning to Light: Innovative Instructional Strategies for Teaching Infection Control

    to Nursing Students,” by Wiles, Rose, Curry-Lourenco, and Swift, from Nursing Education

    Perspectives (2015).

    Evidenced-Based Teaching Strategies that Facilitate Transfer of Knowledge Between Theory

    and Practice: What are Nursing Faculty Using?

    Description:

    Read ” Evidenced-Based Teaching Strategies that Facilitate Transfer of Knowledge Between

    Theory and Practice: What are Nursing Faculty Using?,” by Culyer, Love Jatulis, Cannistraci, and

    Brownell, from Teaching and Learning in Nursing(2018).

    T Tasks

    SBAR Clinical Log

    Description:

    Complete the “SBAR Clinical Log” to document your total clinical hours completed to date, a

    description of observations and tasking completed, and additional comments regarding your

    practicum Experience. You will also complete the “SBAR,” section of the form related to a patient

    you have assessed during your clinical experience thus far.

    Topic 6 DQ 1

    Description:

    Choose three teaching strategies that you feel the most comfortable using. Explain why you think

    you are most comfortable with this strategy? Discuss how you think these teaching strategies are

    classified according to Bloom’s Revised Taxonomy.

    Topic 6 DQ 2

    Description:

    Choose an experience from your clinical practicum that you feel comfortable teaching. Using

    Bloom’s Revised Taxonomy, “insert objective writing resource,” and the teaching strategies

    learned in this topic, create three learning objectives for the topic you chose. Provide feedback on

    your classmates’ objectives as your discussion response NUR-646E Nursing Education Seminar I.

    T Topic 7: Learning Environment

    Description

    page 13 of 19

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    2.

    Objectives:

    Apply knowledge of teaching strategies for critical thinking.

    Demonstrate teaching strategies to promote active learning.

    S Study Materials

    Creative Teaching Strategies for the Nurse Educator

    Description:

    Review Chapters 4 and 5 and read Chapter 2, 3, and 6 in Creative Teaching Strategies for the

    Nurse Educator.

    Clinical Nurse Educator Competencies: Creating an Evidence-Based Practice for Academic

    Clinical Nurse Educators

    Description:

    Read Chapter 9 in Clinical Nurse Educator Competencies: Creating an Evidence-Based Practice

    for Academic Clinical Nurse Educator.

    The Use and Effectiveness of Active Learning Methods in Nursing and Health Professions

    Education: A Literature Review.

    Description:

    Read “The Use and Effectiveness of Active Learning Methods in Nursing and Health Professions

    Education: A Literature Review,” by Waltz, Jenkins, and Han, from Nurse Education Prespectives

    (2014).

    Think Like a Nurse: A Critical Thinking Initiative

    Description:

    Read “Think Like a Nurse: A Critical Thinking Initiative,” by Ward and Morris, from ABNF Journal,

    (2016).

    The Doorway Assessment: Reducing Anxiety and Promoting Critical Thinking in Nursing

    Students

    Description:

    Read “The Doorway Assessment: Reducing Anxiety and Promoting Critical Thinking in Nursing

    Students,” by Foley, from America Nurse Today (2016).

    Visual Literacy: Images of Nurses and Nursing

    page 14 of 19

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    6.

    Description:

    Review the “Visual Literarcy: Images of Nurses and Nursing,” sample lesson plan to assist you in

    completing the topic assignment.

    NATCEP Daily Lesson Plan

    Description:

    Review “NATCEP Daily Lesson Plan,” from the Pennsylvania Department of Education, to assist

    you in completing the topic assignment.

    How Formative Assessment Helps Nursing Students Succeed in the Classroom

    Description:

    Read “How Formative Assessment Helps Nursing Students Succeed in the Classroom,” by

    Lippincott Nursing Education, found on the Nursing Education Blog, (2017).

    T Tasks

    Benchmark -Nurse Educator Lesson Plan

    Description:

    As a nurse educator, you will be responsible for creating effective lessons for various settings.

    Choose a teaching and learning experience from your clinical setting. You may use the clinical

    experience from your Topic 4 discussion response.

    Based on the experience you chose, use the engagement, student learning, and creating effective

    learning environment strategies that you have learned in this course to develop a lesson plan on

    similar content for two additional settings (such as an asynchronous online session and teaching a

    nursing student in the clinical setting, etc.). Use the lesson plan examples found in the topic materials

    to assist you in creating your lesson outlines.

    This assignment will be used as an artifact for your electronic portfolio at the end of the course.

    Include the following in your outline:

    Lesson Objectives

    Timeframe and target environment

    Three to four teaching strategies-based on Evidence-Based Practice.

    Activities

    A summary of the types of assessments you would use in your lesson and why?

    Provide rationale for the teaching strategies you implemented into each lesson and why they

    differ.

    Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the

    Student Success Center NUR-646E Nursing Education Seminar I.

    page 15 of 19

    1.

    2.

    3.

    This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become

    familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

    You are not required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite.

    This assignment benchmarks the following competency:

    Master of Science in Nursing with an Emphesis in Education

    6.1: Apply instructional strategies grounded in evidence-based practice and learning theory that meet

    the unique needs of learners in diverse environments.

    Topic 7 DQ 1

    Description:

    How can nurse educators encourage critical thinking, clinical reasoning, and clinical judgement in

    clinical education and the traditional classroom or clinical setting? How can you differentiate these

    instruction pieces for various educational or clinical settings?

    Topic 7 DQ 2

    Description:

    What are common barriers when teaching critical thinking skills? What strategies can nursing

    educators use to better promote critical thinking skills in students?

    T Topic 8: Teaching With Evidence-Based Practices (EBP), Technology, and

    Simulation

    Description

    Objectives:

    Identify methods to stay current with new technology and EBPs.

    Utilize theory and EBPs to develop effective learning environment.

    Outline the impact of new technology in the classroom to improve dissemination of material and

    address different types of learning styles.

    S Study Materials

    Creative Teaching Strategies for the Nurse Educator

    Description:

    Read Chapter 7 in Creative Teaching Strategies for the Nurse Educator.

    Clinical Nurse Educator Competencies: Creating an Evidence-Based Practice for Academic

    Clinical Nurse Educators

    Description:

    page 16 of 19

    1.

    2.

    3.

    4.

    5.

    Read Chapter 7 in Clinical Nurse Educator Competencies: Creating an Evidence-Based Practice

    for Academic Clinical Nurse Educators.

    Undergraduates: Infusing Technology Into a Nursing Curriculum

    Description:

    Read ” Undergraduates: Infusing Technology Into a Nursing Curriculum,” by Villaran and

    Matcharadaze, from Nursing Informatics Today (2014).

    Enhancing Utility and Understanding of Evidence Based Practice Through Undergraduate Nurse

    Education

    Description:

    Read “Enhancing Utility and Understanding of Evidence Based Practice Through Undergraduate

    Nursing Education,” by Briggs, Carlisle, Lewis, Reid, and Scott, from BMC Nursing (2017).

    Tactics for Teaching Evidence-Based Practice: Improving Self-Efficacy in Finding and Appraising

    Evidence in a Master’s Evidence-Based Practice Unit

    Description:

    Read “Tactics for Teaching Evidence-Based Practice: Improving Self-Efficacy in Finding and

    Appraising Evidence in a Master’s Evidence-Based Practice Unit,” by Chang and Levin, from

    Worldviews on Evidence Based Nursing (2014).

    T Tasks

    Final Clinical Evaluation

    Description:

    Please make sure that all current hours have been entered into Typhon and your preceptor has

    approved all your current hours. This must be done prior to submitting your Final Clinical Evaluation.

    The preceptor will complete the “Final Clinical Evaluation” form. Instructor discretion may vary

    the due date depending on student’s clinical practicum experience.

    Review the evaluation with your preceptor.

    The preceptor will sign electronically in Typhon. The student will then pull this evaluation from

    Typhon and submit to the classroom

    The student must submit a signed copy to the classroom.

    Unsigned submissions or those not submitted appropriately do not meet completion criteria

    and may result in loss of points and/or failure of the course.

    This is a pass/fail assignment. Failure to successfully complete this assignment will result in failure of

    the course.

    This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become

    familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

    APA style is not required, but solid academic writing is expected.

    You are not required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite.

    page 17 of 19

    Final Preceptor, Faculty, and Student Conference and Evaluation

    Description:

    Complete the “Preceptor-Faculty-Student Conference and Evaluation” resource including

    applicable signatures for each preceptor.

    Clinical Evaluation of Preceptor by Student

    Description:

    Evaluate your preceptor using “Evaluation of Clinical Preceptor by Student” form.

    Although this is an ungraded submission, it is a requirement for course completion.

    Typhon Screen Shot

    Description:

    You are required to submit 50 hours to be approved by the preceptor and the faculty.

    Take a screen shot of your Typhon log and submit in assignment dropbox. Faculty will confirm your

    screen shot with Typhon. http://www.typhongroup.net/gcu NUR-646E Nursing Education Seminar I

    Topic 8 DQ 1

    Description:

    Identify two to three new learning technologies in nursing education. As a nurse educator, discuss

    how you would incorporate these technologies into the curriculum?

    Topic 8 DQ 2

    Description:

    How can educator’s best assess student’s learning needs and match those needs with innovative

    teaching technologies? Discuss the role of evaluating evidence and best practices when selecting

    new technologies to integrate into the learning environment.

    Grade Scale

    Final Grade Column

    page 18 of 19

    Letter Grade GPA Value Minimum (%) Maximum (%)

    A 4.0 97.0 100.0

    A- 3.7 93.0 96.99

    B+ 3.3 89.0 92.99

    B 3.0 85.0 88.99

    B- 2.7 81.0 84.99

    C+ 2.3 78.0 80.99

    C 2.0 76.0 77.99

    F 0.0 0.02 75.99

    I 0.0 0.0 0.01

    Grade Categories

    Assignments (%) Points Percentile

    Midterm Preceptor-Faculty-Student Conference and

    Evaluation 20.0 —

    Final Clinical Evaluation 120.0 —

    Practicum Goals 25.0 —

    SBAR Clinical Log 75.0 —

    Teaching Philosophy Statement 75.0 —

    Typhon Screen Shot 30.0 —

    Midterm Clinical Evaluation 75.0 —

    SBAR Clinical Log 75.0 —

    Learning Environment Observation 100.0 —

    Pre-Practicum Preceptor, Faculty, and Student

    Conferences 20.0 —

    Benchmark -Nurse Educator Lesson Plan 125.0 —

    Final Preceptor, Faculty, and Student Conference and

    Evaluation 20.0 —

    Discussion Question (%) Points Percentile

    Topic 8 DQ 1 5.0 —

    Topic 2 DQ 1 5.0 —

    Topic 5 DQ 2 5.0 —

    Topic 7 DQ 1 5.0 —

    Topic 1 DQ 1 5.0 —

    page 19 of 19

    Topic 8 DQ 2 5.0 —

    Topic 6 DQ 1 5.0 —

    Topic 3 DQ 2 5.0 —

    Topic 4 DQ 1 5.0 —

    Topic 3 DQ 1 5.0 —

    Topic 2 DQ 2 5.0 —

    Topic 4 DQ 2 5.0 —

    Topic 7 DQ 2 5.0 —

    Topic 5 DQ 1 5.0 —

    Topic 1 DQ 2 5.0 —

    Topic 6 DQ 2 5.0 —

    Participation (%) Points Percentile

    20.0 —

    Participation (%) Points Percentile

    20.0 —

    Participation (%) Points Percentile

    20.0 —

    Participation (%) Points Percentile

    20.0 —

    Participation (%) Points Percentile

    20.0 —

    Participation (%) Points Percentile

    20.0 —

    Participation (%) Points Percentile

    20.0 —

    Participation (%) Points Percentile

    20.0 —

    Class Effective Start: Sep 12, 2019

    NUR-646E_Syllabus

    NUR-646E Nursing Education Seminar I

  • 7 Step Decision Making Model

    7 Step Decision Making Model

    Module 1 Written Assignment: 7 Step Model

    Create a possible ethical dilemma relating to your chosen field. For example:  You are a Medical Assistant and your supervising physician consistently asks you to perform procedures that you are not trained for.  Or, you are a Medical Biller and your supervisor has asked you to overbill certain procedures because the clinic that you work for is in financial trouble.  Using the 7 Step Decision Making Model, apply the facts of your dilemma. After you provide a summary of your situation, you will fill in this worksheet by answering the questions of the 7 Step Model to resolve your ethical situation. 7 Step Decision Making Model.

    Summary of the Situation:

    The Seven-Step Decision Model

    Determine the facts by asking the following questions.

    What do we need to know?

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    Who is involved in the situation?

    Where does the ethical situation take place?

    When does it occur?

    Define the precise ethical issue.

    For example, is it a matter of fairness, justice, morality, or individual rights?

    III. Identify the major principles, rules, and values. 7 Step Decision Making Model

    For example, is this a matter of integrity, quality, respect for others, or profit?

    Specify the alternatives.

    List the major alternative courses of action, including those that represent some form of compromise. This may be a choice between simply doing or not doing something.

    Compare values and alternatives.

    Determine if there is one principle or value, or a combination of principles and values, that is so compelling that the proper alternative is clear.

    Assess the consequences.

    Identify short-term, long-term, positive, and negative consequences for the major alternatives. The short-term gain or loss is often overridden when long-term consequences are considered. This step often reveals an unanticipated result of major importance. 7 Step Decision Making Model.

    VII. Make a decision.

    The consequences are balanced against one’s primary principles or values. Always double-check your decision.

    7 Step Decision Making Model

  • Nursing Curriculum Development Discussion Essay

    Nursing Curriculum Development Discussion Essay

    Topic 1 DQ1

    Compare the difference between a traditional faculty role versus the online faculty role. How are the expectations different for each role? What steps will you need to prepare to be successful in each?

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    Topic 1 DQ2

    Referring to the National League of Nursing’s (NLN) Nurse Educator Competencies, choose one

    competency and describe how you will achieve this competency in your nurse educator role. Nursing Curriculum Development Discussion Essay.

     

    Topic 2 DQ1

    Select two nursing theories and explain how they can be applied in nursing education. How can the theories aid in your teaching practices including clinical or patient specific experiences?

     

    Topic 2 DQ2

    Search the literature and find an example of a research study that uses an educational theory in a

    nursing education study. Does the study appear to use the theory appropriately? How does the

    research contribute to understanding of the theory? Be sure to cite the article Nursing Curriculum Development Discussion Essay.

     

    Nursing Curriculum Development

    Topic 1 DQ1

    Traditional faculty role includes the teaching role; research role which involves members of the faculty participating in research; and the service role which involves members of the faculty serving in internal committees, mentor and advice student and also assume some administrative appointments. Learning within the traditional setting focuses on conducting learning within a synchronous environment where students and the instructor should be in the same place at the same time to ensure learning taking place and derive motivation (Luhanga, 2018).  According to Luhanga (2018). traditional teaching involves sharing ideas and responding to the reaction of each other; this improves thinking and understanding as well. In the traditional faculty, the educator can identify the students’ needs and provide personalized teaching and also motivate student individually (Luhanga, 2018). Nursing Curriculum Development Discussion Essay To prepare students for traditional learning, they need to be aware of the unit content, materials needed for learning, the time schedule of the classes, examination schedule, and the place/location where learning will take place. Student’s also need to be provided with the timetable of each topic for the entire unit (Luhanga, 2018).

    On the other hand, the educator instructs students in certain subject areas, develops lesson plans, and at the same time coordinates learning schedules whereas monitoring the milestones, achievements, and skills of the student. Online learning is conducted through correspondence or via the internet (Frazer et al, 2017).  The most important role of the online faculty is to develop a curriculum-based on the most recent and best knowledge within the filed Nursing Curriculum Development Discussion Essay.  To prepare the students, the educator needs to educate student regarding the technology to use during learning, motivate and encourage students, and engage with student using chat rooms and discussion boards to address their needs (Frazer et al, 2017).

    Topic 1 DQ2

     The selected competency is, Competency IV: Participate in Curriculum Design and Evaluation of Program Outcomes.  
    According to this competency, nurse educators have the role of designing program outcomes and creating curricula that integrate the current healthcare tendencies and prepare nurse graduate to function efficiently within the healthcare setting (National League for Nursing, 2005).  As a nurse educator, one should ensure that the teaching is well planned and provides a learning experience and hence facilitates understanding and application of critical thinking. Curriculum design is the most critical planning for an educator. Therefore, as a nurse educator, I will actively take part in designing the curriculum and integrating the latest evidence in the curriculum. I will utilize my practical experience and insight to develop nursing programs.

    Therefore, I will integrate this competency into my courses where my teaching units will have the rubric along with other guidelines to assist in providing consistency in assessing every student. Resources like evidence-based literature and syllabus are vital to validate the work of the students. As an educator, I will help in designing and implementing more older adult and critical ill appropriate nursing care plans and develop clinical rotation with various settings for geriatric and ICU clinical students. Finally, I hope to design continuing education credits for the nursing staff, particularly the staff working in ICU and handling the geriatric population.

    Topic 2 DQ1

    Two theories applicable in nursing education include the Nursing Need Theory and Self-Care Nursing Theory by Orem. The Need Theory involves the role of the nurse to help patients to maintain health, recover their health or from injuries, or have a peaceful death (Pajnkihar et al, 2017).  According to the Need Theory, nurse should increase the independence of the patient to expedite their recovery by attending their psychological needs, spiritual needs, physiological needs, and patient’s social needs as well. Integration of the Need Theory within the nursing education can aid the educators to teach nurse students how to develop practical treatment plans that complement the personal growth of the patients, allow the patient to slowly gain independence, and finally regain their capacity to take care of themselves (Pajnkihar et al, 2017). For example, a nurse educator can use the Needs Theory to educate the nurse to handle the spiritual needs of older patients who are critically ill and prepare them for a peaceful transition Nursing Curriculum Development Discussion Essay. Similarly, the theory can be used to help older patients regain their independence which may be affected by the disease or old age.

    The self-care nursing theory by Orem teaches nurses to help patients to improve their capacity to personally carry out the acts of self-care. Self-care includes activities that people conduct to maintain their wellbeing and individual health (Malekzadeh et al, 2018). Nursing educators can use the theory to teach nurse students how to identify the basic self-care processes that human beings can perform and how to identify patients who are not able to perform self-care effectively (Malekzadeh et al, 2018). During practice, nurses can help patients unable to attend their individual self-care needs by acting on behalf of the patient, for example helping the patient to take a bath. The nurse can also guide patients unable to attend their self-care needs. In addition, through self-care theory, nurses can provide patients with an environment that promotes individual development and teach patients how to cope with any challenge in their life, including their sickness. Basically, through the self-care nursing theory, nurses guide patients to carry out the basic self-care activities (Malekzadeh et al, 2018) Nursing Curriculum Development Discussion Essay.

    Topic 2 DQ2

    The study conducted Shirazi et al (2017) explored the activities of masters nursing students for self-directed learning. The study applied Kolb’s experiential learning theory to explore the learning activities of the students. According to the results of the study, the nursing students actively took part in learning and used various learning activities and approaches to benefit from diverse working and learning settings (Shirazi et al, 2017). Kolb’s experiential learning theory students use reflective learning to observe, listen and evaluate the learning content from different angles to get the meanings. Afterward, learners utilize thinking and judgment to promote learning (Shirazi et al, 2017).

    The study used Kolb’s experiential learning theory appropriately because learners utilized visual media, like photos, power-point presentations, and videos during the self-learning which is per experiential learning theory (Shirazi et al, 2017). In addition, nursing students used observation of patients, other nurses, doctors, and clinical instructors to learn more effectively.  Accordingly, learners utilized reflective observation, active experimentation, and intellectual conceptualization to assimilate knowledge and experience (Shirazi et al, 2017).

    From this study, nurse educators can endorse the process of active learning by designing a standard curriculum that promotes creativity and active participation of students during the learning process Nursing Curriculum Development Discussion Essay.

    References

    Frazer C, Sullivan D, Weatherspoon D & Hussey L. (2017). Faculty Perceptions of Online Teaching Effectiveness and Indicators of Quality.
    Nursing Research and Practice
    . 1(6), 1-6.

    Luhanga F. (2018). The traditional-faculty supervised teaching model: Nursing faculty and clinical instructors’ perspectives.
    Journal of Nursing Education and Practice.
    8(6).

    Malekzadeh J, Zahra A & Mazlom S. (2018). A quasi‐experimental study of the effect of teaching Orem’s self‐care model on nursing students’ clinical performance and patient satisfaction.
    Nurs Open
    . 5(3), 370–375.

    National League for Nursing (2005).
    Core Competencies of Nurse Educators with Task Statements
    . National League for Nursing.

    Pajnkihar M, Gregor S & Vrbnjak D. (2017). The concept of Watson’s carative factors in nursing and their (dis)harmony with patient satisfaction.
    PeerJ
    . 1(5), e2940.

    Shirazi F, Sharif F, Zahra M & Alborzi. (2017). Dynamics of self-directed learning in M.Sc. nursing students: A qualitative research.
    J Adv Med Educ Prof
    . 5(1), 33–41. Nursing Curriculum Development Discussion Essay.

  • Imperialism and Genocide Case Study

    Imperialism and Genocide Case Study

    Instructions

    For this assignment, select 
    one
     of the following options:

    Option 1: Imperialism

    The exploitation of colonial resources and indigenous labor was one of the key elements in the success of imperialism. Such exploitation was a result of the prevalent ethnocentrism of the time and was justified by the unscientific concept of social Darwinism, which praised the characteristics of white Europeans and inaccurately ascribed negative characteristics to indigenous peoples. A famous poem of the time by Rudyard Kipling, “White Man’s Burden,” called on imperial powers, and particularly the U.S., at whom the poem was directed, to take up the mission of civilizing these “savage” peoples.

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    Read the poem at the following link:

    Link (website): 
    White Man’s Burden (Links to an external site.)
     (Rudyard Kipling)

    After reading the poem, address the following in a case study analysis:

    Select a specific part of the world (a country), and examine imperialism in that country. What was the relationship between the invading country and the native people? You can select from these examples or choose your own:

    Belgium & Africa

    Britain & India

    Germany & Africa

    France & Africa

    Apply social Darwinism to this specific case.

    Analyze the motivations of the invading country?

    How did ethnocentrism manifest in their interactions?

    How does Kipling’s poem apply to your specific example? You can quote lines for comparison. Imperialism and Genocide Case Study.

    Option 2: The Armenian Genocide

    Ethnic hatred is not new to the human race and ethnic hatred also goes hand in hand with some of the causes of World War 1 that we have discussed this week, namely nationalism and imperialism. In nationalism, the people not only believe their countrymen (those who look, talk, sound, and believe like them) are not only “better” than people of certain other countries but they also have the right and possibly even the responsibility to conquer areas with those inferior to them and take whatever resources they feel they need. Add to this the need for the leader of a country to be able to blame a certain ethnic group within that country for their problems. Such was the case in the Ottoman Empire. Imperialism and Genocide Case Study. The Ottoman Turks launched a winter offensive into the mountains of southern Russia early in the war and suffered a severe defeat, both at the hands of the Russian army and the terrible weather they encountered. The Sultan needed a scapegoat to blame the loss on, so he picked an unpopular ethnic minority, the Armenians. Since the people seemed to believe the story, the Ottoman military rounded up as many Armenians as they could and marched them away to their fate.

    Watch the following video on the Armenian genocide:

    Link (video): 
    Genocide Denied (Links to an external site.)
     (32:33)

    After viewing the video, conduct research on the topic and develop a case study based on the following questions:

    How did the Armenian genocide play on the root causes of World War I, including nationalism, imperialism, social Darwinism, ethnic hatred, and the gullibility of the Turkish people who allowed this to happen and often even supported it.

    What were the main motivations of the Ottoman rulers who decided to try and eliminate an entire ethnic minority within their country? Imperialism and Genocide Case Study

    What was the process the Ottomans went through to round up the Armenians and march them to their deaths? Describe the process of the march and eventual genocide of the Armenians.

    Why do terrible crimes against humanity always seem to happen during a war?

    How do foreign governments recognize and deal with this event in their relationship with Turkey?

    Writing Requirements (APA format)

    Length: 2-3 pages (not including title page or references page)

    1-inch margins

    Double spaced

    12-point Times New Roman font

    Title page

    References page

    Imperialism and Genocide Case Study

    References

    Journeyman Pictures (Producer). (2002). 
    Genocide denied.
     Surrey, England. [Streaming Video]. Retrieved from Academic Video Online: Premium database.

    Kipling, R. (2009). The white man’s burden. Retrieved from https://www.gutenberg.org/files/30568/30568-h/30568-h.htm#VII_2 (Original work published 1899) Imperialism and Genocide Case Study

  • anemia of chronic disease pathophysiology case study essay

    Anemia of chronic disease pathophysiology case study essay

    Case Study #1

    Mr. X is a 34y/o Hispanic male who presented to the emergency room for a fatigue, dyspnea and chest pain which started yesterday morning. He has been experiencing some nausea, vomiting, and reports that he is needs dialysis. He was diagnosed with chronic kidney disease 4 years ago and HIV 5 years ago. He is currently taking antiretroviral therapy for his HIV infection and reports compliance. He was last seen at a free clinic for his HIV care 2 weeks ago and does not know his current CD4 count or viral load. He has been receiving hemodialysis for 8 months and no longer produces urine. He was last dialyzed 5 days ago. His past medical history is significant for HIV, Chronic Kidney disease stage 5, Anemia, hypertension, pneumonia, hyperlipidemia

    Past surgical history is positive for only a permacath (central venous access for dialysis access) placement 8 months ago.

    Physical exam:

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    Vitals: 38.1-97-18-183/139

    Normocephalic.

    Alert & Oriented x3. Well developed.

    Eyes: PERL. No nystagmus

    Neck: Supple, no cervical lymphadenopathy

    Cardiovascular: Normal Rate and rhythm. No murmur, gallops. 2+/4+ radial, brachial, dorsalis pedis pulses bilaterally. 2+ pitting edema of bilateral lower extremities.

    Pulmonary: Dyspneic. Lungs are clear anemia of chronic disease pathophysiology case study essay.

    Abdomen: Soft and nontender, active bowel sounds. No peritoneal signs.

    Skin: warm, dry and pale.

    Rectal exam: stool is brown, no rectal masses

    Lab Result

    Sodium 133 mEq/L

    Potassium 6.0 mEq/L

    Creatinine 19.95 mg/dL

    BUN 114 mg/dL

    CO2 14 mEq/L

    Anion gap 26 mEq/L

    WBC 10,000

    Hematocrit 25.4%

    Hemoglobin 8.4 g/dL

    MCV 85 fL

    Platelets 154,000

    Serum Iron 70 mcg/dL

    Total Iron Binding Capacity 150 mcg/dL

    Ferritin 450 ng/ml

    Glucose 124 mg/dL

    Questions

    1. The clinical scenario is most consistent with which type of anemia? You may simply list your answer below using a bullet point format. This does not have to be in a complete sentence anemia of chronic disease pathophysiology case study essay. A citation is not required.

    2. What specific data in the clinical scenario supports your diagnosis? You may simply list your answers below using bullet point format. This does not have to be in a complete sentence. A citation is not required.

    3. What is the most likely cause of this patient’s anemia? You may simply list your answer below using a bullet point format. This does not have to be in a complete sentence. A citation is not required.

    4. Describe the key pathophysiologic concepts of the diagnosis in question 1. To answer this question completely, you must answer all of the sub-questions below using complete sentences. Each sub-question may be answered in 1-6 sentences. ***Citations are required for each answer to each question using APA format.

    a. What is the electron transport chain and how is it altered by anemia?

    b. Why is the ferritin level 450 ng/ml?

    c. What effects does anemia/low blood volume have on the cardiovascular system?

    d. What are the effects of tissue hypoxia on the cardiovascular system, pulmonary system and CNS?

    e. How does chronic kidney disease cause anemia? anemia of chronic disease pathophysiology case study essay

    5. For what actual or potential complications related to the diagnosis in question 1 does he need to be monitored? You may simply list your answer below using a bullet point format. This does not have to be in a complete sentence. A citation is not required.

    References:

    McCance 2018

     

    Advanced Pathophysiology: Anemia of Chronic Disease

    Student’s Name

    Institution of Affiliation

    Course Name

    Date

     

    Question 1

    The clinical scenario described is most consistent with Anemia of chronic disease secondary to infection with HIV and Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). Since this type of anemia is multifactorial, diagnosis is only based on the presence of a condition that causes chronic inflammation such as cancer, an infection, kidney disease or an autoimmune condition anemia of chronic disease pathophysiology case study essay.

    Question 2

    The diagnosis of anemia of chronic disease is supported by the following clinical data:

    Iron levels below the borderline

    A low hematocrit and hemoglobin level

    High levels of ferritin- ferritin is only released when there’s the need to make RBCs and is stored in the liver. However, when the erythropoietin to make RBCs is produced in small amounts, the amount of ferritin used is also less thus, its levels automatically increase. anemia of chronic disease pathophysiology case study essay.

    The total binding capacity of iron is low-Total binding capacity is an indirect way of measuring transferrin. In this patient case scenario, although iron is present, it is not readily available for use hence the low levels.

    A normal mean corpuscular volume which indicates that the Red Blood cells are of average size and normal

    Question 3

    The most likely cause for this patient’s anemia is a reduction in erythropoietin due to Chronic Kidney Disease. Diminished renal function influences a reduction in erythropoietin secretion which is vital for the production of erythrocytes. Besides, it is indicated that the patient no longer produces urine and this can result in the gradual accumulation of uremic toxins which shorten the lifespan of RBCs.

    Question 4

    What is the electron transport chain and how is it altered by anemia?

    The electron transport chain is the step by step process of oxidation and reduction that facilitates the ATP process within a mitochondrion. It occurs in three major steps namely: glycolysis, Krebs cycle and electron transport. The process aims at promoting a concentration gradient through a surplus buildup of hydrogen ions between the membrane interspaces and the mitochondria matrix (McCance, 2019).  In the process, FADH and NADH transfer electrons to molecular oxygen influencing the release of hydrogen ions. Oxygen is a key requirement for this process to take place. Therefore, if not present, ATP cannot be formed. When anemia exists, low hemoglobin levels reduce the oxygen-carrying capacity and this generally reduces the electron transport chain anemia of chronic disease pathophysiology case study essay.

    b. Why is the ferritin level 450 ng/ml?

    Ferritin is a blood cell protein which contains and stores iron inside cells.  Ferritin is used in the formation of red blood cells. However, when the kidneys produce limited amounts of erythropoietin as it is in this patient case scenario, fewer amounts of ferritin are utilized. This leads to gradual accumulation within plasma hence the high levels (McCance, 2019).

    What
    effects does anemia/low blood volume have on the cardiovascular system?

    Low blood volume creates a concentration gradient between intravascular space and the interstitial compartment. Blood becomes less viscous and fluid moves from the interstitial spaces to intravascular space. As a result, the heart rate and stroke volume increase leading to dilatation of the cardiac muscles, insufficiency of valves and heart murmurs (Zadrazil & Horak, 2015).  The most likely outcome is that of high-output heart failure/anemic heart failure.

    What are the effects of tissue hypoxia on the cardiovascular system, pulmonary system, and CNS?

               
    When tissue hypoxia sets in, blood vessels dilate causing a reduction in vascular resistance. This can lead to cardiac failure since both the heart rate and stroke volume increase in response. To ensure adequate oxygen supply to vital organs and tissues, the respiratory rate increases leading to dyspnea (Zadrazil & Horak, 2015). When there is diminished oxygen supply to the brain, lethargy and dizziness sets in.

    e. How does chronic kidney disease cause anemia?

    The major cause of anemia among patients with CKD (Chronic Kidney Disease) is limited erythropoietin production. Erythropoietin is a hormone that facilitates how red blood cells mature and differentiate. When there’s reduced erythropoietin production, the production of red blood cells also reduces which influences low hemoglobin levels and subsequent anemia (Zadrazil & Horak, 2015). Other factors that have proven to cause anemia in CKD include reduced iron levels available for erythropoiesis, inflammation and high levels of hepcidin which accounts for impaired absorption of dietary iron. Lastly, the gradual accumulation of uremic toxins due to impaired renal function shortens the half-life of red blood cells which ultimately causes anemia.

    Question 5

    CNS complications-delirium, dizziness and syncope

    Cardiovascular complications- Anemic heart failure, Anasarca, Hypertension, Heart murmurs, and angina

    Musculoskeletal complications- paresthesia as a result of poor perfusion to muscles and tissues

     

    References

    McCance, K.L. (2019). Cellular biology. In K.L. McCance & S.E. Huether (Eds).
    Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children
    (pp 28). St. Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier.

    Zadrazil, J., & Horak, P. (2015). Pathophysiology of anemia in chronic kidney diseases: A review. 
    Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub
    , 
    159
    (2), 197-202 anemia of chronic disease pathophysiology case study essay.

  • NSG 6020 Week 1 Discussion HISTORY collection

    NSG 6020 Week 1 Discussion HISTORY collection

    Discussion Question 1

    Based on your performance and the expert feedback in your 
    HISTORY
     collection, describe two missed questions and your understanding of why they were important to collect for this case history. Use specific references from your text to explain.

    This week’s case study was quite insightful for me.  There were definitely several questions that I regretfully missed the opportunity to ask my patient.  One question I should have asked Rachael was “Do you have any swollen lymph nodes?” Breast cancer can spread to lymph nodes, so her lymph nodes might be affected. “Malignant cells from a breast cancer may spread directly to the infraclavicular nodes or into the internal mammary chain of lymph nodes within the chest” (Bates, Szilagyi, & Hoffman, 2017, p. 422). Another question I should have asked was “Is the lump movable?” as lumps that are movable are often benign. “Hard irregular poorly circumscribed nodules, fixed to the skin or underlying tissues, strongly suggest cancer” (Bates, Szilagyi, & Hoffman, 2017, p. 438). NSG 6020 Week 1 Discussion HISTORY collection

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    Discussion Question 2

    Based on your performance and the expert feedback in your 
    PHYSICAL EXAM
     collection, describe two errors in your exam performance or documentation. Use specific references from your text to explain the importance of these findings in correct assessment of this client.

    In my assessment of Rachael, I failed to note the consistency of the lumps in her breast.  It is important to note the consistency of any lumps and determine if they are soft, firm, or hard (Bates, et al., 2017).   I also failed to note delimitation. NSG 6020 Week 1 Discussion HISTORY collection Delimitation is describing the boundaries of the lumps.  Noting whether the lumps are well circumscribed or not is another important detail in the breast assessment.  “Assess and describe the characteristics of any nodule: location, size, shape, consistency, delimitation, tenderness, and mobility” (Bates, et al., 2017, p. 438).

    Discussion Question 3

    Based on your performance on the 
    PHYSICAL EXAM
    collection, describe one key finding that you included in your list and describe a specific physical exam that you can perform at the point-of-care to further evaluate the finding. Use specific references from your text. NSG 6020 Week 1 Discussion HISTORY collection.

    One key finding in my physical assessment was a one centimeter right axillary lymph node that was firm but mobile.  To further evaluate this finding, I can completely examine the axillary area.  The text explains exactly how to examine for lymph nodes: “To examine the left axilla, ask the patient to relax with the left arm down and warn the patient that the examination may be uncomfortable. Support the patient’s left wrist or hand with your left hand. Cup together the fingers of your right hand and reach as high as you can toward the apex of the axilla. Place your fingers directly behind the pectoral muscles, pointing toward the midclavicle. Now press your fingers in toward the chest wall and slide them downward, trying to palpate the central nodes against the chest wall. Of the axillary nodes, the central nodes are most likely to be palpable. One or more soft, small (<1 cm), nontender nodes are frequently felt” (Bates, et al., p. 440). If any of the centrally located nodes are large, tender, or hard, or if there is a concerning lesion in the axillary nodes drainage areas, palpate for the other groups of axillary lymph nodes in the pectoral, lateral, and subscapular nodes, as well as re-examine the infraclavicular and supraclavicular nodes (Bates, et al., p. 441.) NSG 6020 Week 1 Discussion HISTORY collection Discussion Question 4 Based on your performance and the expert feedback in your  ASSESSMENT  identification of problem categories, choose one missed/incorrect category and use specific references from your text to explain the importance of this category in arriving at correct differential diagnoses for this client. A missed category that I missed was the unintentional weight loss experienced by Rachael.  Malignancy is linked to unexplained weight loss Gannavarapu, et al., 2018).  Unintentional weight loss should therefore always be investigated further.  As this patient has hypothyroidism, which is generally associated with weight gain, rather than weight loss, this weight loss is of even greater concern. NSG 6020 Week 1 Discussion HISTORY collection. Discussion Question 5 Based on your performance and the expert feedback in your  ASSESSMENT  of differential diagnoses, describe one incorrect/missed differential diagnosis and use specific references from your text to support the inclusion of the diagnosis for this client One diagnosis I missed was fat necrosis.  Upon exam, if breast dimpling or retraction is seen, this suggests underlying cancer.  Cancer can cause fibrous strands to be attached to the skin and fascia which lie over the pectoral muscles.  This may cause dimpling inward of the skin during contraction of the muscle.  Sometimes, this sign may signify a benign condition such as fat necrosis, but it should always be evaluated further to be sure (Bates, et al., 2014, p. 436.) NSG 6020 Week 1 Discussion HISTORY collection.   Discussion 2 Discussion Question 1 Based on your performance and the expert feedback in your HISTORY collection, describe two missed questions and your understanding of why they were important to collect for this case history. Use specific references from your text to explain. The first question I missed was does your breast problem come and go? To assist a patient in describing a complaint, a nurse practitioner must know how to ask salient and focused questions to draw out necessary information. It is important to know the particular symptoms that  brought the patient to seek medical help. The second question I missed was when did the problems of your breast start? It is important to ask this history question because identifying when the problem first started and  how it has changed or progressed since the onset helps in the assessment, evaluation and diagnosis process. NSG 6020 Week 1 Discussion HISTORY collection. Discussion Question 2 Based on your performance and the expert feedback in your PHYSICAL EXAM collection, describe two errors in your exam performance or documentation. Use specific references from your text to explain the importance of these findings incorrect assessment of this client. My first error was I did not auscultate required respiratory locations, which would have better identified the patient’s lung pathology. Auscultating the lungs for adventitious sounds, particularly crackles at the bases, which might indicate heart failure while other adventitious sounds could indicate a respiratory rather than cardiac cause. NSG 6020 Week 1 Discussion HISTORY collection. My second error was I did not auscultate lung in the correct order. To get a correct assessment of a patient lung field auscultation needs to be done in the correct order because breath sounds vary in intensity, volume and duration depending from each base of the lung to another. Discussion Question 3 Based on your performance on the PHYSICAL EXAM collection, describe one key finding that you included in your list and describe a specific physical exam that you can perform at the point-of-care to further evaluate the finding. Use specific references from your text. One key finding is breast lumps found in the right breast through breast examination of the patient. This is a physical exam I will perform at the point of care. Discussion Question 4 Based on your performance and the expert feedback in your ASSESSMENT identification of problem categories, choose one missed/incorrect category and use specific references from your text to explain the importance of this category in arriving at correct differential diagnoses for this client. One missed category in my assessment was breast mass/lump, neoplastic. In Rachael’s case, the presence of multiple masses excludes nearly all other diagnoses, Rachael’s family history, and the presence of an axillary lymph node is a must-not-miss NSG 6020 Week 1 Discussion HISTORY collection. It is important to arrive at the correct differential diagnoses for this client because this client’s history meets specific criteria for being  high risk for breast cancer which includes of her age, family history, (first degree relative with breast cancer), personal history (history of ductal hyperplasia), present history, and surgical history (breast biopsy) (16, Goolsby, Grubbs, 2015). Discussion Question 5 Based on your performance and the expert feedback in your ASSESSMENT of differential diagnoses, describe one incorrect/missed differential diagnosis and use specific references from your text to support the inclusion of the diagnosis for this client. Breast abscess was of the one incorrect diagnosis. It contradicts the fact that Rachael experienced no pain and suffered no trauma also with the breast examination. NSG 6020 Week 1 Discussion HISTORY collection Rachael had no pain, breasts were not red, or warm to touch, and breasts had no swelling, which are general symptoms of breast abscess. The patient also did not have a high temperature or feel unwell. Although any breast mass should be carefully evaluated and usually warrants further testing like biopsy and mammogram (17 Bickley, 2016). NSG 6020 Week 1 Discussion HISTORY collection

  • substance use disorder essay

    Part A

    In the first part of this discussion, you are encouraged to think about the language used by both professionals and lay people to refer to individuals with substance use disorders.

    Terms like “drunk”, ”junkie”, ”pot head’ and “coke head” may seem obviously derogatory. But what do you think about referring to people as “addicts” or “alcoholics”?

    What do you think is the impact of labeling someone as a ”addict, alcoholic, substance-user, or abuser” as opposed to referring to them as ”a person with a substance use disorder”? substance use disorder essay

    How might differences in language to to refer to people with substance use disorder, impact how we think about our patients?

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    How might these differences in language impact how patients view and think about themselves and how they participate in treatment?

    Part B

    Next, using what you have learned in the module lectures and in the video, please address the following questions:

    Discuss the importance of having a thorough patient assessment (also called a psychosocial assessment or psychosocial history) prior to beginning substance use disorder treatment.

    What are some common barriers or obstacles you might expect when attempting to complete an assessment?

    What are potential strengths and drawbacks of using one or more validated screening tools as part of the assessment process? substance use disorder essay

    While some prefer an open-ended interview approach, what are the advantages of a structured assessment approach?

    How does the assessment of a patient connect to the level of care, interventions and counseling methods the counselor chooses?

     

    Terminology, screening and assessment

    Part A

    Question 1.

    Although referring to people as addicts and alcoholics is not derogatory, the use of these terms is still discouraged since they inadvertently stigmatize the people who have addictive behaviors since it presents the notion that they are personally culpable for the condition and deserve punishment. In fact, these terms are pejorative. As stigmatizing and pejorative terms, they affect the behavior and perceptions of medical personnel, patients, their family members and the rest of the community. Instead, the individuals with these conditions should be described using the clinical condition and test results. To be more precise, alcoholics should be referred to as persons with alcohol use disorder and addicts should be referred to as persons with substance use disorder (Kelly, Wakeman & Saitz, 2015).

    Question 2.

    As earlier indicated, labeling someone as an addict, alcoholic, substance-user or abuse stigmatizes the individual since it presents the notion that the individual is personally culpable for the condition and deserves punishment. Referring to the person as a substance abuser or individual with substance use disorder creates the perception that the individual is a victim deserving of respect and care, rather than blame and punishment (Kelly, Wakeman & Saitz, 2015).

    Question 3.

    The language used to refer to persons with substance use disorder has an impact on how we think about the patient. That is because they affect our behavior and perception. For instance, the use of derogatory and stigmatizing terms creates the notion that the individual made the informed personal choice to have the condition and should be blamed and punished. On the other hand, substance use disorder is a term that would invoke sympathy, showing that the individual should neither be blamed nor punished for having the disorder. As such, the terms used to refer to the individuals with the disorder determine whether they will be blamed or accepted by other stakeholders (Kelly, Wakeman & Saitz, 2015) substance use disorder essay.

    Question 4.

    The terminologies have an effect on how patient perceive themselves and behave. The use of derogatory and stigmatizing terms reduces the patients’ self-worth and makes them less receptive to treatment since they would consider the condition as a deserved punishment for past vices. In contrast, the use of non-derogatory and non-stigmatizing terms improve the patients’ self-worth, making them feel that they deserve treatment and care. This makes them receptive to treatment as they feel that the condition is an unfortunate incidence that can be corrected through faithfully adhering to the treatment regime (Kelly, Wakeman & Saitz, 2015).

    Part B

    Question 1.

    A thorough patient assessment prior to treatment beginning is important since it serves three functions. Firstly, it determines whether the patient can withstand the stresses of the selected treatment plan or if it is necessary to adopt an alternative treatment approach. This is based on the risk assessment results. Secondly, it determines if it is necessary to modify the treatment plan based on the presented physicals, history and classification system. Thirdly, it determines if the patients require supplementary treatment based on other presenting conditions and how they would affect the treatment plan (Wheeler, 2014) substance use disorder essay.

    Question 2.

    There are five common barriers to completing an assessment. The first barrier is reliance on technology, other medical personnel and other resources such that their absence hinders the assessment. The second barrier is lack of time and interruptions that make it difficult to conduct a comprehensive assessment. The third barrier is facility/hospital culture that presents policies and standards that could hinder efforts to collect some information. The fourth barrier is lack of confidence that hinders medical personnel from conducting assessments. The final barrier is specialty area that limits medical personnel to conducting assessment in areas in which they specialize (Wheeler, 2014).

    Question 3.

    Validated screening tools used in assessment processes have some strengths and weaknesses. The strengths of these screening tools include ability to assess several areas, availability in different versions and languages, sensitivity for the targeted condition, and ease of administration. The drawbacks include interpretation complexity as patient demographics (cultural background, education and age) affect scores, inability to detect subtle effects, non-comprehensive approach that ignores potentially important information, and having a narrow scope that does not allow for non-classic cases to be assessed (Wheeler, 2014).

    Question 4.

    Structured assessment approaches offer some advantages. Firstly, they improve the relevance of the collected information, especially when they use algorithms and prompts. Secondly, they reduce the incidence of missed information. Thirdly, they improve the quality and completeness of clinical documentation. Fourthly, they improve communication between patients and medical personnel substance use disorder essay. Fifthly, they improve implementation of care. Sixthly, they act as real-time visualization tools that provide clarity to the case. Finally, they bring the patient into the discussion early thereby improving the value and quality of the collected information (Wheeler, 2014).

    Question 5.

    The assessment of a patient is linked to the level of care, intervention and counseling methods chosen. This occurs through evidence-based protocols and guidelines that improve and standardize care by employing guidelines for care that are adapted to meet the unique needs of each case. In fact, the results of the assessment act as input for personalizing the evidence-based care guidelines for each case (Wheeler, 2014). substance use disorder essay

     

     

    References

    Kelly, J., Wakeman, S. & Saitz, R. (2015). Stop talking ‘dirty’: Clinicians, language, and quality of care for the leading cause of preventable death in the United States.
    American Journal of Medicine
    , 128, 8–9.

    Wheeler, K. (Eds.). (2014).
    Psychotherapy for the advanced practice psychiatric nurse: A how-to guide for evidence-based practice
    (2
    nd
    ed.). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company substance use disorder essay.

  • ihuman HISTORY collection discussion

    ihuman HISTORY collection discussion

    Discussion Question 1

    Based on your performance and the expert feedback in your 
    HISTORY
    collection, describe two missed questions and your understanding of why they were important to collect for this case history. Use specific references from your text to explain ihuman HISTORY collection discussion.

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    One of the questions that I did not ask was, “Does she have any pain anywhere? If so where?” I guess I did not ask this because I assumed the patient wouldn’t be able to verbalize if she were having pain. The mother’s response was “I think she is having pain because she has been fussy, but she can’t tell me where.” I did ask if the patient had been tugging at her hears though. I should have asked this question to the mother and also used the FLACC scale and compare the patient’s facial expression. FLACC scale, for children aged two to seven, assesses a child’s pain based on their facial expression, leg and arm movements, the extent of crying and ability to be consoled (Sickkids Staff, 2009). I also did not ask if the patient was having discharge or bleeding from her ears. Buttaro, Trybulski, Polgar-Bailey, and Sandberg-Cook explain, “Discharge in the canal without acute otitis externa suggests perforation” (p. 374). Purulent discharge in the ear canal may be sampled for culture and used as a basis for antibiotic selection (Buttaro, Trybulski, Polgar-Bailey, and Sandberg-Cook, p. 374). This would be important information to have. The drainage would be beneficial to test for sensitivity especially if the ear infection were recurrent.

    Discussion Question 2

    Based on your performance and the expert feedback in your 
    PHYSICAL EXAM
     collection, describe two errors in your exam performance or documentation. Use specific references from your text to explain the importance of these findings in correct assessment of this client.

     

    An error in the physical exam I made was inspecting the eyes with an ophthalmoscope. I should have only assessed the eyes by looking at the conjunctiva to assess hydration. I would not use the ophthalmoscope on a 2-year-old because it would not be necessary for this patient and she would probably not sit still. If it were more serious to assess her eyes I would. Using the ophthalmoscope to visualize the fundus is one of the most challenging skills of physical examination, and one of the most critical when assessing head-ache and changes in mental status (Bickley, p. 238). The other physical examination that I missed was a visual inspection of the chest wall and lungs. Since the patient is having a cough, fever, and runny nose and diagnosis of upper respiratory infection is on my radar I should have chosen this exam in order to assess for retractions. If retractions are present then the patient is working to breathe and maybe in respiratory distress. Abnormal muscle retraction of the intercostal spaces occurs during inspiration, most visible in the lower intercostal spaces (Bickley, p. 319) ihuman HISTORY collection discussion.

    Discussion Question 3

    Based on your performance on the 
    PHYSICAL EXAM
     collection, describe one key finding that you included in your list and describe a specific physical exam that you can perform at the point-of-care to further evaluate the finding. Use specific references from your text.

     

    One key finding that I found was bilateral tympanic membranes with erythema and severe bulging. I visualized this by using the otoscope. The otoscope allows you to visualize the ear canal and drum (Bickley, p. 245). I will start by positioning the patient’s head so that I can see comfortably through the otoscope (Bickley, p. 245). Bickley explains how to inspect the ear using an otoscope as,

    “First straighten the ear canal, grasp the auricle firmly but gently and pull it upward, backward, and slightly away from the head. Insert the speculum gently into the ear canal, directing it somewhat down and forward and through the hairs, if any. Inspect the ear canal, noting any discharge, foreign bodies, redness of the skin, or swelling. Cerumen, which varies in color and consistency from yellow and flaky to brown and sticky or even too dark and hard, may wholly or partly obscure your view. Identify the handle of the malleus, noting its position, and inspect the short process of the malleus. Gently move the speculum so that you can see as much of the drum as possible, including the pars flaccida superiorly and the margins of the pars tensa. Look for any perforations.” (p. 245-246).ihuman HISTORY collection discussion

    Discussion Question 4

    Based on your performance and the expert feedback in your 
    ASSESSMENT
     identification of problem categories, choose one missed/incorrect category and use specific references from your text to explain the importance of this category in arriving at correct differential diagnoses for this client.

     

    One of the problem statements that I did not include in my list is the patient being exposed to other sick children at school and a history of the common cold. The presence of sinus and nasal congestion is relevant because otitis media is typically secondary to a cold or sinus infection (Goolsby and Grubbs, p. 131). Signs and symptoms of otitis media commonly are a current or recent history of symptoms consistent with an upper respiratory infection, including nasal congestion, sinus pressure/fullness, or sore throat (Goolsby and Grubbs, p. 132). The patient has symptoms of fever, cough, and runny nose. Upon physical inspection, the patient’s pharynx noted to have erythema and exudate.

    Discussion Question 5

    Based on your performance and the expert feedback in your 
    ASSESSMENT 
    of differential diagnoses, describe one incorrect/missed differential diagnosis and use specific references from your text to support the inclusion of the diagnosis for this client.

     

    One of the diagnoses that I did not consider was influenza. I am not sure why I didn’t include this in my differential diagnosis list. Maybe if the scenario stated which time of year it was I would have considered it. Buttaro, Trybulski, Polgar-Bailey, and Sandberg-Cook explain,

    “Influenza is an acute infection of the respiratory tract caused by influenza virus type A or B. It is usually a self-limited disease that occurs in outbreaks, primarily during the winter months. Influenza is transmitted from person to person through respiratory secretions that contain the virus. These respiratory secretions are spread in the form of droplets that are produced when a person talks, coughs, or sneezes. The virus is detectable and maybe shed in respiratory secretions up to 24 hours before the onset of symptoms. After an incubation period of 1 or 2 days, there is an abrupt onset of symptoms. These symptoms include fever, chills, headache, malaise, myalgia, and loss of appetite. Respiratory symptoms are also present but are usually overshadowed by the severity of the systemic symptoms. Respiratory symptoms include dry cough, nasal congestion with clear discharge, and sore throat. The cough is usually the most prominent of these respiratory symptoms. The patient’s temperature rises rapidly after onset, peaking at 37.7° C to 40° C (100° F to 104° F) in about 12 hours. The fever typically begins to decline on the second or third day but may last as long as 4 to 8 days” (p. 1241).

     

     

    Discussion 2

     

    Discussion Question 1

    (In this week two assignment, I am still figuring out how to navigate iHuman.  The program completely froze up on me after nearly completing it, twice.  It also reported several questions as “missed”, even though I had asked those questions to this patient’s mother.  I am hoping to soon work out the kinks in iHuman and hopefully will not continue to have these difficulties in the coming weeks.)

    One of my missed history questions was “How high is her fever?”  I did ask Emma’s mother if she had a fever but failed to ask how high her fever had spiked.  This is important to know as a health care provider, as a low-grade fever and a high fever can dictate very different plans of care (Goolsby & Grubbs, 2015).  Another question I failed to ask was “What treatments has she had for her fever?”  When her mother informed me that she had given Emma Tylenol, I assumed that she had given her Tylenol for her fever, but I should not have assumed this, and should have followed up on the timing and dosage of the Tylenol, as well as the reasoning behind why she had given the Tylenol.  In addition, I should have asked what Emma’s response to the Tylenol was, and whether her fever had responded to it.

    Discussion Question 2

    The two missed exams reported were eyes and chest wall and lungs- visual inspection.  It is important to check for conjunctivitis in any child with upper respiratory infection symptoms.  It is also important to check for the use of accessory muscle use when breathing in a child with upper respiratory infection symptoms (Bickley, Szilagyi, & Hoffman, 2017).  (Again, I did perform this exam, but must have done something wrong for it to not have registered on iHuman).

    Discussion Question 3

    One key finding I included was cough.  According to Goolsby and Grubbs (2014), a cough is common complaint, but nonspecific in nature.  A cough is an important defense mechanism and is often the reason why patients seek treatment.  Cough can be a symptom of a mild or serious ailment (Goolsby and Grubbs, 2014).  When a cough lasts less than three weeks, it is classified as acute.  If it lasts three to eight weeks, it is classified as subacute.  A chronic cough lasts eight weeks or longer.  These classifications help to distinguish potential diagnoses.  Performing a thorough history and physical helps to determine possible causes and differentiate between severe illnesses and mild illnesses, such as asthma, COPD, acute or chronic bronchitis, GERD, heart failure, or lower or upper respiratory infections (Goolsby and Grubbs, 2014, p. 211-212).  Taking a thorough medication history will help to exclude a cough that is induced by an ACE inhibitor.  The patient’s prior treatment for cough, whether prescribed or self-treated, should also be recorded.

    Discussion Question 4

    One missing category in my assessment was an influenza PCR.  I did send a rapid influenza diagnostic test, but I should have also sent an influenza PCR.  An influenza PCR can be more specific than a rapid influenza test and so should have been done.

    Discussion Question 5

                
    I did not include the possible diagnosis of pertussis.  Pertussis is a cough that is paroxysmal with a “whoop” at the end (Bickley, et al., 2017, p. 923). Due to the increase in pertussis infections, both the CDC and ACOG recommend that women receive the TDaP during pregnancy, between the 27
    th
     and 36
    th
    weeks (Bickley, et al., 2017, p. 937).

  • Advanced Practice Nursing Role Development Essay

    Advanced Practice Nursing Role Development Essay

    Assignment 1

    ​​​ Interview Assignment (20 points)

    Interview Guide

    • The purpose of this assignment is to explore the role of the advanced professional nurse in depth as she /he functions in the context of the institution in which he/she is employed. Compare and contrast the observed /evaluated role to that cited in professional guidelines, theory, and research.

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    • Guidelines:

    a. Develop an Interview Guide with 10 questions, which reflect the topics reviewed in the course such as: professional expectations, health policy, reimbursement, professional role history, theoretical foundations of research and EBP, ethics in healthcare, leadership, interprofessional collaboration, and/or any other relevant issues that affect the professional role Advanced Practice Nursing Role Development Essay.

    b. Using the developed interview guide, schedule an interview with an advanced professional nurse to learn about their role within the health care system. Please include the interview questions in your paper (see APA 6th ed. for guidelines to writing an interview). Prior to the interview, review the mission, vision, and goals of this agency. Does this professional nurse carry out the mission, vision, and goal of the agency and how?

    This paper should be 5 pages and NO MORE than 5 pages (excluding title page, abstract, and reference page) and include. Advanced Practice Nursing Role Development Essay.

    • Title page

    • Abstract

    • Introduction

    • Interview (include questions)

    • Conclusion

    • Reference page (minimum of 4 references, excluding your text)

    APA 6th ed. is the required format, double-spaced, 12 point font.

     

    Abstract

    The advanced practice registered nurse has become an important cornerstone in the provision of primary health care in the country. They bridge a very important gap between the physician and the disadvantaged in the society. In a country where health care is one of the most expensive commodities, the APRN has an important role to play in ensuring affordable universal health coverage for all Advanced Practice Nursing Role Development Essay. To achieve this, the advanced practice nurse has very well defined professional roles that fit in well with this objective of primary health care for all. Unfortunately, in the quest to exercise their designated roles the APRNs find themselves facing resistance and limitations both from the system and the healthcare fraternity itself. These frustrations and hindrances are the factors that are threatening to derail the noble objective of having advanced practice nurses, as had been envisioned by the pioneers of the discipline in 1965.

    Key words: advanced practice nurse, APRN roles, interview.

    The Roles of the Advanced Practice Registered Nurse (APRN) According to Professional Guidelines As Opposed to the Reality on the Ground: An Interview with Lauren O’Connor, PhD, ARNP, ANP-BC

    Introduction

    The title of APRN refers to a nurse who has undergone extensive advanced training and education at the postgraduate level with at least a masters degree in their specialty. This nurse is registered, certified, and licensed to practice by the state in which they are practicing. The high level of training and education equips the APRN with all the necessary skills to offer the highest level of clinical care to the patient. However, this is an inclusive term that encompasses the different role specialties of the APRN, viz. the certified nurse midwife (CNM), the clinical nurse specialist (CNS), the certified nurse practitioner (CNP), and the certified registered nurse anaesthetist or CRNA (DeNisco & Barker, 2014). Because of their training, the APRN possesses the competence to independently evaluate, diagnose, order and interpret laboratory and non-laboratory tests, treat, and follow up patients. This is what the APRN is trained and qualified to do. However, the situation on the ground is more often than not dissimilar to the picture painted above. Some serious limitations still exist and which hinder and impede the APRN from practicing to the full extent of their abilities and education. These issues are largely to do with recognition and acceptance by the state healthcare system and physician cadres, reimbursement or payment for services rendered, and prescriptive independence (Gordon et al., 2012; DeNisco & Barker, 2014). The first training program for nurse practitioners aiming at equipping them with primary health care skills was in 1965. It was a certificate course. By 1970, tremendous progress had been made such that the course was now being offered as a bachelors and masters degree (Hain & Fleck, 2014) Advanced Practice Nursing Role Development Essay.

    The National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN) APRN Advisory Committee and the APRN Consensus Work Group have outlined the roles of the advanced practice nurse in the
    Consensus Model for APRN regulation
    , which is a policy guideline (DeNisco & Barker, 2014). These roles are four and they flow from the four designations of the APRN as stated previously. Thus the APRN serves the clinical nurse specialist role, the nurse anaesthetist role, the nurse-midwife role, and the nurse practitioner role. Other roles of the advanced practice nurse have also emerged with the passage of time and include the clinical nurse leader role and the nurse educator role (DeNisco & Barker, 2014). According to the American Nurses Association (ANA, n.d.), though, these four broad APRN roles can be spread out into finer specific roles as follows:

    Evaluation, diagnosis, treatment, and follow up of patients at the primary health care level;

    Provision of reproductive health care, especially to vulnerable women in ethnic minorities and immigrant populations;

    Provision of expert nursing advice and guidance to bedside nurses on the best evidence-based practices (EBPs);

    Implementation of pain management and delivery of sufficient and appropriate anaesthesia (nurse anaesthetists) for patients undergoing surgery;

    Engaging in continuous knowledge acquisition and development for the betterment of the nursing profession;

    Provision of preventive care and promotion of health. Advanced Practice Nursing Role Development Essay.

    The APRN also acts as a valuable team member in the health care chain, working in close collaboration with physicians and other clinicians while referring difficult cases as appropriate. This paper looks at the practical discrepancies that are currently present  in terms of what the guidelines indicate are the roles of the APRN and what happens in reality. The views of an experienced and practicing APRN will be sought through interview questions concerning this pertinent matter of professional roles.

    Interview

    It is not easy to get the real picture of the challenges and limitations that APRNs experience on their role in practice by merely reading literature. For this reason, an interview was found to be one of the most effective ways to get primary unadulterated information on the subject. This was to get a feel of the actual role of the APRN in practice and the factors that impact this role. The telephone interview was scheduled with a practicing APRN. Lauren O’Connor [PhD, ARNP, ANP-BC] is a nurse practitioner who has been practicing the profession for 15 years. She teaches at the university and is an associate professor who has published several hard-hitting peer-reviewed journal articles and opinion pieces. Her pet subjects are full practice authority (FPA) for APRNs, equitable reimbursement for APRNs by payers, and admission rights for nurse practitioners in hospitals. Because of her wide expertise and experience, she is the most suitable person to respond to the questions that touch on the advanced practice nursing role. The vision of her agency is “To be the state leader in the provision of holistic primary health care to marginalised communities and minority groups.” Its vision is “To significantly reduce the prevalence of non-communicable diseases and conditions together with mental health issues like depression in the target population.” And its goal is “To achieve sustainable and affordable primary health care for ethnic minorities and marginalised communities in the catchment area by the year 2025.”

    I started by asking Lauren, “What are some of the professional expectations that you would advise the new APRN to look forward to?” She answered that the new entrants should expect a fulfilling and rewarding career that will give them an opportunity to exercise their talents and put to practice their education. However, she cautioned that the advanced practice nurse should expect to find some hurdles here and there; and that it is important for them to anticipate these hurdles so as not to be disillusioned. She went ahead to single out what she termed as the “most challenging” obstacle to the APRN’s role – the lack of recognition of the nurse practitioner in some quarters. Next I asked Dr. Lauren, “Considering the history of the APRN’s professional role, do you think a lot has changed up to the present for the better?” she responded that: Advanced Practice Nursing Role Development Essay.

    Since 1965 when the first certificate course for nurse practitioners was started by Loretta Ford and Henry Silver, a lot of water has passed under the bridge. The contemporary APRN is a highly educated health professional capable of managing even the most challenging of ailments. Certainly, the APRN’s role has expanded since then. (L. O’Connor, personal communication, September 12, 2019).

    I next asked Dr. Lauren, “What is your view on the professional relationship between APRNs and physicians as at present?” Her answer was that most physicians are working “seamlessly” with advanced practice nurses. However, she noted that there is still a sizeable number of practicing physicians that do not properly understand the role of the APRN. These physicians are the ones frustrating the professional efforts of the nurse practitioners, according to Dr. Lauren. In fact, she says that some of them have gone as far as using their professional bodies to lobby against granting of full practice authority to APRNs in some the states that are still restrictive. Next I asked her, “How bad is the question of selective reimbursement by payers towards APRNs – especially the Centres for Medicare and Medicaid Services or CMS?” Her answer was:

    It is quite bad, although slow progress is being made. Many advanced nurse practitioners still have to bill ‘incident-to’ physicians’ services. This means their contribution to the healthcare system remains hidden. Furthermore, their income is reduced as they have to pay the physician whose name they use to bill. (L. O’Connor, personal communication, September 12, 2019).

    On health policy I asked her, “Is the federal health policy adequate to empower APRNs, given that the Affordable Health Care Act of 2010 relies on them for the increased primary health care burden?” to this question, her response was straight forward: “No. It is not adequate. What makes it even more ineffective in my opinion are the disparate legislations and regulations of different states that at times do not align with the aspirations of the federal government” (L. O’Connor, personal communication, September 12, 2019). On practice philosophy, I asked Dr. Lauren “Are the current APRNs basing their interventions on the theoretical framework of research and evidence-based practice or EBP?” Her response was simply “Yes. EBP is nowadays the cornerstone of all interventions and therapies.” I then asked her, “Do you feel that you’re sufficiently involved in championing the mission, vision, and goals of the agency that you work for, and how?” Her response was:

    Of course. I do this my adopting a Total Quality Management or TQM philosophy. This means I strive to reduce “defects” in my APRN practice to the very minimum. These defects include issues like misdiagnosis, unwarranted prescription of scheduled drugs, and lack of respect for the ethical principle of autonomy. L. O’Connor, personal communication, September 12, 2019) Advanced Practice Nursing Role Development Essay.

    The last 3 questions I asked her were, “How are APRNs agents of change in a country of expensive healthcare, with regard to ethics?” “What is the place of APRNs in healthcare leadership?” and “To what extent are APRNs vulnerable to malpractice suits?” Her answers: “APRNs are guided by nonmaleficence; leadership is one of their roles; and they are very vulnerable to suits hence must take individual indemnity cover for the same.”

    Conclusion

    APRN roles are defined by professional scopes of practice and guidelines. However, there still exists hindering limitations to the full expression of these roles.

    References

    American Nurses Association [ANA] (n.d.).
    Advanced practice registered nurse (APRN): APRNs practice specialty roles
    . Retrieved 12 September 2019 from
    https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/workforce/what-is-nursing/aprn/

    Bloom, L. (2018).
    How to write an interview in APA format
    . Retrieved 12 September 2019 from
    https://work.chron.com/write-interview-apa-format-6612.html

    DeNisco, S. & Barker, A. (2014).
    Introduction to the role of advanced practice nursing
    . Retrieved 12 September 2019 from bit.ly/2mbdGwR

    Gordon, J.M., Lorilla, J.D. & Lehman, C.A. (2012). The role of the clinical nurse specialist in the future of health care in the United States.
    Perioperative Nursing Clinics
    , 7, p. 343-353. Doi: 10.16/j.cpen.2012.06.006

    Hain, D. & Fleck L.M. (2014). Barriers to NP practice that impact healthcare redesign.
    The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, OJIN
    , 19(2). Doi: 10.3912/OJIN.Vol19No02Man02 Advanced Practice Nursing Role Development Essay

  • Developmental Assessment and the School-Aged Child sample essay

    Developmental Assessment and the School-Aged Child

    Developmental Assessment and the School-Aged Child sample essay

    The needs of the pediatric patient differ depending on age, as do the stages of development and the expected assessment findings for each stage. In a 500-750-word paper, examine the needs of a school-aged child between the ages of 5 and 12 years old and discuss the following:

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    Compare the physical assessments among school-aged children. Describe how you would modify assessment techniques to match the age and developmental stage of the child.

    Choose a child between the ages of 5 and 12 years old. Identify the age of the child and describe the typical developmental stages of children that age.

    Applying developmental theory based on Erickson, Piaget, or Kohlberg, explain how you would developmentally assess the child. Include how you would offer explanations during the assessment, strategies you would use to gain cooperation, and potential findings from the assessment.

    Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required. Developmental Assessment and the School-Aged Child sample essay.

    This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

     

    Child Developmental Assessment

    Child development assessment is the processes of obtaining basic data about their growth and development. The essential aspect of the data being collected include cognitive, language, physically/motor, social-emotional and approaches to learning. Thus, while collecting the information the assessor aims at gaining a record growth in all the areas. Other than growth monitoring, child assessment is also essential in identifying children with special needs that may require extra support (Kaufman, 2018). When the thorough examination is conducted, the assessor identifies a specific need which is vital in determining the interventions required to support the child. Child evaluation also allows the assessor to develop an individualized strategy for a child or group of them in the same age that he/she will use to provide care. Furthermore, the process of assessment involves the parents or guardians of the child thus, developing common ground between the care provider and the parents for providing child support. Thus, Child development assessment cannot be overemphasized.

    Human needs vary with age; hence data obtained is different at each age. Also, the mode of assessment used is dynamic. For instance, a 5-year old more of the information obtained is from the parent or the caregiver, unlike the twelve-year-old who can express themselves coherently. Observation is one of the techniques used in the assessment where the care provider gets to interact with the child and draws a conclusion based on their conduct. The other methods include parent ratings, care providers rating, portfolios, and standardized test. However, all the methods are best applicable for different ages. In some situations, there is a need to modify the techniques, for example, reading out the questions on a standardized test for a five-year-old and writing answers for them. The same approach when used on a twelve-year-old they are left to read, interpret and even answer the questions on the test with minimal assistance. Developmental Assessment and the School-Aged Child sample essay.

    Ten-year-old Ray was born at 37 weeks with 2600grams via SVD and was NBU for two weeks due to birth asphyxia. He had gained 400grams by the time he was leaving the NBU. Ray was breastfed exclusively for the first 6 months and was weaned with different soft foods gradually. The child could roll over at 4 months and began sitting down at 6. Ray was hospitalized for severe malnutrition for a month while he was 9 months. According to the mother, that delayed his milestone and he only crawled when he was 16 months. The child started walking without support at 19 months. Ray could say four-letter words “mama” and “tata” at 6 months and at 24 months he could say complete simple sentences. He relates well with all other members of the family apart from his elder brother who according to the mother does not give Ray or other children the attention they want. Developmental Assessment and the School-Aged Child sample essay. The child joined a school at 4 years and his performance is average. He is an obedient boy loved by the teacher and other students at school.

    Erik Erikson a psychologist classified human development into 8 stages. Ray fits in the 4th stage known as Industry vs. Inferiority which has children between 5-12 years. According to Erik, the basic virtue at this stage is competency (Cherry, 2018). While assessing Ray based on Erik’s theory, the assessor should focus on his ability to read and write. At this stage, he is expected to have cognitive skills mostly natures in school where he can do simple sums. Peer group is vital at this stage and the child will gain self-esteem (Rubin, Bukowski & Bowker, 2015). The care provider is likely to obtain information on Ray’s best friend, the kid he doesn’t like and who he would love to be associated with. That forms the circle where the children he hates make him feel inferior. For the examiner to gain cooperation, he should carry out the assessment when Ray is with his friends.

    Child development assessment is vital in determining their welfare. It activity provides opportunities for the care provider to establish any special needs that the kid may require. Moreover, the assessment provides a ground where both the care provider and the parent can chip in together to provide support for the child. However, the needs of the child change with time and hence the mechanisms used in assessing as well as the results (Kaufman, 2018). Psychology theories like that of Erik can be used to determine what is expected of a child at a specific age during evaluation.

    References

    Cherry, K. (2018). Erik Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development. 
    Retrieved Juny
    , 
    5
    , 2018.

    Kaufman, A. S. (2018). 
    Contemporary intellectual assessment: Theories, tests, and issues
    . Guilford Publications.

    Rubin, K. H., Bukowski, W. M., & Bowker, J. C. (2015). Children in peer groups. 
    Handbook of child psychology and developmental science
    , 1-48.

    Course Code

    Class Code

    Assignment Title

    Total Points

    NRS-434VN

    NRS-434VN-O502

    Developmental Assessment and the School-Aged Child

    100.0

    Criteria

    Percentage

    Unsatisfactory (0.00%)

    Less than Satisfactory (75.00%)

    Satisfactory (79.00%)

    Good (89.00%)

    Excellent (100.00%)

    Content

    80.0%

    Comparison of Physical Assessment Among School-Aged Children

    25.0%

    A comparison of physical assessments among different school-aged children is omitted.

    An incomplete comparison of physical assessments among different school-aged children is summarized. How assessment techniques would be modified depending on the age and developmental stage of the child is omitted or contains significant inaccuracies.

    A general comparison of physical assessments among different school-aged children is summarized. How assessment techniques would be modified depending on the age and developmental stage of the child is generally described. More information or support is needed for clarity or accuracy.

    A comparison of physical assessments among different school-aged children is presented. How assessment techniques would be modified depending on the age and developmental stage of the child is described. Some information is needed for clarity.

    A detailed comparison of physical assessments among different school-aged children is presented. How assessment techniques would be modified depending on the age and developmental stage of the child is thoroughly described. Insight is demonstrated into the physical assessment of school age children.

    Typical Assessment for a Child of a Specific Age

    25.0%

    The typical developmental stage of a child between the ages 5 and 12 is not described.

    The typical developmental stage of a child between the ages 5 and 12 is summarized. The summary contains significant inaccuracies for the age of the child.

    The typical developmental stage of a child between the ages 5 and 12 is generally described. The description contains some inaccuracies for the age of the child.

    The typical developmental stage of a child between the ages 5 and 12 is described. The overall description is accurate. Some information is needed for clarity.

    The typical developmental stage of a child between the ages 5 and 12 is accurately and thoroughly described.

    Developmental Assessment and the School-Aged Child sample essay

    Developmental Assessment of a Child Using a Developmental Theory (Erickson, Piaget, Kohlberg)

    30.0%

    A child assessment based on a developmental theory is omitted.

    A child assessment based on a developmental theory is partially summarized. Partial strategies to gain cooperation and for how explanations would be offered during the assessment are presented. The potential findings expected from the assessment are omitted or are incorrect. There are significant inaccuracies.

    A child assessment based on a developmental theory is generally described. General strategies to gain cooperation and for how explanations would be offered during the assessment are presented. The potential findings expected from the assessment are summarized. There are minor inaccuracies.

    A child assessment based on a developmental theory is described. Appropriate strategies to gain cooperation and for how explanations would be offered during the assessment are presented. The potential findings expected from the assessment are described. Some information is needed for clarity.

    A child assessment based on a developmental theory is thoroughly described. Well-developed strategies to gain cooperation and for how explanations would be offered during the assessment are presented. The potential findings expected from the assessment are all accurate and described in detail.

    Organization and Effectiveness

    15.0%

    Thesis Development and Purpose

    5.0%

    Paper lacks any discernible overall purpose or organizing claim.

    Thesis is insufficiently developed or vague. Purpose is not clear.

    Thesis is apparent and appropriate to purpose.

    Thesis is clear and forecasts the development of the paper. Thesis is descriptive and reflective of the arguments and appropriate to the purpose.

    Thesis is comprehensive and contains the essence of the paper. Thesis statement makes the purpose of the paper clear.

    Argument Logic and Construction

    5.0%

    Statement of purpose is not justified by the conclusion. The conclusion does not support the claim made. Argument is incoherent and uses noncredible sources.

    Sufficient justification of claims is lacking. Argument lacks consistent unity. There are obvious flaws in the logic. Some sources have questionable credibility.

    Argument is orderly, but may have a few inconsistencies. The argument presents minimal justification of claims. Argument logically, but not thoroughly, supports the purpose. Sources used are credible. Introduction and conclusion bracket the thesis.

    Argument shows logical progressions. Techniques of argumentation are evident. There is a smooth progression of claims from introduction to conclusion. Most sources are authoritative.

    Clear and convincing argument that presents a persuasive claim in a distinctive and compelling manner. All sources are authoritative.

    Mechanics of Writing  (includes spelling, punctuation, grammar, language use)

    5.0%

    Surface errors are pervasive enough that they impede communication of meaning. Inappropriate word choice or sentence construction is used.

    Frequent and repetitive mechanical errors distract the reader. Inconsistencies in language choice (register), sentence structure, or word choice are present.

    Some mechanical errors or typos are present, but they are not overly distracting to the reader. Correct sentence structure and audience-appropriate language are used.

    Prose is largely free of mechanical errors, although a few may be present. A variety of sentence structures and effective figures of speech are used.

    Writer is clearly in command of standard, written, academic English.

    Format

    5.0%

    Paper Format  (use of appropriate style for the major and assignment)

    2.0%

    Template is not used appropriately or documentation format is rarely followed correctly.

    Template is used, but some elements are missing or mistaken; lack of control with formatting is apparent.

    Template is used, and formatting is correct, although some minor errors may be present.

    Template is fully used; There are virtually no errors in formatting style.

    All format elements are correct.

    Documentation of Sources (citations, footnotes, references, bibliography, etc., as appropriate to assignment and style)

    3.0%

    Sources are not documented.

    Documentation of sources is inconsistent or incorrect, as appropriate to assignment and style, with numerous formatting errors.

    Sources are documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, although some formatting errors may be present.

    Sources are documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, and format is mostly correct.

    Sources are completely and correctly documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, and format is free of error.

    Total Weightage

    100%

    Developmental Assessment and the School-Aged Child sample essay